Excerpt

(Excerpt)

Objectives of Teaching 1. To comprehend the whole text 2. To lean and master the vocabulary and expressions 3. To learn to paraphrase the difficult sentences 4. To understand the structure of the text 5. To appreciate the style and rhetoric of the passage.

Important and difficult points • 1.The separation of the anti-Japanese psychology of the Chinese students’ with the author’s repentance for the A-bomb cataclysm. • 2. What is a narration? • 3. The understanding and comprehension of the contradiction between the sorrowful mentality of the author and the humorous language of the text. • 4. Some useful expressions such as to be preoccupied, to be oblivious, and etc.

Background Information • •

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• Japan National Name: Nippon Geography: Four main islands: Honshu ( 本州 ), Hokkaido ( 北海 道 ), Kyushu ( 九州 ), and Shikoku ( 四国 ) Area: 371,857 sq.km. Population: 122,700,000 (1988).

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Background Information • Sept.1, 1939 Hitler invaded Poland. France and Britain declared war on Gr. immediately, officially beginning World War II • Jun.22, 1941 Gr. invaded USSR • Dec. 7, 1941 Pearl Harbour • Sept. 1943 Italy surrendered • May. 7, 1945 Gr. surrendered unconditionally

Background Information • Aug. 6, 1945 the first A-bomb exploded in Hiroshima • Aug. 8, 1945 USSR declared war on Japan and occupied Manchuria • Aug. 9, 1945 the dropping of the second A-bomb on Nagasaki • Aug. 14, 1945 Japan announced its surrender

Background Information

• Atomic Bomb: • The explosion produces great amounts of heat, a shock wave and intense radiation. The region of the explosion becomes radioactively contaminated and radioactive products may be deposited elsewhere as fallout. • *image-1* ( 原子弹爆炸图）

Background Information •

At 8:15 a.m. on August 6, 1945, by order of President Truman, the first Atomic bomb, nicknamed Little Boy was exploded over a point near the centre of Hiroshima, destroying almost everything with a radius of 830-1,450 meters.

Background Information • The damage beyond this area was considerable, and over 71,000 people were killed instantly. Many more later died of injuries and the effects of radiation. Casualties numbered nearly 130,000.

Background Information • Survivors are still dying of leukaemia, pernicious anaemia and other diseases induced by radiation. Almost 98% of the buildings were destroyed or severely damaged.

Background Information • The Japanese dedicated post-war Hiroshima to peace. A destroyed area named "Peace City" has been set aside as a memorial. A peace Park was built. A special hospital built here treats people suffering from exposure to radiation and conducts research into its effects. • *image-1*( 日本广岛原子弹纪念馆）

Questions for the understanding of the text

• 1. What is the author? What does he come to Hiroshima for? • 2. How did he get to Hiroshima? • 3. What was weighing heavily on his mind? • 4. Why did he call his trip to Hiroshima a far great adventure?

Questions for the understanding of the text

• 5. How did the author get to the City Hall? • 6. What impression do you have about the cab driver? • 7. How did the author describe the city, why? • 8. Why did the usher heave a long almost musical sigh? What effect does this have on you? • 9. What is the general atmosphere of this part?

Questions for the understanding of the text • 10. What do you imagine the mayor looked like? • 11. Why did he again sense the emotion that had crushed him at the station? • 12. Why was it difficult for him to ask why they were gathered at that specific place? • 13. Why did the Americans and Germans seem just as inhibited as he was?

Questions for the understanding of the text

• 14. What do you imagine the faces looked like each time the name of Hiroshima was repeated? • 15. Why do you think the author repeatedly reminds us of the serious appearances and the psychology of the westerners? • 16. What do you think the author expected the mayor to say?

Writing Style • Narration: • The telling of a story. • A good narration has a beginning, a middle and an end.

