Evolution Of Malay Language : 2000 Years

Evolusi Bahasa Melayu Evolution of Malay Language : 2000 Years

Asas ‘50 Press 2009

Editor

Mohamed Pitchay Gani BMAA Muhammad Jailani Abu Talib

Sub-Editor

Siti Raudhah Salleh

Researcher

Mohamed Pitchay Gani BMAA

Asst. Researcher

Muhammad Jailani Abu Talib

Copywriter

Muhammad Herwanto Johari

Designer

Muhammad Jailani Abu Talib

Illustrator

Amelia Pitchay Copyright : Asas ‘50 Press Layout and Formatting : Muhammad Jailani Abu Talib Published by Asas ‘50 Press, Singapore, www.asas50.com Asas ‘50 Press disclaims all liability and responsibility for any loss caused to any person by any act or omission due to the material contained in this publication. ©2009 Asas ‘50 Press, Singapore All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher, Asas ‘50 Press, Singapore.

Contents Preface

v

Introduction

vi

Background

vii - ix

Directory Map of Exhibition

1

Evolution of Malay Language Chart

2

Map of Nusantara

3

Chapter One : Prehistoric Malay Language

4

Chapter Two : Ancient Malay Language

5

Chapter Three : Classical Malay Language

6 - 8

Chapter Four : Baba Malay Language

9

Chapter Five : Modern Malay Language

10

Chapter Six : SITC Malay Language

11

Chapter Seven : Bahasa Indonesia

12

Chapter Eight : Contemporary Malay Language

13

Chapter Nine : Internet Malay Language

14-16

Notes

17

Bibliography

18

Biography of Researcher

19

Acknowledgements

20

Angkatan Sasterawan ‘50

21-23

Preface There is an approximate 300 million speakers of the Malay language, thus making it the fourth biggest language in the world by virtue of the pool of speakers. It was also previously reported that there is an approximate 70,000 Malay language speakers in Sri Lanka whereas there is a radio channel in China based in Malay language. The importance of the Malay language as one of the biggest languages in the world is further emphasized through the engagement of Malay studies components and programmes taught in various universities in United Kingdom, United States of America, Australia, Holland, China, Germany, New Zealand, Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia among others. The Malay language language is also recognised as the national language of four important Southeast Asian nations including Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Brunei. However, though it currently stands as one of the more important languages of the world, the assured development of the language can only be made possible through constant research on the subject to promote an increased awareness. Of this, while various researches have been done before on the various types and variations of the Malay language, Mohamed Pitchay Gani’s research was the first of its kind to document and observe the morphological and syntactic structure of the Malay language on the internet. Essentially, this publication was adapted from Mohamed Pitchay Gani’s Masters thesis research on the subject of E-culture & The Evolution of The Malay Language made in Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Undeniably, due to its limited nature, the book cannot provide much more than a few snippets of the history of the Malay language and it would be encouraged for readers to read the original thesis in order to have a better understanding of the subject discussed. Despite that however, the book is a much needed resource on the history and developments of the Malay language and contains a wealth of information on the 2000 year old history of the Malay language from the earliest stone inscriptions to it’s current development as a modern language heavily used on the internet. The chapters of this book are diachronically arranged into nine main chapters, spanning through the six stages of linguistic evolution of the Malay language as proposed by the researcher. The book documents the nuances that led to the evolution between the Prehistoric Malay language, Ancient Malay language, Classic Malay language, Modern Malay language, SITC Malay language, Bahasa Indonesia and the Internet Malay language. The book dwells on the subject of the Internet as a medium of promoting linguistic awareness amongst users and strengthens the notion of the cyber age being a phase that could be further exploited to benefit the development of language. As opposed to the views held by purists, Mohamed Pitchay Gani’s research provides a radically differing view point and embraces the presence of an e-culture. It is with little doubt therefore that the publication of this book marks a landmark initiative of Asas 50 as a leading institute of promoting active use of Malay language. This publication is a testament of Asas 50’s progressive attitude towards the preservation of Singapore’s national language. Muhammad Jailani Abu Talib President Malay Language Society, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

v

Introduction The Malay language has undergone a comprehensive development spanning 2000 years beginning from Prehistoric Malay, which consisted of a limited vocabulary 157 word collection, to one which is now standing at approximately 200,000. The transformation towards Ancient Malay was initiated by the influence of Sanskrit during the 7th Century and continued to evolve into the Classical Malay language within the 12th to 19th century. The massive infusion of Arabic lexiconography was catalysed by the move of the Malay royals and their loyal following to embrace Islam as their collective religion. This fervent shift towards the Arabic influence proved to mark a timely displacement of the Sanskrit language as the latter was widely regarded as relatively exclusive and geared towards the intelligentsia and nobles as opposed to suitably serving the needs of the masses. The growing presence of Islam also smoothed the path of acceptance of the Arabic language within the masses. This Classic Period, which is considered as the longest spanning in the history of the evolution of the Malay language also witnessed the peripheral evolution of the Bintan-Tumasik Malay language, Riau Malay language, Malacca Malay language, Johor Malay language and Baba Malay language. The Modern Malay language is regarded as the third stage of its very evolution which encompassed the birth of the Johor-Riau Malay version whereby classic sentences were first introduced. The landscape was redrawn with the rise of the SITC Malay language, a newly formed entity which brought about a clear demarcation between Classic Malay and Riau Malay and the Modern version that is in use till today. The advent of Za’ba’s grammar publication in 1936 entitled Pelita Bahasa was instrumental in precipitating this archetypal shift. The vastly superior numerical advantage of Indonesian Malay speakers meant that the emergence of the Indonesian language, the Bahasa Indonesia, was likewise an inevitable outcome. Colonial influences also saw to it that the assimilation of Dutch and English influences compounded the proliferation of myriad regional languages and dialects in Malaya and Indonesia. This resulted in the creation of the Indonesian language, an amalgamation of what is fundamentally Malay in language and Indonesian by culture. The contemporary age is witness to the latest development of the Malay language with the onset of the e-culture or the electronic culture era, specifically the internet. The efflorescence of the variations of the Malay language derived from the synthesis of verbal language and the written word is testimony to a revolutionary communicative culture that promises to both enthrall and invogorate the cyber community. Mohamed Pitchay Gani Bin Mohamed Abdul Aziz Lecturer National Institute of Education Nanyang Technological University

