Explore
Social
Psychology
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What
Is
Social
Psychology?
Social
psychology,
as
the
name
suggests,
is
an
area
concerned
with
society
and
people.
Social
psychologists
on
the
other
hand,
are
people
with
a
wide
range
of
interests.
However,
their
main
focus
is
on
people
and
their
reac5ons
in
social
situa5ons
such
as,
‘do
people
with
firm
handshakes
really
make
beEer
first
impressions
on
others?
,
Is
there
an
“an5‐fat”
prejudice?
,
how
can
we
get
others
to
say
“yes”
to
our
requests?
,
why
do
we
feel
jealous
about
others?
And
etc.
An
important
fact
about
social
psychology
is
that
it
seeks
to
understand
the
individual
and
his/her
reac5ons
in
social
situa5ons
unlike,
sociology
which
seeks
to
understand
groups
of
people
and
their
reac5ons
in
society.
Its
scrupulous
nature
has
taken
social
psychology
from
being
a
theory
to
becoming
a
science,
today.
Many
people
wonder
how
it
became
a
science;
the
answer
is
quite
basic.
There
are
certain
values
that
should
be
adopted
by
all
fields,
for
it
to
be
called
a
science.
Thereby,
social
psychology
too
pertains
to
these
values,
namely;
1.
Accuracy
–
collec5ng
data
and
evalua5ng
informa5on
as
carefully,
precisely
and
error‐freely
as
possible.
2.
Objec5vity
–
when
obtaining
and
evalua5ng
such
data,
to
be
humane
and
unbiased
as
much
as
possible.
3.
Skep5cism
‐
Accep5ng
the
findings
accurately,
only
to
the
extent
that
is
verified
and
confirmed
thoroughly.
4.
Open
mindedness
–
commitment
to
change
one’s
views,
if
exis5ng
evidence
show
that
these
views
are
inaccurate.
Moreover,
social
psychology
demonstrates
quali5es
such
as
being
factual,
universal
in
nature,
its
theories
being
verifiable,
the
ability
of
being
predictable,
and
its
cause‐effect
rela5onships
(determined
through
evolving
scien5fic
methods
being
used)
and
so
possesses
a
strong
framework
of
being
a
science.
Seeking
social
s5muli
that
trigger
social
behavior
&
thought,
understanding
individual
reac5ons
&
experiences,
and
the
impact
of
environment
on
individuals,
are
the
main
core
subject
maEer,
in
social
psychology.
Today,
with
the
help
of
many
researchers
and
their
successful
theories,
social
psychologists
have
recognized
several
factors
influencing
peoples’
behavior
and
thoughts.
These
are;
1.
Cogni5ve
process
–
the
reac5ons
of
individual
that
depend
upon
his/her
knowledge,
past
experience
and
current
circumstances.
For
example;
ability
to
recognize
if
a
friend
is
just
making
excuses
or
being
honest.
Copyrights
©
Writum.com
2009
2.
Environmental
Variables
–
the
impact
of
the
physical
world
around
us.
It
is
studied
and
proved
that
our
surroundings
do
influence
our
feelings
and
thoughts
as
example;
people
tend
to
become
more
aggressive
when
the
weather
is
too
hot
and
steamy.
3.
Cultural
context
–
social
norms
and
trends
vary
from
culture
to
culture
and
from
5me
to
5me.
As
an
example
today
we
find
that
in
westernized
cultures,
females
are
concerned
about
having
thin
figures,
unlike
in
1960’s
when
most
of
them
preferred
having
round
and
curvy
figures.
4.
Biological
factors
–
through
evolu5onary
psychology
it
is
suggested
that
over
the
years
the
human
race
has
been
subjected
to
the
process
of
biological
evolu5on
and
as
a
result
we
now
possess
some
evolved
psychological
mechanisms
which
help
us
to
beEer
survive
in
the
environment.
And
as
a
result
of
this
evolu5on,
our
behavior
is
influenced.