Writing Style • In a narrative writing, the actions or the incidents, events are generally presented in order of their occurrence, following the natural time sequence of the happenings, It is called to be in Chronological order. • But it can also start in the middle or at some other point in the action and move backward to the earlier happenings. This is called flashback.

Writing Style • There are three basic components of a narration: • a. Plot: the frame of the writing, which consists of a series of events. There are usu. one or several climaxes, the highest point of the story, with suspensions, conflicts, to arouse the interest of the audience. After the climax is reached, the story quickly moves to a conclusion.

Writing Style • b. Characters: the leading character is called the hero or protagonist. • c. Background: the time and place of the story • The plot usually dominates narration, however, some narratives focus on character or theme or atmosphere.

Detailed Study of the Text • 1. slip: to move glidingly, smoothly, secretly or unnoticed • 2. lump: a mass of sth. solid without a special size or shape • a lump of lead, sugar • Black coffee, 2 lumps, please! • a hard swelling on the body • She was afraid when she felt a lump in her left breast.

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• to have a lump in one's throat: • to have a tight feeling in the throat because strong emotion, such as sorrow, pity, gratitude, or excitement, etc. • All during her husband's funeral, she had a lump in her throat. • John's mother had a lump in her throat at his college graduation.

Detailed Study of the Text • 3.on my mind: troubling one's thoughts, causing anxiety, unhappiness. When you have sth. on your mind, you are completely preoccupied and obsessed. • His failure weighs heavily on his mind. • He has got too much on his mind to worry about your problem.

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cf: in one's mind: think about, think of I think I know what's in your mind. Her mother was always in her mind.

Detailed Study of the Text • 4. the very act of stepping on this soil: • act and action: • Action refers primarily to the process of acting; act to the result, the things done. • The rescue of a shipwrecked crew is a heroic action while the launching of the lifeboat, a brave act.

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• on this soil: on this land, on this earth, ground (soil: an emotive word) • A person in exile comes back to his motherland, he kneels down to kiss the soil. • Here it suggests the emotion of the author. He thinks his country is responsible for the A-bomb destruction. He is preoccupied. He has the feeling of atoning for the crime.

Detailed Study of the Text • 5. adventure: a journey that is strange and exciting and often dangerous, sth. you do or a situation you become involved in that is rather unusual, exciting and dangerous. • The Adventures of Tom Sawyer • The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Detailed Study of the Text • 6. reportorial: of / about a reporter • the adj. form of reporter • 7. crime: an offence which is punishable by law, an immoral act

Detailed Study of the Text 8. appear

• • Appear, Look, and Seem can mean to be as stated in one's view or judgement, but not necessarily in fact. • Seem suggests an opinion based on subjective impression rather than objective signs. • He seems tired. • My other visits to Beijing were twenty years ago. How would it seem after such a long time?

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• Look implies that the opinion is based on a general visual impression. • His lips looked unnatural. • He looks nervous. • Appear suggests a distorted impression • His tongue could make the worse appear the better reason. • He appeared not to have heard what had been said about him.

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• 9. preoccupy: to fill one's mind completely so that not enough attention is given to other present matters • When he is preoccupied with his hobby, he has no idea of what is going on around him. • I was too preoccupied to hear the bell. • He had a preoccupied look on his face, as if sth. was troubling him.

Detailed Study of the Text • preoccupation: extreme concern for sth. • Reading is his main preoccupation • It seemed to me that the Japanese did not have the same extreme concern which is bothering me. • I was totally absorbed in the consideration of the crime, but the Japanese did not appear to be so.

Detailed Study of the Text • 10. rub shoulders with: to meet and mix with (people) • This is not the sort of club where the great rub shoulders with the humble. • A person in my position rubs shoulders with all kinds of people. • In our class, people of all trades (porter, carpenter, coppersmith, etc.) rubber shoulders with each other.

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• 11. oblivious: be unaware of, not noticing, unconscious of, lacking mindful attention • Their government is oblivious of the rights of the poor. • I am oblivious of my former failure. • I was so preoccupied with the book that I was oblivious of the surroundings.

