English Tenses

In His Name

English Tenses 1 – Simple Present Tense We use the Simple Present when we talk about something which happens repeatedely.

We use the Simple Present to describe a series of actions in the present.

Simple Present - Use The Simple Present is frequently used in English. It is also called Present Simple. Have a look at the following examples: 1) repeated actions (every day, always, often, sometimes or never) My friend often draws nice posters. I never drink milk. 2) Things in general The sun rises in the East. 3) Fixed arrangements, scheduled events (e.g. timetable) The plane flies to London every Monday. 4) Actions in the present - one follows after the other (first - then, after that) First I get up, then I have breakfast. 5) Instructions Open your books at page 34. 6) After special verbs, which are normally not used with the Present Progressive (These verbs express states, possessions, feelings etc.)

be, believe, belong, hate, hear, like, love, mean, prefer, remain, realize, see, seem, smell, think, understand, want, wish I understand English. He doesn't like fish.

Form of the Simple Present We use the infinitive of the verb. In the 3rd person Singular (he, she, it - or a name) we put an -s at the end of the infinitive. Infinitive - 3rd person Singular (he, she, it) infinitive + -s

Affirmative sentences: I/we/you/they play football. He/she/it plays football. NOTE: he, she, it - Do not forget the -s.

Negative sentences: We use the auxiliary do. I/we/you/they do not play football. He/she/it does not play football. NOTE: We often use short forms in negative sentences in the Simple Present: I/we/you/they don't play football. He/she/it doesn't play football.

Questions: Do I/we/you/they play football? Does he/she/it play football?

Special verbs in the Simple Present 1) have as a full verb affirmative sentence

negative sentence

question

I do not have a book.

Do I have a book?

He does not have a book.

Does he have a book?

I, we, you, they: I have a book. he, she, it: He has a book.

2) be as a full verb affirmative sentence

negative sentence

question

I am from Britain.

I am not from Britain.

Am I from Britain?

He is not from Britain.

Is he from Britain?

We are not from Britain.

Are we from Britain?

he, she, it: He is from Britain. we, you, they: We are from Britain.

We often use the short forms with this verb. 3) do as a full verb affirmative sentence

negative sentence

question

I do not do an exercise.

Do I do an exercise?

He does not do an exercise.

Does he do an exercise?

I, we, you, they: I do an exercise. he, she, it: He does an exercise.

4) modal auxiliaries can, could, may, must, need, will etc. affirmative sentence

negative sentence

question

every time regardless the subject (I, he, she, it, we, you, they): I can play tennis.

I cannot play tennis.

Can I play tennis?

NOTE: We can subtitute don't (can't) for do not (cannot). Modals have the same form every time regardless the subject. We do not add an -s to the infinitive.

Long forms and short forms in the Simple Present We often use short forms of the auxiliaries. The Simple Present is formed with a full verb. Short forms are only used in negative phrases. affirmative long form

short form

I, we, you, they:

-

I read

-

he, she, it:

-

he reads

-

negative (do not) long form

short form

I, we, you, they:

I, we, you, they:

I do not read

I don't read

he, she, it:

he, she, it:

he does not read

he doesn't read

Present Progressive(Continuous) Present Progressive - Diagram We use the Present Progressive when we talk about something which is happening at the moment of speaking.

Present Progressive - Use 1) Actions happening at the moment of speaking Peter is reading a book now. 2) Fixed plan in the near future She is going to Basel on Saturday. 3) Temporary actions His father is working in Rome this month. 4) Actions happening around the moment of speaking (longer actions) My friend is preparing for his exams. 5) Trends More and more people are using their computers to listen to music. 6) repeated actions which are irritating to the speaker (with always, constantly, forever) Andrew is always coming late.

Signal words Now, at the moment, Look! Listen!

Form to be (am, are, is) + infinitive + -ing

Examples Affirmative sentences: I am playing football. I'm playing football.

You are playing football. You're playing football.

Negative sentences: I am not playing football. I'm not playing football. Questions:

You are not playing football. You're not playing football. You aren't playing football.

Am I playing football?

Are you playing football?

Form of the Present Progressive/Continuous We use a form of to be (am, are or is), the infinitive of the verb and the ending –ing. to be (am, are, is) + infinitive + -ing

Affirmative sentences: I am playing volleyball. He/she/it is playing volleyball. We/you/they are playing volleyball. NOTE: Use am with I - is with he, she, it - and with all other pronouns are. We often use short forms in affirmative sentences in the Present Progressive.