Example;
at
present,
the
rate
of
procrea5on
in
humans
is
restricted
to
2‐3
children
per
family
but
50
years
ago,
it
was
somewhere
around
6‐10
per
family.
In
order
to
become
a
balanced
and
unbiased
field
of
study,
social
psychology
now
adopts
a
mul5cultural
perspec5ve.
Thereby,
it
acknowledges
influences
of
different
values,
cultures
and
ethics
when
determining
an
individual’s
behavior.
In
short,
social
psychology
studies
the
rela5onship
between
social
psychology
and
psychology,
the
process
of
socializa5on
in
children
with
reference
to
culture,
environment
and
personality,
difference
of
individuals
and
groups,
their
ac5ons
and
reac5ons,
thoughts
and
behaviors,
feelings,
tendencies
and
opinions,
influence,
social
interac5ons,
social
pathology
and
poli5cs.
In
order
to
study
the
above
situa5ons,
social
psychologists
adopt
several
scien5fic
methods.
1.
Observa5ons
accompanied
by
careful
and
accurate
measurements
according
to
set
standards.
2.
Survey
method,
where
researchers
get
ideas
and
opinions
of
large
numbers
of
people
to
arrive
at
a
meaningful
hypothesis.
3.
The
search
for
rela5onships
(correla5on)
determines
whether
a
change
in
one
factor
brings
about
a
change
in
the
other.
4.
The
experimental
method,
where
one
variable
is
systema5cally
changed
and
the
effect
of
this
change
on
the
other
variable
is
measured.
Apart
from
these
main
methods,
they
also
adopt
developmental
method,
interview
method,
clinical
methods,
scaling
method,
introspec5on
method
and
case
study
method.
Social
psychology
is
a
field
that
is
subjected
to
rapid
change
according
to
individual’s
interests,
lifestyles
and
behavior
changes.
It
is
broad
in
scope
thus,
seeks
to
interpret
many
aspects
of
human
behavior.
Although
some
tend
to
think
social
psychology
is
just
common
sense,
it
is
not
so
because,
common
sense
could
be
controversial.
As
an
example
we
take
a
look
at
the
statements
“out
of
sight,
out
of
mind”
as
opposed
to
“distance
makes
the
heart
grow
fonder”.
But
within
social
psychology,
we
can
find
hope
for
it
is
a
systema5c
study
which
abides
by
standard
strategies
and
condi5ons.
Copyrights
©
Writum.com
2009
Forms
of
Social
InteracBon
Social
interac5on
is
a
mental
ac5vity
that
is
performed
by
an
individual
in
rela5on
to
the
members
in
society.
Without
social
contact
and
communica5on,
social
interac5on
cannot
take
place.
The
main
forms
of
social
interac5ons
include;
•
COMPETITION
Compe55on
is
an
unconscious
process
carried
out
by
individuals
to
sa5sfy
a
desired
need.
Infla5on
is
an
essen5al
part
of
compe55on
for
without
infla5on
there
will
be
no
compe55on.
The
objec5vity
behind
compe55on
is
not
always
clear
cut;
different
individuals
will
have
different
objec5ves
direc5ng
them
towards
the
same
goal.
However
this
process
is
universal
in
nature
and
is
a
con5nuous
process,
i.e.
achievement
of
one
goal
does
not
stop
the
process
of
compe55on.
When
one
goal
is
achieved
the
individual
will
yield
to
achieve
another
goal.
As
stated
by
Bogardus,
“compe55on
is
a
contest
to
obtain
something
which
does
not
exist
in
a
quan5ty
sufficient
to
meet
the
demand”.
Compe55on
some5mes
results
in;
•
CONFLICT
Conflict
is
a
situa5on
arising
from
disagreement,
differences
or
controversy
leading
to
disintegra5on
or
separa5on.
During
conflict,
the
individual
aEen5on
will
be
on
the
other
individual
or
individuals
and
not
on
objects
or
aims.
Therefore,
conflict
is
a
conscious
cogni5ve
process
where
one
individual
realizes
the
opposing
nature
of
another
and
makes
an
aEempt
to
defeat
the
opponent.
