English Book Grammar New.docx

CONTENTS S.No:

Page no:

1)

Sentence structure: Subject, Verb, Object, etc

2)

Direct and Indirect Objects

3)

Parts of Speech

4)

Adjectives or Adverbs

5)

Articles, A, an / the

6)

Use of Who, Which, and That

7)

Use of Some and Any

8)

Use of some important prepositions, In, On, At, Of, from etc

9)

Use of Every and Each

10)

Use of Either and Any

11)

Use of None and Neither

12)

- ing forms ( Gerunds )

13)

Infinitives

14)

Progressive infinitives, Perfect infinitives and Passive infinitives Tenses

15)

The Present Simple

16)

The Present Continuous

17)

The Present Perfect

18)

The Present Perfect Continuous

19)

Use of Just, Already, Yet

20)

Use of For and Since

21)

The Past Simple

22)

The Past Continuous

23)

The Past Perfect

24)

The Past Perfect Continuous

25)

Introduction to the Future

26)

Will and Shall

27)

be going to

28)

Present tense for the future

1

S.no:

Page no:

29)

Modal Verbs

30)

Can and Could

31)

May and Might

32)

Shall and Should

33)

Should and Ought

34)

The Passive

35)

Reported Speech

36)

Changes in Reported Speech: Persons, Place and time

37)

Reported speech: The tense change

38)

Summary of the changes in tenses and adverbs

39)

Reported questions

40)

Reported requests, offers etc

41)

Replace “ As soon as” with “ No sooner” Conditionals

42)

Conditionals 1

43)

Conditionals 2

44)

Conditionals 3

45)

Language terminology

46)

Pronunciation

47)

Some Important idioms and phrases

48)

How to make a good précis?

49)

Comprehension

50)

How to write an organized essay?

51)

Past Pre- Entrance test question papers

52)

Letters and Applications

53)

Message for the students

2

Dedicated to……………… My beloved mother. Allah Almighty may bless her with all the best and beautiful that is on the earth and in the heaven. Ali Raza Siyal

3

Acknowledgement To me this book is very important for the students of all levels. There are many bulky books of English Grammar including, Oxford Practice Grammar by John Eastwood, Practical usage of English grammar for international students by Michael Swan, Exploring the world of English grammar by Syed Saadat , English Grammar and Composition by Prof: AftabAhmed, Wren and Martin and many others. It is too difficult for the students to go through all of them in a short period of time. But this book “ The Standard English Grammar” carries important things and this the gist of many foreign books .It was the need of the hour to publish such a book that should be simple, compact an brief. Therefore, I started to put my pen on the paper. Its result is the “book” that is in your hands. I am highly thankful to all of my teachers who trained me, inspired me, stimulated me, invigorated me in all spheres of my life. I would be pleased to mention a few names of my beloved teachers, like, Professor M.K sangi, Professor G.H. Baloch, Prof: Asif Suhag(late) Prof: Ismaeel Shah (late) Madam Arifa Ansari, Madam Nargis, Madam Shumaila memon, Madam Sumaira umrani, Sir Yameen Khan Jamali, Sir Asadullah Memon, Sir Mazhar Gandhai Sir Iqbal Meerani, Sir Buxal Chandio, Sir Ahmed Khan Panhwar, Sir Rasool Bux Chandio, Sir Manzoor chandio (late) and all those teachers who taught me.I am fully optimist that the students will be befitted from this book.This book serves the main purpose of the students.

4

PREFACE The English Grammar is the dire need for the students of all disciplines. I have taught at many institutions including, university of sindh Jamshoro, Army College Thatta, GDC Karoondi, Govt: Girls Degree College Moro and at different centres. I have observed one thing among the students, that they are worried about the English Grammar. They always ask a common question that “ Sir Which is the best book for English Grammar?” We give them reference of many books. There is plethora of books available on English Grammar but those are too lengthy to go through. In other words those cannot fulfill the student’s needs. Unfortunately, most of the versions penned by local authors are hit by many mistakes, concepts have been presented so vaguely that the readers remain at sea, thus is left more baffled and perplexed. In this book, strenuous efforts have been made to present the basic and all the important things in a clear and simple language. I fervently hope this humble Endeavour of mine would be a plentiful source for all those interested in knowing about the English Grammar. A lot of hard work has been made at making the book free of errors and mistakes, nevertheless there is always room for improvement. I would appreciate and welcome if my readers send in their positive and constructive suggestions for the improvement of this book.

Ali Raza Siyal Lecturer in English

5

1

SENTENCE STRUCTURE: Subject, Verb, Complement, Object, Adverbial etc.

A Sentence Structure: The parts of a sentence are the subject, verb, object, complement and adverbial. A statement begins with the subject and the verb. There are five main structures which we can use to make a simple statement. 1:

Subject Her legs Ifi

2:

Subject Ali He

Verb are trembling is laughing Verb needs

Object a rest

drives

a car

The subject and object can be noun or pronoun. e.g: ( Ali , He , Car ) 3:

Subject

Verb

Complement

Ifi

looks

good

It

was

a big problem

The complement can be Noun ( e.g Ifi ) or a Noun phrase( e.g. a big problem) The complement often comes after linking verb or be. It can come after the linking verbs, like, appear, become, get, feel, look, seem, stay or sound. 4:

Subject

Verb

Adverbial

The book is on the dice Sir Sangi’s house is Near by An adverbial can be a prepositional phrase ( e.g. On the dice) or an adverb ( e.g. Nearby ) 5:

Subject

Verb

Object

Object

He

is giving

me

a pen

David

bought

Melanie

We use two objects after verbs like give and bought.

6

a present

B: Adverbials: We can add adverbials to all the five main structures

2

1:

Ifi is laughing happily.

2:

Ali really needs a rest.

3:

Off course Ifi looks good.

4:

Fortunately Sir Sangi’s house is nearby.

5:

David actually bought Melanie a present.