Detailed Study of the Text • I was so preoccupied with the beautiful woman I met on the bus that I was oblivious of the pickpocket beside me / of what the conductress was yelling when the bus came to a stop.

Detailed Study of the Text • 12. bob: to move up and down quickly and repeatedly • The cork on the fishing line bobbed up and down on the water.

Detailed Study of the Text • 13. rite: a ceremonial act with a fixed pattern, usu. for a religious purpose, form of behaviour with a fixed pattern • I don't know much about the rites of that church. • Secret society has their special rites. • ceremonial / burial / marriage rites • On Sunday we make our ritual visit to the the pub at lunchtime. (humorous usage)

Detailed Study of the Text • 14. formula: an expression which is often used in a particular situation, esp. one that has come to sound stupid and meaningless • They exchanged the set of conventionally fixed pattern of daily greetings.

Detailed Study of the Text • 15. facade: front or face of a building towards a street or open place • 16. grin: broad smile that shows the teeth. It intends to imply naive cheerfulness. • 17. rear-view mirror: a mirror (as in an automobile) that gives a view of the area behind the vehicle

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• 18. martyr: person who is put to death or caused to suffer for his beliefs • a martyr to a cause / love / duty • Eternal life to the revolutionary martyrs! • v.: to put to death, cause to suffer, to torture out of cruelty

Detailed Study of the Text • 19. lurch: to move with irregular sudden movements, to move unsteadily, clumsily, with heavy rolling and swaying back and forth • 20. in response to: as an answer to • She opened the door in response to the knock.

Detailed Study of the Text • In response to your inquiries, we regret to inform you that we cannot help you in this matter. • Twice I put the request to him but he said nothing in response.

Detailed Study of the Text • 21. twist: to wind a number of threads, etc. together • to make a rope by twisting threads • to twist the hair to make it curl • to turn, to change direction abruptly • to twist the cap of a tube of tooth paste • He twisted my arm. • Give the handle a twist, that will open the box.

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• 22. screech: to make a sharp, high-pitched noise • 23. halt: to stop or pause, mainly used in the phrase "come to a halt" • 24. ignorance: lack of knowledge • Please forgive our ignorance. • Poverty, disease and ignorance remain major world problems. • We are in complete ignorance of his plan.

Detailed Study of the Text • ignorant: To be ignorant of sth. is not to know it. • He is quite ignorant of Latin. • She was ignorant of his presence.

Detailed Study of the Text • cf: disregard, neglect & ignore: • disregard: to treat as not worthy of notice • He disregarded Tom, and spoke straight to me. • We disregarded the gossip and rumours.

Detailed Study of the Text • neglect: to give no or too little attention or care to • You are neglecting your work / duty. • There is a factor which we must certainly not neglect.

Detailed Study of the Text • neglect: fail to do sth. because of carelessness • He neglected to return the book to the library. • Don't neglect to lock (locking) the door when you leave.

Detailed Study of the Text • To ignore sth. is to pretend not to know or see it. • She saw him coming but ignored him. • It is not a question that can be ignored. • Of these three words, ignore is the strongest and neglect is the weakest.

Detailed Study of the Text • 25. intermezzo: • short musical composition to be played between the acts of a drama or an opera, or one that connects the main divisions of a large musical work such as a symphony. This word is used very lighted-heartedly here.

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• 26. I found myself in front of the gigantic City Hall. • cf: I got to the front of... • The first sentence indicates suddenness, unconsciousness. I suddenly discovered that I was in front of the City Hall.

