Epr
This document was uploaded by user and they confirmed that they have the permission to share it. If you are author or own the copyright of this book, please report to us by using this DMCA report form. Report DMCA
Overview
Download & View Epr as PDF for free.
More details
- Words: 7,551
- Pages: 33
d\Zglh\ZlZ bgnhjfZpby ihkhq\Zl q_ g_cgbl_ b^_b k_ aZjZ`^Zl ktk klZlbylZ
gZ
:cgsZcg-Ih^hekdb-Jha_g
Fh`_
eb
^Z
k_
kfylZ
d\Zglh\hf_oZgbqghlh hibkZgb_ gZ nbabq_kdZlZ j_Zeghkl aZ itegh" >$ Einstein, B. Pododlskiy and N. Rosen. Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be considered complete? - Phys. Rev., 1935, 47, 777-780.] >h[j_ ba\_klgh _ q_ klZlbylZ _ ij_^\b^_gZ dZlh ^hdZaZl_ekl\h
gZ nZdlZ q_ d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ g_ _ itegZ < j_axf_lh gZ klZlbylZ aZfbktetl_h[jbkm\ZglZdZ
<d\Zglh\ZlZf_oZgbdZijb^\_nbabq_kdb\_ebqbgbhibk\Zgbk
g_dhfmlbjZsb hi_jZlhjb agZgb_lh gZ _^gZlZ hl l_ab \_ebqbgb ijZ\b
g_\tafh`gh agZgb_lh aZ ^jm]ZlZ B ihg_`_ kihj_^ Z\lhjbl_ kZ \ kbeZ
ij_^ihklZ\dbl_ q_ \ itegZlZ nbabq_kdZ l_hjby kts_kl\m\Z hij_^_e_g
_e_f_glkthl\_lkl\m\ZsgZ\k_db_e_f_glgZj_ZeghkllZbq_^hklZltqgh
mkeh\b_ aZ j_ZeghkllZ gZ _^gZ beb ^jm]Z nbabq_kdZ \_ebqbgZ _
\tafh`ghkllZ aZ ij_^kdZa\Zg_lh c k ^hklh\_jghkl [_a ^Z k_ gZjmrZ\Z
kbkl_fZlZ lh ke_^\Z beb hibkZgb_lh gZ j_ZeghkllZ \ d\Zglh\ZlZ
f_oZgbdZ k ihfhslZ gZ \tegh\Z nmgdpby _ g_itegh beb l_ab ^\_ nbabq_kdb \_ebqbgb g_ fh]Zl ^Z ijbl_`Z\Zl _^gh\j_f_ggh j_Zeghkl Ih-
gZlZltd eh]bq_kdZlZ ko_fZ _ ^Z k_ ihdZ`_ q_ Zdh _ g_\yjgh lh b _
g_\yjghGhihg_`_g__\yjghq_ _g_\yjghlhke_^\Zq_g__\yjgh q_b _g_\yjghl_\yjgh_q_hibkZgb_lhgZj_ZeghkllZ\d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZkihfhslZgZ\tegh\ZlZnmgdpby_g_itegh
B \_q_ ko_fZlZ ijb dhylh fh`_ ^Z k_ ihke_^\Z lhab eh]bq_kdb
ba\h^_ijbjZa]e_`^Zg_gZijh[e_fZaZij_^kdZa\Zg_gZih\_^_gb_lhgZ
gydZd\Z kbkl_fZ gZ hkgh\ZlZ gZ baf_j\Zgby baiteg_gb \tjom ^jm]Z kbkl_fZdhylhij_^\Zjbl_egh_\aZbfh^_ckl\m\ZeZkjZa]e_`^ZgZlZ
KlZlbylZ _ _^gh hl \Z`gbl_ kjZ`_gby \t\ \hcgZlZ f_`^m
:cgsZcgb;hjaZhlo\tjeyg_j_kih[hkgh\Z\Zg_gZiteghlZlZbbah[sh
ijbgpbibl_ gZ d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ b gZ d\Zglh\hf_oZgbqghlh agZgb_
DhgljZZj]mf_glbl_ gZ ;hj ijb[ebabl_egh kZ ]eZ\gh \ lh\Z q_ fbke_gbyl
_dki_jbf_gl gZ :cgsZcg _ hijZ\^Zg gh hl g_]h g_ ke_^\Z g_iteghlZ gZ
d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ ihg_`_ \ djZcgZ kf_ldZ g_sZlZ hibjZl ^h
g_gZjmrZ\Zg_lh gZ kthlghr_gb_lh aZ g_hij_^_e_ghkl gZ OZca_g[_j] dhclh_ijbjh^_gaZdhgbg_fh`_^Zk_babkd\ZgydZd\Zih-^te[hdZbebih itegZijbqbgZaZ^Z^_ckl\m\Z_^bgijbjh^_gaZdhg
Ih bjhgby gZ bklhjbylZ b ;hj k_ hdZa\Z ijZ\byl b fbke_gbyl
_dki_jbf_gl gZ :cgsZcg-Ih^hekdb-Jha_g _ g_ kZfh j_e_\Zgl_g gh b _ _^ghhlgZc-\_ebdbl_ihklb`_gbygZfbktelZ\d\Zglh\ZlZf_oZgbdZ
LZdZ_[beZaZq_gZlZ^bkpbiebgZlZd\Zglh\ZbgnhjfZpby
Ko_fZlZ ij_^eh`_gZ hl ljbfZlZ Z\lhjb b ih-dtkgh ijb^h[beZ
]jZ`^Zgkl\_ghkldZlhiZjZ^hdkgZ:cgsZcg-Ih^hekdb-Jha_gZ^g_k\_q_ dZlhdZgZeb:IJktklhygby:IJbij_ke_^gZlZ
BfZ^\_kbkl_fb,b,,dhblh\aZbfh^_ckl\m\Zlhlfhf_glZW ^h
fhf_glZ W 7 ke_^ dh_lh f_`^m ^\_l_ qZklb g_ k_ hkts_kl\y\Z \_q_
gbdZd\h \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ Hk\_g lh\Z ij_^iheZ]Zf_ q_ ktklhygbylZ gZ
^\_l_kbkl_fb^hfhf_glZW kZ[bebba\_klgbLh]Z\Zfh`_f^Zbaqbkebf
k ihfhslZ gZ mjZ\g_gbylZ gZ Rjvh^bg]_j ktklhygb_lh gZ h[_^bg_gZlZ
kbkl_fZ,,,\t\\k_dbke_^\Zsfhf_gl\qZklghklaZ\kydhWih-]heyfhhl
7 >Z hagZqbf kthl\_lgZlZ \tegh\Z nmgdpby k Ψ H[Zq_ g_ fh`_f ^Z
baqbkebf lh\Z ktklhygb_ \ dhylh \kydZ hl ^\_l_ kbkl_fb s_ hklZg_ ke_^
\aZbfh^_ckl\b_lh Kihj_^ d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ lh\Z ktklhygb_ fh`_ ^Z
k_ ihemqb kZfh k ihfhslZ gZ ihke_^\Zsb baf_j\Zgby qj_a ijhp_k ba\_kl_gdZlhj_^mdpbygZ\tegh\byiZd_l
:dZd\h_ktsghkllZgZlhabijhp_k"
>Z ij_^iheh`bf q_ \ kbkl_fZ , _ baf_j_gZ \_ebqbgZlZ $ ijb
dh_lh _ hldjblh q_ ly bfZ klhcghklDkHllh\Zk_ba\_`^ZaZdexq_gb_lh
q_ ke_^ baf_j\Zg_lh itj\ZlZ kbkl_fZ hklZ\Z \ ktklhygb_ hibk\Zgh hl
\tegh\ZlZ nmgdpby Xd(x1 Z itd \lhjZlZ kbkl_fZ - \ ktklhygb_ k \tegh\Z
nmgdpby ψk(x2 Lh\Z b _ ijhp_ktl gZ j_^mdpby gZ \tegh\by iZd_l \tegh\byl iZd_l gZ nmgdpbylZ Ψ(x1, x2 jZaeh`_g dZlh [_adjZcgZ kmfZ ih hjlh]hgZegbl_ nmgdpbb Xn(x1 k dh_nbpb_glb gZ jZaeh`_gb_lh ψn(x2 k_ k\_`^Z^h_^bg_^bgkl\_gqe_gψk(x2).uk(x1).
JZa[bjZk_\kbkl_fZ,fh`_^Zk_baf_jb\f_klh\_ebqbgZlZ%
ijbdh_lhgZiteghZgZeh]bqgh\tegh\byliZd_ls_k_j_^mpbjZh[Zq_s_
k_j_^mpbjZ^h^jm]bnmgdpbb g_ijhklh^h^jm]qe_g\jZaeZ]Zg_lhih: dhblhg_dZhagZqbfkYr(x1 bkφr(x2).
?lh aZsh kihj_^ Z\lhjbl_ k_ \b`^Z q_ \ j_amelZlZ gZ ^\_
jZaebqgbbaf_j\Zgbyhkts_kl\_gbgZ^itj\ZlZkbkl_fZ\lhjZlZkbkl_fZ
fh`_^Zk_hdZ`_\^\_jZaebqgbktklhygbyhibk\ZgbhljZaebqgb\tegh\b
nmgdpbb Hl ^jm]Z kljZgZ ihg_`_ ih \j_f_ gZ baf_j\Zg_lh l_ab ^\_
kbkl_fb \_q_ g_ \aZbfh^_ckl\m\Zl lh g_ fh]Zl ^Z k_ ihemqZl j_Zegb
baf_g_gby \t\ \lhjZlZ kbkl_fZ dZlh j_amelZl gZ dZd\blh b ^Z [beh
hi_jZpbb \tjom itj\ZlZ kbkl_fZ Lh\Z iZd kihj_^ lyo _ kZfh ^jm]Z
nhjfmebjh\dZ gZ lh\Z dh_lh k_ jZa[bjZ ih^ ebikZ gZ \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ f_`^m^\_kbkl_fb
Kt\j_f_ggbyl dhf_glZj _ q_ :cgsZcg-Ih^hekdb-Jha_g kZ
hldjbeb gh\ lbi nbabq_kdh \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ dh_lh ijbgpbigh g_ _
k\tjaZgh k h[f_g gZ _g_j]by beb \_s_kl\h B ltdfh bamqZ\Zg_lh gZ
lhablbinbabq_kdb\aZbfh^_ckl\bynhjfbjZ\tagbdgZeZlZij_a -l_
]h^bgbgZ;;\nbabq_kdZ^bkpbiebgZd\Zglh\ZbgnhjfZpby.
Oh^tl gZ fbkebl_ \ klZlbylZ h[Zq_ _ ^jm] Z bf_ggh ihg_`_
lZdh\Z \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ gyfZ lh ljy[\Z ^Z k_ ijb_f_ q_ gZ _^gZ b ktsZ
j_Zeghkl \lhjZlZ kbkl_fZ ke_^ \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ k itj\ZlZ fh]Zl ^Z k_
ktihklZ\yl^\_jZaebqgbnmgdpbb\ijbf_jZ- ψkbφrGh:b<fh]Zl^Zk_
ba[_jZl lZdZ q_ ψk b φr ^Z kZ kh[kl\_gb nmgdpbb gZ ^\Z g_dhfmlbjZsb hi_jZlhjZgZdhblh\kbkl_fZ,,kthl\_lkl\ZlgydZd\Znbabq_kdb\_ebqbgb
3b4:cgsZcgbktZ\lhjbl_ihdZa\Zlq_lh\Z_gZitegh\tafh`ghLh_kl ij_^iheZ]Zf_ q_ ψk b φr ^_ckl\bl_egh kZ kh[kl\_gb nmgdpbb gZ gydZd\b
g_dhfmlbjZsbhi_jZlhjb3b4ijbdh_lhgZψkkthl\_lkl\m\Zkh[kl\_gZ
klhcghkl Sk, a φr kthl\_lkl\m\Z gZ kh[kl\_gZ klhcghkl < lZdt\ kemqZc baf_j\Zcdb:b<fh`_f^Zij_^kdZ`_fk^hklh\_jghklb[_adZd\blhb^Z
_ kfms_gby beb klhcghkllZ gZ \_ebqbgZ 3 l_ Sk beb klhcghkllZ gZ \_ebqbgZlZ4 l_Tr).