Direct and Indirect objects: John gave his wife some flowers. Here the verb gave has two objects, Wife is the indirect object, the person receiving something. Some flowers is the direct object, the thing that someone gives. John gave some flowers to his wife. Here give has a direct object (some flowers) and a phrase with to. To comes before wife, the person receiving some thing. Here are some more examples of the two structures. Indirect Object

Direct Object

Ifi gave hameeda I’ll send my wife We bought all the children Direct Object Ifi gave the pen I’ll send a gift We bought ice-cream

a pen a gift an ice-cream Phrase with to / for to Hameeda to my wife for all the children

To or For We give something to someone, and we buy something for someone.

7

3

Parts of Speech: Most failing candidates commit grammatical mistakes while writing the answers. Therefore sound knowledge of grammar is very important. It is to be understood that the most crucial element of writing is to structure a sentence clearly. Jumbled syntax fuddles the examiner and the writer’s point is not properly conveyed which results in failure or securing very low score. To avoid such an embarrassing situation, learning grammar is inevitable. Here is a list of parts of speech in English to give you a brief yet comprehensive understanding.

Noun/Pronoun As you probably remember from elementary school,

Noun: is the name of a person, place or thing. It might be easier to remember as something you can point or something you can have. Exp: Chair, Town, and Happiness all are nouns.

Pronouns: are words that take the place of nouns, and there are limited number of them. Exp: He, She, It, We, They, are the ones that can be used as subjects of sentences. Him, her, us and them are those that can be objects. Exp: Ali loves her. I teach them. etc There are two primary uses of nouns and pronouns: they perform an action (subjects) or have an action imposed upon them (objects).

Verb: Two main types of verbs are important in English. Linking Verbs Action Verbs Linking verbs, also called “be” verbs, “ copular” verbs, “ Intensive” verbs. Action verbs also called, “main” verbs, “ Extensive” verbs. ‘Be’ verbs focus on a state of being: am, are, is, was, were are the big five. Other verbs are an “action” something you can perform, such as talk, sit, smile. If you are trying to decide if a word is verb, ask yourself if you can stand up and do it. If you can’t, it’s probably not a verb. Following are the examples of linking verb and action verb.  Perveen looks happy. ( L.v ) He dances well. ( A.v )  He is a noble man. ( I.v ) He presents a presentation. ( A.v)

8

Transitive Verb: ( Transitive means passing over), Therefore Transitive verb may be defined as a verb in which an action passes over from subject to an object. Professor Nelson teaches us.  In the above sentence an action pass over from verb to an object. It is called Transitive verb.  Intransitive verb: ( Intransitive means not passing over) It is the type of verb in which an action does not pass over from verb to an object.  Ali smiles. Intransitive verbs express state:  She sleeps. (State) Transitive verbs can carry two objects as:  He gave me (indirect) a flower. (direct)  I gave her ( indirect) a ring. ( direct) Many verbs can be used transitively or intransitively as: Transitively Ring the bell koonj. We speak the truth.

Intransitively The bell rang loudly. He spoke quietly.

Intransitive verbs can be used as transitive verbs as, The cat walks. Ali walks the cat. Birds fly We fly our kites.

9

Adjective: An adjective modifies or describes a Noun / Pronoun. It might be a word that explains colour, size or type. Any word you can put in the blank here would be an adjective: the…………dog. It might be a big dog, purple dog, electric dog, neighbour’s dog. A special type of adjective is the article, of which there are only three. a ,an, the. We shall study these articles later on.

Adverbs Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives or another adverbs. or it can be said that adverbs are busier than adjectives. They modify pretty much everything else in a sentence: verbs (casually walked) adjectives ( incredibly Stupid) and other adverbs(really well) or , adverbs answer the questions how? When? and Where? Exp: How did you play? Ans: I played well. When do you go to moro? Ans: I go to moro tomorrow. Where? Ans: Here there etc.

Preposition: Prepositions can be difficult to find, so you should find a strategy to help reveal them. Here again, a fill-in-the-blank can be very helpful, such as this sentence. “ The Squirrel ran………..the tree”. Any word you can put in here is a preposition: between , in , up , down , through. Prepositions usually are not by themselves but function as part of an entire phrase. This phrase begins with the preposition and continues through the object, which can be found by asking “What” about the prepositions. For example: looking the, “Squirrel” sentence and using the preposition up, I would ask myself , “ The squirrel ran up. what?” The answer to my question is “ The tree” so “ up the tree” is the prepositional phrase. That object in the phrase must be a Noun or Pronoun.

Conjunction: Conjunctions come in lots of different types. What they all have in common is that they are connecting words: What they connect differs, for instance, the coordinate conjunctions ( for, and, Nor, but, or, yet, so ) can connect single ideas or complete sentences, things that on an equal level of importance. “ She plays softball and basketball” would be an example. Adverbial conjunctions ( such as however, therefore, consequently, Next ) serve as traditional devices, words that explain a certain causal or time relationship between ideas.

10

Example: She is not an English major; however, she knows grammar very well. Finally, subordinate conjunctions ( Like, while, since, because) indicate that one clause is less significant than another. “ Although he is taking French, Russian literature is his major” is an example here.  Wow, the hungry cat chased the mouse under the table and quickly ate it. Wow= Interjection, Hungry = Adjective, Cat = Noun, Chased = Verb Mouse = Noun, Under = Preposition , Table = Noun , And = Conjunction Quickly = Adverb, Ate = Verb, it = Pronoun

Interjection: Interjects are easier to learn than other parts of grammar because they are so different . These are the words that express surprise or some other strong emotions and are typically written with an exclamation mark (!) if alone: Wow! Ouch! darn! are examples. Learning the basics of grammar helps writers know where the best place the various parts of speech. Knowing the labels for grammar, as well, helps writers have cogent conversations with others about how to improve syntax. Good communication is the key to good grades, good jobs and good potential. Good grammar is the key to all. 4

Adjective or Adverb: Introduction: Ali: I like that song that Ifi sang. Henry: Yes it’s a nice song. And she sang it nicely, too. An adjective ( nice ) describes a noun (Song). An adverb (nicely) describes a verb (sang). Here are more examples of adjectives and adverbs.  The man had a quiet voice. ( Adj)  The man spoke quietly. ( Adv )  She wears expensive clothes. (Adj)  She dresses expensively. (Adv)  They are well. (Adj)  They play well. (Adv)  The runners made a slow start. (Adj)  They started the race slowly. (Adv)  He is a fast baller. (Adj)  He runs fast. (Adj) Adverbs can be used with adjectives. Exp: It was really hot in the sun. Sir Ali checked their work very carefully. Here are some more examples of adjectives and adverbs.