Detailed Study of the Text • gigantic: titanic, massive, huge, a close synonym of giant • giant: in fairy tales, a very big, strong creature in the form of a man, but often unfriendly to human beings and very cruel and stupid. • 27. usher: official door keeper, a man who shows people to their seats on an important occasion, (or in a theatre or cinema)

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• 28. heave: to give out (a sad sound), esp. in the phrase " to heave a sigh / groan“ • We all heaved a sigh of relief when the work was done. • sigh: an act of letting out a deep breath slowly and with a sound • She nodded, sighed and went on cooking. • He gave another deep sigh.

Detailed Study of the Text • 29. sketch: to draw roughly and quickly with outlines but little detail • 30. embankment: a wide wall of stones or earth, which is built to keep a river from overflowing its banks, or to carry a road or railway over low ground

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• cf: bank, shore, beach & coast • When meaning land bordering a body or stream of water, the four words are comparable. • Shore is the general word for the land immediately bordering on the sea, a lake, or a large stream. • Coast denotes the land along the sea regarded especially as a boundary.

Detailed Study of the Text • Beach applies to the pebbly or sandy shore washed by the sea or a lake –a rocky shore with here and there a cove with a beach

• Bank denotes the steep or sloping margin of a stream

Detailed Study of the Text • Both shore and beach may denote a resort frequented for pleasure or vacation. In this use shore may specifically indicates proximity to the sea, and beach a place adapted to the use of swimmers or sunbathers. • spend the summer at the shore • spend a part of each day at the beach

Detailed Study of the Text • 31. barge: a large low boat with a flat bottom, used mainly for carrying heavy goods on a canal or river • 32. moor: to fasten (a ship, boat) to land, to the bed of the sea, etc. by means of ropes, chains and an anchor, etc.

Detailed Study of the Text • 33. arresting: striking, attracting and holding attention. This word adds to striking the suggestion of capturing attention • an arresting beauty / story • arrest: to catch and fix (esp. sb.'s attention) • The bright lights arrest the boy's attention.

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• 34. spectacle: sth. seen, sth. taking place before the eyes, esp. sth. Fine and remarkable • The big army parade on national day is a grand spectacle. • The erupting volcano is a wonderful spectacle. • The opening ceremony of the exhibition was a fine spectacle.

Detailed Study of the Text • 35. adrift: afloat without control, driven about by the sea or wind • a- has the meaning of "away, from, of, in, on, etc." • aboard: on the board, on the boat • afire: to set sth. on fire • The house was afire. • afloat: on water • afoot: on foot I came afoot.

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• 36. beige: pale yellowish brown • 37. amid: (fml. and lit.) among, in the middle of • 38. incessant: never stopping. The word implies ceaseless or uninterrupted activity

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• 39. stun: to make unconscious by hitting the head • The robbers stunned the guard by banging him on the head. • He was stunned by the news of his father's death. • stunning: very attractive, delightful, beautiful, making you become intoxicated

Detailed Study of the Text • 40. costume: the clothes worn by people at a particular time in history or in a particular country • a museum of costume • portraits of people dressed in 17thcentury costume • bathing / swimming / riding costume • He was in academic costume in this photo.

Detailed Study of the Text • 41. tread: to walk or step, to put the foot down on (Notice: the mind is fixed on the feet.) • 42. cautious: having or showing great care, as if there might be some danger • The thief cautiously opened the door. • The troops advanced with great caution.

Detailed Study of the Text • 43. twinge: a sudden sharp pain • to feel a twinge in the region of heart • a twinge of toothache / conscience • 44. embarrass: to feel ashamed or socially uncomfortable

Detailed Study of the Text • 45. prospect: reasonable hope, sth. which is expected or considered probable • She was quite excited by the prospect of seeing her net friend soon. • The scandal ruined his prospects. • I see no prospect of his recovery.

Detailed Study of the Text • cf: • expectation: thing that is expected • The boy has great prospects / expectation. • We came here with the expectation of meeting the mayor, but I see no prospects of seeing him now since he is oblivious of us humbles.