Kihj_^ djbl_jby aZ j_Zeghkl pblbjZg \ gZqZehlh \ itj\by
kemqZc fh`_f ^Z kfylZf_ aZ _e_f_gl gZ j_ZeghkllZ \_ebqbgZlZ 3 Z \t\
\lhjby kemqZc dZlh _e_f_gl gZ j_ZeghkllZ s_ [t^_ \_ebqbgZlZ 4 Gh ^\_l_\tegh\bnmgdpbbψkbφrk_hlgZkyldtf_^gZbktsZj_Zeghkl
Ih-]hj_ ihdZaZof_ q_ beb d\Zglh\hf_oZgbqghlh hibkZgb_ gZ
j_ZeghkllZ ihkj_^kl\hf \tegh\Z nmgdpby g_ _ itegh beb Zdh
hi_jZlhjbl_ kthl\_lgb gZ ^\_l_ nbabq_kdb \_ebqbgb g_ dhfmlbjZl lh
l_ab ^\_ \_ebqbgb g_ fh]Zl ^Z ijbl_`Z\Zl _^gh\j_f_ggh j_Zeghkl Ke_^
lh\Z hl ij_^iheh`_gb_lh q_ \tegh\ZlZ nmgdpby ^_ckl\bl_egh _ itegh
hibkZgb_ gZ nbabq_kdZlZ j_Zeghkl ^hklb]Zf_ ^h ba\h^Z q_ ^\Z g_dhfmlbjZsb hi_jZlhjZ fh]Zl ^Z [t^Zl j_Zegb _^gh\j_f_ggh Ih lZdt\
gZqbg hljbpZgb_lh gZ \h^b ^h hljbpZgb_ gZ _^bgkl\_ghlh hklZ\Zshlh ij_^iheh`_gb_
Hllmd
kf_
ijbgm^_gb
^Z
aZdexqbf
q_
d\Zglh\hf_oZgbqghlh hibkZgb_ gZ nbabq_kdZlZ j_Zeghkl ihkj_^kl\hf \tegh\bnmgdpbbg__itegh
Gh\hlhihgydh]Z_lZdZaZr_f_ly\Zshq_q_klh_ih-e_kgh^Z]h
ijb_f_faZhijh\_j`_gb_gZkh[kl\_gbl_kbdtegh\_bij_^ihklZ\db
Hl ^h kdhjh ke_^ kta^Z\Zg_lh gZ hkgh\gby
nhjfZebatf gZ d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ k_ ihy\y\Zl gydhedh aZ[_e_`bl_egb fbke_gb _dki_jbf_glb dhblh dmefbgbjZl \ lhab gZ :cgsZcg-Ih^hekdb-
Jha_g 6KL Kj_^lyoljy[\Z^Zk_ijbqbkeylfbke_gbyl_dki_jbf_gl
knhlhggZlZdmlbyh[kt`^Zg\^_[ZlZf_`^m;hjb:cgsZcgfbke_gbyl
_dki_jbf_gl gZ OZca_g[_j] k fbdjhkdhiZ k ]ZfZ-etqb :cgsZcgh\ZlZ
^bnjZdpby gZ _^bgbqgZ qZklbpZ b ^\mijhp_ih\by hibl b NZcgfZgh\ZlZ _e_dljhggh-k\_lebggZko_fZaZ^\mijhp_ih\hibl
G_dZ ^himkg_f q_ dheZiktl gZ \tegh\byl iZd_l _ j_Ze_g
nbabq_kdbn_ghf_g *LVLQ6FDUDQ\7LWWHO=ELQGHQ Ih\_q_lhnbabpb
kfylZl q_ lZdh\Z ^himkdZg_ g_ _ g_h[oh^bfh :dh lh\Z _ nbabq_kdb
n_ghf_g \t\ \j_f_-ijhkljZgkl\hlh lhc ljy[\Z ^Z bfZ kdhjhkl DZd\Z
lh]Z\Z_kdhjhkllZgZdheZikZbdZdfh`_^Zk_baf_jbly"Itj\hhlghkgh
agZq_gb_lhgZ^mfbl_gyfZk_ij_^\b^\j_f_lhdh_lhhlg_fZgZijhp_kZ
gZ dheZik ^Z k_ kemqb Z \j_f_lh ke_^ dh_lh hl^Ze_q_gbl_ kbkl_fb
k^\h_gbkbaf_j\ZgZlZkZfbs_dheZikbjZlHllmdgZa\Zgb_lhkdhjhklgZ
d\Zglh\ZlZ bgnhjfZpby _ ih^oh^ysh bf_ Fgh]h hiZkgh _ ^Z k_ aZ[jZ\b
hij_^_e_gb_lh d\Zglh\Z b ^Z k_ aZdexqb q_ bgnhjfZpbylZ k_
jZaijhkljZgy\Z ktk kdhjhkl ih-]heyfZ hl lZab gZ k\_lebgZlZ >jm]b
\tafh`ghklb[boZ[beb[tjabgZgZd\Zglh\ZlZbgnhjfZpbybeb[tjabgZ
gZ ijbajZqghlh ^_ckl\b_ gh s_ ijb_f_f q_ kZ g_ih^oh^ysb aZ h[hagZqZ\Zg_ gZ _^gh j_Zegh y\e_gb_ >Z hl[_e_`bf [tjabgZlZ gZ
d\Zglh\ZlZ bgnhjfZpby k 9QI DZlh \kydZ kdhjhkl 9QI <
∞ b g_cgZlZ
klhcghkl aZ\bkb hl hlijZ\gZlZ kbkl_fZ Ijb_fZcdb j_amelZlbl_ hl
l_klh\_l_ gZ ;_e agZ_f q_ lZab kdhjhkl ljy[\Z ^Z [t^_ k\jtok\_lebggZ
VQI! F Hllmd ^Z`_ ojhgheh]bylZ s_ aZ\bkb hl hlijZ\gZlZ kbkl_fZ >himkdZcdb q_ bfZ ijbqbgZ - \_jhylghklgZ ijbqbgZ \t\ nhjfZlZ gZ
baf_j\Zl_e_gj_amelZllmd-b_n_dllZfkthlg_k_g^_l_jfbgbklbqghbeb
\_jhylghklgh lh hlijZ\gZlZ kbkl_fZ Zdh ly kts_kl\m\Z ljy[\Z ^Z [t^_
hij_^_e_gZ beb hl kZfhlh mkeh\b_ gZ _dki_jbf_glZ beb dhkfheh]bqgh Itj\h^Zijb_f_faZlZdZ\ZhlijZ\gZkbkl_fZeZ[hjZlhjbylZ\dhylhk_ ijh\_`^Z
_dki_jbf_glZ
>hdhedhlh
mklZgh\dZlZ
aZ
ijh\_jdZ gZ
g_jZ\_gkl\ZlZ gZ ;_e _ \ ihdhc ih hlghr_gb_ gZ eZ[hjZlhjbylZ lh\Z
^himkdZg_ _ _kl_kl\_gh Ijh\_jbfhke_^kl\b_hllZabb^_yq_Zdh^\_l_
baf_j\Zgby gZ ^\_l_ k^\h_gb qZklbpb klZ\Zl _^gh\j_f_ggh \
eZ[hjZlhjgZlZhlijZ\gZkbkl_fZlhltcdZlh9QIfZdZjb]heyfZ_djZcgZ
lh \kydZ qZklbpZ ^Z\Z j_amelZl ij_^b ^Z k_ _ bgnhjfbjZeZ q_ ^jm]ZlZ
qZklbpZktshlZdZ_ih^eh`_gZgZbaf_j\Zg_Ke_^h\Zl_egh\kemqZygZ
kt\tjr_gZ_^gh\j_f_gghklkijyfhhlijZ\gZlZkbkl_fZgZeZ[hjZlhjbylZ d\Zglh\ZlZ dhj_eZpby [b ljy[\Zeh ^Z baq_ag_ < j_Zegbl_ l_klh\_
baf_j\ZgbylZgbdh]Zg_kZgZitegh_^gh\j_f_ggbGhdjZcgZlZlhqghklgZ \j_f_baf_j\Zg_lh
mklZgh\y\Z
^hegZlZ
]jZgbpZ
gZ
d\Zglh\ZlZ
bgnhjfZpby
6FDUDQL7LWWHO=ELQGHQ lhfh`_^Zk_l\tj^bq_9QI ≥ 2/3. 107FLh\Z _ l\tj^_ ]heyfh qbkeh Lh badmrZ\Z ^Z k_ ij_^iheh`b q_ hlijZ\gZlZ
kbkl_fZ gZ eZ[hjZlhjbylZ g_ _ Z^_d\Zlgh ba[jZgZ Gh Zdh k_ gZijZ\b
ZgZeh]by k hiblbl_ ih mklZgh\y\Zg_ kdhjhkllZ gZ k\_lebgZlZ lh g_cgZlZ
kdhjhklkjZ\g_gZkba\_klgZlZlh]Z\ZkdhjhklgZa\mdZ_ba]e_`^ZeZktsh
lZdZ g_^hklh\_jgh ]heyfZ
ij_^iheh`b lZab dhylh _ k\tjaZgZ k dhkfbq_kdhlh nhgh\h baetq\Zg_ :gZeh]bqgb_dki_jbf_glbijblh\Z^himkdZg_kZihdZaZebq_9QI ≥ 2. 104c.