vi

Background The Malay Language Situation in Singapore The Malay language forms one of the four official languages of Singapore and regarded as its national language. The national language status is reflected in article 153A of the constitution. Despite this however, Malay language has been a dominant language in the Malay archipelago prior to Singapore’s independence in 1965. In that respect, the development of the language was similar to the developments faced in Malaysia and other parts of the Malay region. The language situation however began to face various differences with the formation of Malaysia in 1963. The differing language policies coupled with the effects brought about by globalization resulted in changes to the language’s lexical structure and semantic. This change can be attributed to several factors, namely; contemporary trends and developments, government policies on language and the governance of the language. The media, with their stand on language pragmatism, influence of foreign languages and the attitude of Singaporeans towards the status, role and importance of the language further impacted the significance of the language. Intergenerational Language Transmission Malay language is spoken, in most contexts, by all generations with unbroken intergenerational transmission. However, bilingualism has made English the more preferred language in communication especially among the younger generations; be it at home or in schools and at work. In fact grandparents are no longer a viable source of language retention because they too may have to adjust to current trends in language acquisition among the younger generations. With more and more parents working, maids mainly Indonesian is deemed as the next viable source of language acquisition because they spend the most time with the children. Mixed marriages too affect the transmission of Malay language to the next generation. Despite the drawbacks, Malay language is notably still safe in the sense that it is continuously used with unbroken intergenerational transmission in spite of being threatened by bilingualism and changing trend in parenthood and family tree. Absolute Number of Speakers In Singapore, the Malay speaking population constitutes approximately 13.9% of the population in 2005 but gradually reduced to 13.7% in 2007. It is a small group of people that is exposed to influx of contemporary influences. However, with the rising numbers of immigrants in the community, the proportion of the Malays will be further reduced. In addition, mixed marriages and change in attitude affect the vulnerability of Malay language with more and more of the new generation speaking English language at home and in social networks and religious enclaves. In a survey in 2004 among the primary one cohort (7 year old students) by the Ministry of Education, it was found that 60% of the Malay students with at least one graduate parent spoke English at home. Consequently, with the number of graduates among the Malay population on the rise, the number of absolute speakers may dwindle. In a household survey done by the Singapore Statistics Department, the number of Malays using Malay language at home dropped from 91.6% in 2000 to 86.8% in 2005. This proves that Malay language is being less favoured. Nevertheless, Malay is widely spoken by the Indian Muslims as well. Attempts are also being made to ameliorate the status of the Malay language. In schools they are many non-Malays taking up Malay language instead of their mother tongue as well as taking up Malay as an additional

vii

Background subject. Employers too are taking up conversational Malay to facilitate conversations with their Indonesian maids. However, 425,000 speakers as compared to about 4.8 million residents is a far too small figure. This statistic is barely 15% and the number will decrease further over time. Thus, the potential of the language losing its traditional enclaves will soon be a reality. Trends in Existing Language Domains English is the main language of communication in every aspect of life, primarily in most official domains: government, public offices, and educational institutions. English is the integral to a number of public domains, especially in traditional religious institutions, organizations, and places where members of the community congregate and socialize. The common use of English in communication over time has resulted in English and Malay languages being used for different functions. Malay language is used in informal and home contexts whereas the dominant language, English, is used in official and public contexts. However, the older generation still uses the language significantly. Hence, it can be concluded that there is a multilingual parity in the existing language domains because two languages are used in most social domains and for most functions. This evokes code switching and lax in attitude towards the non-dominant language; Malay language for this instance. The preference in using Singlish further aggravates the problem and casts a drop in Malay language users. Response to New Domains and Media Malay language still prevails in the new domains and media as Singapore promotes multiculturalism. However, due to its limitation as it encompasses the minority population, the amount of materials in such new domains and media is also affected. For example, the number of Malay books in national libraries across Singapore in 2007 is 631,000 as compared to 5.279 million for English. There is only 1 Malay language newspaper with circulation of 61,946 as compared to 9 English newspapers with circulation of 877, 4727. In the area of education, the curriculum hours set for the learning of Malay language is 4-5 hours a week as compared to 35 hours at average for subjects which use English as instructional language. Though Malay language enjoys the same broadcasting time for radio, there is only 2 Malay radio channels as compared to 14 for English, with one of the Malay radio channels being bilingual. In addition, the sole Malay television channel only has 8 hours of television airtime as compared to 24 hours for English channel, which has 10 channels in all. Despite the increase in Internet usage from 36% (2000) to 61% (2005) and increase in computer users from 49% (2000) to 65% (2005), the statistics do not commensurate with the multimedia applications available in Malay language as evident through the lack of software in Malay for education and gaming. Though Malay language is used in most of the new domains and media, its usage is relatively limited as compared to that of English. As such, the Malay language network should be steered towards making it dynamic and foregoing.

viii

Background Materials for Language Education and Literacy There are extensive and comprehensive grammar texts, linguistic fundamentals, reference books and dictionaries available for users; indicating a constant flow of language materials. Abundant annotated high-quality audio and video recordings are also made available. The main sources of materials for Malay language are Indonesia and Malaysia in terms of grammar development as well as creative works. There are also local publications of creative works. The television and radio, for instance, provide educational and language materials to a certain extent; be it directly or indirectly. As such, it can be concluded that materials for Malay language is widely available whether in print or electronic form. However, the quality of the materials and the standard of the language used may need to be scrutinized to ensure that the materials are deemed relevant and appropriate for reference. Governmental and Institutional Language Attitudes and Policies The government is very supportive of the development of mother tongue language in Singapore through its education policy. Malay language is a compulsory subject in primary and secondary schools along with Mandarin and Tamil language. Such support is also prevalent through governmental institutions such as National Arts Council that provides grants for literary arts activities for the Malay community. This is indubitably subjected to the initiatives of the Malays themselves to make use of the grants provided. In many occasions, sporadic non-governmental organizations would initiate the move for the grants application and conducting of activities that would spur the Malay language. In fact, the Malay language Month and the Malay Literary Award held one after another once every 2 years reflects government support through grants allocated to the Malay Language Council Singapore (MBMS). Conclusion The maintenance and promotion of the non-dominant languages may be dictated by the dominant linguistic culture, namely Mandarin language at national level. It has often been argued that the other languages, Malay and Tamil, pale in comparison with Mandarin. Currently, English is still the dominant language which emerges as the linguistic ideology of the state, and in turn inspire the Malay linguistic minorities to mobilize its population towards the maintenance of the language. However, the efforts initiated are seemingly among those involved directly with the language, namely educators and activists, while others may find it an insignificant endeavor. National policy has in any case a direct impact on the language attitude of the community itself. It can be reckoned that Malay language is not seen as distinguished nor distinctive even though it is the national language of Singapore. Forming a small component of the mother tongue system applied in Singapore’s education system, the existence of the Malay language is interdependent on the policies set out by the government on all the other mother tongue languages.