Detailed Study of the Text • 46. emotion: any of the strong feelings of the human spirit • Love, hatred, and grief are emotions. • His speech has an effect on our emotions rather than our reason. • I was again overcome by the same sense of guilty as I had experienced when I first arrived at the station.

Detailed Study of the Text • 47. bombardment: attack, onslaught • bombard: to attack with artillery, shells, or bombers • 48. slay (slew, slain): (lit.) to kill or murder, to kill, esp. violently, to put to death

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• cf: • kill: It is so general that it merely states the fact, and doesn't have many connotations • to take medicine to kill the pain • What you have said killed my hope. • vegetable killed by the frost • to kill time • The president killed the project.

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• slay: v (fml.) kill (esp an enemy) in a violent way. It implies killing by force or wildly, in an uncontrolled way. It is rarely used in spoken English, but it often occurs in written English to convey a dramatic quality. • Cain slew his brother Abel • A truck driver was slain by the terrorists in Iraq.

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• murder: to kill with a motive, a plan in advance • The bandits murdered the man for his money. • According to the historians he murdered his rival in cold blood. • assassinate: kill (esp an important or famous person) for money or for political reasons • a plot to assassinate the president

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• slaughter: a. kill (an animal), usu for food b. kill (animals or people) in large numbers • butcher: a. kill and prepare (animals) for meat b. (derog.) kill (people or animals) brutally • execute: kill (sb) as a legal punishment • He was executed for bank robbery.

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• massacre: cruel killing of a large number (of people or animals) • suicide: n. killing oneself intentionally  • commit suicide

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• 49. linger on: to live on the point of death for some time, esp. when suffering from a disease, be slow in dying • The pain lingered on for weeks (was slow to disappear). • The dying man lingered on. • He's no better, but he's lingering

Detailed Study of the Text • linger: to wait for a time which is considered too long instead of going, delay going • The newly acquainted young couple lingered around the hall long after the concert had ended. • She shouldn't have lingered after the others had left---that was fatal.

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• 50. agony: very great pain, intolerable suffering of mind or body • He suffered agonies from his broken arm. • The country must not again go through the agony of war. • the agony of defeat and the thrill of victory

Detailed Study of the Text • 51. inhibit: cause one to suppress certain thoughts or desires because of the environmental condition • His way of teaching is dull, and inhibits imagination. • This medicine will inhibit the spread of the disease.

Detailed Study of the Text • inhibited: (of people's character) unable to express what one really feels • They were too inhibited to laugh freely.

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52. agitate: to stir, upset, disturb The speech agitated the crowd. agitated: emotionally disturbed and excited The audience was agitated. agitator: person who stirs up public opinion, esp. on a political matter • agitation: painful excitement of the mind • None of them noticed her agitation.

Detailed Study of the Text • 53. assent: (fml.) agreement, an acceptance (of a statement) as true, It basically applies to opinion or proposal, suggesting understanding • The committee assented to our proposals. • The teacher answered with a brief nod of assent.

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• 54. sink in: penetrate, be fully absorbed or understood, • If the ink sinks in, it'll be hard to remove the spot from the cloth. • When Frank heard that war had started, it didn't sink in for a long time until his father was drafted into the army. • I think the lesson has sunk in, he won't make the same mistake again.

Detailed Study of the Text • 55. jolt: to shake or be shocked • The cart jolted along over the rough road, jolting every bone in his body. • With a tremendous jolt the car started. • The car ran over a hole and received a jolt. • The news was a jolt to me.

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• 56. reverie: dreamy thinking, esp. of agreeable things, daydreaming • He loved to indulge in reveries about his future. • He was awakened from his reverie by the teacher's question. • She sat at the window, deep in reverie.

Detailed Study of the Text • He was sunk in reverie and did not hear me. • When one is preoccupied with sth., he has preoccupations. • And he is likely to be oblivious of the things around him. He is in deep reverie.