Ktshl\tj^_]heyfZklhcghklLj_lh^himkdZg__q_hlijZ\gZlZkbkl_fZ_
fZkb\gbymj_^dhclhaZ^_ckl\ZdheZikZJZaebdZlZ\kjZ\g_gb_kitj\ZlZ
\tafh`ghkl aZ hlijZ\gZ kbkl_fZ k\tjaZgZ k eZ[hjZlhjbylZ _ q_
aZ^_ckl\Zsb ijb[hjb fh]Zl ^Z [t^Zl \ hlghkbl_egh ^\b`_gb_ b
ke_^h\Zl_egh ^Z hij_^_eyl jZaebqgb hlijZ\gb kbkl_fb < qZklghkl fh`_
^Z k_ fbkeb kblmZpby ijb dhylh ^\_l_ aZ^_ckl\m\Zsb mkljhckl\Z b ^\_l_
ij_^ba\bd\Zl dheZik ij_^b ^jm]hlh \kydh \ k\hylZ kh[kl\_gZ hlijZ\gZ
kbkl_fZLh]Z\ZdheZikbjZbihgylb_lhaZdheZikdZlhijbqbgghh[ykg_gb_ Kihj_^ ki_pbZegZlZ l_hjby gZ hlghkbl_eghkllZ ih^j_`^Zg_lh gZ
kt[blbylZ ijb k\jtok\_lebggZ kdhjhkl fh`_ ^Z aZ\bkb hl hlijZ\gZlZ
kbkl_fZ<ij_^eh`_gby_dki_jbf_gl^\_dhj_ebjZsbkt[blbyk_ijZ\b^Z
k_ kemqZl ih lZdt\gZqbgq_\kydhkt[blb_k_kemq\ZdZlhitj\h\k\hylZ
kh[kl\_gZ hlijZ\gZ kbkl_fZ GZ lZab hkgh\Z kZ ijh\_^_gb j_Zegb
_dki_jbf_glb Hkgh\ghlh aZdexq_gb_ _ q_ d\Zglh\bl_ dhj_eZpbb k_ gZ[ex^Z\Zl^Z`_ijbdhgnb]mjZpbylZij_^b-ij_^bLh\Zijhlb\hj_qbgZ
^himkdZg_lh q_ fZkb\gbl_ mj_^b \ ^\b`_gb_ _^bg kijyfh ^jm] hij_^_eyl
\k_db aZ k_[_ kb hlijZ\gZ kbkl_fZ \ dhylh k_ jZaijhkljZgy\Z dheZikZ Ke_^\ZsZ bgl_j_kgZ obihl_aZ _ q_ ij_^ihq_l_gZlZ hlijZ\gZ kbkl_fZ k_
hij_^_ey hl fZkb\gby mj_^ dt^_lh qZklbpZlZ ba[bjZ k\hy itl l_ ba[jZghlh mkljhckl\h LZab b^_y _ bgkibjbjZgZ hl fh^_eZ gZ \tegZlZ-
ibehl hl fh^_eZ gZ ^_ ;jhce < lhab fh^_e d\Zglh\hlh ktklhygb_ k_
gZjbqZ \tegZ b k_ ijb_fZ q_ \h^b _^gZ lhqdh\Z qZklbpZ Hllmd \ lhab
fh^_e iheh`_gb_lh gZ qZklbpZlZ _ ijhf_geb\h \ ^h[Z\dZ dtf h[bdgh\_g
\_dlhj gZ d\Zglh\h ktklhygb_ ijhf_geb\ZlZ gZ iheh`_gb_lhg__kdjblZ lhqgh h[jZlghlh lh\Z _ _^bgkl\_gZlZ ijhf_geb\Z ^h dhylh bfZ ijyd
^hklti \ lhab fh^_e _ kdjbl \_dlhjtl gZ ktklhygb_lh JZap_i\Zg_lh gZ
etq b iheyjbaZpbhg_g ZgZebaZlhj kZ ijbf_jb gZ mkljhckl\Z ijb dhblh
iheh`_gb_lh gZ qZklbpZlZ ijZ\b ba[hj l_ l_ kZ ijbf_jb gZ ba[jZgb
mkljhckl\Z ?kl_kl\_gh _ ^Z k_ ^himkg_ q_ hlijZ\gZ kbkl_fZ k\tjaZgZ k
ba[jZghlh mkljhckl\h hij_^_ey ojhgheh]bylZ Kthl\_lgh dh]Zlh ^\Z
k^\h_gbnhlhgZkj_sgZl^\Zijhp_iZ\hlghkbl_egh^\b`_gb_ihf_`^mkb
lZdZ q_ \k_db nhlhg _ ZgZebabjZg hl k\hy ijhp_i ij_^b ^jm]by nhlhg lh]Z\Z hlgh\h _ gZebp_ dhgnb]mjZpbylZ ij_^b-ij_^b b d\Zglh\ZlZ
dhj_eZpby [b ljy[\Zeh ^Z baq_a\Z JZ[hlZ \tjom j_ZebaZpbylZ gZ lZdt\
_dki_jbf_gl\k_hs_g__aZ\tjr_gZ>hk_]Zk_^himkdZr_q_kts_kl\m\Z
mgbdZegh ktklhygb_ gZ \k_e_gZlZ Fgh]h l_hj_lbpb k_ Zj]mf_glbjZl q_
baoh^ hl dhgnebdlZ f_`^m hlghkbl_eghkllZ b dheZikZ dZlh j_Zegh
nbabq_kdh y\e_gb_ _ q_ kZfbyl \_dlhj gZ ktklhygb_lh aZ\bkb hl hlijZ\gZlZ kbkl_fZ IhjZ^b lh\Z \kydh jZadehgy\Zg_ gZ \j_f_-
ijhkljZgkl\hlhbfZk\hykh[kl\_gZ ψJZaebqgbl_\_dlhjbgZktklhygb_lh
k_hlgZkyllZdZq_l_ij_^kdZa\Zl_^gZbktsZklZlbklbdZgZj_amelZlbl_
hlbaf_j\ZgbylZLh\Zih\^b]Z\tijhktlaZmgbdZeghkllZgZ^Zggbl_Lhab
ijh[e_f kts_kl\m\Z b \ deZkbq_kdZlZ f_oZgbdZ h[Zq_ lZf k_ k\_`^Z ^h mgbdZeghklgZgZqZegbl_mkeh\by<d\Zglh\ZlZf_oZgbdZijh[e_ftl_ih-
^_ebdZl_g aZshlh j_Ze_g ba[hj klZ\Z ij_a pyehlh \j_f_ K mgbdZe_g
\_dlhj gZ ktklhygb_lh b j_Ze_g dheZik mgbdZegb ^Zggb \tagbd\Zl
_kl_kl\_gh ijb Gxlhgh\Z hlghkbl_eghkl b Z[khexlgh \j_f_ Gh j_Zegbyl
ijh[e_f _ kt\f_klbfhkllZ f_`^m mgbdZeghkllZ gZ d\Zglh\bl_ ^Zggb b
:cgsZcgh\ZlZ hlghkbl_eghkl dt^_lh \j_f_hij_^_eyg_lh _ hlghkbl_egh
:khpbbjZg_lhgZ_^bg\_dlhjgZktklhygb_lhk\kydZhlijZ\gZkbkl_fZg_
j_rZ\Z \tijhkZ k mgbdZeghkllZ gZ ^Zggbl_ Gh _ ex[hiblgh ^Z k_
jZa]e_^Zld\Zglh\bl_dhj_eZpbbgZ^te]hjZaklhygb_k^\b`_sbk_mj_^bb
^Z k_ nhjfmebjZl _dki_jbf_glZegh ijh\_jbfb obihl_ab Fh`_ ^Z k_
hdZ`_ q_ ^Zggbl_ hl ^\b`_sby k_ ^_l_dlhj g_ ^_fhgkljbjZl dhj_eZpby k ^Zggbl_ hl hl^Ze_q_gby ^_l_dlhj ZeZ ^Zggbl_ hl g_ih^\b`gby ^_l_dlhj
ihdZa\ZllZdZ\Zdhj_eZpbyIhjZabl_egh\lhabkemqZc[b[behq_\gydhb
kemqZb b ^\b`_sbyl k_ b g_ih^\b`gbyl ^_l_dlhj s_ ^_l_dlbjZl _^gZ b
ktsZqZklbpZZ\^jm]bkemqZbgblh_^bghllyo ijblh\Zihijbgpbil_\
kemqZc q_ kZ kt\tjr_gb ^_l_dlhjb Kj_^gh ij_[jh_ghlh hl \k_db
^_l_dlhj dhebq_kl\h s_ kthl\_lkl\m\Z gZ klZg^Zjlgbl_ ij_^kdZaZgby gh
g_ \ hl^_egb kemqZb Lh\Z [b [beh k_jbha_g \tijhk ih hlghr_gb_ gZ
aZdhgZ aZ aZiZa\Zg_ gZ _g_j]bylZ Gh ^Zeb lh\Z _ gZbklbgZgh\h"Kihj_^
iZjZ^hdkZ gZ :cgsZcg Ih^hekdb Jha_g dhj_eZpbylZ gZ bfimekZ
kthl\_lkl\Z gZ dhj_eZpby gZ dbg_lbqgZlZ _g_j]by dbg_lbqgZlZ _g_j]by
baf_j_gZ aZ _^gZlZ qZklbpZ hij_^_ey _g_j]bylZ gZ ^jm]ZlZ qZklbpZ Hllmd hl^Ze_q_gZlZ qZklbpZ l_ lZab dhylh g_ _ \ ijyd dhglZdl k
baf_j\Zl_eghlh mkljhckl\h fh`_ ^Z k_ hdZ`_ gZdjZy \ ktklhygby k jZaebqgZ_g_j]byHldt^_b^\Zbebdt^_hlb\ZlZab_g_j]by"
Ijh[e_ftl aZ hlijZ\gZlZ kbkl_fZ \ d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ k_
h[kt`^Z \ &DEDQ 5HPELHOLQVNL G_ihkj_^kl\_gZlZ bf aZ^ZqZ _ ^Z
nhjfmebjZl ImZgdZj_-dh\ZjbZglgZ d\Zglh\Z f_oZgbdZ aZ k\h[h^gZ
qZklbpZ Z bgl_j_ktl bf _ fhlb\bjZg hl ^\Z klZjb b \k_ hs_ hldjblb
ijh[e_fZ gZjmrZ\Zg_lh gZ ehdZeghkllZ \ d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ
gZjmrZ\Zg_lh gZ g_jZ\_gkl\ZlZ gZ ;_e b g_kts_kl\m\Zg_lh gZ
dh\ZjbZgl_g hi_jZlhj aZ f_klhiheh`_gb_ dZdlh b gZ dh\ZjbZglgb
ehdZebabjZgbktklhygbyIjbagZ\Zk_q_hldhj_eZpbhggbl__dki_jbf_glb dhblh s_ [t^Zl ih^jh[gh h[kt`^Zgb ih-gZlZltd ke_^\Z q_ lh\Z dh_lh
fZdjhkdhibqgh k_ kemq\Z \ _^bg \j_f_-ijhkljZgkl\_g j_]bhg ljy[\Z ^Z
aZ\bkb hl ijhf_geb\b dhblh \ gydhb kemqZb kZ ijhkljZgkl\_gh l\tj^_
hl^Ze_q_gb Lhab nZdl fh`_ ^Z _ \ dhgnebdl k l_hjbylZ gZ
hlghkbl_eghkllZ b ^hjb \ dhgnebdl ktk kljh]Z \_jkby gZ ehdZegZlZ
ijbqbgghkl < ih^h[gZ \jtadZ;_el\tj^bq_aZg_]hj_Zegbylijh[e_f\
d\Zglh\ZlZ l_hjby _ ihy\ZlZ gZ hq_\b^gh ktsghkl_g dhgnebdl f_`^m
g_cgZlZkljh]Znhjfmebjh\dZbl_hjbylZgZhlghkbl_eghkllZKihj_^;_e
_^gh g_ijhlb\hj_qb\h nhjfmebjZg_ gZ j_eZlb\bklbqgZlZ d\Zglh\Z
f_oZgbdZ fh`_ ^Z babkd\Z ij_^ihqblZgZ hlijZ\gZ kbkl_fZ gZ
nmg^Zf_glZegh jZ\gbs_ &DEDQ 5HPELHOLQVNL ke_^\Zl l_ab ij_^eh`_gby b \t\_`^Zl ImZgdZj_-dh\ZjbZglgZ nhjfmebjh\dZ gZ
d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ \ dhylh _ \eh`_gZ ij_^ihqblZgZ hlijZ\gZ kbkl_fZ
NZdlbq_kdb ki_pbZegZlZ l_hjby gZ hlghkbl_eghkllZ k_ hkgh\Z\Z gZ ^\_ hkgh\gb
^himkdZgby
ImZgdZj_-dh\ZjbZglghkl
b
ijbgpbi
gZ
hlghkbl_eghkllZP_elZgZ^\ZfZlZihekdbZ\lhjb_^Zk_aZiZabImZgdZj_
dh\ZjbZglghkllZ gh ^Z k_ bahklZ\b ijbgpbitl gZ hlghkbl_eghkllZ b
ke_^h\Zl_egh ^Z k_ iha\heb \t\_`^Zg_lh gZ ijb\be_]bjh\ZgZ hlijZ\gZ kbkl_fZIhdZaZgh_q_qj_abaihea\Zg_gZg_klZg^ZjlgZkbgojhgbabjZsZ