ix

Directory Map

A5

A4

A2

A6

A3

A1

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

-

Evolution of Malay Language Chart Map of Nusantara Origin of Malay Language - Bintan-Tumasik Malay Language Malaccan Malay Language - Baba Malay Language SITC Malay Language - Bahasa Indonesia Internet Malay Language

1

Malay Language Evolution Chart Austris Family

Austronesian Family

China-Tibet Family

West Malay Archipelago Family (Malay Region)

Polynesian Family

Austroasian Family

East Malenesian Archipelago Family

(New Zealand) (Irian and Carolina Islands)

Prehistoric Malay Language (Origin)

Central Malay Language

Ancient Malay

Classic Malay Language

Modern Malay Language

Bahasa Indonesia

Malay Dialects

Johore-Riau Dialect

Bahasa Melayu

2

Map of Nusantara

Thailand Cambodia

Philippines

South China Sea Pe

Sabah

n in

Brunei

la

wa

k

su ys

Sa

a la

ra

M ia

Malacca

S

Singapore

u

Celebes

m

Riau Islands

a

Borneo

tr a

Indonesia Batavia

Java

3

Prehistoric Malay Language The earliest Malay Language was known as Prehistoric Malay. It consisted of an approximate collection of 157 Austronesian words. The words below are examples of the terms found in the Kedukan Bukit Inscription.

Prehistoric

Modern

English

Prehistoric

Modern

English

nayik samvau mengalap vulan dari yang dua laksa ko vala

naik sampan menghadap bulan dari yang dua sepuluh ribu ke bala/tentera

rise/board sampan to face moon from two ten thousand to army

dua ratus dangan mamava sarivu sapulu tlu vanakna di datang marvuat vanua

dua ratus dengan membawa seribu sepuluh telu/tiga banyaknya di datang membuat benua/negeri

two hundred with to bring thousand ten three much/many at come to make country/region

Kedukan Bukit Stone Inscriptions (7th century)

4

Ancient Malay Language The Malay language underwent its first evolution when it accepted Sanskrit influences which eventually transformed it’s status from Prehistoric to Ancient in the 7th Century. The establishment of the Srivijayan kingdom with its vast empire including Malaya, Ceylon, Borneo, Celebes, Philippines, parts of Formosa (Taiwan) with added rights on Cambodia and Champa was a major contributing factor leading to the development of the Malay language as the lingua franca throughout the whole archipelago. The earliest transcripts of Prehistoric Malay as illustrated on the Talang Tuwo stone inscription, dated 678 A.D, showed that the Malay language has started to imbibe Sanskrit influences. (bold italics in Prehistoric Malay language) “di assannakala di antara marga lai temu muweah ya ahara dngan ayer diminumnya sawanyaknya wuatnya huma pariak mancak muwah ya menghidupi pasu prakara marhulun tuwi werddhi muwah ya jangan ya nikenai sawanyaknya yang upasarga pidana swapnawigna.” 1 The influence of Sanskritbrought about a linguistic evolution which can be observed on the Pagar Ruyung, Sumatra stone inscription of 1356 A.D. , written in Indian characters. It was oberved : the word tida became tyada, the frontal prefix of mar and ni became ber and di, marvuat became berbuat niparvuat became diperbuat This stage marked a substantial shift in the evolution of the Malay language as an agglutinative language with the inclusion of affixes. The basis of this change could be attributed to the wider range of Sanskrit vocabulary which was crucial in forming a more structured and expansive references, and explanations as compared to the limited vocabulary of Prehistoric Malay. Gold statue of Avalokiteshvara from the Melayu-Srivijaya era (8th century)

5

Classic Malay Language Second Evolution (12th to 19th Century)

The second evolution of the Malay language began with the infusion of Arabic vocabulary into the Malay language. The 12th to 19th century was renowned as the illustrious ruling era of the Malay kingdom and notably the longest in the history of the development of the language spanning 700 years.

Bintan-Tumasik Malay Language (12th to 19th Century) The post Srivijaya era, known as Bintan-Tumasik is regarded as the transition period between the Ancient Malay language and the Classic language. This is backed by the evidentiary Minye Tujoh, Acheh tombstone dated 1350 whereby the growing influence of the Arab language began to stamp its mark over the Ancient Malay language. The text in bold below shows the usage of Arabic words. “hijrat nabi mungstapa yang prasida tujuh ratus asta puluh sawarsa haji catur dan dasa wara sukra raja iman warda (?) rahmat-Allah gutra barubasa mpu hak kadah pase ma taruk tasih tanah samuha ilahi ya rabbi tuhan samuha taruh dalam swarga tuhan tatuha.” 2

Minye Tujoh, Acheh tombstone (14th century)

6

Classical Malay Language Second Evolution (12th to 19th Century)

Malaccan Malay Language (14th to 15th Century) The second evolution remains the single biggest leap towards a civilised language that contributed towards the creation of Modern Malay language and the Johore-Riau dialect. The usage of Arabic terminology was prevalent especially on the Kuala Berang inscription in Terengganu dated 1303 A.D and 1397 A.D. The Arabic-Malay combination gradually reduced Sanskrit’s influence. Below is a sample of the text : “Rasul Allah dengan orang... bagi mereka... ada pada Dewata Mulia Raya beri hamba meneguhkan agama Islam dengan benar bicara derma meraksa bagi sekalian hamba Dewata Mulia Raya di benuaku ini penentu agama Rasul Allah Salla'llahu'alaihiwa Sallama Raja mandalika yang benar bicara sebelah Dewata Mutia Raya di dalarn” 3