Detailed Study of the Text • 57. heinous: (lit) (of wicked people or acts) very shameful, hatefully and shockingly evil, abominable, outrageous, so shamelessly bad or so conspicuous that it excites hatred or horror • The Nanjing massacre was a heinous crime committed by the Japanese.

Detailed Study of the Text • 58. confess: admit • If you confess sth. or confess to sth., you admit that you have done sth. that you feel ashamed of, or embarrassed about. • confession: a religious service at which a person tells his faults to a priest

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• In usage, confess and admit are almost the same • to confess / admit that... • to confess / admit one's sins / error • to confess / admit hating sb. • to admit / confess to stealing • to confess / admit oneself to be beaten

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• 59. cataclysm: a violent and sudden change or event, esp. a serious flood or earth quake or a war • 60. trace: a visible mark or sign of the former presence of a thing or event • We saw traces of rabbits and squirrels on the snow.

Detailed Study of the Text • 61. preserve: (fml. or lit.) to keep from destruction, to protect • Policemen preserve order in the streets. • Old records are preserved by protecting them from light and moisture. • Fish are preserved in ice and salt until they are sold. • No hunting is allowed in the preserve.

Detailed Study of the Text • 62. erect: (fml.) to build or establish (a solid thing which was not there before) • Erect basically means to set upright • to erect a flagpole • Many factories were erected during that period.

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• 63. impact: collision, a striking of one body against another, the force of impression of one thing on another • We see the impact of modern science on our society everywhere. • The book made a great impact on its readers. • the concrete embankment built to resist the impact of floods

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64. demolish: pull down or tear down, to destroy. When used in reference to buildings or other complex structures (as of wood, stone, or steel), it implies complete wreckage and often a heap of ruins. The automobile was demolished in a collision with the train. His research has been painstaking, and he demolishes a great many legends.

Detailed Study of the Text • 65. somehow: in some way not yet known or stated, for some reason that is not clear • I think she is right but somehow I’m not completely sure. • I think we can manage that somehow. • Somehow he was afraid of her. • I thought I knew the way, but somehow I got lost.

Detailed Study of the Text • 66. belly: (infml.) abdomen, stomach & paunch are synonyms when naming the front part of the human trunk below the chest • abdomen: medical term • stomach: When used non-technically, it means abdomen, but specifically means the organ which digests food.

Detailed Study of the Text • belly: an informal term for abdomen, suggesting roundness. • He has a large belly. • paunch: a derogatory and humorous term, meaning fat stomach, esp. a man's. • The man has a paunch / a potbelly / a paunchy belly / is paunchy.

Detailed Study of the Text • 67. spare: to keep from harming, punishing or attacking • Take my money but spare my life. • They prayed that Allah might spare the village from starvation. • Lay down your arms and we'll spare your lives. • The enemy were so heinous that they even refused to spare the new-borns.

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afford to give Can you spare me 5 minutes? Can you spare an extra ticket for me? Spare a penny, sir, for a starving man. 68. feel sick: vomit, upset in the stomach so as to want to throw up what is in it. • He began to feel sick as soon as the ship started to move.

Detailed Study of the Text • 69. or else: or if not, or otherwise. This expression is basically used as a threat. • He must pay $100 or else go to jail. • Do what I tell you or else!

Detailed Study of the Text • 70. commit: a. to do, to perform sth. bad, wrong or unlawful • to commit an error / many horrible crimes • b. to order sb. to be placed under the control of another or in a mental hospital • The judge committed him to prison.

Detailed Study of the Text • The court committed the man to a lunatic asylum / mental home (hospital). • c. to promise to undertake, make oneself responsible • The government has committed more money to improving basic education. • He was fully committed to the plan.

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• 71. humiliate: to cause to feel humble or to lose the respect of others, to hurt the pride or dignity of • He humiliated her beyond endurance. • 72. encounter: to meet or be faced by sth. bad, esp. a danger or a difficulty • What if we should encounter a bear?