ijhp_^mjZ _ \tafh`gh ^Z k_ ihemqb lZdZ\Z nhjfZ gZ ij_h[jZam\Zg_ gZ
dhhj^bgZlbl_ f_`^m bg_jpbZegb gZ[ex^Zl_eb q_ l_ fZdZj b ^Z kZ
Ehj_gph\b ljZgknhjfZpbb \j_f_lh _ ij_kdZebjZgh qj_a mfgh`_gb_ k
iheh`bl_e_g dh_nbpb_gl b ijhkljZgkl\_gbl_ dhhj^bgZlb g_ k_ kf_k\Zl k
lyoP_gZlZaZlh\Z_kts_kl\m\Zg_lhgZdhhj^bgZlgZkbkl_fZ\l_hjbylZb
aZ\bkbfhkl gZ ljZgknhjfZpbbl_ gZ ehj_gph\ZlZ ]jmiZ hl ^hitegbl_e_g
iZjZf_ltj – q_lbjb-kdhjhkllZ – gZ ijb\be_]bjh\ZgZlZ hlijZ\gZ kbkl_fZ H[bdgh\_gh k_ l\tj^b q_ kts_kl\m\Zg_lh gZ ijb\be_]bjh\ZgZ hlijZ\gZ
kbkl_fZ gZjmrZ\Z ImZgdZj_-dh\ZjbZglghkllZ Lh\Z ^_ckl\bl_egh _ lZdZ Zdh k_ h]jZgbqbf ^h ijhkljZgkl\h-\j_f_lh gZ Fbgdh\kdb H[Zq_ ijb
ih^oh^Z gZ &DEDQ 5LHPEOLQVNL ^hitegbl_eghlh fgh`_kl\h hl iZjZf_ljb q_lbjb-kdhjhkllZ bf iha\hey\Z ^Z aZiZayl ImZgdZj_-
dh\ZjbZglghkllZ gh g_ g_h[oh^bfh ijbgpbiZ gZ hlghkbl_eghkllZ Kts_kl\m\Zg_lh gZ ijb\be_]bjh\ZgZ hlijZ\gZ kbkl_fZ nZdlbq_kdb g_ _
k_jbha_gijh[e_fhlnbabq_kdZ]e_^gZlhqdZ<j_ZegZlZjZarbjy\ZsZk_
\k_e_gZlZabhlijZ\gZkbkl_fZfh`_[b^_ckl\bl_eghkts_kl\m\Zblh\Z_
k\tjaZgZlZ k dhkfbq_kdhlh nhgh\h baetq\Zg_ Ihke_ hl lZdZ\Z ]e_^gZ
lhqdZ kj_^gZlZ kdhjhkl gZ k\_lebgZlZ ih aZl\hj_gb itlbsZ _ \k_ hs_ ihklhyggZ b _ jZ\gZ gZ F ^hdZlh _dki_jbf_glb hl lbiZ gZ FZcd_ekhg-
Fhjebg_jZaebqZ\ZllZdZ\Z\tafh`ghklHl^jm]ZkljZgZnhjfmebjZg_lh
gZ ImZgdZj_-dh\ZjbZglgZ d\Zglh\Z f_oZgbdZ bfZ ke_^gbl_ ij_^bfkl\Z
Dhgnebdltl f_`^m ijbqbgghkllZ b d\Zglh\ZlZ l_hjby baq_a\Z
k
ehdZebaZpbylZ
baq_a\Z
JZaebqgb
Zki_dlb
gZ
ehdZebabjm_fhkllZ gZ qZklbpZlZ kZ [beb bamqZ\Zgb hl jZggbl_ ^gb gZ
d\Zglh\ZlZf_oZgbdZgh\j_eZlb\bklbqgbykemqZc \ijhlb\hiheh`ghklgZ
g_j_eZlb\bklbqgby gZitegh m^h\e_l\hjbl_egh j_r_gb_ gZ hi_jZlhjZ aZ
f_klhiheh`_gb_lh g_ _ gZf_j_gh L_ab ^\ZfZ Z\lhjb ij_^eZ]Zl dZlh ihabpbhg_g hi_jZlhj lZdt\ dhclh _ _jfblh\ ijbl_`Z\Zcdb dhfmlbjZsb
dhfihg_glb aZ fZkb\gb qZklbpb baitegy\Z dZghgbqgbl_ dhfmlZlb\gb
hlghr_gby k hi_jZlhjZ gZ bfimekZ dh\ZjbZgl_g _ b bfZ dh\ZjbZglgb
kh[kl\_gbklhcghklb ehdZebabjZgbktklhygby IjblZabdhgkljmdpbygydhb
ihgylby lZdb\Z dZlh ehdZebabjm_fhkl kZ _^gh\j_f_ggh kt\f_klbfb k
d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ b k ImZgdZj_-dh\ZjbZglghkl kZfh Zdh k_
ijb\be_]bjh\Z hlijZ\gZ kbkl_fZ < lZab nhjfmebjh\dZ gZ d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ
ijbqbggbl_
ijh[e_fb
k\tjaZgb
k
gZjmrZ\Zg_lh
gZ
g_jZ\_gkl\ZlZgZ;_ebaq_a\Zl d\Zglh\Zl_hjbyhklZ\Zg_ehdZegZghly_
ijbqbggZ \ kljh] kfbkte Ba]e_`^Z lZab nhjfmebjh\dZ gZ d\Zglh\ZlZ
f_oZgbdZs_k_kt]eZkm\Z^h[j_kImZgdZj_dh\ZjbZglgZlZnhjfmebjh\dZ gZ^_;jhce-;hfgZd\Zglh\ZlZf_oZgbdZ
DZdlh b ih-gZlZltd-\t\\jtadZkl_hj_fZlZaZg_dehgbjZg_lhb
y\e_gbylZ gZ d\Zglh\Z l_e_ihjlZpby \ ]eZ\ZlZ Hkgh\gb ihgylby gZ
d\Zglh\ZlZ bgnhjfZpby - ki_pbZegZlZ l_hjby gZ hlghkbl_eghkllZ k_
hdZa\Z \ fgh]h ih-lykgZ \jtadZ k d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ hldhedhlh
itj\hgZqZegh k_ _ ij_^iheZ]Zeh IZjZ^hdkZegh gh \ djZcgZ kf_ldZ
baitegy\Zg_lh gZ :cgsZcgh\ZlZ ijh]jZfZ aZ kljh]Z ^_l_jfbgbklbqghkl
G_\yj\Zfq_;h]b]jZ_gZaZjh\_ \d\Zglh\Zf_oZgbdZba]e_`^ZbfZaZ
ke_^kl\b_ `_jl\Zg_lh gZ g_]h\by ijbgpbi gZ hlghkbl_eghkllZ b hllmd
ijbgpbighlhij_nhjfmebjZg_gZki_pbZegZlZZhllmdbgZh[sZlZl_hjby
gZ hlghkbl_eghkllZ Bah[sh gZjmrZ\Zg_lh gZg_jZ\_gkl\ZlZgZ;_egyfZ
aZke_^kl\b_hlo\tjeyg_lhbgZh[_dlb\ghkllZbgZehdZeghkllZZkZfhgZ
_^gh hl ^\_l_ HllmddZdlhd\Zglh\Zf_oZgbdZlZdZb_^gZ fh`_ih-kdhjh
hs_g_ktl\hj_gZ h[_dlb\gZg_ehdZegZl_hjbybfZlijZ\hlh^Zijh^te`Zl
ktkl_aZgb_lh b ke_^ _dki_jbf_glZegh ^hdZa\Zg_ gZjmr_gb_lh gZ g_jZ\_gkl\ZlZ gZ ;_e beb ZgZeh]bqgb Gh h[_dlb\gZlZ g_ehdZegZ l_hjby
k_hlo\tjeyhlihklmeZlZaZg_gZ^\brZ\Zg_kdhjhkllZgZk\_lebgZlZLZdZ
q_ Zdh kZ _^gh\j_f_ggh \ kbeZ lhab ihklmeZl b gZjmrZ\Zg_lh gZ
g_jZ\_gkl\ZlZ gZ ;_e _^bgkl\_gZlZ ba\_klgZ beb ihg_ ^h[j_ Zijh[bjZgZ
\tafh`ghkl _ d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ :eZ h[eZq_lh gZ ohjbahglZ gZ
\k_ih[_^beZlZ d\Zglh\Z f_oZgbdZ hklZ\Z hi_jZlhjtl gZ ehdZebaZpbylZ b
ih-h[sh – j_eZlb\bklbqgZlZ d\Zglh\Z f_oZgbdZ ?^bg fh`_ [b ^hklZ
mki_r_g hibl \ lZab gZkhdZ ij_^klZ\ey\Z 7ROHU dhclh h[kt`^Z dZd nbabq_kdb
d\Zglh\b
kbkl_fb
fh]Zl
^Z
^_nbgbjZl
k
ba\_klgZ
g_hij_^_e_ghkl lhqdZ \ ijhkljZgkl\h-\j_f_lh gZ Fbgdh\kdb Ba\_klgh _ q_d\Zglh\bl_dhhj^bgZlbgZkt[blb_\ijhkljZgkl\h-\j_f_lh\dZq_kl\hlh
gZ gZ[ex^Z_fb g_ fh]Zl ^Z [t^Zl hibkZgb qj_a kZfhkij_]gZlb hi_jZlhjb
beb qj_a kthl\_lgZ ijh_dpbhggZ fyjdZ gZ ki_dljZegbl_ klhcghklb L_
fh]Zl^Zk_hibrZlqj_afyjdZgZklhcghklbl_gZiheh`bl_e_ghi_jZlhj\
ijhkljZgkl\h-\j_f_lhgZFbgdh\kdbm^h\e_l\hjy\Zcdbih^oh^yshmkeh\b_
aZ dh\ZjbZglghkl ih hlghr_gb_ gZ ]jmiZlZ gZ ImZgdZj_ LZab fyjdZ
hij_^_ey \_jhylghkllZ q_ _^gh baf_j\Zg_ gZ dhhj^bgZlbl_ gZ kt[blb_lh ^Z\Z j_amelZlb ijbgZ^e_`Zsb gZ ^Z^_gh fgh`_kl\h \ ijhkljZgkl\h-
\j_f_lh Fh`_ h[Zq_ ^Z k_ ihdZ`_ q_ lZab fyjdZ ljy[\Z baq_ag_ ijb
ktklhygb_ gZ _^gZ qZklbpZ \t\ \Zdmmf dhylh g_ fh`_ ^Z ^_nbgbjZ kt[blb_
Hl ^jm]ZkljZgZ=Zebe__\bl_ljZgknhjfZpbbg_kZkt\f_klbfb
^hjbkg_j_eZlb\bklbqgZlZnhjfmebjh\dZgZd\Zglh\ZlZf_oZgbdZ
?^ghfh`_[bih-^h[jhjZa[bjZg_gZd\Zglh\ZlZf_oZgbdZfh`_
^Zk_ihemqbhlhiblZgZF_jfbg^Zij_^eh`bgh\Zbgl_jij_lZpby -RUGDQ
G_]h\ZlZ b^_y _ q_ dhj_eZpbbl_ kZ nbabq_kdb j_Zegb gh
klhcghklbl_ gZ \_ebqbgbl_ dhblh dhj_ebjZl g_ kZ Ke_^\Zcdb
ij_^eh`_gb_lh fm _^gh d\Zglh\h ktklhygb_ k_ hij_^_ey qj_a dhj_eZpbb
f_`^m ih^kbkl_fbl_ Lh ktsh lZdZ _ hij_^_e_gh hl qZklgb \_ebqbgb bfZsb hij_^_e_gb klhcghklb :dhbfZjZaebdZ\t\nbabq_kdZlZj_Zeghkl
f_`^m dhj_eZpbb b klhcghklb gZ \_ebqbgbl_ jZaebdZlZ ljy[\Z ^Z _ \
^_lZcebl_?^gZd\Zglh\Zdhj_eZpby_]eZ\gZklhcghklgZijhba\_^_gb_gZ
^\Z beb ih\_q_ _jfblh\b hi_jZlhjZ Fh`_f ^Z k_ h]jZgbqbf ^h
ijhba\_^_gb_ gZ ijh_dpbhggb hi_jZlhjb \kbqdb dhj_eZpbb fh]Zl ^Z k_
baqbkeylhllyo:dhijh_dpbhggbl_hi_jZlhjbkZaZjZaebqgbih^kbkl_fb lyoghlh ijhba\_^_gb_ _ ijh_dpbhg_g hi_jZlhj G_]h\b kh[kl\_gb
klhcghklbkZbDhj_eZpbylZ_fZdkbfmfZdhbkZfhZdhktklhygb_lh
^Z\Zkh[kl\_gZklhcghklaZijhba\_^_gb_lhgZijh_dpbhggbl_hi_jZlhjb dh_lhagZqb\_ebqbgZlZij_^klZ\_gZhlhi_jZlhjZgZijhba\_^_gb_lhbfZ
klhcghkl ?^gZ dhj_eZpby _ fZdkbfZegZ Zdh b kZfh Zdh _^gZ \_ebqbgZ
bfZhij_^_e_gZklhcghklKj_smbgl_jij_lZpbylZgZF_jfbg\tajZay\Zb
&DEHOOR AZ p_elZ lhc ko_fZlbabjZ g_]h\ZlZ bgl_jij_lZpby ^h
ke_^ghlh D fZljbpZlZ gZ ietlghkllZ hibk\Z bahebjZgb bg^b\b^mZegb
kbkl_fb - g_ ijhklh ZgkZf[eb fZljbpZlZ gZ ietlghkllZ gZitegh hibk\Z