The development of the Ancient Malay language ceased in the 11th century. An example of the Classic Malay language is as follows : Ancient

Classic

English

adapun ajab ayapan berahi berkenan bersiram gering betara inderaloka

perihal harian makanan cinta setuju mandi sakit raja syurga

about daily food love agree bathe pain king heaven

Malaccan Palace (15th century)

7

Classical Malay Language Second Evolution (12th to 19th Century)

Johore Malay Language (16th to 17th Century) The following era highlighted the burgeoning maturity of the Malay language which led to the creation of the Johor-Riau dialect, a combination of the Riau Malay language and Johore dialect. Its potential was further augmented and recognised when it was chosen to be the standard language used by Radio Malaya and Radio Television Malaysia. The following is an excerpt from Sultan Abu Hayat, king of Ternate’s letter, written in Johore Malay language : “...Kemudian daripada itu adapun Kapitan Pedro Villaumont Gardin itu, ia singgah ke Terengganu mendapatkan beta, hendak bersahabat dengan beta, hendak berniaga dalam Terengganu. Inilah maka beta memberi surat kepada Louis Quinze Roi de France et de Navarre, kalau hendak berniaga dalam Terengganu, barang dagangan yang ada dalam Terengganu itu beta tolong carikan. Kemudian dari itu jikalau ada kasih serta tolong Louis Quinze Roi de France et de Navarre akan beta, minta tolong barang yang ketidakan kepada beta seperti bedil dan ubat bedil dan peluru...”4 Letter of Sultan Abu Hayat Ternate 1522 A.D

Johore-Riau Malay Language (17th to 19th Century) The Riau-Lingga governing period of 200 years acted as a catalyst for the dissemination and transmission of the Johore-Riau Malay language within the archipelago and other areas. This period was instrumental in inculcating the ‘Riau value’ within the Malay language in its rise towards its exalted status as the National Language of Indonesia, a direct culmination of Sumpah Pemuda in 1928. This was only made possible through its widespread usage in writings and as the lingua franca of the archipelago. The following is a sample of a Johore-Riau Malay text: ‘…Arakian maka adalah barang siapa raja2 Inggeris yang diam di Singapura atau Melaka atau Pulau Pinang yang biasa mendapat surat2 kiriman daripada raja2 Melayu atau orang Melayu, maka selalu dilepaskannya puji2ian yang dalam surat itu sebab diketahuinya tiada berguna adanya, melainkan dicarinya perkataan isi surat itu yang di bawah sahaja, hanya hilanglah dan terbuang penat telah orang yang menyurat itu sahaja. Sebermula jikalau dalam setahun berpuluh2 surat yang dikirimkan oleh seorang raja itu [h.58] niscaya terlalulah banyak hilang pekerjaan dan cuma(2) penat lelah terbuang adanya. Karena suatupun dalam segala puji2ian itu orang Eropah itu tiada ingin membaca atau orang yang berakal baik barang bangsa pun akan surat yang demikian (itu)...” 5

8

Baba Malay Language The Baba Malay language was yet another development precipitated by the second evolution of the Malay language, a development effected by the infusion of the Chinese language into the Malay vocabulary despite being relatively limited in its usage. Some of the Chinese words which were absorbed into the Malay vocabulary are dacing, kuntau, kongsi, loteng, tongkong, toge, tauco, toke, mi, teko, tahu and sampan. This infusion which led to the creation of yet another new offshoot in the 15th century had produced a further modification of selected Malay words such as munda (muda), mungka (muka), pinjak (pijak) dan sendawa (sedawa). The meanings of certain Malay terms are also augmented when used within the Baba Malay context. Baba Malay

Meaning in Malay

Meaning in Baba Malay

rezeki benua sekarang

income or basic necessity vast swathe of land right this moment

fortune or good luck complete astonishment later

Kou Chey Tian (Monkey), translated into Baba Malay language

9

Modern Malay Language Third Evolution (15th to 19th Century)

The third evolution of the Malay language was borne out of western influences such as Portuguese (1511), Dutch (1614) and English (1824). Portuguese influence: ‘baldi (pail), beranda (veranda), bangku (stool), bola (ball), bomba (firefighter), dadu (dice), garpu (fork), gereja (church), jendela (window), kemeja (shirt), keju (cheese), meja (table), merinyu (auxillary police), rnentega (butter), mandur (supervisor), minggu (week), lampu (light), lelong (sale), paderi (clergyman), peluru (bullet), pita (cassette), palsu (fake), pidato (speech), roda (wheel), sepatu (shoe), sekolah (school), tuala (towel).’ Dutch influence: ‘dam (draughts), duit (money), kamar (room), kantor (office), laci (drawer), petekat (Cordia Dichotoma), persen (percent), pelesir (jolly) dan senapang (rifle).’ English influence: ‘audit (audit), botol (bottle), bil (bill), buku (book), brek (brake), bas (bus), basikal (bicycle), diploma (diploma), drebar (driver), elaun (allowance), enjin (engine), gelas (glass), gabenor (governor), geran (grant), hotel (hotel), kopi (coffee), kolej (college), kelas (class), lesen (license), lori (lorry), motokar (motorcar), mesin (machine), mancis (match), opera (opera), pin (pin), pensel (pencil), pencen (pension), pas (pass), resit (receipt).’

Statue of Sir Stamford Raffles

10

SITC Malay Language Fourth Evolution (19th Century)

The establishment of Sultan Idris Training College (SITC) at Tanjung Malim in 1922 brought about a maturing form of the Riau Malay language. It eventually gave birth to the presence of Modern Malay language; the grammar publication of Za’ba’s Pelita Bahasa in 1936 being its catalyst. SITC Malay took on a more active format as compared to Riau Malay. Below is a comparison of both. RIAU LANGUAGE

SITC LANGUAGE

Tiada akan datang kepadaku si Zahid tetapi si Umar datang.