It
is
also
a
personal
process
because
the
ul5mate
aim
would
be
to
harm
the
opponent.
Conflict
is
yet
another
universal
process
though,
discon5nuous.
Conflict
may
occur
from
5me
to
5me,
not
necessarily
always.
In
order
to
overcome
conflict,
we
turn
to;
•
ACCOMMODATION
It
is
the
process
of
establishing
integra5ng
arrangements
between
conflicts,
ideas
or
condi5ons
of
two
or
more
par5es.
It
is
an
unconscious,
con5nuous
and
a
universal
process
where
love
and
hatred
try
to
co‐exist.
Accommoda5on
comes
in
many
forms
such
as
compromise
where,
two
par5es
reach
a
par5cular
agreement
in
order
to
keep
away
from
conflict.
In
this
case,
both
par5es
will
be
equally
strong
therefore;
they
will
aEain
certain
powers
to
demand
par5cular
needs.
However
compromise
is
reached
through
certain
sacrifices
and
tolera5ons.
Tolerance
itself
is
another
method
of
establishing
accommoda5on.
In
conversion,
an
individual
who
disapproves
his
own
party’s
view
points,
converts
himself
according
to
the
another
party
and
thereby
establishes
accommoda5on.
Reference
is
done
when
the
two
par5es
cannot
reach
an
agreement,
thereby
they
try
to
jus5fy
themselves
and
reach
the
desired
posi5ons.
In
this
procedure,
blaming
one
another,
each
other
or
rest
of
the
society
is
a
typical
feature.
Contribu5on
and
arbitra5on
is
when
a
third
party
involves
in
resolving
conflicts
between
certain
par5es.
Copyrights
©
Writum.com
2009
Whatever
maybe
the
method
they
use,
when
people
accommodate
they
acknowledge
interests
and
disinterests
of
others.
That
is
when
they
‘recognize’
other
people’s
interests
and
needs
and
through
this,
‘accordance’
is
born
which
is
also
known
as;
•
ASSIMILATION
Assimila5on
leads
to
social
integra5on
by
which
social
conflicts
are
minimized
and
dissa5sfac5on
among
groups
of
people
in
society
is
removed.
Assimila5on
is
known
as
a
social
pressure
that
follows
accommoda5on
due
to
various
reasons,
its
main
course
being
the
ability
to
co‐exist
in
a
conflic5ng
or
controversial
environment.
This
is
achieved
through
adop5ng
similar
views,
sen5ments,
aktudes,
believes
etc.
It
is
further
classified
as
an
unconscious,
con5nuous
and
a
universal
process
where
people
with
conflic5ng
views
ul5mately
adopt,
common
aims
to
achieve
a
certain
goal.
It
is
further
known
to
be
an
impersonal
process
guided
by
proper
organiza5on
of
different
elements
within
a
culture.
It
is
this
rela5onship
between
the
different
elements
that
gives
rise
to
assimila5on.
When
assimila5on
occurs
in
a
society
or
group
of
people,
there
will
be;
•
CO‐OPERATION
Co‐opera5on
is
where
two
or
more
people
con5nuously
work
to
achieve
a
common
goal
or
a
common
objec5ve.
It
is
a
vital
part
of
social
interac5ons.
It
is
impossible
to
survive
without
helping
or
receiving
help
in
this
rapidly
changing
world.
It
is
a
common
process
in
all
cultures,
hence
universal
and
is
a
conscious
process
where
individuals
ac5vely
par5cipate.
It
is
also
personal
where
individuals
keep
in
contact
with
one
another.
Fashions,
Styles
&
Society
Fashion
&
Styles
spreads
through
wide
spheres;
in
forms
of
art,
literature,
music,
drama
and
most
importantly
through
clothing,
jewelry
and
even
in
hairstyles.
Through
these
mediums
people
are
able
to
manifest
their
feelings,
ideas,
values
and
desires
to
the
society.