11

Linking Verb + Adjective Action Verb + Adverb David was hungry. Paul ate hungrily. The children seemed happy. They played happily. The medicine tasted awful. Emma tasted the drink nervously. The ending ly is the normal adverb ending. But a few adjectives also end in ly. Exp: Sheela was very friendly. It was a lively party. We had a lovely time. Hard, Fast, Good, and Well.

Adjective

Adverb

We did some hard work. We worked hard. I come on fast train. The train went quite fast. Nimi is a good violinist She played very well. His test result is good. He did well in the test. She had a bad night. She slept badly last night. Note: Hard and hardly have different meanings. Exp: I tried hard, but failed. I have got hardly any money.

5

A / an and The: Use: When the story first mentions something, the noun has a or an. But when the something is mentioned again, the noun has the. Read the story about an American tourist in Britain and notice the use of a/an and the. A man from California was spending a month in Britain. One day he booked into a hotel in Cheltenham, a nice old town in the west of England. Then he went out to look around the place. But the man did not return to the hotel. He disappeared leaving a suitcase behind. The suitcase was full of clothes. It is very clear from the above passage that where we use a / an and the. It should be noted the we use an only with the vowel sounds. A / an only goes with a singular noun with plural or an un countable noun we use some. Example: He left a case. ( singular) He left some cases. ( plural ). The goes with both singular and plural nouns and with uncountable nouns. Exp: He needed the case (singular and mentioned second time in the passage) He needed the cases (plural) He needed the luggage ( uncountable noun) 12

a / an The Would you like to see a show?  Would you like to see the show? ( I don’t know which show) ( the show we already mentioned) We use a/an + Noun or Someone/ Something. When we are saying which one. Exp: A man/ someone booked into a hotel.  We use the + Noun or he/ she/ it when we know which one. Exp: The man/ He did not return to the hotel. The case / it contained clothes. A phrase which describes something has a / an. Exp: It was a lovely day. It’s a big hotel. This is a better photo. We also use a/an to classify something, to say what kind of thing it is. Exp: The play was a tragedy. His disappearance was a mystery. We use a / an to say what someone’s job is. Exp: Ali is a lecturer. I am a Judge. My friend is a secretary. She is an MPA. He is an MNA.  We also use a/an to express the general meaning. Exp: A dog makes a wonderful pet. An orange contains vitamin C.

The  We use the when something is mentioned again in the paragraph  As we have already discussed above. Exp: Would you like to see the show? The man did not return to the hotel.  When there is only one of the things we are talking about, we use the Exp: The sun was going down. The government is unpopular. A driver in the country would be nice. Normally there is only one sun or one government in the context. We mean the government of our country and the sun in our solar system. 13

 We normally say; the country ( Side) the earth, the government, the environment, the moon, the ozone layer, the prime minister, the sea side, the sky, the sun, the weather.  We also use the with Cinema, Theater , and Newspaper Exp: Do you go to the Cinema? I read about the accident in the newspaper. Note that we say a/the police officer but the police. Exp: A police officer came to the hotel. Not A Police came to the hotel. ( X ) The police came to the hotel. ( one or more police officers)  We use the with superlative. Exp: It is the biggest hotel in the city. This is the best photo.  We use the with mountains and rivers. Exp: The mount Everest, The K-2, The Indus River, The Ravi etc.  We use the with religious books. The Quran, The bible , etc.  We use the with directions. The East, The North, The South, The West A/ An and one both refer to one thing. using one puts more emphasis on the number. Exp: Henry gave me a note. ( not a coin) Henry gave me one note. ( not two)  We use one ( not a/an) when we mean one of a larger number. Exp: one question/ one of the questions in the exam was more difficult than the others. The team was not at full strength. One player/ one of the players was injured. And we use some with plural or an uncountable noun. Exp: A + Singular Noun a note Some + plural Noun some coins Some + uncountable Noun some money

14

6

Who, Which and That: The relative pronouns Who, Which, and That go after the noun and at the beginning of the relative clause.  Who refers to the people.  Ali is the man who loves to face the challenges.  I don’t like people who are hypocrites.  The little girl who sat next to me on the coach ate sweets the whole way.  Salma is pretty annoyed with the person who stole her mobile phone.

 We can use that, but it is less usual. Jack is the man that plays the guitar. The woman that lived here before us is a romantic novelist.

 That and Which refers to things. That is more usual than Which especially in conversation.  The Car that won the race looked very old, didn’t it? We have recaptured all the animals that escaped from the zoo. The children saw the actual spacecraft that landed on the moon.

 Which can be little formal.  There are several restaurants which do Sunday lunches. Is zedco the company which was taken over last year?

 We do not use another pronoun like he or it with the relative pronoun.  

Not the man, who he owns that dog. ( X ) Not the actual spacecraft that it landed on the moon. ( X )

 In all these sentences Who, Which, and that are subject of the relative    

clause. They can be used as objects as well. This is the bus that I have been waiting for means. I have been waiting for the bus. Is this the article which you were interested in? That’s the man who I was looking about.

15

7

Some / Any : Basic Use: Some and any go before a plural or uncountable noun. There was a bowl and some toffees on the table, but there was not any milk. We can also use some and any without a noun.  She wanted some milk, but he could not find any. We normally use some in positive sentences and any in negative sentences or ones with negative meaning. Positive:  There is some milk in the Fridge. I need some stamps.  I met some interesting people last night.  There are some in the Almare. Negative:  Asma hasn’t any milk. ( She has no milk) I haven’t got any stamps. Have you got any ?  I never met any interesting people nowadays.  We won’t have any fun without you. We can also use any with if.  If you have any problems, you can discuss them with your friends.  I can answer any questions. ( If there are any questions….) In questions we can use either some or any, but any is more common. We don’t know whether the answer will be yes or no.  Have we got any butter?  Will there be any food for the guests?  Did you buy any clothes? We normally use some in offers and requests to make the sound more positive.  Would you like some coffee?  Could you post some books for me? We can use some in questions. When we think the answer might be yes.  Did you buy some clothes? ( Perhaps I know you went out to buy) We can use any in a positive sentence to mean “ it does not matter which one”.  I’m free all day. Call any time you like.  Any student will be able to tell you where the college library is.  You can buy these maps at any petrol station. They all have them.