Negative sentences: I am not playing volleyball. He/she/it is not playing volleyball. We/you/they are not playing volleyball. NOTE: We often use short forms in negative sentences in the Present Progressive.

Questions: In the Present Progressive we put the auxiliary (am, are or is) before the subject (Auxiliary - Subject - Verb - Rest). Am I playing volleyball? Is he/she/it playing volleyball? Are we/you/they playing volleyball?

Long forms and short forms in the Present Progressive We often use short forms of the auxiliaries. The Present Progressive is formed with the auxiliary to be (am, are, is), so short forms are very frequent. affirmative long form

short form

I am reading

I'm reading

he, she, it:

he, she, it:

he is reading

he's reading

we, you, they:

we, you, they:

we are reading

we're reading

negative (not after to be) long form

short form

I am not reading

I'm not reading

he, she, it:

he, she, it:

he is not reading

he isn't reading or he's not reading

we, you, they:

we, you, they:

we are not reading

we aren't reading or we're not reading

Simple Past Simple Past - Diagram We use the Simple Past when we talk about something which started and finished in the past.

We use the Simple Past to describe a series of actions in the past.

We use the Simple Past (red) together with the Past Progressive (grey). The action in the Simple Past interrupted the action in the Past Progressive (the one which was in progress).

Use 1) action finished in the past I visited Berlin last week. 2) series of completed actions in the past First I got up, then I had breakfast

3) together with the Past Progressive/Continuous - The Simple Past interrupted an action which was in progress in the past. They were playing cards when the telephone rang.

Signal words yesterday, last week, a month ago, in 2002

Form - with regular verbs: infinitive + -ed - with irregular verbs: 2nd column of the table of the irregular verbs

Examples Affirmative sentences: regular verbs

irregular verbs

I played football.

I went to the cinema.

We visited Alaska last year.

We were in Rome yesterday.

Negative sentences: You must not negate a full verb in English. Always use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of to do) for negations. I

played

football.

I

didn't

play

football.

He

didn't

play

football.

Questions: Use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of to do). Did you play football?

Form of the Simple Past Form the Simple Past: - with regular verbs: infinitive + -ed - with irregular verbs: 2nd column of the table of the irregular verbs

Special verbs in the Simple Past Many frequently used verbs are irregular. You find these words in the appendix of a dictionary or in your English book. You must learn these words by heart. Have a look at the following lists which can be downloaded and printed. (*.pdf files) Most common irregular verbs Irregular verbs - full list Irregular verbs - Learn effectively 1) have as a full verb affirmative sentence

negative sentence

question

every time regardless the subject (I, he, she, it, we, you, they): I had a book.

I did not have a book.

Did I have a book?

2) be as a full verb affirmative sentence

negative sentence

question

I was not in Rome.

Was I in Rome?

We were not in Rome.

Were we in Rome?

I, he, she, it: I was in Rome. we, you, they: We were in Rome.

3) do as a full verb affirmative sentence

negative sentence

question

every time regardless the subject (I, he, she, it, we, you, they): I did an exercise.

I did not do an exercise.

Did I do an exercise?

We often use short forms/contracted forms with these verbs.

Past Progressive - Diagram We use the Past Progressive when we talk about something which was happening around a period of time in the past.

We use the Past Progressive (blue) together with the Simple Past (pink). The Past Progressive is used for the action in the past which was in progress when a new action (Simple Past) happened.

Two actions which were in progress in the past do not influence each other.

Past Progressive/Continuous - Use The Past Progressive is used when we talk about something which was happening at a special time in the past. It is also called Past Continuous. Have a look at the following examples: 1) action was in progress at special time in the past Peter was reading a book yesterday evening. She was listening to the radio. 2) two actions were happening at the same time (the actions do not influence each other) Anne was writing a letter while Steve was reading the New York Times. 3) together with the Simple Past While we were sitting at the breakfast table, the telephone rang. Note: Past Progressive: were sitting at the table Simple Past: the telephone rang. The action in the Simple Past interrupted the action in the Past Progressive. 4) repeated actions irritating the speaker (with always, constantly, forever) Andrew was always coming in late. (I don't like it.) Simple Past: Andrew always came late. (Here I don't give a comment.)