Psychologically
speaking,
fashion
is
a
powerful
way
of
sublima5on.
It
allows
the
individuals
to
demonstrate
their
ideas
in
such
a
way
that
is
acceptable
in
society.
The
society
on
the
other
hand
tends
to
accept
these
ideas
much
beEer
when
it
is
delivered
through
means
of
an
art
or
fashion
rather
than
by
somebody’s
idea
or
opinion.
Fashion
has
evolved
in
the
past
hundred
years
just
as
it
has
over
5me.
As
our
culture
and
aktudes
change,
fashion
comes
along
with
it.
The
socioeconomic
status
of
the
society
too,
changes
with
the
phenomenon
of
fashion
as
people
conform
to
increasingly
demanding
wants
and
needs
of
trends
and
fads,
so
spend
a
lot
of
5me
and
money
on
such
items.
This
means
extra
flow
of
money
and
expansion
of
the
market.
Copyrights
©
Writum.com
2009
Hence,
fashion
and
styles
become
a
key
point
in
the
field
of
marke5ng.
Specially,
those
adver5sements
aimed
at
children
almost
always
try
to
influence
them
to
adhere
to
these
trends.
Today,
children
love
adop5ng
trendy
lifestyles
just
as
much
as
adults
do.
We
some5mes,
call
this
imita5on.
This
mode
of
conformity
to
a
style
or
a
fashion
may
raise
self
confidence
or
sense
of
belonging
in
a
person.
Or
else,
it
may
make
the
individual
feel
happy
and
good
about
him/her.
Either
way,
conformity
leads
to
uniformity
in
a
society.
Uniformity
results
in
social
acceptance.
Again,
it
is
where
a
person’s
sense
of
belonging
is
strengthened.
For
example,
in
some
cultures,
those
who
wear
designer
clothes
are
considered
to
be
of
higher
social
caliber
or
rich.
So
a
person
who
wants
to
be
of
a
higher
social
caliber,
or
wan5ng
to
appear
rich,
has
only
to
imitate
the
clothing
worn
by
the
actually
rich
to
form
posi5ve
impressions
on
others.
In
here,
the
individual
would
be
categorized
through
the
psychological
phenomena
of
‘generaliza5on’
and
by
the
sociological
phenomena
of
‘social
acceptance’.
But
the
beauty
of
fashion
lies
where
an
individual
experiences
a
paradoxical
situa5on
where,
he/she
could
confirm
to
groups/society
and
at
the
same
5me,
dis5nguishes
his/her
unique
iden5ty.
Thereby,
fashion
helps
people
to
become
unique
and
brings
out
their
iden5ty,
from
which
self
expression
is
given
an
opportunity.
A
good
example
for
this
is
the
fashion
trends
in
Japan.
Japanese
are
fashion‐conscious
people,
especially
teens
and
young
adults.
Comparable
to
that
of
many
Western
countries,
the
Japanese
market
is
constantly
flooded
with
new
styles,
with
those
fashions
some5mes
having
a
turn‐around
of
just
a
few
days.
In
general,
Japanese
consumers
are
known
to
be
highly
group‐oriented
people
who
emphasize
a
need
for
assimila5on.
With
clothing,
many
Japanese
are
very
loyal
to
designer
brand
labels,
but
at
the
same
5me
are
very
conscious
of
the
reputa5on
of
those
brands.
Some
choose
to
purchase
brands
due
to
the
high
quality
associated
with
the
designer
or
even
the
name
itself.
This
desire
for
brand
labels
has
been
a
long‐las5ng
trend
in
Japan.
Unlike
many
of
their
Western
counterparts,
who
choose
to
wear
designer
brands
as
a
way
to
promote
their
unique
iden5ty,
some
Japanese
wear
brands
as
a
way
to
iden5fy
with
others,
helping
them
to
feel
secure
by
wearing
a
brand
that
is
accepted
by
others.
Times
are
changing,
however,
and
more
Japanese
seek
unique
clothing
to
avoid
looking
like
"cookie‐ cuEer
pieces."