\kbqdb\tlj_rgbdhj_eZpbbgZ_^gZbahebjZgZbg^b\b^mZegZkbkl_fZ E \kbqdb dhj_eZpbb f_`^m ih^kbkl_fb gZ _^gZbahebjZgZktklZ\gZkbkl_fZ
kZ j_Zegh h[_dlb\gb \tlj_rgb k\hckl\Z gZ lZdb\Zih^kbkl_fb F j_Zegb
h[_dlb\gb \tlj_rgb k\hckl\Z gZ _^gZ bahebjZgZ kbkl_fZ g_ fh]Zl ^Z k_
ijhf_gyl \ g_ihkj_^kl\_g hl]h\hj gZ lh\Z dh_lh _ klZgZeh \ hl^Ze_q_gZ
kbkl_fZ dhylh fh`_ ^Z _ dhj_ebjZgZ gh g_ \aZbfh^_ckl\m\Z k itj\ZlZ (Cabelo 1999) h[Zq_ ihdZa\Z nbabq_kdZ kblmZpby \ dhylh l_ab ljb
^himkdZgby g_ fh]Zl ^Z [t^Zl ijbfbj_gb b ih-ki_pbZegh Zdhk_ijb_fZl D b E lh F g_fh`_^Z[t^_dhj_dlgh
Ij_^eh`_gb_lhgZF_jfbgg_aZ\bkbfhhlk\hylZdhj_dlghklbeb
g_dhj_dlghkl _ l\tj^_ bgl_j_kgh aZshlh nZdlbq_kdb ij_^klZ\ey\Z
dhj_eZpbhg_g \ZjbZgl gZ ehdZegby j_Zebatf aZ _e_f_glb gZ j_ZeghkllZ kZijb_lbbf_gghdhj_eZpbbl_Zg_klhcghklbl_gZnbabq_kdbl_\_ebqbgb
Bgl_j_k ij_^klZ\ey\Z \tijhktl ^Zeb kts_kl\m\Zl beb ^Zeb
fh]Zl^Zk_kta^Z^ZlfZdjhkdhibqgb:IJdhj_ebjZgbh[_dlb 3RO]LN ij_^eZ]Z \ dZq_kl\hlh gZ lZdb\Z Zlhfgb ZgkZf[eb ihemq_gb qj_a
jZaijhkljZgy\Zg_gZ:IJ-dhj_ebjZgZk\_lebgZaZ^Zk_kta^Z^Zlk^\h_gb
Zlhfb b fh`_ ^Z k_ h[kt`^Z \ dZq_kl\hlh gZ f_lh^ aZ jZaiheZ]Zg_ gZ
g_ehdZegb dhj_eZpbb ij_gZkygb hl k\_lebgZ \tjom Zlhfb Lh_kl lh\Z _
f_lh^aZk^\hy\Zg_gZ^\_kt\dmighklbhlZlhfbLjy[\Z^Zk_ih^q_jlZyl
l_abljbkljZgbgZij_^eh`_gb_lh Zlhfghlhk^\hy\Zg__g_ehdZegh lhk_ hkts_kl\y\Z qj_a jZaijhkljZgy\Zg_lh gZ k\_lebgZ \tjom Zlhfb b gZck_lg_k^\h_gbl_ZgkZf[ebkZfZdjhkdhibqgb
>bkdmkbbl_hdheh]jZgbpZlZhl^_eysZfbdjhkdhibqgbyd\Zglh\b
fZdjhkdhibqgby deZkbq_kdb k\yl k_ hnhjfy \ gZqZehlh gZ -l_ dh]Zlh
E_]_lb^jm]bij_^iheZ]Zlq__^gZfZdjhkdhibqgZkbkl_fZ[bfh]eZ^Zk_
^tj`bd\Zglh\hf_oZgbqghZdh_ihih^oh^ysgZqbgjZa_^bg_gZhlk\h_lh
h[djt`_gb_ %ODWHU ?^gZ hl h[kt`^Zgbl_ kbkl_fb _ mkljhckl\h aZ k\jtoijh\h^ysZ
d\Zglh\Z
bgl_j_n_j_gpby
648,'
Lh\Z
_
k\jtoijh\h^ysZ \_jb]Z \ dhylh fbebZj^b ^\hcdb _e_dljhgb k_ ^\b`Zl \
kt\tjr_gZoZjfhgbyb[_aktijhlb\e_gb_
d\Zglh\hf_oZgbq_g gZqbg Ihke_^\Zeb _dki_jbf_glb ihdZa\Zl q_ lh\Z
^_ckl\bl_egh k_ kemq\Z :dh _^gZ fZdjhkdhibqgZ kbkl_fZ fh`_ ^Z k_
jZaiZ^g_ qj_a d\Zglh\h lmg_ebjZg_ ke_^\Zsbyl \tijhk _ ^Zeb [b fh]eZ
^Z hkpbebjZ gZij_^-gZaZ^ f_`^m ^\_l_ ktklhygby ^Z dZ`_f ^\_
ktklhygbyhij_^_e_gbqj_alhdh\_l_qZsbihqZkh\gbdh\ZlZbh[jZlghgZ
qZkh\gbdh\ZlZ klj_edZ \ 648,' :dh fh`_ ^Zeb fZdjhkdhibqghlh
ktklhygb_ lmg_ebjZ gZij_^ gZaZ^ ihke_^h\Zl_egh aZ[jZ\ycdb aZ
d\Zglh\h-f_oZgbqgZlZ kb gZijZ\Z ke_^ \k_db kdhd beb s_ hkpbebjZ
dho_j_glgh aZiZa\Zcdb d\Zglh\hlh kb ktklhygb_ ij_a kdhdh\_l_
ijhp_k ih^ bf_lh fZdjhkdhibqgZ d\Zglh\Z dho_j_glghkl b kthl\_lkl\m\Z gZg_hij_^_e_ghlhktklhygb_gZRjvh^bg]_jh\ZlZ`b\Z-b-ftjl\ZdhldZ
<jZ[hlZlZkbKt\j_f_gghlhktklhygb_gZd\Zglh\ZlZf_oZgbdZ
? Rjvh^bg]_j ZgZebabjZ ih^\h^gbl_ dZftgb ijb hibkZgb_lh gZ
d\Zglh\hf_oZgbqgbl_ ijhp_kb gZ baf_j\Zg_ b nhjfmebjZ q_lbjb hkgh\gb
iheh`_gby dhblh k_ k\_`^Zl ^h lh\Z q_ ktklhygbylZ gZ h[_dlbl_ gZ
d\Zglh\by k\yl ijbl_`Z\Zl ke_^gbl_ k\hckl\Z Kmi_jihabpby KtklhygbylZ k_ hibk\Zl qj_a ebg_cgZ kmi_jihabpby gZ hkgh\gbl_
ktklhygby Bgl_jn_j_gpby J_amelZlbl_ hl baf_j\Zg_lh aZ\bkyl hl
hlghkbl_egbl_ nZab gZ Zfieblm^bl_ \ lZab kmi_jihapby K^\hy\Zg_
>(QWDQJOHPHQW@ Iteghlh agZgb_ aZ ktklhygb_lh gZ pyeZlZ kbkl_fZ g_
kthl\_lkl\m\ZgZlZdh\ZiteghagZgb_aZktklhygb_lhgZg_cgbl_qZklb
G_dehgbjm_fhkl b g_hij_^_e_ghkl G_ba\_klghlh d\Zglh\h ktklhygb_ _
g_\tafh`gh ^Z k_ dehgbjZ Z ktsh ^Z k_ gZ[ex^Z\Z [_a ^Z k_ \g_k_
kfms_gb_ Lj_lhlh b q_l\tjlhlh iheh`_gb_ ^hkdhjh g_ [yoZ ba\_klgb Dbebg
D\Zglh\byl h[_dl aZ jZaebdZ hl deZkbq_kdby _ bagZqZegh
\_jhylghkl_g H[Zq_ \_jhylghklgbyl oZjZdl_j gZ d\Zglh\by h[_dl g_ k_
k\_`^Z^hdeZkbq_kdb\taijb_fZgZg_hij_^_e_ghklk\tjaZgZgZijbf_jk
g_iteghlZ gZ agZgb_lh aZ h[_dlZ AZ hibkZgb_lh gZ d\Zglh\by h[_dl k_
baihea\Z ihgylb_lh ktklhygb_ DZa\Zcdb q_ h[_dltl k_ gZfbjZ \
hij_^_e_gh ktklhygb_ k_ ih^jZa[bjZ q_ fh`_ ^Z k_ jZa]e_^Z dZlZeh]
kihj_^ l_jfbgZ gZ Rjvh^bg]_j beb dh_lh _ ktshlh \tegh\Z nmgdpby \_dlhj gZ ktklhygb_lh beb fZljbpZ gZ ietlghkllZ dhblh kt^tj`Zl
bgnhjfZpby aZ \tafh`gbl_ j_amelZlb hl baf_j\ZgbylZ \tjom lhab h[_dl
>hdhedhlh j_amelZlbl_ hl baf_j\ZgbylZ \tjom h[_dl ih^]hl\yg \ _^gh b
ktsh ktklhygb_ \ h[sby kemqZc s_ k_ baf_gyl ijb jZaebqgbl_
baf_j\Zgby\_dlhjtlgZktklhygb_lhljy[\Z^Z^Z\Zb^Z\ZklZlbklbq_kdZ
bgnhjfZpby nmgdpby gZ jZaij_^_e_gb_lh gZ j_amelZlbl_ hl ZgkZf[te
_^gb beb ^jm]b baf_j\Zgby Ijb baf_j\Zg_lh dho_j_glgZlZ kmi_jihabpby
k_ jZajmrZ\Z b k_ j_^mpbjZ ^h gh\h ktklhygb_ dh_lh k_ hij_^_ey qj_a
lbiZbaf_j\Zg_Kmi_jihabpbhggbl_ktklhygbyljy[\Z^Zk_jZaebqZ\Zlhl
kf_klZhlktklhygbydhylhk_hibk\Zqj_afZljbpZlZgZietlghkllZbdhylh
ihkts_kl\hk_y\y\ZdeZkbq_kdhktklhygb_ltcdZlh\kh[kl\_ghkf_k_gh
ktklhygb_ kbkl_fZ fh`_ ^Z k_ gZfbjZ Zel_jgZlb\gh beb \ _^gh beb \
^jm]h ktklhygb_ ^hdZlh \ kmi_jihabpbhgghlh ktklhygb_ kbkl_fZlZ k_
gZfbjZ_^gh\j_f_ggh\^\_l_ktklhygbyfZdZjlh\Zdho_j_glghktklhygb_
^Z g_ _ ijydh gZ[ex^Z_fh ihg_`_ \k_db ijhp_k gZ baf_j\Zg_ \h^b ^h
g_]h\hlhj_^mpbjZg_\_^ghdhgdj_lghktklhygb_LZabijbgpbigZjZaebdZ gZ
kmi_jihabpbhgghlh
ktklhygb_
k_
ijhy\y\Z
\
^hitegbl_egb
bgl_jn_j_gqgb qe_gh\_ g_^bZ]hgZegb \ fZljbpZlZ gZ ietlghkllZ <
qZklghkl hl lh\Z ke_^\Z q_ ihemqZ\Zg_lh gZ g_gme_\ j_amelZl ijb
baf_j\Zg_lh gZ nbabq_kdZ \_ebqbgZ hi_jZlhjtl gZ dhclh bfZ g_gme_\b
kZfhg_^bZ]hgZegbl_fZljbqgb_e_f_glb gZijbf_j^bihegbyl_e_f_glgZ
ZlhfZ _ \tafh`gh kZfh \ lhab kemqZc dh]Zlh kbkl_fZlZ k_ gZfbjZ _^gh\j_f_ggh\gydhedhktklhygby
AZ ^Z h[tjg_ \gbfZgb_ \tjom g_h[bdgh\_gby oZjZdl_j gZ
kmi_jihabpbhggbl_ ktklhygby Rjvh^bg]_j ijb\_`^Z ijbf_j dhclh
h[tjd\Z h[bdgh\_ghlh gb \taijb_fZg_ gZ k\_lZ Lh\Z _ ijhqmlZlZ fm
Ze_]hjbyaZ`b\ZlZ-b-ftjl\ZdhldZ>Zij_^iheh`bfq_\klhfZg_gkZg^td
k_ gZfbjZ neZdhg k hljh\Z dhclh fh`_ ^Z k_ kqmib ihkj_^kl\hf
f_oZgbatf dhclh k_ imkdZ ijb jZaiZ^Zg_lh gZ _^bg jZ^bhZdlb\_g Zlhf GZfbjZsZlZ k_ \ kZg^tdZ itj\hgZqZegh `b\Z dhldZ \ j_amelZl gZ
jZaiZ^Zg_lh gZ _^bg Zlhf fh`_ ^Z k_ hdZ`_ ftjl\Z H[Zq_ shf
ktklhygb_lh gZ jZ^bhdlb\gby Zlhf _ d\Zglh\Z kmi_jihabpby gZ ktklhygb_
jZaiZ^gZe k_ b ktklhygb_lh g_jZaiZ^gZe k_ lh b ktklhygb_lh gZ
dhldZlZ _ kmi_jihabpby gZ ktklhygb_lh `b\h b ktklhygb_lh ftjl\h
>hdhedhlh \ fbdjhkdhibqgbl_ kbkl_fb lZdb\Z dZlh Zlhfb b fhe_dmeb
kmi_jihabpbylZgZktklhygbylZ_h[bdgh\_ghy\e_gb_Z\fZdjhkbkl_fbl_
g_ k_ gZ[ex^Z\Z lh ljy[\Z ^Z bfZ ijbqbgZ aZ jZajmrZ\Zg_lh gZ l_ab