Form of the Past Progressive/Continuous We use a form of to be (was or were), the infinitive of the verb and the ending –ing. to be (was, were) + infinitive + -ing

Affirmative sentences: I/he/she/it was playing football. We/you/they were playing football. NOTE: Use was with I, he, she, it and were with all other pronouns. In affirmative sentences we do not use short forms in the Past Progressive.

Negative sentences: I/he/she/it was not playing football. We/you/they were not playing football. We use short forms in the Past Progressive in negative sentences:

I/he/she/it wasn't playing football. We/you/they weren't playing football.

Questions: In the Past Progressive we put the auxiliary (was or were) before the subject (Auxiliary - Subject - Verb - Rest). Was I/he/she/it playing football? Were we/you/they playing football?

Long forms and short forms in the Past Progressive We use short forms of the auxiliaries. The Past Progressive is formed with the auxiliary to be (was, were), so short forms are only possible in negative sentences. affirmative long form

short form

I was reading he, she, it: he was reading

can't be formed

we, you, they: we were reading

negative (not after to be) long form

short form

I was not reading

I wasn't reading

he, she, it:

he, she, it:

he was not reading

he wasn't reading

we, you, they:

we, you, they:

we were not reading

we weren't reading

Present Perfect Present Perfect - Diagram We use the Present Perfect for actions in the past which have a connection to the present. The time when these actions happened is not important.

We use the Present Perfect for recently completed actions.

We use the Present Perfect for actions beginning in the past and still continuing.

Form of the Present Perfect We form the Present Perfect with have and the past participle (regular verbs: infinitive + -ed; irregular verbs: 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs) have/has + past participle has: 3rd person singular (he, she, it) have: all other forms past participle: - regular verbs: infinitive + -ed - irregular verbs: 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs

Affirmative sentences regular verbs I/we/you/they have played football. He/she/it has played football.

irregular verbs I/we/you/they have gone to the supermarket. He/she/it has gone to the supermarket.

NOTE: We use has in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it).

Negative sentences regular verbs I/we/you/they have not played football. He/she/it has not played football.

irregular verbs I/we/you/they have not gone to the supermarket. He/she/it has not gone to the supermarket.

NOTE: We use has in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it).

Questions regular verbs Have I/we/you/they playedfootball? Has he/she/it played football?

irregular verbs Have I/we/you/they gone to the supermarket? Has he/she/it gone to the supermarket?

NOTE: We use has in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it).

Present Perfect - Signal words These words tell you what tense you have to use. For the Present Perfect the following words are used frequently: just yet never already ever so far up to now recently since for

Form of the Present Perfect We form the Present Perfect with have and the past participle (regular verbs: infinitive + -ed; irregular verbs: 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs) Have/has + past participle Has: 3rd person singular (he, she, it) Have: all other forms past participle: - regular verbs: infinitive + -ed - irregular verbs: 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs

Affirmative sentences regular verbs I/we/you/they have played football. He/she/it has played football.

irregular verbs I/we/you/they have gone to the supermarket. He/she/it has gone to the supermarket.

NOTE: We use has in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it).

Negative sentences regular verbs I/we/you/they have not played football. He/she/it has not played football.

irregular verbs I/we/you/they have not gone to the supermarket. He/she/it has not gone to the supermarket.

NOTE: We use has in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it).

Questions regular verbs Have I/we/you/they playedfootball? Has he/she/it played football?

irregular verbs Have I/we/you/they gone to the supermarket? Has he/she/it gone to the supermarket?

NOTE: We use has in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it).

Long forms and short forms in the Present Perfect We often use short forms of the auxiliaries. The Present Perfect is formed with the auxiliary have. So short forms are used frequently with the Present Perfect. affirmative long form

short form

I, we, you, they:

I, we, you, they:

I have gone

I've gone

he, she, it:

he, she, it:

he has gone

he's gone

negative (have not) long form

short form

I, we, you, they:

I, we, you, they:

I have not gone

I haven't gone or I've not gone

he, she, it:

he, she, it:

he has not gone

he hasn't gone or he's not gone

Past Perfect Past Perfect - Diagram We use the Past Perfect for an action which was completed before a special point of time in the past.