There
is
a
high
demand
for
Western
goods
in
Japan,
so
it's
interes5ng
to
see
that
some
Japanese
are
star5ng
to
embrace
a
more
Western
version
of
individuality
and
iden5ty
via
fashion.
Extracted
from
www.colored‐stone.com
Fashion
also
could
be
used
to
conceal
defects,
both
physical
and
psychological.
For
instance,
a
lady
who
has
lost
her
hair
due
to
an
illness
could
wear
a
wig.
Or
else,
a
guy
who
lacks
self
confidence
may
wear
pres5gious
clothing
so
as
to
compensate
for
his
inferior
inner‐feelings.
Copyrights
©
Writum.com
2009
Some
people
focus
more
on
the
‘comfort’
aspect.
They
believe
it
is
important
to
be
comfortable
while
being
trendy
or
fashionable.
Due
to
this
reason
many
people
come
up
with
their
own
ways
of
dressing
and
styling.
When
these
clothes
become
accepted
by
others,
trends
begin.
However,
fashion
has
also
become
a
main
factor
leading
to
psychological
problems
such
as
anorexia
nervosa,
bulimia
nervosa
and
dysmorphia
where
the
individual’s
state
of
mind
about
his/her
appearance
(what
is
commonly
known
as
‘body
image’)
distorts
due
to
the
influence
of
fashion
and
styles.
Somehow,
fashion
has
also
been
able
to
maintain
social
conven5on
pertaining
to
different
cultures
and
socie5es.
Thereby,
it
maintains
social
standards
such
as
e5queEes
and
modes
of
behavior
of
individuals
in
society.
But
acquisi5on
of
trends
and
fads,
coming
from
the
western
part
of
the
world
has
a
large
influence
on
the
morality
of
certain
cultures,
as
in
the
case
in
China…
China's
booming
economy
has
given
some
Chinese
the
opportunity
to
buy
trendy
clothing
or
even
designer
brand
names.
For
some,
having
a
disposable
income
is
the
actual
reason
why
they
purchase
these
items
‐‐
they
no
longer
just
have
to
purchase
the
bare
necessi5es.
As
with
most
people
who
acquire
more
money
than
they
are
accustomed,
saving
is
important,
but
spending
it
on
something
new
is
exci5ng.
Some
Chinese
are
buying
expensive,
designer
brand
labels
in
order
to
"show
off"
their
newly‐found
wealth.
Many
prefer
brands
and
logos
that
are
prominent,
which
will
be
an
indica5on
of
their
financial
status.
Having
a
disposable
income
gives
some
the
op5on
of
choosing
clothing
made
overseas,
which
is
some5mes
considered
more
valuable
and
of
higher
quality.
Extracted
from
www.colored‐stone.com
Fashion
becomes
a
u5lity
in
itself
since
it
adds
color
to
mundane
things
so
as
to
bring
about
a
variety
in
society.
When
variety
and
excitement
are
added
into
everyday
life,
people
gain
the
drive
and
energy
needed
to
face
life
and
so
the
world
become
an
interes5ng
place
to
live
in.
Religion,
Law
&
Social
Control
Religion
is
closely
bound
with
humans
and
plays
a
vital
role
in
everyday
life
that
it
controls,
shapes
and
moulds
individuals’
lives
in
desired
socially
accepted
manners.
In
its
simplest
form
religion
can
be
seen
as
a
system
of
belief/believes
which
affect
values,
laws,
customs,
rites
and
general
behavior
paEerns
in
society.
Apparently,
the
primary
objec5ve
of
religion
is
to
educate
people
of
their
primal
origins,
the
nature
of
life,
the
func5ons
and
aims
and
how
to
live
a
good
life.
Through
this
process,
religion
also
contributes
towards
social
control
as
such
that;
Copyrights
©
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2009
•
•
It
helps
individuals
to
dis5nguish
between
the
good
and
the
evil
by
producing
life
examples
of
religious
leaders,
prophets
etc.
