Eukaryotic Cells
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Eukaryotic Cells Chapter
7-2 : Cell Structure
Major
organelles and their functions
Vocabulary
Organelle Cytoplasm Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Chromosomes Chromatin nucleolus
Ribosomes Mitochondria
Organelles
“Little organs” of a eukaryotic cell Each perform a specific job for the cell Two major parts of the cell Cytoplasm-portion of the cell outside the nucleus. Nucleus-controls the cell processes and contains all the hereditary information of DNA.
Inside and Out
Plasma Membrane A lipid/protein/ carbohydrate complex, providing a barrier and containing transport and signaling systems. Cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton is unique to eukaryotic cells. It is a dynamic threedimensional structure that fills the cytoplasm.
The cytoskeleton acts as both muscle and skeleton, for movement and stability. The long fibers of the cytoskeleton are polymers of subunits. The primary types of fibers comprising the cytoskeleton are microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) A network of interconnected membranes forming channels within the cell. Covered with Ribosomes (causing the "rough" appearance) which are in the process of making proteins for secretion.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) A network of interconnected membranes forming channels within the cell. A site for synthesis and metabolism of lipids. Also contains enzymes for detoxifying chemicals including drugs and pesticides.
Ribosomes Protein and RNA complex responsible for protein synthesis. Mitochondria Surrounded by a double membrane with a series of folds called cristae. Functions in energy production through cell respiration. Contains its own DNA, and is believed to have originated as a captured bacterium.
Lysosymes A membrane bound organelle that is responsible for breakdown of proteins and membranes in the cell. Also helps digest materials ingested by the cell. Peroxisomes or Microbodies Produce and degrade hydrogen peroxide, a toxic compound that can be produced during metabolism.
Golgi Apparatus
A series of stacked membranes. Vesicles carry materials from the RER to the Golgi apparatus. Vesicles move between the stacks while the proteins are "processed" to a mature form. Vesicles then carry newly formed membrane and secreted proteins to their final destinations secretion or part of the membrane.
Exclusive to plants
Chloroplasts Surrounded by a double membrane, containing stacked thylakoid membranes. Responsible for photosynthesis. Contains DNA, and like mitochondria is believed to have originated as a captured bacterium.
Vacuoles Membrane surrounded "bags" that contain water and storage materials in plants. Cell Wall Plants have a rigid cell wall as their outer membrane.
Nucleus
Surrounded by the nuclear envelope which is double membrane surrounding the chromatin and the nucleolus. Pores allow specific communication with the cytoplasm. The nucleolus is a site for synthesis of Ribosomes. Contains cell DNA which contains coded instructions for making proteins
7-2 : Cell Structure
Major
organelles and their functions
Vocabulary
Organelle Cytoplasm Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Chromosomes Chromatin nucleolus
Ribosomes Mitochondria
Organelles
“Little organs” of a eukaryotic cell Each perform a specific job for the cell Two major parts of the cell Cytoplasm-portion of the cell outside the nucleus. Nucleus-controls the cell processes and contains all the hereditary information of DNA.
Inside and Out
Plasma Membrane A lipid/protein/ carbohydrate complex, providing a barrier and containing transport and signaling systems. Cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton is unique to eukaryotic cells. It is a dynamic threedimensional structure that fills the cytoplasm.
The cytoskeleton acts as both muscle and skeleton, for movement and stability. The long fibers of the cytoskeleton are polymers of subunits. The primary types of fibers comprising the cytoskeleton are microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) A network of interconnected membranes forming channels within the cell. Covered with Ribosomes (causing the "rough" appearance) which are in the process of making proteins for secretion.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) A network of interconnected membranes forming channels within the cell. A site for synthesis and metabolism of lipids. Also contains enzymes for detoxifying chemicals including drugs and pesticides.
Ribosomes Protein and RNA complex responsible for protein synthesis. Mitochondria Surrounded by a double membrane with a series of folds called cristae. Functions in energy production through cell respiration. Contains its own DNA, and is believed to have originated as a captured bacterium.
Lysosymes A membrane bound organelle that is responsible for breakdown of proteins and membranes in the cell. Also helps digest materials ingested by the cell. Peroxisomes or Microbodies Produce and degrade hydrogen peroxide, a toxic compound that can be produced during metabolism.
Golgi Apparatus
A series of stacked membranes. Vesicles carry materials from the RER to the Golgi apparatus. Vesicles move between the stacks while the proteins are "processed" to a mature form. Vesicles then carry newly formed membrane and secreted proteins to their final destinations secretion or part of the membrane.
Exclusive to plants
Chloroplasts Surrounded by a double membrane, containing stacked thylakoid membranes. Responsible for photosynthesis. Contains DNA, and like mitochondria is believed to have originated as a captured bacterium.
Vacuoles Membrane surrounded "bags" that contain water and storage materials in plants. Cell Wall Plants have a rigid cell wall as their outer membrane.
Nucleus
Surrounded by the nuclear envelope which is double membrane surrounding the chromatin and the nucleolus. Pores allow specific communication with the cytoplasm. The nucleolus is a site for synthesis of Ribosomes. Contains cell DNA which contains coded instructions for making proteins
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