We often use the Past Perfect together with the Simple Past. The action which was completed before the other action began is put into Past Perfect.

Past Perfect - Use 1) Together with the Simple Past When two past actions are combined - the first action, which was completed before the second one began, is put into Past Perfect. Mary had read the book before she watched a film. After Amy had gone home it started to rain.

2) the past equivalent of the Present Perfect He had played hockey. Present Perfect

Past Perfect

The bike is new. I've bought it.

The bike was new. I had bought it.

Past Perfect - Simple Past

Simple Past - Simple Past

The match had started before he arrived.

The match started when he arrived.

Past Perfect - Signal words There are no unambiguous "signal words" in the Past Perfect. We often use the Past Perfect together with the Simple Past. Watch out when two actions in the past are combined: first action (completed before the second one began): Past Perfect second action: Simple Past

Form of the Past Perfect We form the Past Perfect with had and the past participle (regular verbs: infinitive + -ed; irregular verbs: 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs) had + past participle We use the same form of the auxiliary had every time regardless the subject. past participle: - regular verbs: infinitive + -ed - irregular verbs: 2nd column of the table of the irregular verbs

Affirmative sentences regular verbs

irregular verbs

I/you/he/she/it/we/they had played hockey.

I/you/he/she/it/we/they had gone home.

Negative sentences regular verbs

irregular verbs

I/you/he/she/it/we/they had not played hockey.

I/you/he/she/it/we/they had not gone home.

Questions regular verbs

irregular verbs

Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they played hockey?

Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they gone home?

Long forms and short forms in the Past Perfect We often use short forms of the auxiliaries. The Past Perfect is formed with the auxiliary had. affirmative long form

short form

all forms (I, you, he, she, it, we, they)

I had gone

I'd gone

negative (had not) long form

short form

all forms (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) I had not gone

I hadn't gone or I'd not gone

Present Perfect Progressive Present Perfect Progressive - Diagram We use the Present Perfect Progressive for actions in the past which have a connection to the present. We use the Present Perfect for actions beginning in the past and still continuing. The focus is on the action.

We use the Present Perfect Progressive for recently completed actions. The focus is on the action.

Present Perfect Progressive - Use The Present Perfect Progressive is not easy to understand for ESL students. It is a combination of past and present where actions in the past have something to do with the present. The focus is not on the result (this is the Present Perfect) but on the action itself. 1) Actions beginning in the past and still continuing (focus is on the action) - mostly with since (point of time) or for (period of time) I have been waiting for you for three hours. (It was a long time.) 2) Recently completed actions (focus is on the action) She has been watching too many videos. (It was too much time.)

Present Perfect Progressive - Signal words

There are no unambiguous signal words for the Present Perfect Progressive. We often use expressions of time with this tense. The following words/phrases can indicate that the Present Perfect Progressive should be used: all day the whole day since for Questions with how long

Form of the Present Perfect Progressive We form the Present Perfect with have, been and the verb with the ending -ing. have/has + been + infinitive + -ing has: 3rd person singular (he, she, it) have: all other forms

Affirmative sentences I/we/you/they have been playing volleyball. He/she/it has been playing volleyball. NOTE: We use has in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it).

Negative sentences I/we/you/they have not been playing volleyball. He/she/it has not been playing volleyball. NOTE: We use has + not in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it).

Questions Have I/we/you/they been playing volleyball? Has he/she/ity been playing volleyball? NOTE: We use has in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it).

Long forms and short forms in the Present Perfect Progressive We often use short forms of the auxiliaries. The Present Perfect Progressive is formed with the auxiliary have. So short forms are used frequently with the Present Perfect Progressive. affirmative long form

short form

I, we, you, they:

I, we, you, they:

I have been going

I've been going

he, she, it:

he, she, it:

he has been going

he's been going

negative (have not) long form

short form

I, we, you, they:

I, we, you, they:

I have not been going

I haven't been going or I've not been going

he, she, it:

he, she, it:

he has not been going

he hasn't been going or he's not been going

To be going to for future will-future/going to-future - Diagram Both tenses are future tenses. We use the will-future for predictions, assumptions, promises and when we do something spontaneously. We use the going to-future with planned actions.