Detailed Study of the Text • 73. prejudice: an unreasonable, unfair dislike or preference of sb. or sth • Prejudice against women is becoming less severe. • A judge must be free from prejudice. • racial / national prejudice

Detailed Study of the Text • 74. on the part of: by, of • It will arouse deep suspicions on the part of our allies. • I apologize for any mistake on my part. • 75. scar: a mark remaining on the skin or an organ from a wound, cut, and etc.

Detailed Study of the Text • 76. victim: a person, animal or thing that suffers pain, death, destruction, etc. as a result of other people's actions, of illness, bad luck, etc. • tsunami victims • 77. genetic damage: a damage or illness which has been passed on or inherited and will be passed on from generation to generation

Detailed Study of the Text • 78. earthly: of this world as opposed to heaven; material worldly as opposed to spiritual • earthly care: daily life and worries, cares on the earth which is in contrast with that in heaven, in death.

Structural Analysis • Part I: (para 1.) The Arrival • Part II: (The Japanese ...the kimono and the miniskirt.) Way to City Hall • Part III: (At the door...) Meeting the Mayor • Part IV: (the hospital) At the Hospital

Writing Technique • 1. Contrast: description of the scenery and of his own emotion • Psychology: sorrowful and repentant. • Hiroshima symbolizes war crime, sin, death, terror, etc. • Scenery: lively, happy, vigorous, cheerful, etc.

Writing Technique • 2. Humour: serious looking men, bob up and down, the cab driver, the usher, meeting the mayor in his socks, spinal column flexible, Hiroshima---oysters, small man with very large eye-glasses, his eyes nearly closed behind their thick lenses, etc.

Rhetoric • Irony:a figure of speech in which the meaning literally expressed is the opposite of the meaning intended and which aims at ridicule, humour or sarcasm. • Hiroshima---the Liveliest City in Japan • Each day of suffering that helps to free my from earthly cares • congratulate myself on the good fortune that my illness has brought me

Rhetoric • Anti-Climax: the sudden appearance of an absurd or trivial idea following a serious significant ideas and suspensions. This device is usu. aimed at creating comic or humorous effects. • a town known throughout the world for its--oysters • The duties of a soldier are to protect is country and peel potatoes.

Rhetoric • Alliteration: the repetition of an initial sound that is usu. a consonant in two or more neighbouring words. • slip to a stop • tested and treated • Rhetorical Question: a question that needs no answer, but used for emphasis • Was I not at the scene of the crime?

Rhetoric

• Euphemism: the substitution of an agreeable or in-offensive expression for one that may offend or suggest sth unpleasant • eg: • He was sentenced to prison---He is now living at the government's expenses.

Rhetoric • The boy is a bit slow for his age. • to go to heaven---dead • to go to the bathroom, do one's business, answer the nature's call, put an end to my life. • Each day of suffering that helps to free me from earthly cares.

Rhetoric • Metonymy • ...little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers ...struggle between kimono and the miniskirt • I thought that Hiroshima still felt the impact.

Rhetoric • Metonymy: a figure of speech that consists in using the name of one thing for that of something else with which it is associated.

Rhetoric

• Metonymy can be derived from various sources: • a. Names of persons • Uncle Sam: the USA • b. Animals • the bear: the Soviet Union • the dragon : the Chinese (a fight between the bear and the

Rhetoric

• c. Parts of the body • heart: feelings and emotions • head, brain: wisdom, intelligence, reason • She was a girl who excited the emotions, but I was not one to let my heart rule my head. • grey hair: old age

Rhetoric • d. Profession: • the press: newspapers, reporters etc. • He met the press yesterday evening at the Grand Hotel. • the bar: the legal profession

Rhetoric

• e. location of government, business etc. • Downing Street: the British Government • the White House: the US president and his government • the Capitol Hill: US Congress • Wall Street: US financial circles • Hollywood: American filmmaking industry