ktklhygby AZ_^gh ktk kmi_jihabpbhggbl_ ktklhygby Rjvh^bg]_j
jZa]e_`^ZblgZjk^\h_gbktklhygbydhblhkZg_h[oh^bfbaZhibkZgb_lh
gZktklhygbylZgZkt\dmigZlZkbkl_fZh[jZam\ZgZhlgydhedhqZklbbijb
lh\Z \tafh`gh _ ^Z kZ ijhkljZgkl\_gh jZa^_e_gb DZlh ijbf_j aZ lZdb\Z
ktklhygby fh`_ ^Z ihkem`b ktklhygb_lh gZ ihe_lh b baetqbeby ]h Zlhf K^\h_gbl_ ktklhygby k_ ij_^klZ\yl k ijbf_jZ gZ Zlhf k ^\_ jZ\gbsZ b
ihe_ G_dZ ij_^iheh`bf q_ Zlhftl ij_eblZ ij_a h[eZkl gZ
\aZbfh^_ckl\b_kihe_lhKe_^djZldh\j_f_gZ\aZbfh^_ckl\b_Zlhftlb
ihe_lh k_ hdZa\Zl ijhkljZgkl\_gh jZa^_e_gb H[Zq_ ktklhygb_lh gZ
h[sZlZ kbkl_fZ k_ hdZa\Z \aZbfhaZ\bkbfh k^\h_gh ihg_`_ ktklhygb_lh \dh_lhk_gZfbjZihe_lhkbeghaZ\bkbhlktklhygb_lhgZZlhfZIjblh\Z
\j_f_lhgZ`b\hlgZlZdh\Zk^\h_ghktklhygb_fh`_^Z[t^_fgh]hih\_q_
hl \j_f_lh gZ \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ Dbebg Ktsh lZdZ fh]Zl ^Z k_
ij_^klZ\yl k^\h_gbl_ ktklhygby b ihkj_^kl\hf nhlhggb kghih\_ k
ijhlb\hiheh`gZiheyjbaZpby<h[sbykemqZc\k_dbnhlhghl_^bgbykghi
_ k\tjaZg k nhlhg hl ^jm]by ^hdhedhlh h[shlh ktklhygb_ g_ k_ bajZay\Z qj_a ijhba\_^_gb_ gZ \tegh\bl_ nmgdpbb gZ ^\ZlZ nhlhgZ Ijb lh\Z
\jtadZlZ _ fgh]h ih-kbegZ hldhedhlh _ \tafh`gh ijb deZkbq_kdZ
dhj_eZpby Ih-gZlZltd lhab ijbf_j k_ h[kt`^Z ih^jh[gh \ ]eZ\ZlZ
G_jZ\_gkl\ZlZ gZ ;_e b \t\ \jtadZ k _dki_jbf_glbl_ ihl\tj`^Z\Zsb
gZjmrZ\Zg_lhgZg_jZ\_gkl\ZlZgZ;_eIjbiheyjbaZpbhggbktklhygbygZ
;_e aZ nhlhgb k^\h_gb ktklhygby bfZ q_lbjb hkgh\gb ktklhygby
hl l_ab k^\h_gb ktklhygby ijbl_`Z\Z aZ[_e_`bl_egh k\hckl\h \_^gZ]Z
shf qj_a gydZd\h baf_j\Zg_ gZ _^bg hl nhlhgbl_ k_ ijh_pbjZ g_]h\Z
hij_^_e_gZ iheyjbaZpby iheyjbaZpbylZ gZ nhlhgZ hl ^jm]by kghi k_
hdZa\Z ktsh hij_^_e_gZ DZd baf_j\Zg_lh hkts_kl\y\Zgh \tjom _^gZ
qZklbpZfh`_fb]gh\_gh^Z\eby_gZktklhygb_lhgZ^jm]Zdhylhfh`_^Z
_ hl^Ze_q_gZ gZ ijhba\hegh ktklhygb_" Hk\_g lh\Z k^\h_gbl_ ktklhygby
^_fhgkljbjZl hs_ _^gh iZjZ^hdkZegh gZ ijt\ ih]e_^ k\hckl\h hl[_eyaZgh hl Rjvh^bg]_j Iteghlh agZgb_ aZ kbkl_fZlZ g_ ij_^iheZ]Z
ktsh lZdh\Z itegh agZgb_ aZ ktklhygb_lh gZ g_cgbl_ qZklb NZdltl gZ
jZajmrZ\Zg_lh gZ d\Zglh\h ktklhygb_ \ j_amelZl gZ \ta^_ckl\bylZ hkts_kl\y\Zgb hl baf_j\ZsZlZ ZiZjZlmjZ iha\hey\Z ^Z k_ ]h\hjb aZ
d\Zglh\hlhktklhygb_dZlhaZl\tj^_^_ebdZlghbaieta\Zshk_hlhiblbl_
^Z k_ ihemqb bgnhjfZpby aZ h[_dlZ Ba\_klghlh kthlghr_gb_ aZ
g_hij_^_e_ghkl _ _^gZ hl ijhy\bl_ gZ lZdZ\Z eZ[beghkl >jm]Z yjdZ
ijhy\Z _ l_hj_fZlZ aZ g_\tafh`ghkllZ ^Z k_ dehgbjZ hl^_e_g d\Zglh\
h[_dl Ih^ dehgbjZg_ k_ jZa[bjZ kta^Z\Zg_ gZ lhqgh dhib_ gZ baoh^gby
fbdjhh[_dl ijb aZiZa\Zg_lh fm \ ktshlh ktklhygb_ \ dh_lh lhc _ [be ij_^bhi_jZpbylZgZdehgbjZg_bdh_lhktklhygb__g_ba\_klgh
< aZdexq_gb_ fh`_ ^Z k_ baltdg_ q_ aZfbke_g dZlh
^hdZaZl_ekl\h aZ g_iteghlZlZ gZ d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ fbke_gbyl
_dki_jbf_gl gZ :cgsZcg Ih^hekdb b Jha_g k_ hdZaZ j_rZ\Zs klbfme aZ g_cghlhjZa\blb_
PBLBJ:G:B>HITEGBL?EG:EBL?J:LMJ::
;Zj]Zlbg B ; =jbrZgbg < AZ^dh\ AZimlZggu_ d\Zglh\u_ khklhygby Zlhfguokbkl_f. -Mki_obnbabq_kdbogZmdLhf 1-646. >bch^hg_@M\h^\kt\j_f_ggbyZgZebaK
>hgp_\ < Kbklheu gZ ]jmiZo =_ca_g[_j]Z k f_ljbdZfb DZjghDZjZl_h^hjb-FZl_fZlbq_kdbck[jhgbdLhf 1k-54.
>j_fbg B H B\Zgh\ < G_qblZceh <_c\e_lu b bo bkihevah\Zgb_ Mki_obnbabq_kdbogZmdLhf 1-501.
DZefudh\ KXRhdbgbAXe^Zr_\F_lh^ubgl_j\Zevgh]hZgZebaZ
Gh\hkb[bjkd
Dbebg K D\Zglh\Zy bgnhjfZpby – Mki_nb nbabq_kdbo gZmd Lhf (1999), N 5, 507-527.
Ebidbg : Kms_kl\m_l eb y\e_gb_ j_^mdpbb \hegh\hc nmgdpbb ijb baf_j_gbb \ d\Zglh\hc f_oZgbd_" - Mki_ob nbabq_kdbo gZmd Lhf 1k-441.
F_gkdbcFD\Zglh\Zyf_oZgbdZ gh\u_wdki_jbf_glugh\u_ijbeh`_gby
b gh\u_ nhjfmebjh\db klZjuo \hijhkh\ - Mki_ob nbabq_kdbo gZmd Lhf 1k-647.
F_gkdbc F D\Zglh\h_ baf_j_gb_ ^_dh]_j_gpby b khagZgb_ - Mki_ob nbabq_kdbogZmdLhf 1k -462.
GZofZgkhg J Nbabq_kdZy bgl_jij_lZpby d\Zglh\hc f_oZgbdb - Mki_ob nbabq_kdbogZmdLhf 1k-444.
G_\_@FZl_fZlbq_kdb_hkgh\ul_hjbb\_jhylghkl_cFhkd\Z
IZgh\ : H ijh[e_f_ \u[hjZ Zevl_jgZlb\u \ d\Zglh\hc baf_j_gbb - -
Mki_obnbabq_kdbogZmdLhf 1k-451.
IbeZg : >_ckl\bl_eghklv b ]eZ\guc \hijhk h d\Zglh\hc bgnhjfZpbb Mki_obnbabq_kdbogZmdLhf 1k-447.
N_cgfZg J D\Zglh\hf_oZgbq_kdby W
P_ofbkljhBBfiebdZlb\gh-eh]bq_kdZyijbjh^Zd\Zglh\uodhjj_eypbbMki_obnbabq_kdbogZmdLhf 1k-458. Q`wgvRwg-rwgvDhfie_dkgu_fgh]hh[jZabyF
Aharonov, Y. and L. Vaidman. Nonlocal aspects of a quantum wave. Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 5, 052108-1-11. Albert, D. Quantum Mechanics and Experience. Cambridge, MA, 1996.
Antoniou, I., E. Karpov, G. Orinko, and E. Yarevski. Quantum Zeno anti-Zeno effects in the Friedrichs model. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 6, 062110-1-10. Aspect, A., P. Grangier, and G. Roger. Experimental tests of realistic local theories via Bell's theorem. - Physical Review Letters. Vol. 47 (1981) N 7, 460– 463. Aspect, A., P. Grangier, and G. Roger. Experimental Realization of Einstein– Podolsky–Rosen–Bohm Gedanken experiment: A New Violation of Bell's Inequalities. - Physical Review Letters. Vol. 49, N 2 (1982), 91–94. Ballentine, L. and S. McRae. Moment equations for probability distributions in classical and quantum mechanics. - Physical Review A. Vol. 58 (1998), N 3, 1799(11). Barnum, H., M. Nielsen, and B. Scumacher. Information transmission through a noisy quantum channel. – Physiscal Review A. Vol. 57, N 6 (1998), 4153(23). Bartlett, S. and D. Rice, B. Sanders, J. Dabool, H. de Guise. Unitari transformations for testing Bell inequalites. – Physiscal Review A. Vol. 63, N 4 (2001), 042310(10). Baute, A., I. Egusquiza, J. Muga and R. Mayato. Time-of-arrival distributions from positron-momentum and energy-time joint measurements. -
Physical
Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 5, 052111-1-11. Beige, A. and G. Hegerfeldt. Projection postulate and atomic quantum Zeno effect. – Physical Review A. Vol. 53 (1996), N 1, 53(13). Bell, J. On the Problem of Hidden Variables in quantum Mechanics. – Review of Modern Physics. Vol. 38 (1966), N 3, 447–452. Benioff, P. Representation of natural numbers in quantum mechanics. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 3, 032305-1-11. Benjamin, S. and P. Hayden. Multiplayer uantum games. – Physical Review A. Vol. 64 (2001), N 3, 030301-1-4.