Use 1) planned actions in the future We are going to sing at the party. 2) You are certain that sth. is going to happen in the future. Look at this car! It is going to crash into the yellow one.

going to-future - Signal words There are no "clear" signal words for the going to-future. So analyse the type of the action in the sentence. Then decide which future form should be used in the sentence.

Form to be (am, are, is) + going to + infinitive

Examples Affirmative sentences: I am going to play handball. I'm going to play handball. Negative sentences:

You are going to play handball. You're going to play handball.

I am not going to play handball. I'm not going to play handball.

You are not going to play handball. You're not going to play handball. You aren't going to play handball.

Questions: Am I going to play handball?

Are you going to play handball?

ATTENTION!! Do not mix up with the Present Progressive! going to-future

Present Progressive

He's going to read the book.

He's reading the book.

Form of the going to-future We use a form of to be (am, are or is), going to and the infinitive of the verb. to be (am, are, is) + going to + infinitive

Affirmative sentences Example: I am going to play handball. He/she/it is going to play handball. We/you/they are going to play handball. NOTE: Use am with I, is with he, she, it and with all other pronouns are. We often use short forms in affirmative sentences in the going to-future:

Negative sentences Example: I am not going to play handball. He/she/it is not going to play handball. We/you/they are not going to play handball. NOTE: We often use short forms in negative sentences in the going to-future.

Questions In the going to-future we put the auxiliary (am, are or is) before the subject (Auxiliary - Subject - going to - Verb - Rest). Example: Am I going to play handball? Is he/she/it going to play handball? Are we/you/they going to play handball?

Short forms in the going to-future We often use short/contracted forms with the going to-future. affirmative long form

short form

I am going to buy

I'm going to buy

he, she, it:

he, she, it:

he is going to buy

he's going to buy

we, you, they:

we, you, they:

we are going to buy

we're going to buy

negative (not after to be) long form

short form

I am not going to buy

I'm not going to buy

he, she, it:

he, she, it:

he is not going to buy

he isn't going to buy oder he's not going to buy

we, you, they:

we, you, they:

we are not going to buy

we aren't going to buy oder we're not going to buy

Will for future will-future - Use The will-future is one future tense. There are other future tenses, like the going to-future, the Present Progressive, the Future Progressive/Continuous and the Simple Present. We use the will-future: 1) Future actions happen without the speaker's intention (birthday, weather, etc.) The sun will shine tomorrow. Peter will be 15 next Tuesday. 2) Predictions, assumptions (I think, I hope, I'm sure, I'm afraid) I think Sue will arrive in Paris at 6 pm. 3) Spontaneous actions (not planned) Hang on! I'll have a word with you.

Form of the will-future We form the will-future with the auxiliary will and the infinitive of the verb. We use the the same form of the verb every time regardless the subject. In British English we sometimes use shall instead of will for the first persons (I/we). will + infinitive

Affirmative sentences Example: He will play football.

NOTE: short/contracted form in the will-future: He'll play football.

Negative sentences Example: He will not play football. NOTE: short/contracted forms in the will-future: He won't play football. or He'll not play football.

Questions Example: Will he play football?

Short forms in the will-future We often use short forms of the auxiliaries. The will-future is formed with the auxiliary will, so short forms are very frequent. The auxiliary will can only be contracted when it is followed by an infinitive. Example: Who will help me? - I will. Here the auxiliary will must not be contracted. affirmative long form

short form

all forms (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) he will read

he'll read

negative (do not) long form

short form

all forms (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) he won't read or he'll not read

he will not read

Tenses – contrasted Future tenses contrasted 1) Use Present Progressive

going to-future

will-future

Future Progressive

Simple Present

planned action in the near future

planned action in the future; logical consequence (sth. is going to happen)

prediction, assumption; spontaneous action

action will definitely happen (it usually happens)

future action is fixed (e.g. timetable)

There is often very little difference between the future tenses. It often depends where you live (in Britain or the USA) and when you use the sentence (in spoken or written communication). In newsapapers we often use the will-future, when the going to-future is used in oral communication. newspaper: The headmaster will close the old gym. oral: The headmaster is going to close the old gym. We can substitute the going to-future with the Present Progressive when using an expression of time. She is going to see Frank at the airport at 8.30. She is seeing Frank at the airport at 8.30.

2) Signal words There are no unambiguous signal words for the future tenses. That's why watch the actions carefully and then define the tense.