Religion
states
what
is
expected
out
of
an
individual
and
consequences
of
not
abiding
to
rules
and
regula5ons
of
religion.
Thereby,
it
encourages
people
to
lead
life
by
example
and
directs
individuals
to
enforce
good
quali5es
within
themselves
as
well
as
in
others.
•
The
idea
of
God,
as
a
powerful
figure
with
spiritual/supernatural
powers,
preaching’s
and
prayers
all
contribute
towards
cul5va5ng
‘faith’
within
individuals
so
that,
they
learn
to
accept
religious
teachings
without
ques5oning,
since
they
are
aware
of
the
fact
that
God
is
a
higher
and
a
much
more
powerful
being
than
him/her
self.
•
Accep5ng
religious
teachings
and
molding
one’s
life
accordingly,
leads
to
a
well
disciplined
personality.
•
Since
all
religious
teachings
enforce
and
encourage
good
values,
good
thoughts
and
good
behaviors
of
life,
it
paves
the
path
to
refrain
from
the
bad
or
evil.
This
also
means,
gaining
ability
to
make
right
decisions.
•
When
a
person
is
well
disciplined
and
is
distant
from
evil
he
gains
self
control.
Self
control
or
self
confidence
is
a
vital
human
quality
that
eventually
leads
to
self
actualiza5on.
A
self
actualized
person
is
a
socially
accepted
ci5zen
who
is
well
balanced,
mature
(understands
life),
open‐minded
and
is
able
to
achieve
happiness
in
life.
He
is
also
an
extrovert.
•
When
people
become
extroverts,
social
conflict
can
be
avoided
due
to
one
another’s
understanding
and
acceptance.
When
social
conflict
is
avoided,
social
harmony
is
built
which
is
the
essence
of
peaceful
life.
•
Living
in
harmony
would
also
mean
that,
in
such
society,
people
will
be
treated
fairly.
•
When
everybody
is
treated
fairly,
disparity
diminishes
and
collec5vely
it
contributes
towards
the
morality
of
society
which
will
eventually
lead
to
a
peaceful
living.
•
Religion
is
also
a
powerful
educator,
through
which
individuals
gain
insight
and
hence
become
able
persons
to
face
ups
and
downs
in
reali5es
of
life.
•
It
also
contributes
towards
economy
through
guiding
people
on
how
to
spend
their
wealth
efficiently.
Copyrights
©
Writum.com
2009
But
in
today’s
world,
religious
sanc5ons
and
regula5ons
are
not
stringent
enough
to
control
society
for
introduc5on
of
technologies
and
upcoming
of
a
scien5fic
era,
has
also
brought
about
a
baEle
between
‘evidence’
and
‘faith’.
And
this
is
where
law
comes
into
play.
Law
can
be
termed
as
the
collec5on
of
rules
imposed
by
authority
and
is
considered
to
be
a
part
of
the
poli5cal
system.
Moreover,
it
can
be
defined
as
follows;
Law
in
poli5cs
and
jurisprudence
is
a
set
of
rules
or
norms
of
conduct
which
mandate
proscribe
or
permit
specified
rela5onships
among
people
and
organiza5ons,
provide
methods
for
ensuring
the
impar5al
treatment
of
such
people,
and
provide
punishments
for
those
who
do
not
follow
the
established
rules
of
conduct.
“Civiliza5on
presupposes
respect
for
the
law";
however,
the
greatest
problem
for
jurisprudence
is
to
allow
freedom
while
enforcing
order.
Laws
and
customs
go
hand
in
hand
in
society
for;
they
both
imply
certain
code
of
conduct
or
behavior
expected
from
an
individual.
Through
regula5ng
such
behavioral
paEerns
and
sekng
up
expecta5ons,
it
contributes
towards
uniformity
and
integrity
of
a
society.
The
crucial
feature
in
law
is
punishment…
which
is
an
example
of
nega5ve
reinforcement
applied
to
society.