16

8

Use of some important prepositions:

In, On, At, Of, From

In

The main use of in as preposition are:

1

To indicate Position: The highest mountain in the world, in Asia, in Germany, Living in London, the village in which I born, sitting in a arm chair etc

2

To indicate direction: in this/that direction, in all directions.

3

( often in replaced by into) to indicate direction of activity or change to dip one’s pen into the ink, to put one’s hand into one’s pocket. to throw something into the fire, to cut an apple in two(into halves)

4

To indicate time: in the fifteenth century, in 2016, in December, January etc, in the beginning ,

in the reign of Queen Victoria, in the spring, summer etc, in the morning, in the day time, in the end etc

5

meaning in the course of; within the space of (the time indicated) in a few minutes, in a few day’s time

6

To indicate inclusion: seven days in a week,

the cleverest boy in the class

To indicate dress: Dressed (clothed) in rags, the man in the dark suit,

the beautiful woman in the white in uniform

To indicate circumstances: etc to go out in the rain, a temperature of 40 in the shade,

to be in the sunshine to lose one’s way in the dark etc

7

8

9

10

To indicate state or condition: in good order, in dust air, To indicate form shape: A novel in the three parts, in alphabetical order

in poor health, in love packed in bundles of ten,

11

To indicate method of expression: To speak, write in English, a message in code, written in ink( pencil), printed in two colours etc

12

To indicate occupation: to be in the army, in the cabinet, 17

to be in politics

On The major use of on as a preposition are: 1

To mean supported by, attached to, or forming part of, using against, in contact with a (surface) A book on the table, the pictures on the wall, sitting on the grass,

2

3

To indicate time: on Sunday, on a cold wet day,

the cot on the floor, the words written on the board, wearing ring on the finger,

on the first of June, on that occasion on the death of her friend etc

To mean about concerning : to write on international affairs,

a lecturer on social problems

4

To indicate membership: He is on the committee, the jury, the staff

5

To indicate direction: To turn one’s back on someone, marching on the enemy’s capital

to a draw a knife on someone,

6

To indicate position at or near to: A village on the coast, a house on the main road, on both sides of the river, the man sitting on my right

7

in combination with verbs, to be learnt as units: To congratulate someone on something, to live on vegetables and fish etc

8

in combination with nouns to be learnt as units: on business, on holiday, on purpose, on fire, on sale, on the average. There can be many other use of on. But, at this stage these are more than enough.

18

At

We use at with the (place): sit at my desk,

wait at the bus stop,

at the cross roads,

wait at the traffic light,

at a place on a journey,

Does this train stop at York?

 We also use at with the events: at an event,



at the party etc

We use at with buildings: I was at the cinema. ( watching film). We were at the pub. ( having drink)



some common phrases with at.



at

the station/ airport



at

home/ work/ school



at

the seaside



at

the top/ bottom of hill



at

the back of the room



at

the end of a corridor

 At with time: 

The film starts at eight thirty.

 At + clock time/ meal time 

at three o’clock



at lunch time



at that time



at the moment



at + two or three days



at Easter, Christmas



at the weekend

19

Of

The major uses of this preposition are:

1

To indicate measures, quantity, inclusion:

2

Three meters of cloth,

Three tons of coal,

a piece of paper,

some, a few, all of us

To indicate material or substance: Built of bricks,

3

made of steel,

a house of stone

To indicate origin or authorship: A man of humble origin,

of royal family,

the works of John keat,

4

of noble nature, the book of Robert Brown

To indicate cause: To die of hunger,

He died of fever,

for fear of consequence

to be (proud, a shamed,afraid,tired) of something because of his absence, for fear of consequence etc

5

To indicate, separation in space or time: Eight kilometers south of leeds,

6

7

within six months of her death

To indicate relief, not having, getting rid of: To cure some one of a disease,

to rid a whare house of rats,

to rob a man of his money,

trees bare of leaves etc

To indicate a connection, reference or relation: The cause of accident, the result of the debate,

the second of July,

the owner of the flat,

a doctor of education

the legs of the chair,

to be sure (fond, guilty etc) of something

8

meaning “ from among the number of” A friend of mine, a cousin of his, reading a poem of pope. 20

From The important uses of this prepositon are: 1

To show a point of departure, a starting point, (inplace or time) To fly from the france to london, the bus that leaves from stop eight, from the 1st of January, from childhood, from beginning to end.

2

To indicate the point from which something is measured: 25 kilometers from village mehwal siyal to moro, a long way from here

3

4

To indicate the source, origin, giver or sender: Quotations from paulo coelho,

to draw water from a well,

to judge from appearance ,

painted from nature (life)

a letter from my beloved,

a birthday present from my wife

To indicate the material used in process of manufacture: steel is made from Iron,

5

man is made from dust.

To indicate separation, removal, escape, avoidance etc separation from one’s beloved , wife, family etc release from jail, to prevent somebody from something , to take a knife away from child, to keep a secret from husband etc

6

To indicate reason, cause etc to suffer from fatigue, cold, fever etc

21

Prepositions after particular words and expressions: It is not always easy to know which preposition should be used after a particular Noun, Verb or adjective. Here are given some common combinations, including number which cause difficulty to the students of English. Here are some more and very brief notes about prepositions, for more complete information about usage with particular word, consult a good dictionary or the book of Michael Swan “Practical usage of English grammar for international students”. accuse: (Some body of something) She accused me of touching her.  afraid of: Are you afraid of your wife? agree with: ( a person’s opinion or policy ) I entirely agree with you. angry with: ( a person for doing something) I’m angry with her for lying to me. arrive at: What time do we arrive at our house? bad at: Ifi is bad at cooking, but she is good at singing. depend / dependant on: We should not depend on our parents. die of / from More people died of flue. He died from his injuries. divide into: The book is divided into three parts.  fight, struggle with: I have spent last two weeks fighting with the tax office.  impressed with / by: I’m very impressed with/by your work.  Lack of: lack of time prevented me from writing.  Sorry for: I feel really sorry for her children.  remind of: She reminded me of awakening her. 22

9

Each and Every:

We use every and each before a singular Noun to talk about a whole group. The police questioned every person/ each person in the building. Here every person means “ all the people, everyone” And Each person means all the people seen as individuals, one by one. Every is normally used to talk about three or more, usually a large number. There were cars parked along every street in the town.(all the streets) Every guest watched as the president came in. Each: can be used to talk about two or more people or things. She had a child holding to each hand. Each guest shook hands with him. Each is more usual with smaller groups and can mean only two furthermore, we prefer each, when we are thinking of people or things separately one at a time. Each person in turn went to see the Doctor. On the other hand every is more common when we are thinking of people or things to gether in a group. He gave every patient the same medicine. Note: If each and every are used as a subject in the sentence then singular verb will be used. Each flower smells sweet. Everyone knows that earth is round.

