Exercise 1

CTM 710 Instructional tools and multimedia. Student: P Swanepoel (87793335)

Exercise 1 Briefly discuss the foundations of directed and constructivist instruction. 1 Introduction Directed and constructivist instruction originates from different theoretical backgrounds. It is a fact that theorists played a very important part in the development of learning and therefore in instruction. 2 Directed instruction: There are following theories are regarded as having an important influence in laying the foundation for directed instruction. Behaviourist theory (B F Skinner), Information Processing theory(Atkinson and Shiffen), Cognitive Behaviour Theory(Robert Gagne), Systems theory and Systematic instructional design. Theories focussed on stimulus response, the need for instructional conditions as well as a need for a system of instruction. Although all of these theories contributed some elements; directed instruction is basically grounded in the behaviourist learning theory. Examples of directed instruction are drill and practise exercises and tutorials. Thus it implicates individual activities, traditional teacher methodologies to enhance learning. 3 Constructivist instruction: Constructivist instruction; also known as inquiry based learning, has its foundation in the following theories. Social Activism theory (John Dewey), Scaffolding theory (Vygotsky), Child development theory(Jean Piaget), Multiple Intelligence (Howard Gardner), Discovery learning (Jerome Bruner). These theories focussed on individuality, neurological and social maturation, an innate intelligence and cognitive growth. Constructivists view co operation highly and appreciates acquisition of skills. The skill to be able to solve problems are one of the important ones. Examples of constructivist instruction are multimedia production and web base learning. Learners are encouraged to add value and to conceptualise reality. 4 Conclusion Directed and constructivist instruction had different foundations but each has value inthe instruction and learning processes.