English Test 1

B1 – B2. REVISION SHEET PRESENT PERFECT 1. Present perfect - form The present perfect of any verb is composed of two elements : the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb to have (present tense), plus the past participle of the main verb. The past participle of a regular verb is base+ed, e.g. played, arrived, looked. For irregular verbs, see the Table of irregular verbs in the section called 'Verbs'. Affirmative Subject

to have

past participle

She

has

visited

Subject

to have + not

past participle

She

hasn't

visited

to have

subject

past participle

Has

she

visited..?

to have + not

subject

past participle

Hasn't

she

visited...?

Negative

Interrogative

Interrogative negative

2. Present perfect, function The Present Perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the action is before now but not specified, and we are often more interested in the result than in the action itself. 

The present perfect is used to describe:

1. Actions started in the past and continuing in the present. a. They haven't lived here for years. b. She has worked in the bank for five years. c. We have had the same car for ten years. d. Have you played the piano since you were a child? 2. When the time period referred to has not finished. a. I have worked hard this week. b. It has rained a lot this year. c. We haven't seen her today. 3. Actions repeated in an unspecified period between the past and now. a. They have seen that film six times. b. It has happened several times already. c. She has visited them frequently. d. We have eaten at that restaurant many times. 4. Actions completed in the very recent past (+just). a. Have you just finished work? b. I have just eaten. c. We have just seen her. d. Has he just left?

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5. When the precise time of the action is not important or not known. a. Someone has eaten my soup! b. Have you seen 'Gone with the Wind'? c. She's studied Japanese, Russian and English. 

PRESENT PERFECT + ever, never, already, yet

The adverbs ever and never express the idea of an unidentified time before now e.g. Have you ever visited Berlin? a. 'Ever' is used a. in questions/ negative Q. e.g. Have you ever been to England? Haven't you ever eaten Chinese food? b. and in negative statements using the pattern nothing.......ever, nobody.......ever e.g.

Nobody has ever said that to me before. Nothing like this has ever happened to us. c. 'Ever' is also used with 'The first time.... e.g. It's the first time (that) I've ever eaten snails. This is the first time I've ever been to England.

b. 'Never' means at no time before now, and is the same as not ..... ever: I have never visited Berlin BE CAREFUL! You must not use never and not together:

I haven't never been to Italy. I have never been to Italy.

Position: 'Ever' and 'never' are always placed before the main verb (past participle). c. Already and yet: Already refers to an action that has happened at an unspecified time before now. It suggests that there is no need for repetition, e.g. a. I've already drunk three coffees this morning. (and you're offering me another one!) b. Don't write to John, I've already done it. It is also used in questions: a. Have you already written to John? b. Has she finished her homework already? Position: already can be placed before the main verb (past participle) or at the end of the sentence: a. I have already been to Tokyo. b. I have been to Tokyo already. yet is used in negative statements and questions, to mean (not) in the period of time between before now and now, (not) up to and including the present. e.g. a. Have you met Judy yet? b. I haven't visited the Tate Gallery yet. Position: Yet is usually placed at the end of the sentence.  Exercises 1. When ________________ the school? a) have you joined b) did you joined c) did you join d) have you ever joined 2. ___________________ in England?

a) Did you ever worked b) Have you ever worked c) Worked you d) Didn't you have worked 3. That's the best speech ______________ a) I never heard b) I didn't hear

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c) I used to hear d) I've ever heard 4. He's the most difficult housemate _____________________ a) I never dealt with. b) I never had to deal with. c) I've ever had to deal with. d) I've never had to deal with. 5. ___________________ to him last week. a) I spoke b) I've already spoken c) I didn't spoke d) I speaked 6. ______________ a contract last year and it is still valid. a) We have signed b) We signed c) We haven't signed d) We have sign 7. _______________ from a business trip to France. a) I come back

b) I came back c) I never came back d) I've just come back 8. Prices ________ in 1995 but then _____ in 1996. a) rised falled b) rose fell c) have risen have fallen d) rose have fallen 9. You ____________ to a word ____________ a) listened I haven't said b) didn't listen I say c) listened saying d) haven't listened I've said 10. I can't believe that ________________ the news. a) you haven't read b) you didn't read c) you don't read d) you read not

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS 1. Present perfect continuous, form The present perfect continuous is made up of two elements: (a) the present perfect of the verb 'to be' (have/has been), and (b) the present participle of the main verb (base+ing). Subject

has/have been

V+ing

She

has been

swimming

Affirmative She has been / She's been

running

Negative She hasn't been

running

Interrogative Has she been

running?

Interrogative negative Hasn't she been

running?

2. Present perfect continuous, function The present perfect continuous refers to an unspecified time between 'before now' and 'now'. The speaker is thinking about something that started but perhaps did not finish in that period of time. He/she is interested in the process as well as the result, and this process may still be going on, or may have just finished. Examples: 1. Actions that started in the past and continue in the present. a. She has been waiting for you all day (=and she's still waiting now). b. I've been working on this report since eight o'clock this morning (=and I still haven't finished it).