I.
e
when
criminals
are
punished
by
law,
it
acts
as
a
discouragement
to
others
to
involve
in
similar
acts.
Other
penal5es
like
raising
5ckets,
monetary
charges,
sanc5ons
and
other
restric5ons
held
upon
a
person,
due
to
a
breach
of
law,
does
not
only
condi5ons
the
individual
to
refrain
from
them,
but
also
encourages
or
reinforces
others
to
abide
by
the
law.
In
conclusion,
religion
and
law
both
play
vital
roles
in
social
control.
However,
the
main
difference
is
that
while,
religion
speaks
to
our
hearts,
while,
law
speaks
to
our
minds,
as
such
that
religion
stands
more
in
an
emo5onal
and
a
spiritual
grounding
while
law
is
of
a
more
logical
base.
S5ll,
more
importantly
is
the
fact
that
religion
and
law
being
a
person’s
Super
ego
in
direc5ng
the
individual
in
a
moral
path
and
making
him
a
good
ci5zen.
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2009
Social
SeHng:
Causes,
Control
&
PrevenBon
of
Crime
Let
us
first,
consider
a
sequence
of
events:
Social
Class
(Age
&
Sex,
Occupa5on,
Pres5ge,
Family,
Associa5on
groups)
Social
Tensions
(Social
class,
religion,
language,
economy,
poli5cs,
different
values
and
goals)
Social
Disorganiza5on
(Social
change,
Social
structure,
Values
and
Aktudes
change)
Discontent
&
Frustra5on
Crime
&
War
Social
class
is
determined
through
age
&
sex,
occupa5on,
pres5ge,
family
and
associa5on
groups.
When
the
family
has
a
good
a
reputa5on
or
is
of
a
pres5gious
background,
children
born
to
that
family
are
treated
as
people
of
higher
class.
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2009
Also,
the
economic
status
of
a
person
together
with
his
occupa5on
becomes
a
maEer
in
concern
when
considering
the
social
class.
Age
and
sex
of
course,
is
a
main
categorizer
depending
from
cultures
to
cultures.
i.
e
in
some
Asian
and
Arabic
cultures,
opinions
of
young
people
and
females
are
not
considered
vital.
When
it
comes
to
associa5on
groups,
for
example,
if
Mr.
X
hangs
out
with
powerful
people
such
as
ministers
or
members
of
a
parliament,
people
tend
to
believe
that
Mr.
X
himself
is
a
powerful
person.
The
end
result
of
all
this
is
categorizing
which
leads
to
people
being
treated
differently.
When
people
are
treated
differently
to
one
another,
social
tensions
build
up.
Social
tensions
occur
due
to
many
reasons;
‘social
class’
is
a
main
one
of
them.
However,
other
main
reasons
are
religions
for
which,
people
hold
different
value
systems
and
believes.
When
teachings
or
ideas
of
two
religions
clashes,
it
affects
people
personally
because
religion
is
a
faith
and
is
a
sacred
teaching/order.
When
language
is
considered,
it
affects
society
as
such
that,
when
people
speak
different
languages,
proper
communica5on
breaks
down
and
leads
to
misunderstandings,
from
which
tension
is
built
again.
Economy
as
always
builds
up
tensions
between
people
of
varying
degree,
as
they
fail
to
understand
each
other’s
inten5ons,
wants
and
needs.
Poli5cs
on
the
other
hand,
is
a
very
controversial
subject.
Social
tensions
build
up
within
a
community
or
a
society,
due
to
different
opinions
people
hold.
All
these
tensions
eventually
build
up
social
disorganiza5on
which
is
the
opposite
of
social
organiza5on
and
which
is
also
a
natural
process
in
a
func5oning
society.
But
the
setbacks
in
social
disorganiza5on
are
that
it
operates
in
such
a
way
that
people
do
not
realize
its
existence.
i.e.
it
is
unconscious
and
is
unexpected.
On
the
contrary,
social
disorganiza5on
is
never
absolute
or
complete
for
at
any
given
5me
or
situa5on,
there
would
s5ll
remain
things
which
are
organized
in
a
society.