10

Either and Any

Either is used to indicate each one out of two and Any each one out of three or more. Either of the two boys stole the books. Any of the three boys stole the books. Either of the two boys has written a story. Any of the three boys has done this. Note: When either and any are used as a subject, they will carry singular verb, as in the above sentences.

23

11

None and Neither:

Neither means nobody out of two and none means nobody out of three or more. None of the three boys has gone out of the class. Neither of the two boys has gone out of the class. Note: None and Neither will carry singular verb when use subject. For two Neither Either Each

For more than two None Any Every

12 -ing froms ( gerunds) When (ing) forms are used more like a noun, they are often called “gerunds”. Dancing is loved by everybody. -ing forms used like nouns as a subject, object or complement: Smoking is bad for you. (Subject) She hates packing.

(Object)

My favourite activity is eating. (Complement) We can use an –ing form after verbs. I don’t enjoy travelling. She’s completed washing the clothes. He’s give up smoking. The doctor suggested taking a long journey. Note: There is different use of gerunds. For details see page 280 of Michael Swan’s book “ Practical English Grammar ”.

24

13

Infinitives: In a simple way infinitives are defined as “ the verbs used with to”

 (to) write, (to) walk, (to) stand, etc are called simple infinitives. There are infinitives which are without to. such infinitives come after modal verbs. Vicky should go. Can you help me? Catherine must dance now. I would rather go alone. Besides simple infinitives like (to) write, (to) play etc there are also progressive infinitives (e.g. (to) be writing), perfect infinitives (e.g. (to) have written) and passive infinitives ( e.g. (to) be written). 14

1: Progressive infinitives: (to) be…….ing

like other progressive forms/ tenses, the progressive infinitives show the actions and events are /were/ will be continuing around the time we are talking about. It’s nice to be sitting here with you. I noticed that she seemed to be smoking a lot. This time tomorrow I’ll be sleeping with you. 2: Perfect infinitives: Perfect infinitives have the same meaning as the perfect tenses. It’s nice to have finished dinner. ( I have finished dinner) I’m sorry not to have come on Thursday. I mean to have telephoned, but I forgot.

3: Passive infinitives: Passive infinitives also have the same kind of meaning as the other passive form There’s lot of work to be done. She ought to be told about it. That window must be repaired before tonight. There are many other kinds of infinitives as well. But, students should grip over these things. That is sufficient information about the infinitives.

25

TENSES 15

The present Simple: Use:         







We use the present simple with the following: Thoughts and feelings: I think you are not good. I like your colour. States, things staying the same, facts and things that are universal truth and staying same for a long time. Huma lives quite near to maria. The flat is clean. She owns the land. The Almare contains the clothes. Repeated actions: We come here every day to study. We also use the present tense in phrases like. I promise, I agree etc We use the present tense in a negative questions with why to make suggestions. Suggestion: Why don’t you take lunch Alia? We also use the present simple for future meaning. PCS exam starts next week. Positive forms: I/we/you/they study. He/She/It/Alia studies. Negatives: I/we/you/they don’t sleep. He/She/It/Nusrat doesn’t sleep. Questions: do I/we/you/they eat? does He/She/It/Alishba dance? We use do and don’t in negative except third person singular, where we use does and does not. we don’t add s to the verb in negatives and questions. Not She does not takes and Not Does Ali eats?

26

16

The present Continuous: Use: We use the present continuous tense to say that when we are in the middle of an action.

Karima is waiting for the train. ( She is at the station Now) Sapna is getting the lunch ready. ( She is in the kitchen Now) Karima is waiting means that she is in the middle of a period of waiting. The wet is not yet over.  We can also use this tense when we are in the middle of an action. But, we are not doing that work at the moment.  They are working on an new assignment. My students are working on a drama these days.  We can also use the present continuous when things are changing over a long period of time.  The number of people in the town is increasing.  The atmosphere is getting warmer.  The present continuous is also used for future meaning.  Ali is getting marriage with Alia next week.  Asad is playing badminton with mazhar tomorrow.  Positive form: I/we/you/they are reading. He/She/It/Ali is reading.  Negative form: I/we/you/they are not working. He/She/It/ Name is not working.  Question form: am I looking? are we/you/they looking? is He/She/It/ Suhni looking? 

27

17

The Present Perfect: Use:

The present perfect tense tell us about the past and present. Action happening in the past but having result in the present.  He has mended the clothes. ( They are ready now)  The aeroplane has landed. ( Its on the ground now)  Form: I/we/you/they have taught. He/She/It/Vicky has not taught.  Negative: I/we/you/they haven’t cooked. He/She/It/Raza has cooked.  Question: Have I/we/you/they washed? has He/She/It/Sapna washed? Regular past participles end in ed, e.g. ( cooked, washed, landed, etc) Irregular past participles don’t end in ed, e.g.( taught, made,drunk etc) For a list of regular and irregular verbs see page 383 of “Oxford practical Grammar”. There are present perfect of be and have.  The weather has been romantic.  I’ve had a lovely time with you, my darling, thank you.

18

The Present Perfect Continuous: Use:

We use the present perfect continuous for an action that is happening over a period of time. Means the period lasts up to the present. As it is very clear. From the given below sentence.  He has been waiting here for an hour. The above example shows that –he is still waiting. We also use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about the repeated action up to now.  We have been playing the piano since we were five. We can also use this tense to talk about an action which ends just before the present.  We have been bathing. That’s why our hair is wet.