Si Umar datang kepadaku tetapi si Zahid tidak

Si Zahid di atasnya hutang.

Si Zahid menanggung hutang.

Telah memukul oleh si Umar akan Zahid.

Umar telah memukul si Zahid.

Duduk aku akan masjid akan hari Jumaat; duduk aku di belakang

Pada hari Jumaat, aku duduk di masjid, di belakang raja.

Pendeta Za’ba, author of Pelita Bahasa

RIAU

SITC

English

antuk endap ambik nasik maknusia kecik ogot

kantuk > mengantuk hendap> mengendap ambil > mengambil nasi manusia kecil ugut > mengugut, terugut

sleepy peep take rice man small threaten

Official logo of Sultan Idris Training College (SITC)

Pengetahuan Suloh Budiman

11

Bahasa Indonesia Fifth Evolution (19th Century)

The Modern Malay language also witnessed the dawning of the Indonesian language, a repercussion of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty in 1824 which divided the Malay archipelago between the spheres of influence of the Dutch and the British. The Malay language continued its selective integration of terms from the colonial languages until 1928, when the terms for the Indonesian language were hereby formed. The following are some examples of the differences in terms. Terminology

Borrowed Terminology

Indonesian

Malay

English

Indonesian

Malay

English

sopir mesin ban ketik karcis sepeda sore

drebar enjin tayar taip tiket basikal petang

driver machine tyre type ticket bicycle afternoon

apel listrik musik otomatik psikologi telepon

epal elektrik muzik automatik psikologi telefon

apple electric music automatic psychology telephone

Affixed Terminology fiksi konvensi televisi fakultas kualitas universitas

fiksyen konvensyen televisyen fakulti kualiti universiti

fiction convension television faculty quality university

Bas Relief depicting the political cycle of Indonesia

Indonesian Wayang Kulit

12

Contemporary Malay Language (1930 - 2000)

The fifth evolution played a crucial role as the main stimulus of Contemporary Malay language in the century that followed. The usage of Classic Malay gradually diminished, displaced by that of English terminology which started at the beginning of this era. Below are some examples chronicling the textual development over 100 years. 1933

‘Dengan sa-imbas lalu di-menongkan nasib peruntongan bangsa kita pada masa ini telah nyata-lah bangsa kita sedang terghochoh2 berjalan bertateh menapak ke-jalan kemajuan yang telah ditinggalkan berpuluh2 peratus mile...akan tetapi waktu yang kita gunakan itu chuma 10 persen sahaja...’ (Majallah Guru) 6

1941

‘Chuba-lah fikirkan sa-mula renchana di-dalam makalah pengarang Majallah Guru bulan April 1941. Ya, saya agak tujuan2 di dalam renchana itu saperti fund scholarship itu telah sampai masa-nya di-asaskan.’ (Majallah Guru) 7

1958

‘...Tetapi ilmu pengetahuan baharu yang berasal daripada penyelidekan sasaorang ahli science seperti ilmu2 tentang electric, bomb atom, kapal-terbang dll tidaklah termasok dalam kepandaian yang di-maksudkan dalam kebudayaan.’ (Buku “Teras Kebudayaan Nasional”) 8

1964

‘...Adalah diramalkan bahawa bentuk esei akan menchapai tingkat seni sastera yang lebeh di-sukai apabila esei2 berchorak sabjektif mengambil tempat yang bergaya objektif...Tetapi mereka maseh belum berani benar dan achapkali bersifat “non-commital” di-dalam masa mengarang esei2 yang mempunyai isi yang agak controversial.’ (Buku “Renongan”) 9

1972

‘Muhammad Ali, bekas johan tinju heavyweight dunia, akan melawan Danny McAlinden di-England dalam bulan Mei depan...demikian diumumkan oleh Promoter British, Jack Solomons di-sini semalam.’ (Berita Harian 1 Januari) 10

1982

‘...tulisan kreatif-imaginatif memerlukan penggunaan atau gaya bahasa yang kreatif dan imaginatif, iaitu bahasa yang memenuhi konsep foregrounding, mengandungi nilai-nilai estetik yang tinggi...’ (Buku “Simposium Dialek”) 11

1993

‘Dalam suasana dominon Inggeris, tidak hairanlah masyarakat Melayu Singapura...bergantung kepada motivasi dan komitmen seseorang itu sendiri untuk dan mendalami bahasa itu secara sedar.’ (Buku “Pesan”) 12

2003

‘...kehadiran kata sebagai punca kreativiti atau pencapaian seni...keyakinan itu bertukar menjadi sesuatu idealisme yang kuat...seorang politikus yang realis, pernah menjadi seorang yang begitu idealis.’ (Buku “Seminar Bahasa dan Sastera”) 13

13

Internet Malay Language Sixth Evolution (20th Century)

The developments over 2000 years have concocted what is known as the Internet Malay language, the last evolution which has taken place in the virtual realm. Major changes have been actualised in terms of word, sentence and meaning as seen in the following examples. The early stage began with the abbreviation of terms. Internet

Standard

tak saja duk gini gitu mau reti

tidak sahaja duduk begini begitu mahu mengerti

(no) (just) (sit) (like this) (like that) (want) (understand)

The intermediate stage brought about the assimilation of colloquial verbal language. Internet

Standard

amik antar bace mane same kecik ape hotak

ambil hantar baca mana sama kecil apa otak

(take) (send) (read) (where) (same) (small) (what) (brain)

The next development showed an intentional distortion/diddification of pronounciation. Internet

Standard

caye camni camtu teypon keng-kawan cedap amik atti pompan mepek

percaya macam ini macam itu telefon kawan-kawan sedap ambil hati perempuan merepek

(believe) (like this) (like that) (telephone) (friends) (nice) (impress) (female) (nonsense)

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Internet Malay Language Sixth Evolution (20th Century)

Modifications made as according to phonological structure Internet

Standard

seryuz lepaz wajibz sayer biler kiter nyer

serius lepas wajib saya bila kita nya

(serious) (after) (compulsory) (I) (when) (we) -

The conception of the Internet Malay language reached full advancement with the advent of specific terminology specially created for the Internet. Internet

Standard

om ngan je ur lak kerker hmmm ha x 9999999

orang dengan sahaja awak pula ketawa kecil sedang berfikir ketawa terbahak-bahak

(person) (with) (just) (you) (chuckle) (thinking) (laughing out loud)

The advent of symbolic representation as below: Internet

Meaning

:) :( :P :))) :O n

smile sad smile cheeky smile laughing shocked end of conversation

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Internet Malay Language Sixth Evolution (20th Century)

The following are sentences which have undergone structural modification for internet usage: Internet Language

Verbal Language

Korang kenal siti ker tak nie ?