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2. Actions that have just finished, but we are interested in the results/ there is evidence of the actions: a. She has been cooking since last night (=and the food on the table looks delicious). b. It's been raining (= and the streets are still wet). 3. Verbs without continuous forms With verbs not normally used in the continuous form, use the present perfect simple. See list of these verbs under 'Present Continuous':

    

I've wanted to visit China for years. She's known Robert since she was a child. I've hated that music since I first heard it. I've heard a lot about you recently. We've understood everything we've heard this morning.

 Exercises 1. I'm very hungry. I______________________ all day. a) didn't eat b) haven't ate c) haven’t eaten d) have been eating 2. Their new kitchen looks fantastic. They ________ completely ________ it. a) have been/ redecorating b) have/ redecorated c) already/ redecorated d) didn't / redecorated 3. Our kitchen’s a mess. We____________________ any cleaning for weeks. a) didn't do b) haven't been doing c) have done d) haven't done 4. I think they are dating. They______________ a lot of each other recently. a) had seen b) haven't been seeing c) have been seeing d) have seen 5. We've discovered this great café and we__________________ there a lot. a) have been going b) have gone c) are going

d) have went 6. How's your Mum? I ______________________ her for ages. a) had seen b) haven't seen c) haven't been seeing d) didn't see 7. You're covered in paint! What __________ you __________? a) have done b) were doing c) did do d) have been doing 8. She’s gone to the doctor's. She ______________________ too well lately. a) hasn't felt b) hasn't been feeling c) has felt d) doesn't feel 9. Where have you been? I______________________ for ages. a) have waited b) waited c) was waiting d) have been waiting 10. I have to write an essay. I___________________ about half of it so far. a) have written b) have been writing c) wrote d) have to write

IF AND THE CONDITIONAL 1.

The 'zero' conditional, where the tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present:

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'IF' CLAUSE

MAIN CLAUSE

If + simple present If you heat ice If it rains

simple present it melts. you get wet

In these sentences, the time is now or always and the situation is real and possible. They are often used to refer to general truths. 2. The Type 1 conditional, where the tense in the 'if clause is the simple present, and the tense in the main clause is the simple future 'IF' CLAUSE

MAIN CLAUSE

If + simple present If it rains If you don't hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train.

In these sentences, the time is the present or future and the situation is real. They refer to a possible condition and its probable result. 3. The Type 2 conditional, where the tense in the 'if' clause is the simple past, and the tense in the main clause is the present conditional: 'IF' CLAUSE

MAIN CLAUSE

If + simple past If it rained If you went to bed earlier

Present conditional you would get wet you wouldn't be so tired.

In these sentences, the time is now or any time, and the situation is unreal. They are not based on fact, and they refer to an unlikely or hypothetical condition and its probable result.  Exercises 1. If I lose my job now I ... a. would start a business of my own. b. will take a long holiday and apply for a new job later. 2. If he calls me 'lazy' again I ... a. won't ever help him again if he's in trouble. b. go and tell his parents. 3. Philippa won't ever speak to me again if ... a. I let her down now. b. I would let her down now. 4. If the demand increases prices ... a. rise. b. will rise. 5. Our dog Gelert will start licking you if ... a. you pat him on the back. b. you will give it a cuddle. 6. Don't be offended. If Jane is annoyed she ... a. will start yelling at people. b. starts yelling at people. 7. If Jeremy doesn't answer the phone this time I ... a. won't call again.

b. don't call again. 8. If farmers in developing countries were given a decent price for their produce ... a. they would be able to build a better future for their family, community and country. b. they will be able to build a better future for their family, community and country. 9. If Belgium won the European Soccer Championship in the year 2000 ... a. the world will be amazed. b. the world would be amazed. 10. Consumers would be much better off if ... a. accurate product information would be printed on the packaging. b. accurate product information were printed on the packaging. 11. The children would be in a much better shape if they ... a. would take my bike to go to school. b. took my bike to go to school. 12. If I had a lot of money I ... a. bought myself a flashy MGf.

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b. would buy myself a flashy MGf. 13. Helen would be very upset if ...

a. she knows about John's past. b. she knew about John's past.

THE PASSIVE VOICE The passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object that experiences an action rather than the person or object that performs the action. e.g. The house was built in 1654: We are interested in the house, not the builder. In other words, the most important thing or person becomes the subject of the sentence. Sometimes we use the passive voice because we don't know or cannot express who or what performed the action: e.g. Every year people are killed on our roads. If we want to say who or what performs the action, we use the preposition by: e.g. "A Hard Day's Night" was written by the Beatles PASSIVE TENSES AND ACTIVE EQUIVALENTS Notice that the tense of the verb to be in the passive voice is the same as the tense of the main verb in the active voice. Example: to keep TENSE / VERB FORM

ACTIVE VOICE

PASSIVE VOICE

Simple present

keeps

is kept

Present continuous

is keeping

is being kept

Simple past

kept

was kept

Past continuous

was keeping

was being kept

Present perfect

have kept

have been kept

Past perfect

had kept

had been kept

future

will keep

will be kept

Conditional present

would keep

would be kept

Conditional past

would have kept

would have been kept

present infinitive

to keep

to be kept

perfect infinitive

to have kept

to have been kept

present participle/gerund

keeping

being kept

perfect participle

having kept

having been kept

Example sentences: Active: ……………………………………. Passive: The butter is kept in the fridge.