28

Forms: I/we/you/they have been laughing. He/She/It/Ayesha has been laughing.  Negative: I/we/you/they haven’t been laughing. He/She/It/Henry has not been laughing. Question: have /I/we/you/they been laughing? has /he/she/it/sanam been laughing?

19

Just, Already, Yet: Just means a short time ago.

We can use just with the present perfect tense. Just is used before the past participle. Here are some exp: given below. I have just arrived at my room. She has just left for the college. I’ve just heard about his death.

Already means “sooner than expected”. Already also can be used with the present perfect tense. It is also used before the past participle. Here are a few exp: given below. He has already sold clothes.  This means that he has sold the clothes very quickly. We have already visited the Makli graveyard.

Yet: We use yet when we are expecting something to happen. yet can also be used with the present perfect tense. And yet come at the end of the negative or question. As, given in the below example. Haven’t you taken breakfast yet? Has your course started yet? Have you corrected your work yet?

29

20

For and Since

We use for to say how long this period/time is (for ten days) Vicky has had that laptop for four days. We use since to say when the period began.(Since Wednesday etc) They have been at the cinema since Sunday. Here are more examples of for and since. I have felt really happy for whole the year. She has been there for two hours. I have lived in GDC Karoondi since 2013. Suhni has been in the same college since 2014. We can use the present perfect with for and since. As given in the above examples. Not Suhni lived in the college since 2014 We can also use for and since with the present perfect continuous. I have been staying with Hafiz Abdul Bari for three weeks. My wife has been washing clothes since ten’o clock. He has been waiting for her for ages. We have been preparing for CSS since last few years. Here are some more examples of for and since. They have known about it for three days. Nusrat has been waiting since ten past six. Melanie has been living here since last year. We can also use for with other tenses. I’m staying in London for a year. We swam for quite a long time. We can often leave out for ( but not from negative sentences) I’ve had this bike (for) eight months. She hasn’t seen me for a day or two.        30

21

The Past Simple Use:

 We use the past simple for something that is finished/completed in the past.  They passed their exam last year. I went to sukkur on Friday. I bought this bike last year. Positive form: A regular past form ends in ed. It happened very slowly.They blamed me in october. I faced it bravely.Allah helped me. Some verbs have an irregular past form. Their bus came out of a side road. Peon rang earlier. They won the game. We use second form of the main verb in all persons except in the past tense of be  I/He/She/It/Alia was.  I was ill last month. You/we/they were. Those grapes were nice. Negative: We use did in negative and questions. Because helping verb of the past simple is did. I/you/He/She/It/They did not meet me. When we use did, the, the first form of the action verb is used. As in the above given example. Question: did I/we/you/he/she/It/ they meet me? We also use was and were in the negatives and questions. Negative: I/He/She/It/Ali was not fit and fine. You/we/they were not fit and fine. Question: was I/He/She/It ? were you/we/they? The doors of my house were closed? was your brother fine? 31

22

The Past Continuous:

The past continuous tense shows that when we were in the middle of an action in the past. The past continuous tense is the past tense of be+ an ing-form. Positive form: I/He/She/It/Alima was cooking. You/we/they/ were cooking. Negative form: I/He/She/It/Khushi was not playing. You/We/they were not playing. Question form: was I/He/She/It/Koonj playing? were you/we/they playing? We use the continuous with actions. we do not normally use state verbs with the continuous. She did not know where I was. Not I wasn’t knowing.  We often use the past continuous and simple together when one(shorter) action comes in the middle of another (longer) one. As, I was driving the bike when a dog appeared before me. She was making tea when the phone rang.

23

The Past Perfect: Use:

When we talk about thing before the past then we use the past perfect. Paul was tired when he took the train to work yesterday because Sarah and Paul had been to a party the evening before. Sarah and Paul had been to a party the evening before. It is the situation before the past. Form: The past perfect is had + a past participle. He had enjoyed the programme. They had not gone to the bed until late. Negatives and questions can be made according to the same way as we have formed in the previous tenses. I had not composed a poem. Had I composed a poem? 32

We can use had in all the persons. Here are given some more examples of the past perfect, which will help you out to understand this tense easily. My book was not there. I had left it at my room. The competition was over. Cathy’s team had won. The man looked familiar. I’d seen him somewhere before. It was so late. Most of the shops had just closed. I went to the police station, but they had already lodged an F.I.R.

24

The Past Perfect Continuous: We use the past perfect continuous tense for an action which happened over a period of time. Mean an action started before the past and lasted up to the past time.

 I had been writing a book. We had been working on an assignment. Form: The past perfect continuous is had been + an – ing – form. He had not been paying attention to my lecture. Had it been raining? Here are more examples of the past perfect continuous. I’d been looking for my beloved for ages. Alishba felt tired because she had been working all day. When the company went bankrupt, it had been losing money for months Compare the past continuous and past perfect continuous.  When cathy phoned, Ali was having a lunch. (She phoned during lunch) When cathy phoned Ali had been having lunch.(She phoned after lunch)

33

25

Introduction to the Future: Read the following passage and identify the future situation. I’m leaving this college in August. In September I am starting my new work in London. So, I’ll be free for most of the summer. I am going to visit U.K and USA in next month. I am also going to spend three weeks travelling around the France. My friend Henry is coming with me. (He finishes the college same time as me.) We are really looking forward to a picnic. We might go to Venice too. Henry has friends in Toronto. We know things happening in the present or in the past because they are already done and are real. But, talking about the future is quite difficult. There is no any single form in the future that we may use. There are many different ways of talking about the future, depending how we see a future event. It can be something that is sure to happen, but on the other hand it may be just a plan or an intention, or it may be something that you think will happen but you are not sure about it. Verb forms used for the future Here are some examples of verb forms used to express the future Be going to= I’, going to spend three weeks in France ( an intention) Will = I’ll be free for most of the summer ( Neutral future) Present Continuous = I’m starting work in September. (an arrangement) Present Simple = He finishes college at the same time. ( a time table) Will be doing = I’ll be leaving in June. There are more than one possible forms that could be used. As given again in the below examples. He’ll finish college in June. He finishes college in June. He is finishing college in June. He’ll be finishing college in June. Anyone can be used in the passage.