3) Form Present Progressive

going to-future

will-future

Future Progressive

Simple Present

to be (am, are, is) + infinitive + -ing

to be (am, are, is) + going to + infinitive

will + infinitive

will + be + infinitive + -ing

infinitive 3rd person singular (he, she, it) infinitive + -s

going to-future

will-future

Future Progressive

Simple Present

4) Examples Present Progressive

4-1 Affirmative sentences I am going to a party tonight.

We are going to fly to Leeds in summer.

He will carry this bag for you.

They will be playing football on Sunday afternoon.

The train leaves at 6.45.

Present Progressive

going to-future

will-future

Future Progressive

Simple Present

We are not going I am not going to He will not carry to fly to Leeds in a party tonight. this bag for you. summer.

They will not be playing football on Sunday afternoon.

The train does not leave at 6.45.

Present Progressive

4-2 Negative sentences

going to-future

will-future

Future Progressive

Simple Present

Are we going to fly to Leeds in

Will he carry this bag for you?

Will they be playing football

Does the train leave at 6.45?

4-3 Questions Am I going to a party tonight?

on Sunday afternoon.

summer?

5) Spelling Present Progressive

going to-future

will-future

sitting (double consonant after short vowel) writing (leave out one -e at the end)

nothing special

lying (change -ie to -y)

Future Progressive

Simple Present

sitting (double consonant after short vowel)

watches (-es after sibilant)

writing (leave out one -e at the end)

goes (-es after -o)

lying (change -ie to -y)

hurries (-y to -ie after consonant)

Past Perfect - Simple Past – contrasted 1) Use Past Perfect

Simple Past

together with the Simple Past When two past actions are combined - the first action, which was completed before the second one began, is put into Past Perfect.

action finished in the past

the past equivalent of the Present Perfect

series of completed actions in the past

2) Signal words Past Perfect

Simple Past

no unambiguous ones

yesterday, last week, a month ago, in 2002

3) Form Past Perfect

Simple Past

havd + past participle

regular verbs: infinitive + ed irregular verbs: 2nd column of the table of the irregular verbs

4) Examples We use the the same form of the auxiliary (had) every time regardless the subject.

Past Perfect

Simple Past

4-1 Affirmative sentences He had played hockey. He'd played hockey.

He played hockey.

Past Perfect

Simple Past

4-2 Negative sentences He had not played hockey. He'd not played hockey. He hadn't played hockey.

He did not play hockey. He didn't play hockey.

Past Perfect

Simple Past

4-3 Questions Had he played hockey?

Did he play hockey?

5) Spelling (Past Perfect and Simple Past) stopped (Double the consonant after a short vowel.) loved (one -e at the end of the word -> Leave out the -e and add -d.) worried (consonant before -y ->Change to -ie.)

Present Perfect - Simple Past – contrasted 1) Use Present Perfect

Simple Past

Result of an action in the past is important in the present

action finished in the past

Recently completed actions

series of completed actions in the past

Actions beginning in the past and still continuing

together with the Past Progressive/Continuous The Simple Past interrupted an action which was in progress in the past.

together with lately, recently, yet

2) Signal words Present Perfect

Simple Past

just, yet, never, already, ever, so far, up to now, recently, since, for

yesterday, last week, a month ago, in 2002

3) Form Present Perfect

Simple Past

have/has + past participle

regular verbs: infinitive + ed irregular verbs: 2nd column of the table of the irregular verbs

4) Examples Present Perfect

Simple Past

4-1 Affirmative sentences I have played football. I've played football.

I played football.

You have played football. You've played football.

You played football.

He has played football. He's played football.

He played football.

Present Perfect

Simple Past

4-2 Negative sentences I have not played football. I've not played football. I haven't played football.

I did not play football. I didn't play football.

You have not played football. You've not played football. You haven't played football.

You did not play football. You didn't play football.

He has not played football. He's not played football. He hasn't played football.

He did not play football. He didn't play football.

Present Perfect

Simple Past

4-3 Questions Have I played football?

Did I play football?

Have you played football?

Did you play football?

Has he played football?

Did he play football?

5) Spelling (both tenses) stopped (Double the consonant after a short vowel.) loved (one -e at the end of the word -> Leave out the -e and add -d.) worried (consonant before -y ->Change to -ie.)