Bennett, J., G. Brassard, C. Crepcau, R. Jozsa, A. Peres, W. Wootters. Teleporting an Unknoun State via Dual Classical and Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen Channels. - Physical Review Letters. Vol. 70 (1993), N 2, 1895–1899. Bennett, C., D. DiVincenzo, C. Fuchs, T. Mor, E. Rains, P. Shor, J. Smolin, and W. Wootters. Quantum nonlocality without entanglement.
- Physical
Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 2, 1070(22). Bennett, C., D. Divincenzo, J. Smolin, and W. Wootters. Mixed–state entanglement and quantum error correction. – Physical Review A. Vol. 54 (1996), N 2, 3824(28). Bertlmann, R. and B. Hiesmayr. Bell inequalities for entangled kaons and their unitary time evolution. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 6, 062112(11). Biham, E., O. Biham, D. Biron, M. Grassl, and D. Lidar. Grover's quantum search algorithm for an arbitrary initial amplitude distribution. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 4, 2742(4). Biham, E., O. Biham, D. Biron, M. Grassl, D. Lidar, and D. Shapira. Analysis of generalized Grover quantum search algorithms using recursion equations. Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2000), N 1, 012310(8). Blatter, G. Schrpdinger's cat is now fat. – Nature. Vol. 406 (2000), 25–26. Bohm, A. Time-asymmetric quantum physics.
- Physical Review A. Vol. 60
(1999), N 2, 861(16). Bowen, G. Classical information capacity of superdense coding.
- Physical
Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 2, 022302(4). Brun, T. Continuous measurements, quantum trajectories and decoherent histories. - Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 4, 042107-1-17. Bruβ β, D., J. Calsamiglia and N. Lvtkenhaus. Quantum cloning and distributed measurements. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 4, 042308-1-9. Buzek, V. and M. Hillery. Quantum copying: Beyond the no–cloning theorem. – Physical Review A. Vol. 54 (1996), N 3, 1844(9). Bub, J. Secure key distribution via pre- and postselected quantum states. Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 3, 032309-1-3.
Caban, P. and J. Rembielinski. Lorentz-covariant quantum mechanics and preferred frame. - Physical Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 6, 4187(10). Cabello, A. "All versus nothing" Inseparability for two Observers. Physiscal Review Letters. Vol. 87 (2001), N 1, 010403(4). Cabello, A. Nonlocality without inequalites has not been proved for maximally entangled states. - Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2001), N 2, 022119-1-6. Cabello, A. Quantum correlations are not local elements of reality. - Physical Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 1, 113(3). Cerf, N. and C. Adami. Entropic Bell inequalities. - Physical Review A. Vol. 55 (1997), N 5, 3371(4). Cerf, N. and C. Adami. Quantum extension of conditional probability. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 2, 893(5). Cerf, N. and R. Cleve. Information–theoretic interpretation of quantum errorcorrecting codes. - Physical Review A. Vol. 56 (1997), N 3, 1721(12). Cerf, N., C. Adami, and R. Gingrich. Reduction criterion for separability. Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 2, 898(12). Chefles, A., C. Gilson and S. Barnett. Entanglement, information and multiparticle quantum operations. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 3, 032314-1-15. Clauser, J., Horne, M. Experimental consequences of objectiv local theories. – Physiscal Review D. Vol. 10 (1974), N 2, 526–534. Clauser, J., M. Horne, A. Shimony, R. Holt. Proposed experiment to test local hidden–variable theories. – Physical Review Letters. Vol. 23 (1969), N 15, 880– 884. Cleve,
R.
and
H.
Buhram.
Substituting
quantum
entanglement
for
communication. - Physical Review A. Vol. 56 (1997), N 2, 1201(4). Clifton, R., H. Halvorson, A. Kent. Nonlocal correlations are generic in infinitedimensional bipartite systems. 042101-1-7.
- Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 4,
Cochanski, P. and K. Wodkiewicz. Operational time of arrival in quantum phase space. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 4, 2689(11). Cohen, O. and B. Hiley. Reexamining the assumption that elements of reality can be Lorentz invariant. – Physical Review A. Vol. 52 (1995), N 4, 76(6). Curado, E., M. Rego-Montiero, and H. Nazareno. Heisenberg-type structures of one-dimensional quantum Hamiltonians. - Physical Review A. Vol. 64 (2001), N 1, 012105-1-5. Delgado, V. Quantum probability distribution of arrival times and probability current density. - Physical Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 2, 1010(11). Diosi, L., N. Gisin, and W. Strunz. Quantum approach to coupling classical and quantum dynamics. - Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 2, 022108-1-4. Doherty, A., K. Jakobs, and G. Jungman. Information, diturbance, and Hamiltonian quantum feedback control. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 6, 062306-1-13. Dragan, A., K. Banaszek. Homodyne Bell's inequalites for entangled mesoscopic superpositions. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 6, 062306-113. Dvr, W. and J. Cirac. Nonlocal operations: Purification, storage, compression, tomography, and probabilistic implementation. - Physical Review A. Vol. 64 (2001), N 1, 012317-1-14. Dusek, M., O. Haderka, M. Hendrich, and R. Myska. Quantum identification system. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 1, 149(8). Elitzur, A., S. Dolev. Nonlocal effects of partial measurements and quantum erasure. - - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 6, 062109(14). Emerson,
J.
and
L.
Ballentine.
Characteristics
of
quantum-classical
correspondence for two intwracting spins. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 5, 052103-1-16. (QJOPDQ5DQG:
van Enk, S., H. Kimble, J. Cirac, and P. Zoller. Quantum communication with dark photons. - Physical Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 4, 2659(6). Facchi, P., A. Mariano, and S. Pascazio. Decoherence versus enthropy in neutron interforemetry. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 5, 052108-1-9. Feinman, R. Simulating Physiscs with Computers. – International Journal of theoretical Physics. Vol. 21, (1982), N 6–7, 467–488. Feng Mang, Zhu Xi–Wen, Gao Ke–Lin, Shi Lei. Quantum Computation by Pairing Trapped Ultracold Ions. - Chinese Physiscal Letters. Vol. 18, N 6 (2001), 718–720. Fischer, M.C., B.Gutierrez–Medina, and M.G.Raizen. Observation of the Quantum Zeno and Anti–Zeno Effects in an Unstable System. - Physical Review Letters. Vol. 87 (2001), N 4, 040402(4). Foadi, R. and F. Selleri. Quantum mechanics versus local realism for neutral kaon pairs. - Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 1, 012106-1-6. Ford, G. and R. O'Connell. Exact result for the force autocorelation in the rotating-wave approximation. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 6, 0621021-6. Ford, G., J. Lewis and R. O'Connell. Quantum measurement and decoherence. – Physical Review A. Vol. 64 (2001), 032101(4). Franke-Arnold, S., E. Anderson, S. Barnett, and S. Stenholm. Generalized measurements of atomic qubits. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 5, 052301-1-8. Freedman, J., J. Clauser. Experimental tests of local hidden variable theories. – Physical Review Letters. Vol. 28 (1972), 938-941. Fuchs, C. and K. Jacobs. Information-tradeoff relations for finite-strength quantum measurements. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 6, 062305-1-15. Gea-Banaciole, J. Qubit-qubit interaction in quantum computers. II. Adder algorithm with diagonal and off-diagonal interactions. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 1, 185(9).
Garcia-Calderon, G., A. Rubio, J. Villavicencio. Low-energy relativistic effects and nonlocality in time-dependent tunneling.
- Physical Review A. Vol. 59
(1999), N 3, 1785(4). Garuccio, A. Hardy's approach, Eberhard's inequality, and supplementary assumptions. - Physical Review A. Vol. 52 (1995), N 4, 2535(3). Genovese, M. Proposal of an experimental scheme for realizing a translucent eavesdropping on a quantum cryptographic channel. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 4, 044303(4). Giraldi, F. and P. Grigolini. Quantum entanglement and entropy. – Physiscal Review A. Vol. 64 (2001) N 3, 032310(10). Gisin, N., V. Scarani, W. Tittel and H. Zbinden. Optical tests of quantum nonlovality: from EPR-Bell tests towards experiments with moving observers. Annalen der Physik. Vol. 512 (ser 8, vol. 9) (2000), N 11-12, pp. 831-841. Gottesman, D. and J. Preskill. Secure quantum key distribution using squeezed states. – Physical Review A. Vol 63 (2001), N 3, 022309(18). Greenberger, D., A. Horne, A. Shimony, A. Zeilinger. Bell's theorem without inequalities. – American Journal of Physiscs. Vol. 58 (1990), N 12, 1131–1143. Griffiths, R. Choice of consistent family, and quantum incompatibility. - Physical Review A. Vol. 57 (1998), N 3, 1604(15). Griffiths, R. Consistent histories and quantum reasoning. - Physical Review A. Vol. 54 (1996), N 4, 2759(16). Grishanin, B. and V. Zadkov. Coherent-information analysis of quantum channels in simple quantum systems. - Physical Review A. Vol. 62 (2000), N 3, 032303-1-12. Grunhaus, J., S. Popesku, and D. Rohrlich. Jamming nonlocal quantum correlations. - Physical Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 4, 2602(14). Hall, M. Universal geometric approach to uncertainty, entropy, and information. Physical Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 4, 2602(14). Hardy, L. Nonlocality for Two Particles without Inequalities for Almost All Entangled States. – Physiscal Review Letters. Vol. 71 (1993), N 11, 1665(4).
Hardy, L. Quantum Mechanics, Local Realistic Theories, and Lorentz–Invariant Realistic Rheories. – Physiscal Review Letters. Vol. 68 (1992), N 20, 2981– 2984. Hardy, L. and W. van Dam. Quantum communication using a nonlocal Zeno effect. - Physical Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 4, 2635(6). Hillery, M., B. Zurke & D. Stoler. Upper and lower bounds on maximal violation of local realism in a Hardy-type test using continuous variables. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 6, 062111(4). Horodecki, M., P. Horodecki, R. Horodecki. Mixed–state Entanglement and Distilation: Is there a "Bound" Entanglement in Nature? – Physical Review Letters. Vol. 80 (1998), N 24, 5239–5242. Horodecki, P. "Interaction-free" interaction: Entangling evolution coming from the possibility of detection. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 2, 022108-1-5. Horordecki, R. Informationally coherent quantum systems. – Physiss Letters A. Vol. 187 (1994) 145–150. Horodecki, R., M. Horodecki and P. Horodecki. Balance of information in bipartial quantum communication systems: Entanglement-energy analogy. Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 2, 022310-1-8. Horodecki, R., M. Horodecki. Information–theoretic aspects of inseparability of mixed states. - Physical Review A. Vol. 54 (1996), N 3, 1838(6). Horodecki, R., P. Horodecki. Quantum redundancies and local realism. – Physics Letters A. Vol. 194 (1994), 147–152. Horodecki, R., P. Horodecki, M. Horodecki. Quantum a–entropy inequalities: independent condition for local realism. – Physics Letters A. Vol. 210 (1996), 377–381. Isham, C. J, N. Linden. Information entropy and the space of decoherence functions in generalized quantum theory. - Physical Review A. Vol. 55 (1997), N 6, 4030(11) Je-Young Choi, Seok-In Hong. Supersymmetric quantum mechanics with nonlocal potentials. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 2, 796(4).
Jindong Zhou and Guang Hou, Yongde Zhang. Telepotation scheme of Slevel quantum pure states by two-level Einstein-Pododlski-Rosen states. Physical Review A, Vol. 64, 012301-1-4. Johnson, N. Playing a quantum game with a corrupted source. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 2, 020302(4). Jordan, T. Quantum correlation violate Einstein-Podolski-Rosen assumptions. Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 4, 2726(3). Kaszlikowski, D. and M. Zukowski. Bell theorem involving all possible local measurements. - Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 2, 022114-1-6. Kaulakys, B. and V. Gontis. Quantum anty–Zeno effect. - Physical Review A. Vol. 56 (1997), N 2, 1131(7). Kawabata, Shiro. Test of Bell's Inequality using the Spin Filter Effect in Ferromagnetic Semicoductor Microstructures. - Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. Vol. 70, N 5, 1210-1213. Kempe, J., D. Bacon, D. Lidar, and K. Whaley. Theory of decoherence–free fault–tolerant universal quantum computation. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 4, 042307-1-29. Kempe, J., C. Simon, and G. Weihs. Optimal photon cloning.