34

Will: We use will as a Neutral future, but it is not “the future tense”. It is the only one forms we can use. Being Sure and unsure When we are not sure about the future the we can use might or Could. We might go to Canada. It could snow soon. When we are sure, we often use phrases like I’m sure, definitely, I except.  I’m sure it will be right. I except everyone will be going to attend the party. 

26

Will and Shall:

We use will as a neutral meaning of the future. It is used to say what we know or think about the future. We also use will for decisions when we decide something or agree to do it. I think, I’ll make sometime. I’ll go and switch my computer on. We also use will in offers an invitation. Offer: I’ll peel the potatoes. Oh, thanks on. Invitations: Will you come to lunch. Promise: I’ll pay you back next week. Form: Will carry the first form of the main verb. And, in negatives it carries Not. I’ll be late, if I don’t hurry. She won’t have time for me. The form is will or ‘ll. The negative is will not or won’t.

Shall We can use shall for the future, but only in first person, after I or We. I will be/shall be on trip in next week. We will know / We shall know the results soon. I will and I shall have the same meaning here, but shall is little formal. Both I will and I shall can be shortened to I’ll which is pronounced /ϧil/ I’ll be on trip in August. ( I will or I shall) Shall can be used for offers and suggestions. Offer: Shall I pack up your books for you? oh, thanks Suggestion: Shall we go out for walk? Oh, good idea. We don’t use shall in American English. But British use shall & will in 1st person. 35

27

Be going to:

We use be going to to talk about something we have decided to do ( an intention) Shalu is going to climb up the hill. means shalu intends to climb up the hill. Here are some more examples of be going to. David is going to watch the next movie. I am going to write a new book. He is going to criticize my grammar book. We can use I’m not going to for a refusal. I’m sorry, but I’m not going to walk any more. (I am not willing to walk.) The present continuous can have a very similar meaning to be going to. We can use either form. I am going to visit my friend at the weekend. I’m visiting my friend at the weekend. We can use be going to with the verb go (we are going to go out this evening) but the present continuous is more usual.  We are going out this evening. Form: We use the present tense of be + going to + a verb. They are going to play a violin. I am going to catch a fish.Cathy is going to call Ali. We also use be going to for a prediction based on the present situation, when we can see that something is going to happen. The ladder is moving, so David is going to fall. Here are some more examples: My wife is going to have a baby in March. Do you think it is going to rain?

28

Present Tense for the Future:

The present continuous is used for arrangements. Are you doing any this evening? Yes I am going to play match. We also use the present continuous to talk about things happening Now. Present: We are having a party at the moment. Future: We are having a party tomorrow.

36

We use the present simple for a timetable.  Henry: What time does your train leave tomorrow?  Catherine: It gets to moro at ten twenty.  We also use about to for the very near Future.  It is about to rain.  She is about to leave. We also use be to for a future that officially arranged.  Ali is to visit the new college.  Abdul Bari is to visit Karoondi College. Modal Verbs:

29

Can and Could:

 We use can when something is possible. And someone has ability to do Something.  I can qualify the PCS and CSS.  We can use can for the future.  If we earn money we can go to picnic next week.  We also use can in conditionals (1).  If we study we can achieve our aim.  We also use can for permissions.  Can I go to bath?  Can also can be used for request.  Can you help me please?

Could:  We use could for the ability or opportunity in the past.  Natasha could win.  In those days I had car, so we could travel.  When you don’t have ability, you can use negative. simply by adding Not after can or could. Same case with questions. Put modal verbs in the beginning.  We normally use could with the verbs of seeing etc and with the verbs of thinking.  I could see you at the distance.  She could smell gas.  I couldn’t understand the game that was played by Noshi for Ali.  We can use could for asking the permission in the past.  Yes, in 2013 you could drive. Could I come to you? Yes, why not.  We also use could in the conditionals(2)  If we worked hard, we could secure good score.

37

30 May and Might: We use may and might to say something is possible.  It might be a bomb.  It may belong to Maria.  We can use may and might for the present or future.  It may/might be a bomb. ( Perhaps it is a bomb)  I may/might go to the university tomorrow. (Perhaps I will go to the university)  We can use a continuous form after may or might( be +an-ing-forms).  Henry may/might be watching me. (perhaps he is watching me).  My mother may/might be working late night. (Perhaps she will be working late)  May is also used for permission.  May I see your coat? Yes, please  The negative forms are may not, might not. Something negative is possible.  She might not finish her work tomorrow. (It is possible that she will not finish).  He may not get the job.  We also use might in the main clause of conditional(1)  If maria jogs regularly, she might lose weight.  Might is also used in the main clause of conditional (2)  If they worked harder, they might do even better.

31 Shall and Should :  We use shall I…? in offers and shall we……? in suggestions.  Offer: Shall I wait for you? Oh, thanks.  Suggestion: Shall we go to the park? Oh, good idea.  We also use shall to ask for a suggestion.  What shall we have for a lunch?  We use either shall or should to ask for advice.  I’m mentally disturbed, what shall/should I do?  We use should to say what is right or the best thing to do.  They should take breakfast on time.  Ifi, you should not spend all money of your husband in buying expensive clothes

38

32 Will and Would:  We use will for a predictions:  It’s too late and she is still working. She’ll be tired tomorrow.  We are going to Nepal next week. That will be nice.  We use would for a past predictions or a prediction about a possible situation.  Past: At midnight, Ifi was still working. She would be tired the next day.  Possible: How about going to Nepal next week? That would be nice.  I wouldn’t enjoy that trip.  We can use shall instead of will and should instead of would, only in the first person, after I and we.  I will/shall be 28 in October.  We would/should like to meet your family.  When we ask for something. We use would like.  We would like to order for drink.  We also use would like in offers and invitations.  Would you like a free gift?  Would you like to visit my room please?

33 Should and Ought to:  There is no any difference in the meaning of should and ought. Difference lies only in their usage. Should does not carry infinitive while Ought carries infinitives with itself.  We use should and ought to say what is the best thing or the right thing to do. There is no difference in the meaning.  You are not very well, Perhaps you should see a doctor.  Haleema is very kind to me, I ought to write a letter to her.  People shouldn’t / oughtn’t to break their promises.  After should or ought to we can use a continuous form. (be + an-ing-form)  It’s half past six already. I should be cooking tea.  Why are you doing nothing? You ought to be working.