Present Perfect - Present Perfect Progressive – contrasted 1) Use Both tenses are very simlilar. There are sentences where we can use the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Progressive. The focus in the progressive form is on the course of the action. It has rained for three days now. It has been raining for three days now. There are verbs which are normally not used with the progressive forms. Have a look at these words on this page: Present Progressive.

2) Form

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Progressive

have/has + past participle

have/has + been + infinitive + -ing

3) Examples Present Perfect

Present Perfect Progressive

3-1 Affirmative sentences I have played volleyball. I've played volleyball.

I have been playing volleyball. I've been playing volleyball.

You have played volleyball. You've played volleyball.

You have been playing volleyball. You've been playing volleyball.

He has played volleyball. He's played volleyball.

He has been playing volleyball. He's been playing volleyball.

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Progressive

3-2 Negative sentences I have not played volleyball. I've not played volleyball. I haven't played volleyball.

I have not been playing volleyball. I've not been playing volleyball. I haven't been playing volleyball.

You have not played volleyball. You've not played volleyball. You haven't played volleyball.

You have not been playing volleyball. You've not been playing volleyball. You haven't been playing volleyball.

He has not played volleyball. He's not played volleyball. He hasn't played volleyball.

He has not been playing volleyball. He's not been playing volleyball. He hasn't been playing volleyball.

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Progressive

3-3 Questions Have I played volleyball?

Have I been playing volleyball?

Have you played volleyball?

Have you been playing volleyball?

Has he played volleyball?

Has he been playing volleyball?

4) Spelling stopped (Double the consonant after a short vowel.)

sitting (double consonant after short vowel)

loved (one -e at the end of the word -> Leave out the -e and add -d.)

writing (leave out one -e at the end)

worried (consonant before -y ->Change to -ie.)

lying (change -ie to -y)

Simple Present - Present Progressive/Continuous – contrasted 1) Use Simple Present

Present Progressive/Continuous

repeated actions

actions happening at the moment of speaking or

around the moment of speaking fixed arrangements, scheduled events (e.g. timetable)

fixed plan in the near future

actions in the present - one follows after the other (first - then, after that)

temporary actions

instructions

trends

things in general

repeated actions which are irritating to the speaker (with always, constantly, forever)

after special verbs

2) Signal words Simple Present

Present Progressive/Continuous

always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, never, every day, every week, every year, on Mondays

now, at the moment, Look!, Listen!

3) Form Simple Present

Present Progressive/Continuous

infinitive 3rd person singular (he, she, it) infinitive + -s

to be (am, are, is) + infinitive + -ing

4) Examples Simple Present

Present Progressive/Continuous

4-1 Affirmative sentences I play football.

I am playing football.

You play football.

You are playing football.

He plays football.

He is playing football.

Simple Present

Present Progressive/Continuous

4-2 Negative sentences I do not play football.

I am not playing football.

You do not play football.

You are not playing football.

He does not play football.

He is not playing football.

Simple Present

Present Progressive/Continuous

4-3 Questions Do I play football?

Am I playing football?

Do you play football?

Are you playing football?

Does he play football?

Is he playing football?

5) Spelling

Simple Present

Present Progressive/Continuous

watches (-es after sibilant)

sitting (double consonant after short vowel)

goes (-es after -o)

writing (leave out one -e at the end)

hurries (-y to -ie after consonant)

lying (change -ie to -y)

Some Minor tenses Future Perfect Use sth. will already have happened before a certain time in the future

Form will + have + past participle

Example I will have written the letter by tomorrow.

Future Progressive/Continuous Use 1) An action will be in progress at a certain time in the future. This action has begun before the certain time. 2) Something happens because it normally happens.

Form will + be + infinitive + ing

Examples 1) When I come to school, the other kids will be waiting for me. 2) We'll be going to the disco on Saturday.

Past Perfect Progressive/Continuous Use how long something had been happening before something else happened

Form had + been + infinitive + ing

Example I had been waiting for Susan for 2 hours when she arrived.

Future Perfect Progressive/Continuous Use

sth. that will have already begun and will be continuing in the future

Form will + have + been + infinitive + ing

Example I will have been swimming for an hour by 6.30.

Conditionals

Conditional Sentence Type 1 → It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled. Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

Conditional Sentence Type 2 → It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled. Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

Conditional Sentence Type 3 → It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past. Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.