Kamu kenal siti atau tidak ?

Masok sekolah nanti kol brape ha?

Engkau masuk sekolah pukul berapa, ha ?

Kimsalam kat budak2 tu ehh

Engkau kirim salam dekat budak-dudak itu ya.

Air liurz startlah melilih time buka puasa. Air liur mulalah melilih pada masa buka puasa. Baru nak mintak pic you dah nak out

Baru minta gambar awak dah nak keluar

U werking ke ?

Awak bekerja ke ?

I think I ever chat ngan u.

Saya rasa saya pernah berbual dengan awak.

C ya (See you)

Jumpa lagi

Me gtg (Me got to go)

Saya perlu beredar

Oic

Oh! Begitu

(Oh! I see)

Me bf gone (Me boyfriend gone)

Saya tiada lagi teman lelaki

Bsk skl tak

Besok sekolah tak

jgn tel ku gi

Jangan telefon aku lagi

bye

Selamat tinggal

tk

terima kasih

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Notes 1

A message from a ruler to his people. The inscription advises his majesty’s subjects to care for themselves.

2 The inscription on the tomb of Ratu Acheh documented the death of her majesty. “gutra barubasa mpu hak kadah pase ma” referred to the families who embraced Islam and governs Kedah and Pasai. The above can be reasoned with an understanding of Acheh being part of the Main Kingdom of Raja Siam (Müsli) Beruas Melayu Tua Gangga, Negara Kedah Pasai Ma Empire who appointed Sultans from its siblings to rule its territory and waters. Rulers of this Empire is known as Shyah Alam Yang Maha Mulia, descendants from the Persians and Siamese Muslim Empire. 3 The inscriptions are in Arabic - Malay believed to be written on the 22nd February 1303. Among the inscriptions on the stone are the ten Islamic laws and their punishments. 4 An excerpt from a letter written by the king of Ternate for the king of Portugese. On the letter, he revealed important informations to the Portugese, such as political fluctuation that happened in the kingdom next to Ternate, Tidore kingdom. The king who wrote this letter, Sultan Abu Hayat, wrote the letter in Malay with the use of Jawi script. 5

A call made for the Malay kings, leaders and people to stop all activities of praising the Europeans.

6 “It can be observed, our society has slowly but steadily progressing to a better state of which we have left miles away. .however, the time that we have used stands at only ten percent” (Majallah Guru) 7 “Think again of the article fitted in April 1941’s edition of Majallah Guru. Yes, I believe that it is time for a fund scholarship to be set up as suggested in the article” (Majallah Guru) 8 “But new knowledge rooted in the research of scientists such as the knowledge of electric, atomic bombs, aeroplanes and many others can not be included in the field of cultural study.” (Book, Teras Kebudayaan Kebangsaan) 9 “It is foreseen that essays would reach the level of the more favoured literature when subjective natured essays replace objective ones. But, they have not really dared and often has a “non-committal” attitude when he writes essays that are relatively controversial” (Book, Renongan) 10 “Muhammad Ali, former heavyweight boxing world champion would be fighting Danny McAlinden in England on next Maya…that was the announcement made by British Promoter, Jack Solomons here yesterday.” (Berita Harian, 1 Januari 1972) 11 “Creative-imaginative writings require the use or style of a creative and imaginative language, which is a language that fulfills the concept of foregrouding. It contains a high aesthetic value…” (Book, Simposium Dialek) 12 “In an English dominant environment, it is not surprising that the Malay community in Singapore…relies on personal motivation and commitment to…and studies the language consciously.“ (Book, Pesan) 13 “The presence of words as a source of creativity or art achievement…confidence becomes a strong idealism..a politician who is realistic, once becoming someone who is very idealistic. (Book, Seminar Bahasa dan Sastera)

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Bibliography Abdullah Hassan. 1986. Penerbitan Kata dalam Bahasa Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Amat Juhari Moain. 1996. Perancangan Bahasa : Sejarah Aksara Jawi. Kuala Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Asmah Hj Omar. 1992. Kajian dan Perkembangan bahasa Melayu. Kuala Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka _______. 2008. Ensiklopedia Bahasa Melayu. Kuala Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka David Crystal. 1993. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. USA : Cambridge D.G.E Hall. 1955. A History of South-East Asia. London : Macmillan Haji Ibrahim Ismail. 1987. A Brief History of Kedah. Kedah : Universiti Utara Malaysia Ismail Hussein. 1984. Sejarah Pertumbuhan Bahasa Kebangsaan Kita. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka J.S. Badudu. 1980. Membina Bahasa Indonesia Baku 2. Bandung : Pustaka Prima Koh Boh Boon. 1982. Pendidikan Imbuhan : Suatu Pengenalan. Kuala Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Mohamed Pitchay Gani BMAA. 2002. Melayu Singapura dalam Kritikan – Isu Bahasa dan Bangsa. Singapura: Angkatan Sasterawan 50. _____. 2004. Tesis MA bertajuk E-Kultur dan Evolusi Bahasa Melayu. Singapura. Universiti Teknologi Nanyang _____. 2007. Evolusi 2000 Tahun Bahasa Melayu dari Zaman Purba ke Budaya Elektronik. Perak: Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Nik Safiah Karim 1986. Bahasa Melayu : Persoalan dan pergolakan. Kuala Lumpur : Gateway Publishing House Sdn. Bhd. Muhammad Ariff Ahmad. 1992. Sejarah Perkembangan bahasa Melayu di Singapura. Kertas kerja bagi bengkel “Sejarah Bahasa Melayu dari Pelbagai Kota” anjuran Dewan Bahasa dan Pustakan dan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur. Noriah Mohamed. 1998. Sosiolinguistik Bahasa Melayu Lama. Pulau Pinang: Universiti Sains Malaysia. Omar Amin Husin. 1962. Sejarah Bangsa dan Bahasa Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara Raja Haji Mukhtaruddin Bin Raja Md Dain. 1976. Tesis PHD bertajuk Pembinaan Bahasa Melayu – Satu Pengkajian Khusus Mengenai Perancangan Bahasa di Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur. Universiti Malaya. Sukaryditisna. 1962. Bahasa Dan Kebangsaan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Sulaiman Hj Noordin & Suzanah Abdullah. 1978. Teori Evolusi : Suatu Fakta atau Asas Ideologi. Kuala Lumpur. Akademi Sains Islam Malaysia. Tham Seong Chee. 1990. A Study of the Evolution of the Malay Language : Social Change and Cognitive Development. Singapore: Singapore University Press. Zabedah Awang Ngah. 1964. Antologi Esei Melayu Dalam Tahun 1924-1941. Kuala Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

