Equine Lamness

It is broad term , not a disease, that is applied to indicate either structural or functional disorder of one or more limb, that manifested either in standing or movement state of the animal & sometimes it is called) ) Claudication .We must be broad minding Mostly all types of lameness are due to skeletal disorders but if not : found the cause , their may be due to Traumatic cause. 2- Nervous disorders-1 Acquired & congenital anomalies. 4- Infection. 5- Obstetrical -3 .diseases Metabolic disorders: ruminal impaction, Hypocalcaemia, chronic -6 Hypophosphatemia. 7- Season. 8- Circulatory .disorders

It is one of the most common cause of lameness & disability affecting horses & also in cattle … - There are some disease condition which predispose the animal to laminitis, however most of the cases are MAN-MAD due to bad husbandry practices. - Before we can hope to prevent or treat laminitis . An understanding is needed of

- Two hard structures : A- Horny hoof capsule BPedal bonetogether by a soft - Are held layer . bone covered by - Pedal corium. - Presence of pedal bone in horny hoof capsule look like presence of human in - The interlocking bet.leg Dermal laminae (sensitive) & epidermal shoes.

one (insensitive) to each other as you slotting your fingers together & this only means of -Soft tissue (corium) is will support of pedal nourishment tobone within the hoof..

corresponding part of hard :There arestructure. Laminar corium. ** perioplic corium Dermal corium. ** Epidermal corium

-The whole weight of the horse is transmitted down the bone in the leg to the pedal bone at the bottom . The pedal bone & thus the weight of the horse is suspended inside the hoof capsule by the attachment between Dermal laminae & Epidermal laminae.

•Via paired digital arteries .. One on either side of the leg, emerges around the back of the fetlock joint which is the easiest place to take pulsation.

( Lateral & Medial digital arteries ) •These 2 digital Ar. are goes down to level of pastern joint & make Anastomotic Arch at level of pastern joint.

Blood supply of the foot is directed in

•Paired digital Ar. Enter from two opening at caudal aspect of pedal

1- Three flanges in straight line. 2- Dorsal aspect of pedal bone is equal parallel to wall of hoof. 3- distance between hoof & pedal bone all the line equal. 4- no depression or notch on coronary band.

-Interruption to normal blood flow to laminar corium which are derived from their normal blood supply by two mechanisms: 1- Vasoconstriction of arteries & veins. 2- Rapid shunting of arterial high pressure blood to venous blood without following laminar corium. -Severity of damage depend on : 1- Time of ischemia 2- Area of laminar corium which affected. •Short time ischemia to soft tissue.

temporary damage occur

•Long time ischemia to soft tissue.

permanent damage occur

Mainly damage in internal lining of blood vessels ( tunica intema ) Lead to gaping of blood vessel wall

Increase the permeability of the blood vessels

Fluid leaks out through these gaps

Increase high pressure in the foot Also blood clots are formed inside damaged blood vessels

Permanent occlusion of blood vessels

Lack of blood supply

Sever Pain

Lack of oxygenation of cell Affect end artery in soft tissue

-Reperfusion again ( blood restored ) lead to pain it indicate that laminitis not an inflammatory condition Sever & long reduction in foot blood supply fail of attachment between pedal bone & hoof capsule as these is an insufficient area of healthy laminar corium left to support pedal bone. ( Damage attachment bet. Dermal laminae & Epidermal

Affected area of pedal bone is .front laminar corium Weakened support of pedal bone Downward & backward movement Stretching of dermal & epidermal laminae

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Pulled apart

1- Phalangeal axis is not straight line. 2- The pedal bone is not parallel to the hoof capsule 3- By X-rays the angle is wider than normal &

5- Pedal bone keeps descending flattened or even convex

horny sole become

( when sole touch ground lead to SOLAR ULCER ) 6- In sever cases the pedal bone may push right through the horny sole SOLAR PROLAPSE 1- coronary papillae are bent to the heel 2- Pedal bone is no longer suspended but rested on solar horn. 3- Pedal bone will be freely movable inside hoof capsule. 4- There is a depression at coronet.

1- Toe tend to elongated. 2- front wall become curved (curled) 3- rings on the wall parallel to coronet 4- Characteristic gait ( horse walking on his keel )

.Obesity / Over eating -1 Toxemia -2 .Mechanical / trauma -3 .Bad foot dressing -4 .Drug related cause -5 .Stress -6 .Pituitary cancer -7

.Drinking cold water -1 .Allergies -2 .Pregnancy -3 .Estrus -4 .Heat in the feet -5 .Standing in stream or cold housing -6 .Bleeding -7 Laminitis does not just affect the fore -8 .feet

: From the signs 1- Change in normal behavior. 2- Digital pulsation. 3- Pain on percussion on foot. 4- When both fore-feet are affected: bear weight on heel & hind limb also advanced forward to support body wt. 5- When both hind-limb affected : the 4 feet will be under abdomen. 6- when the 4 feet are affected : the hind-limbs will be under the belly while the fore-one will be extended forward. 7- Characteristic gait : steps of animal are short-quick & walk as if it is going on fire 8- painful on pressure on coronary band.

.Heat in the feet is not diagnostic for laminitis -10 .Sweating & belowing like colic or azoturia -11 .Reluctant to move -12 .Harried respiration, fever& increase pulse rate -13 Sinker: show -14flat footed & gait similar to that ofWobblers

: Depend on 1- Severity of the case.

2- Rotation angle.

3- Degree of ditch depression.

4- The state of sole.

5- Presence of notch. Vary from favorable to guarded.

1- Pain-killer drugs 2- Vaso-dilators. 3- Anti-blood clotting. 4- Non-steroidal antiinflammatory. 5- Exercise . 6- Stabling & bedding.

Preventing dietary stress by providing ration high in roughage & -1 .low CHO .Avoid stress of transportation, environment & exercise -2 Treatment early with mineral oil to block endotoxin uptake by the -3 .gu into the blood Treatment of -4Acute Laminitis withα: -andrenogenic blocker as Phenoxy benzamine ( ( Rumpon – acetylpromazine Phenothiazinderivative : .Fluid replacement 5- treatment of Laminitis with ( Prostaglandin Synthesis Inhibitors ) by non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory : - Flunixin meglumin (Fynadine)

- Phenyl butazone

- Hetyle salcylate ( Asprin per-os or Aspagic ) 6- administeration of (Heparin) early as possible 7- Supplementation of ( Potassium – Methionin –Cystien )

.Dorsal wall drilling -1 .Dorsal wall resection -2 .Cutting deep digital flexor tendon -3