- Physical
Review A. Vol. 62 (2000), N 3, 032302-1-8. Ken-Ichi Aoki, Atsushi Horikoshi, and Etsuko Nakamura. Time of arrival through interacting environments: Tunneling processes. - Physical Review A. Vol. 62 (2000), N 2, 022101-1-9. Kent, A. Noncontextual Hidden Variables and Physical Measurements. Physiscal Review Letters. Vol. 83, N 19 (1999), 3755(3). Kent, A. Remarks on Consitent Histories and Bohmian Mechanics. – In: Bohmian Mechanics and Quantum Theory: an appraisal. Boston Studies in the Phylososphy of Science. Vol. 184. Dordrecht, Boston, London, 1996. Kim, M. and Jinhyoung Lee. Test of quantum nonlocality for cavity fields. Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 4, 042102-1-5.
Kitano, M. Quantum Zeno effect and adiabatic change. - Physical Review A. Vol. 56 (1997), N 4, 1138(4). Klyshko, D. The Bell and GHZ theorems: a possible three–photon interference experiment and the queszion of nonlocality. - Physics Letters A. Vol. 172 (1993), 399-403. Kochen, S. & E. Specker. The problem of hidden variables in quantum mechanics. - Physical Review A. Vol. 17 (1967), N 1, 59-87. Kofman, A., G. Kurizki and T. Opatrny. Zeno and anti-Zeno for photon polarization dephasing. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 4, 042108-1-11. Kono, N. Decoherence and dephasing in a quantum measuerement process. – Physical Review A. Vol. 54 (1996), N 2, 1064(23). Krenn, G., A. Zeilinger. Enatangled entanglement. – Physical Review A. Vol. 54 (1996), N 3, 1793(5). Landauer, R. The physiscal nature of information. – Physics Letters A. Vol. 217 (1996), 188-193. Lewenstein, M., B. Kraus, P. Horodecki, and J.Cirac. Characterization of separable states and entanglement witnesses. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2000), N 4, 022105-1-4. Levenstein, M. and K. Rzazewski. Quantum anti-Zeno effect. - Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 2, 022105-1-5. Linden, N and S. Popescu. Bound entanglement and teleportation. - Physical Review A. Vol. 59 (2001), N 1, 137(4). Lloyd, S. Quantum–mechanical Maxwell's demon. – Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 5, 3374(9). van Loock, P., S. Braunstein. Greenberg-Horne-Zeilinger nonlocality in phase space. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 2, 022310-1-6. Luis, A. Complementary and certainty relations for two dimensional systems. Physical Review A. Vol. 64 (2001), N 1, 012103-1-6. Luis, A. Quantum-state preparation and control via Zeno effect. Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 5, 052112-1-6.
- Physical
Mancini, S and R. Bonifacio. Nondissipative decoherence bounds on quantum computation. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 3, 0323106. Massar, S., D. Bacon, N. Cerf, and R. Cleve. Classsical simulation of quantum entanglement without local hidden variables. -
Physical Review A. Vol. 63
(2001), N 5, 052305-1-8. McElwaine, J. Appoximate and exact consistency of histories. – Physical Review A. Vol. 53 (1996), N 4, 2021(12). McElwain, J. Maximum information and quantum prediction algorithms.
-
Physical Review A. Vol. 56 (1997), N 3, 1756(11). Milburn, G. and S. Braunstein. Quantum teleportation with squeezed vacuum states. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 2, 937(6). Misra, B. and E. Sudarshan. The Zeno's paradox in quantum theory. – Journal of Mathematical Physics. Vol. 18 (1977), N 4, 756–763. Mor, T. Sufficient conditions for a disentanglement. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 6, 4341(3). Munro, W. Optimal states for Bell-LQHTXDOXW\ YLRODWLRQV XVLQJ TXDGUDWXU_-phase homodyne measurements. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 6, 4197(5). Nelson, R., D. Cory, and S. Lloyd. Experimental demonstration of GreenbergHorne-Zeilinger correlations using nuclear magnetic resonance. - Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 2, 022106-1-5. Olavo, L. Foundations of quantum mechanics: Connection with stochastic processes. - Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 5, 052109-1-14. 2PQbV5. general theory of the decoherence effect in quantum mechanics. Physical Review A. Vol. 56 (1997), N 5, 3383(12). Oppenheim, J., B. Reznik, and W. Unruh. Time-of-arrival states. - Physical Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 3, 1804(5). Orlowski, A. Informatiom entropy and squeezing of quantum fluctuations. Physical Review A. Vol. 56 (1997), N 4, 2545(4).
-
Parkins, A. and H. Kimble. Position-momentum Einstein-Podolski-Rosen state of distantly separated trapped atoms. - Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 5, 052104-1-5. Pauli, W. General Principles of Quantum Mechanics. Springer–Verlag, 1980. Pauli, W. Writings on Philosophy and Physics. Berlin, 1995. Peres, A. Collective tests for quantum nonlocality. – Physical Review A. Vol. 54 (1996), N 4, 2685(5). Petrovski, T., G. Ordonez, and I. Prigogine. Quantum transitions and nonlocality. - Physical Review A. Vol. 62 (2000), N 4, 042106-1-15. Ping-Xing Chen and Lin-Mei Liang, Cheng-Zu Li, Ming-Qui Huang. Necessary and sufficient condition of separability of any system. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 5, 052306(5). Polzik, E. Einstein-Pododlski-Rosen corelated atomic enesembles. - Physical Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 6, 4202(4). Ponomarenko, S. and E. Wolf. Correlations in open quantum systems and associated uncertainty relations. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 6, 062106(5). Popesku, S. Bell's Inequalities and Density Matrices: Revealing "Hidden" Nonlocality. – Physiscal Review Letters. Vol. 74 (1995), N 14, 2619(4). Popesku, S. Thermodynsmics and the measure of entanglement. – Physiscal Review A. Vol. 56 (1997), N 5, 3319(3). Power, E. and T. Thirunamachandran. Analysis of the causal behavior in energy transfer between atoms. – Physical Review A. Vol. 56 (1997), N 5, 3395(14). Rains, E. Bound on distillable entanglement.
- Physical Review A. Vol. 60
(1999), N 1, 179(6) Rains, E. Rigorous treatment of distillable entanglement. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 1, 173(6). Rajagopal, A. Quantum entanglement and maximum-enthropy states from the Jaynes principle. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 6, 4338(3).
Rajagopal, A. and R. Rendell. Decoherence, correlation, and entanglement in a pair of coupled quantum dissioative oscilators. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 2, 022116-1-11. Reid, M. Violations of Bell inequalities for measurements with macroscopic uncertainties: What it means to violate macroscopic realism. - Physical Review A. Vol. 62 (2000), N 2, 022110-1-10. Reynaud, S., P.A. Maia Neto, A. Lambrecht and M.-T. Jaekel. Gravitational decoherence of planetary motions. - Europhysics Letters. Vol. 54 (2001), N 2, 135-140. Reznik, B. and Y. Aharonov. Time–symmetric formulation of quantum mechanics. - Physical Review A. Vol. 52 (1995), N 4, 2538(13). Rudolf, O. Temporal quantum theory. - Physical Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 2, 1045(11). Ruseckas, J. and B. Kaulakys. Real measurements and the quantum Zeno effect. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 6, 062103(9). Schleich, W. Engineering decoherence. – Nature, Vol. 403 (2000), 256–257. Schlienz, J. and C. Mahler. Description of entanglement. - Physical Review A. Vol. 52 (1995), N 6, 4396(9). Schmidt, P., P. Kwiat, and B.-G. Englert. Quantative wave-oarticle duality and nonerasing quantum erasure. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 6, 4285(6). Schumacher, B. Sending entanglement through noisy quantum channels. – Physical Review A. Vol. 54 (1999), N 4, 2614(15). Schumacher, B. and M. Nielsen. Quantum data processing and error correction. – Physiscal Review A. Quantum data processing and error correction. – Physical Review A. Vol. 54 (1996), N 4, 2629(7). Shengjun Wu and Yongde Zhang. Multipartite pure-state entanglement and the generalized Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 1, 012308-1-7.
Shih, Y. Quantum entanglement and quantum teleportation.
- Annalen der
Physik. Vol. 513 (ser 8, vol. 10) (2001), N 1-2, pp. 19-34. - Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 1, 012102-1-8. Simon, C, C. Brukner, and A. Zeilinger. Hidden Variable theorems for Real Experiments. Physical Review Letters. Vol. 86, N 20 (2001), 4427(4). Spreeuw, R. Classical wave-optics analogy of quantum-infomation processing. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 6, 062302(8). Strekalov, D., Yoon-Ho Kim, Yanhua Shih. Experimental study of a subsistem in an entangled two-photon state. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 4, 2685(4). Sumiyoshi Abe and A.Rajagopal. Quantum entanglement inferred by the principle of maximum nonaditive entropy. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 5, 2685(4). Sun, C. and H. Zhan, X. Liu. Decoherence and relevaht universality in quantum algorithms via a dinamic theory for quantum measurement. - Physical Review A. Vol. 58 (1988), N 3, 1810(12). Tan, S. Confirming entanglement in continuous variable quantum teleportation. Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 4, 2752(7). 7HXIHO 6 . %HUQGO DQG ' 'vUU 6 *ROGVWHLQ Locality and causality in hidden-variables models of quantum theory. –
Physical Review A. Vol. 56
(1997), N 2, 1217(11). Tittel, W., J. Brendel, N. Gisin and H. Zbinden. Long-distance Bell-type tests using energy-time entangled phozons. - Physical Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 6, 4150(14). Toller, M. Localization of events in space-time. - Physical Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 2, 960(11) Untuh, W. Nonlocality, counterfactuals, and quantum mechanics. - Physical Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 1, 126(5). Vaidman, L. and N. Yoran. Methods for reliable teleportation. - Physical Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 1, 116(10).
Venugopalan, A. Pointer states via decoherence in a quantum measurement. Vilas-Boas, C., N de Almeida, and M. Moussa. Teleportation of a zero- and one photon running-wave state by projection synthesis. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 4, 2759(5). Werner, R. and M. Wolf. Bell's inequalities for states with positive partial transpose. - Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 6, 062102-1-4. Wootters, W., W. Zurek. - Nature. Vol. 299 (1982), 802-803. Wu, J. Violation of Bell's inequalites and two-mode quantum-optical state measurement. - Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 2, 022111-1-5. Xiaoguang Wang. Entanglement in the quantum Heisenberg XY model. Physical Review A. Vol. 64 (2001), N 1, 012313-1-7. Yamada, N. Probabilities for histories in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. – Physical Review A. Vol. 54 (1996), N 1, 182(22). Yang Chui-Ping, Guo Guang-Can. Multiparticle Generalization of Teleportation. - Chinese Physics Letters. Vol. 17 (2000), N 3, 162-164. Yi, X., G. Jin, and D. Zhou. Creating Bell states and decoherence efects in a quantum-dot system. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 6, 062307-1-4. Yu Shi. Early Gedanken experiments of quantum mechanics revisited. - Annalen der Physik. Vol. 512 (ser 8, vol. 9) (2000), N 8, pp. 637-648. Zalka, C. Grover's quantum searching algorithm is optimal. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 4, 2746(6). Zhong-yang Wang, Xun-li Feng, Shang-qing, and Zhi-zhan Hu. Atomic-state teleportation by using a quantum switch. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 6, 062308-1-7. Zukowski,
M
and
Dagomir
Kaszlikowski.
Greenberg-Horne-Zeilinger
paradoxes with symmetric multiport beam splitters. - Physical Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 5, 3200(4). Zukowski,
M.
Violations
of
local
realism
in
multiphoton
experiments. - Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 2, 022109-1-5. Zurek, W. Schrpdinger's sheep. – Nature. Vol. 404 (2000), 130–131.
interference
Related Documents
Epr
October 2019 4
Epr
November 2019 8
E2 - Epr
May 2020 9
01-epr
May 2020 4
Buku Pedoman Dialog Epr
December 2019 21