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Biography of Researcher Mohamed Pitchay Gani Bin Mohd Abdul Aziz

Mohamed Pitchay Gani Bin Mohamed Abdul Aziz is a lecturer with the National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University. He is coordinator for the Special Training Programme (Mother Tongue). He is also the President of Angkatan Sasterawan 50 (Writers’ Movement ‘50) and its Head of Research and Development. He is a life member of the Golden Key National Honor Society (USA). As an author, critic, language activist and resource person on issues and documents relating to the Singapore Malays; he is involved in many national initiatives in the areas of language and literature Mohamed Pitchay received his Diploma in Education from National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University in 1992, Bachelor of Malay Studies from the Academy of Malay Studies, University of Malaya in 1999, and Masters of Arts from Nanyang Technological University in 2004. He is currently pursuing PHD in the Faculty of Language and Linguistics University of Malaya in the area of language change – language vitality. His research paper recently received the “Best Conference Paper Award” by the International Journal of Arts and Sciences in the American-Canadian Conference for Academic Discipline in Toronto (2009). He is also the recipient of the Young Laureate Award in 2006 for his contributions in the area of Malay language and literature. His credentials in Malay language teaching, learning and research span a wide spectrum in the area of education, activism, organizations, and national mainstream movements. He lectures and trains trainee teachers in the area of Malay studies and pedagogy in the National Institute of Education; runs post war national organization for writers in language and literature (Angkatan Sasterawan ’50); resource person for Malay language and literature for National Library Board, National Arts Council, National Book Development Council Singapore, Mediacorp television and radio; honorary secretary of the Malay Language Council Singapore; member of the Malaysia-Brunei-Indonesia (MABBIM) executive committee for Malay language; resident writer Linguistic Journal Language and Literary Agency of Brunei Darussalam; researcher and presenter in regional and international conferences on Language and literature; wide publications and editorship; initiator of new programmes for preservation and expansion of national heritage. In the area of research, he pionereed the use of neo-Darwinian theory in linguistics, in the region, to investigate the mechanical and biological formation of morphological structures in language. His contemporary research traces the 2000 years development of Malay language in South-East Asia. His current research dwells in the area of language vitality where he applied UNESCO’s framework in language vitality factors.

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Acknowledgements The Evolution of Malay Language : 2000 Years Project Committee and The Malay Heritage Centre wishes to thank everyone involved for their invaluable contributions to the success of the project. Due to the overwhelming support, the list is too long to name everyone, but special thanks go out to the following persons and organizations : Researcher Mr. Mohd Pitchay Gani Bin Mohd Abdul Aziz Assistant Researcher & Exhibition Designer Mr. Muhammad Jailani Abu Talib Contributors Prof. Emeritus Dato’ Dr. Asmah Haji Omar Prof. Emeritus Dato’ Dr. Mohd Taib Osman Prof. Dr. Bukhari Lubis Dr. Muhammad Ariff Ahmad Drs. Masran Sabran Mr. Abdul Samat Ali Ms. Amelia Pitchay Mr. Juffri Supa’at Mr. Khalid Shukor Ms. Liyana Taha Mr. Mohamed Latiff Mohamed Mr. Mazelan Anuar Mr. Muhammad Herwanto Johari Ms. Nirwana Haliza Mr. Noorhaqmal Mohd. Noor Mr. Nur Afifi Mohamed Taib Ms. Nur Wahidah Mr. Yazid Hussein

Special Thanks Mr. Zainul Abidin Rasheed, Senior Minister of State, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Prof. Dato’ Dr. Aminah Ayob Vice-Chancellor, Sultan Idris Education University (UPSI), Perak Mr. Eddy Noor Hassan, General Manager, Malay Heritage Centre Ms. Seah Suat Eng Head of Special Training Programme (MT), National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University Organizations Angkatan Sasterawan ‘50 (Asas ‘50) Asas ‘50 Youth Wing Lee Foundation Malay Heritage Centre Ministry for Culture, Youth and Sports Ministry for Information, Communication & The Arts National Heritage Board National Arts Council Islamic Religious Council of Singapore National Institute of Education National Library Board Malay Language Society, University of Malaya Sultan Idris Education University, Malaysia