Active: They are repairing the road. Passive: …………………………………………….

Active: They stole the painting. Passive: …………………………………………….

Active: ……………………………………………. Passive: Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.

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 New Grammar Point  THE PASSIVE VOICE - GET / HAVE SOMETHING DONE 1. This construction is passive in meaning. It may describe situations where we want someone else to do something for us. a. I must get / have my hair cut. b. When are you going to get that window mended? c. We’re having the house painted.

Examples:

2. If the verb refers to something negative or unwanted, it has the same meaning as a passive sentence: d. Jim had his car stolen last night. (= Jim’s car was stolen) e. They had their roof blown off in the storm. (= Their roof was blown off in the storm) 3. The construction can refer to the completion of an activity, especially if a time expression is used: f. We'll get the work done as soon as possible. g. I'll get those letters typed before lunchtime. In all these sentences, we are more interested in the result of the activity than in the person or object that performs the activity. 4. How to put those sentences into ACTIVE? 

HAVE SOMEONE DO SOMETHING GET SOMEONE TO DO SOMETHING

 New Grammar Point  THE PASSIVE VOICE - 'X' NEEDS DOING 1. In the same way, this construction has a passive meaning. The important thing in our minds is the person or thing that will experience the action, e.g. a. The ceiling needs painting (= the ceiling needs to be painted) b. My hair needs cutting (= my hair needs to be cut)

SUMMER VACATION EXERCISES FOR YOU(s) FUNCTIONS FILE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Offer to show a visitor where the canteen is  Ask a friend to drive you to the garage to pick up your car  You want to have a break in class. Check it’s OK with the teacher  Offer to look after the friend’s child while they are out  You have to change an appointment with a client at short notice. Apologize  A colleague tells you ‘I’m getting married’. Respond  A friend wants to visit you this weekend. Refuse politely  You want to know the time of the earliest flight to London. Telephone the airport.  On the telephone, you don’t hear a number someone gives you. What do you say? 

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10. Offer to repair your friend’s computer.  11. Ask a visitor to wait while you make an urgent call.  12. You arrive late for a meeting. Apologize to your colleagues.  13. A client calls while you are talking to the other clients. Ask colleague to take a call for you.  14. A friend invites you to dinner this evening. Decline and give a reason.  15. A visitor asks you if it’s OK to smoke. Smoking is not allowed in the office.  16. A friend tells you ‘I didn’t pass the exam’. Respond  17. Say goodbye to a foreign visitor who is returning to their country.  18. You are at the end-of-year party. It’s late, say thank and goodbye to the host.  19. Your friend helped you review the lesson for the test. Show appreciation.  20. A client thanks you for helping him with the order. Respond. 

GRAMMAR FILE – ACTIVE or PASSIVE A. Read the review of the story Frankenstein. Complete the correct of the given verbs, using Active or Passive - Past simple or Present simple. FRANKENSTEIN

Frankenstein …………….. (write) by Mary Shelley, the wife of the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, in 1818. It …………….. (be) a horror story which …………….. (think) to be the original science-fiction novel. The story …………….. (tell) through the letters of a man called Walton, an English explorer. There …………….. (be) Victor Frankenstein, a student from Geneva, who …………….. (discover) the secret of life. He …………….. (collect) bones and bodies of dead people from the graveyards and …………….. (make) a person which is more monster than man. People …………….. (be) terrified of it because it is so huge and ugly. The poor monster …………….. (have) no friends and …………….. (feel) lonely and depressed, so it …………….. (ask) Frankenstein to make it a wife. Frankenstein …………….. (refuse) to do so. Then the monster …………….. (get) angry and …………….. (kill) not only Frankenstein’s brother, but also his friend, and his bride, Elizabeth. Frankenstein …………….. (be) heartbbroken and …………….. (decide) to kill the monster. However, he …………….. (die) while chasing the monster, which then …………….. (kill) itself. Frankenstein …………….. (be) a fascinating story because the character of the monster is both sad and frightening at the same time.

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B. One more task and you are free with Active and Passive. Now read the history of Coca-cola, rewrite the passage into Passive Voice.

Things go better with Coca-Cola People enjoy Coca-Cola all over the world. People sell 1.6 billion gallons every year, in over 160 countries. Dr. John Pemberton in Atlanta, Georgia invented this drink as a health drink on May 8, 1866, but his partner, Frank Robinson, gave it the name CocaCola. In the first year, they only sold nine drinks a day. In 1888, a man named Asa Candler bought the business, and opened the first factory in Dallas, Texas, in 1895. Today, they still make Coca-Cola there. They have produced billions of bottles and cans since 1895, but they have always kept the recipe a secret. They have made Diet Coke since 1982, and over the years, the producers have used many creative advertisements to sell the product. It it sure that people will drink Coca-Cola far into the twenty-first century.

Write here ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

GRAMMA FILE – USED TO, WHEN, CONDITIONALS

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