However,
through
social
disorganiza5on
func5ons,
values
and
ideas
of
social
groups
are
transferred
or
is
exchanged
within
other
groups.
This
brings
about
social
change.
Eventually
values
and
aktudes
of
people
change.
This
also
means
that
moral
values
are
violated.
E.g.
an
individual
who
has
never
breached
law
and
has
always
been
a
loyal
ci5zen
might
change
his
values.
Therefore,
we
conclude
that
social
disorganiza5on
also
results
in
laws
losing
its
influence
on
people.
Finally,
disorganiza5on
leads
to
changes
in
social
structure,
values,
social
aktudes
and
results
in
social
crisis.
When
a
society
is
undergoes
a
crisis,
it
means
that
the
incidence
of
thet,
crime
and
war
increases.
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2009
While
all
these
things
happen
in
a
social
point
of
view,
individuals’
gets
affect
as
such
that.
They
become
unhappy
about
how
the
system
func5ons
hence
end
up
being
frustrated.
This
again
leads
to
an5‐social
behaviors
and
breaches
of
law.
Hence
we
can
conclude
that,
imbalance
of
above
men5oned
physical,
environmental,
psychological,
educa5onal,
and
cultural
factors
all
contribute
towards
commikng
crimes.
Control
&
PrevenBon
In
order
to
control
social
tensions,
firstly,
the
educa5on
system
needs
to
be
revised
in
such
a
way
that
the
government
could
make
sure
each
and
every
individual
of
the
society
becomes
literate
and
competent
people.
The
educa5on
system
should
also
become
responsible
for
personality
growth
as
well
as
for
a
person’s
knowledge.
It
should
be
designed
in
such
a
way
that
people
become
patrio5c
and
understand
the
importance
of
peace
and
harmony.
Moreover,
social
and
cultural
values
and
morals
are
best
introduced
to
people
while
they
are
children.
So
that,
the
individuals
grows
up
with
posi5ve
feelings.
Crea5ng
public
opinions
which
are
healthy
for
society
is
another
means
by
which
group
tension
can
be
reduced.
Again
this
has
to
be
implemented
mainly,
through
the
educa5on
system.
People
should
be
given
equal
opportuni5es,
in
order
to
reduce
all
tensions.
It
is
vital
to
eliminate
the
economic
disparity
up
to
a
maximum
level,
before
society
could
be
balanced.
Giving
equal
opportuni5es
also
links
to
the
need
of
law
reforma5on.
Social
disorganiza5on
on
the
other
hand,
can
be
controlled
if
processes
of
a
func5on
are
defined
in
a
clear
cut
manner.
For
example,
we
know
that
in
today’s
world
we
categorize
ourselves
economically
based
upon
various
situa5ons.
This
has
resulted
in
a
large
amount
of
categories
of
rich,
poor,
middle‐ class,
well
off
etc.
but
we
are
able
to
set
standards
and
define
things
more
accurately,
confusion
and
disorganiza5on
can
be
avoided.
A
very
important
aspect
of
reducing
disorganiza5on
would
be
to
reinforce
different
aktudes
and
values
while,
making
the
public
aware
of
the
reasons
for
doing
so.
If
social
tensions
and
disorganiza5ons
can
be
removed
crimes
can
be
prevented
for,
at
the
end
of
the
day,
it
is
the
acts
we
perform
that
affects
the
society
and
our
wellbeing
as
well
as
that
of
others.
So
if
we
can
discipline
ourselves
and
act
in
accordance
with
law
and
morals
of
society,
there
should
not
be
any
problems
within
a
community
or
in
the
society.
In
conclusion,
I
believe
that
it
is
necessary
for
people
to
cul5vate
open‐mindedness,
be
flexible,
confident
and
strong.
For
what
counts
at
the
end
is
whether
or
not
we
do
the
right
things
or
make
the
right
decisions,
in
other
words….The
Power
of
the
Mind!!!
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2009