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Angkatan Sasterawan ‘50 The Writers' Movement '50 (Angkatan Sasterawan '50) or better known as Asas '50 is the first and oldest literary association in post-war Malaya and the Malay region. Founded on 6th August 1950, Asas '50 represented the voice of the community and utilizes literature as the ideal thrust towards the independence of Malaya in 1957. The association's philosophy of “Art For The Society” formed the shaped the developmental framework of Modern Malay literature. The literary body was pioneered by Muhammad Ariff Ahmad (MAS), Kamaluddin Muhammad (Keris Mas), Abdul Wahab Muhammad (Awamil-Sirkam), Abdul Jalil Haji Nor (Merayu Rawan), Munir Ali (Rosmera), Kumasi Haji Dainuri (Teruna Jaya), Abdul Majid Husain (Hamzah), Masuri Salikun (Masuri S.N), Abu Yamin Kasun, Ahmad Ramli Abdul Karim (Ramlimah), Muhammad Daud and Muhammad Yusof Yaacob (Jim). With a vision to become a dynamic institution of language and literature, Asas ’50 consistently honours its mission to instill literary sense into the community through a series of seminars, courses, discourses, talks, competitions and awards. The materialisation of these concepts and events include Kongres Bahasa (Language Congress), Pertemuan Sasterawan Nusantara (Regional Literati Meet), Dialog Selatan (Southern Dialogue), Dialog Penulis (Dialogue Penulis), Hadiah Sastera (Literature Award), Seminar Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Bahasa (Languge Teaching and Learning Seminar), Pertemuan Penulis Singapura (Singapore Writers’ Meet), Pertemuan Puisi Temasik (Temasik Poetry Meet), and Perkampungan Sastera (Literature Festival). Today, there is a paradigm shift in initiating national oriented events on a more holistic level with the aim of nationalising Malay literature in order for it to stay relevant and pragmatic. Asas ’50 reaches the society and schools through various initiatives such as Community & School Outreach Programme and the employment of BPT : BelajarPraktik-Terbit (Learn-Practise-Publish) through the various courses organised. A historically significant contribution of Asas ’50 was in the romanisation of the Malay language. With the success of Kongres Bahasa ke-3 (Third Language Congress) in 1956, romanised texts were used extensively in Malay language atop the use of Jawi script in the region. In the 1970s, Asas ’50 initiated the Hadiah Sastera Now referred to as Anugerah Persuratan (Literature Award) and Pertemuan Sasterawan Nusantara (Regional Literati Meet). Today, Asas ’50 shapes the publishing trend of modern texts through the publication of landmark initiatives such as Leksikon : Direktori Penulis Singapura Pasca 1965 (Leksikon, Post 1965 Singapore Writers Directory), Sanggan Budaya, collection of working papers for Pertemuan Sasterawan Nusantara ke-12 and a biography of Asas ’50, Dari Gerhana ke Puncak Purnama. Asas ’50 is also one of the main reference resources for National Library Board, Singapore for various projects such as Singapore Literary Pioneers Gallery, NLB Online Repository of Artistic Works (NORA) Database Collection for Malay Writers and Manuscript, portraits of Tun Seri Lanang, and Tekad Pena. Asas ’50 also works closely with National Arts Council, Singapore as a reference resource and prime mover of national initiatives such as the Singapore Writers’ Festival and International Writers’ Residency Programme.

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Angkatan Sasterawan ‘50 The formation of Asas ’50 youth wing marked another historic chapter in the development of a fresh and vibrant literary scene in Singapore. Among its initiatives are Pertandingan Eja Tepat (Spelling Bee), Sayembara Membina Kata (Word Formation Competition), Sahibba ‘Siapa Cepat Dia Dapat’ (Scrabble ‘Elimination’), Graftera (Graffiti-Literature), Sayembara Kurik Kundi Merah Saga (Proverbs Competition), edu-theatre programme – Nadim, Sayembara Noktah Putih (White Dot Writing Competition) and Sayembara Novel Temasek (Temasek Novel Competition). Through the conceptualisation and execution of youth oriented initiatives, Asas ’50 embraced globalisation as a growing phenomenon and utilises the internet as a medium of promoting literature and language. With a clear plan and vision, Asas ‘50’s official website, was formed. Notably, the internet has inspired various youth driven projects such as Sayembara Potret Sajak (Photo-Poet) and Graftera; two projects that hold potentials to shape a new trend in the Malay literature scene.

In 2008, Asas ’50 carved history with the success of its societal natured programme – Bibliotherapy, which witnessed the production of short stories penned by youths of high risks. In 2009, it endeavoured with the employment of poetic mechanisms through national projects and initiaves such as Heartland Poet for secondary school students. Asas ‘50’s mark of literary excellence was immortalized in the Singapore Encyclopedia, Wikipedia and Kamus Dewan, as a testament of its impactful presence. It was also honoured with the President Charity Gold Cup Race award in 2005 and 2007 and became the first literary organization to be part of its Asia Pacific Breweries Foundation Arts Inspire Programme 2008-2010. Asas ’50 Landmark Initiatives 1950 Formation of Asas ’50 1952 Kongres Bahasa Pertama (First Language Congress) 1954 Kongres Bahasa Kedua (Second Language Congress) 1956 Kongres Bahasa Ketiga (Third Language Congress) 1966 Kongres Pertama Bahasa Kebangsaan Singapura (First Singapore National Language Congress) 1973 Perkhemahan Sastera Pertama (First Literature Festival) 1977 Launch of Pertemuan Sasterawan Nusantara I (First Regional Literati Meet) 1991 Pertemuan Sasterawan Nusantara VII (Seventh Regional Literati Meet) 2000 Dialog Selatan III (Third Southern Dialogue) 2001 Launch of Malay studies journal Melayu ‘Aktivis’ 1

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Angkatan Sasterawan ‘50

2003 Formation of Asas ’50 youth wing 2003 Pertemuan Sasterawan Nusantara ke XII (Twelfth Regional Literati Meet) 2003 Signing of Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with National Library Board (NLB) 2003 Launch of Asas ’50 official website 2004 First Youth Meet 2005 Launch of Leksikon 2005 Asas ’50 55 years celebration 2005 Engaging Malay language through Malay literature seminar 2006 Signing of MOU with Sultan Idris Education University (UPSI) 2006 Launch of sayembara Noktah Putih I (White Dot writing competition) 2007 Launch of sayembara Novel Temasek I (Temasek Novel writing competition) 2007 Launch of Santai Sastera (Literature Retreat) 2007 Staging of Matahari Malam (Evening Sun – Masuri SN) 2007 Launch of Sanggan Budaya 2008 Asas ’50 youth wing 5 years anniversary celebration 2008 Launch of Bibliotherapy at Pertapis 2008 Staging og Bisikan Nadim (Nadim’s whisper – Yazid Hussein) 2008 Launch of first science fiction anthology of short stories - Scrinik 2008 Launch of Graftera and Fototera 2008 Launch of Language and Literature Olympic initiative 2009 Launch of Heartland-Poet 2009 Launch of International Arts Residency programme with NAC

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