Essays Mid2

Mid-Term Exam 2 Essay Themes: 1. Federalists: Alexander Hamilton (every1’s wife sleeper) ➢ supporters included GW, John Adams, John Jay, and Alexander ➢ ➢

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Hamilton, Chief Justice Marshall powerful and wealthy party. Mostly lawyers, big businessmen, bankers, merchants, and professionals loose constructionist interpretation of the Constitution: just because something was not specifically written in the Cons. doesn’t mean that it wasn’t covered or addressed as something that the federal government could handle “The Federalist Papers”- 85 essays in support of the ratification of the Constitution no Bill of Rights for the ppl, they are “evil” at the core strong gov leadership most important branch of gov was the executive branch, and that a strong leader was needed in this office of president to make the country strong pro-manufacturing and banking: wanted to reimburse Revolutionary War debts, increase tariffs to promote manufacturing and institute an internal excise tax. pro free market industrial economy pro strong standing army to defend the ppl, as G. Britain was the strongest power of the day. Democratic- Republicans: Thomas Jefferson (all of my slaves sleeper) supporters included Thomas Jefferson and James Madison weren’t backed by as much money, and were considerably poorer than the Federalists party; was made up of farmers, small businessmen, and laborers s. and w. parts of the U.S. were most influenced by the Democratic Republicans cuz that was the majority of the farming population yes on Bill of Rights for the ppl, they r fundamentally good at the core weaker central government w/ state gov more powerful strict constructionist view of the interpretation of the Constitution: party felt that if an issue wasn’t written or referred to directly in the Constitution, that the federal government had no place regulating or handling those issues.

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strong legislature that would create laws to govern the ppl pro-agriculture. They thought only white males who owned property should vote, and that all men should own property Jeffersonian Ideology: yeoman farmers/ republic w/ no slaves (Jefferson can have slaves tho) minimize industrialization, urbanization, & market economy anti standing army

2. Ways in which slavery spread and become more firmly deeply-

rooted in the nation’s economy, society, and government. ➢ Government: 3/5 Compromise: Occurred at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787. Ppl were appointed by their states. Issue was the states rights over a strong federal government (Democratic- Republican view). How the population was going to be counted, for purpose of determining the number of representatives for each state in lower house of the Congress. It was determined that the S. would end up with more representatives because of they would just keep on importing up till the census every 10 years. N. knew the S. would have the upper hand. The Compromise was: each slave counts as 3/5 of a person or take 3/5 of “others”, plus white population to equal the states population. The critical factor became that no more importation of slaves for the next 20 years in an effort to fix the S. (end in Jan 1808). H.S.- Favors the S. so the N. is going to feel threatened eventually and want to be considered equal. Slavery is actually Cons. Protected: slave’s r counted for purposes of representation. ➢ Economy: War of 1812: After the War of 1812, the U.S. made a claim that slaves were property and demanded that Britain return or pay compensation for them. 3. Native Am. Survival and resistance strategies of the late 18th

and early 19th centuries; consider options chosen by Iroquois, Cherokee, Shawnee, and Creek. ➢ Survival: Iroquois Six Nations: signed the Treaty of Fort Stanwix w/ the British that replaced the Proclamation Line of 1763. Ceded all land W. of the Niagara River to the U.S. They gave over to the U.S. gov the majority of their land and removed themselves though dispersion to the reservations and Canada. This was done cuz of the economic

devastation they suffered; many of them were starving to death. As a result, the British no longer had the Iroquois as an ally and the American colonists got their way. ➢ Resistance: Cherokee National Council adopted a written legal code combining elements of the U.S. and Indian law, and in 1827, it devised a written constitution patterned after those of nearby states. They also issued a bold declaration that they were an indep. Nation w/ full sovereignty over their lands. In 1829, the Cherokee made it an offense punishable by death for any member of the tribe to transfer land to white ownership w/out the consent of the tribal authorities. ➢ Resistance: Shawnee: Military leader chief Tecumseh and his medicine brother Tenskwatawa or the “prophet”, led the Shawnee and other native Am. Tribes in resisting white expansion into their territory. They allied w/ the British in the War of 1812 as a result. They established their headquarters at the town of Kithtippecanoe in Northern India. Tecumseh carried the message of resistance to the Creek and Cherokee Indians. Tecumseh’s death signaled the end of Indian resistance in the North. ➢ Resistance: Creek: Red Stick Creek leaders carried out a series of devastating raids and assaulted Fort Mims on the Alabama River, killing 500 men, women , and children. Unfortunately, Andrew Jackson seized 22 million acres, nearly two thirds of the Creek domain. Jackson’s defeat signaled the end of Indian defenses in much of the South.

4. Challenges the federal gov faced in the decade of the 1790’s.

➢ President WA died on Dec 14, 1799. ➢ The Whiskey Rebellion: In July 1794, the Whiskey Rebellion broke out as farmers declared their defiance of the law and rioted against tax officials, burning buildings and even calling for secession from the United States. President Washington promptly ordered the militias of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and New Jersey to march against the rebels. Opposition quickly evaporated against this combined force of almost thirteen thousand men. Of the one hundred fifty arrested, only two were actually convicted of treason, and Washington later pardoned both of them. The point had been clearly made, however: federal law was to be obeyed, and violent protest, a method successfully employed against British policies two decades earlier, would not be tolerated.

➢ Jay Treaty: President WA sent Chief Justice John Jay to England to

negotiate outstanding issues such as the removal of British troops from American soil; payment for ships American illegally seized better commercial relations, and acceptance of the United States as a neutral nation. Jay was hampered by backdoor politicking, which led the British to believe we were less than serious. Jay had little chance of getting a broad treaty and in fact got very little. If Jay's Treaty accomplished anything, it postponed war with the British for another 17 years, during which time America grew stronger. Jeffersonians were strongly opposed 2 the treaty. H.S.- it made the rift b/w the Federalists and Dem. Rep. larger and growing & postponed war. ➢ XYZ Affair: Am. must make a loan to France if she wants the war to stop (extorsion) & the 3 delegates from the French gov. r just named X, Y , & Z. Each delegate wanted $400 dollars a piece. John Marshall and Elbridge Gerry were sent by the non-popular President John Adams to talk w/ the delegates. Adams said no and an undeclared naval war was made as a result. However, this politically helped Adams become popular and helped him justify the beginning of a national navy & standing army. Adams was the President to start military academies. H.S.- Congress enacted Alien and Sedition Acts as a result ➢ Alien & Sedition Acts: 4 security laws signed by President John Adams in 1798. • Naturalization Act- residency req. is now 14 years, not 5 years • Alien Act- President can detain foreigners/ “enemy aliens” • Alien Enemies Act- President can deport “dangerous aliens” • Sedition Act- nullified 1st Amendment freedoms of speech and press. Makes it a federal crime to write, print, or speak “false statements” against the gov. or the President. • H.S.- it unified the Rep party and fostered Rep victory. This was the 1st effort 2 control free speech. .