39

34 Passive verb forms:  A passive is a form of be + a passive participle.  is composed, was worn etc Pronouns changed to passive. Active I We You He She It They

Passive me us You Him Her It them

summary of verb tenses Present Simple tense Active

Passive

We make tea here.

The tea is made here.

Present Continuous Tense Active Passive We are making tea.

The tea is being made.

Present Perfect Tense Active

Passive

We have made tea.

The tea has been made.

Past Simple tense Active

Passive

I published a book.

A book was published.

Past Continuous tense Active

Passive

We were making bread.

The bread was being made.

Past Perfect tense Active

Passive

We had baked the bread.

The bread had been baked.

40

Negatives and questions are formed in the same way as in the active sentences.  The book is not published.  The coat has not been worn for days.  Has the coat been worn by anyone else?  The future and modal verbs in the passive:  We use be + a passive participle after  will, be going to, can, must, have to, should, etc  The room will be closed today.  The dust should be thrown away.  The machine has to be repaired.  The news might be announced soon.  Seats may not be reserved.  How can the problem be solved?  Active Passive  Future:  We will cook the bryani next The bryani will be cooked next.  We are going to cook the bryani. The bryani is going to be cooked.  She will compose a poem. A poem will be composed.  Cathy is going to eat sweets. Sweets are going to be eaten.   Active Passive  Modal Verbs.  We should bake the bread soon. The bread should be baked soon.  We ought to bake the bread. The bread ought to be baked.  He can win the competition. The competition can be won.  What is the sentence about?  Compare the following two entries.  Ali Raza A book  Lecturer in english at GDC Karoondi. based on 150 pages Ali has published.   Now look at these two sentences.  Active Passive  Ali published a book. The book was published by Ali.  The two sentences have the same meaning, but they are about different  things. One sentence is about Ali and the other is about the book. Each  sentence begins with the subject. The subject is the starting point of the sentence, the thing we are talking about. The new information about the subject comes at the end of the sentence.   We say Ali Raza published a book because we are talking about Ali, and the  new information is that he published a book. When the subject is the person or thing doing the action (the agent) we use an active verb.

41

Active  Ali Raza published a book.     

Subject and agent The subject (Ali) is the agent. Here we say the book was published by Ali because we are talking about the book, and the new information is that it was published by Ali Raza. When the subject is not the agent (is not doing an action), then we use a passive verb. Passive: The book was published by Ali Raza

Subject Agent  The subject (the book) is not the agent. It is the thing that the action is directed at.  The passive and by the police, in 2015 etc  In a passive sentence, when we want to say who or what did the action, we use by.  On our way home, we were stopped by the police.  The new college will be opened by the Queen Victoria.  The book was written by Ali.  We can give other details about the action. For example, we can use a phrase saying when or where something happens.  The book was published in 2015.  The guests will be escorted to the airport.  The food fairs are usually held at the university.  Sometimes there is phrase after the verb.  A new university is being built.  All the documental records have been destroyed.  The passive and the agent:  In a passive sentences, we sometimes mention the agent(the person or thing doing the action). We use by with the agent.  The chairs must be cleaned by the peon.  The medals were presented by Nelson Mandela.  But we mention, the agent only if it is important for the meaning of the sentence. sometimes we do not mention it . 1 We don’t mention agent if it does not add any new information.  All our money were stolen.  A man was arrested last night   

42

 We don’t nedd to say that the money was stolen ( by a thief) or that the man  was arrested by (the police). 2 We do not mention the agent if it is not important. The streets are cleaned everyday. Oil has been discovered at the North Pole. Who discovered the oil is less important than the fact it is there. 3 It is sometimes difficult to say that who the agent is. This kind of coat is considered very stylish these days. A number of attempts have been made to find the lochness monster. Empty subjects (they, people, etc) Compare these two sentences: Active Passive They clean the classes everyday. The classes are cleaned everyday. The new and important information is how often the classes are cleaned. We are not interested in saying who cleans them. In the active sentence we can use the “empty subject” they. We sometimes use a sentence with an empty subject instead of the passive especially in conversation.  We can also use empty subjects. People, you, one and someone.  Active Passive  People use this towel all the time. This towel is used all the time.  You/one should check the results. The results should be checked.  Someone took my pen. My pen was take.  When do we use the passive?  We use the passive in both speech and writing, but it is more common in writing. We see it especially in text books and reports. We use it to describe activities in industry, science and technology, and also for official rules.  Mangoes are exported to france.  The liquid is heated to boiling point.  Payment can be made at any bank.  Cars left here will be towed away.  In these situation, it is often not important to say who is doing the action, or it is difficult to say. The passive is also used in news reports.  A number of political prisoners have been released.  Table talks will be held in london next week.

43

Passive verbs with two objects. Many verbs such as give, show, lend, can be followed by two objects, an “indirect object” and a “ direct object”. These usually refer to a person (indirect object) and a thing (direct object) Two structures are possible. A Verb + in direct object + direct object  She gave her sister the car.  I had already shown the policeman sam’s photo. B Verb + direct object + preposition + indirect object  She gave the car to her sister.  I had already shown sam’s photo to policeman.  A  

Both these structures can be made passive. Indirect object becomes subject of passive verb. Her sister was given the car. The policeman had already been shown sam’s photo.

B    

Direct object becomes subject of the passive verb. The car was given to her sister. Sam’s photo had already been shown to the policeman. Henry gave some flower to his wife. Henry gave his wife some flowers.

        

If we use passive structure either some flowers or his wife can be the subject some flowers were given to Henry’s wife. Henry’s wife was given some flowers. The first sentence tell us about the flowers, and it tells who received them. The second sentence is about Henry’s wife and it tells us what she received. It is said that……….. It is said that Rita is leaving her job. ( people say that Rita is leaving her job) We can use the structure. It + passive verb + clause with verbs of reporting.

 We use this structure when we cannot say or do not need to say who the speaker is, for example in news reports.  It is thought that Britain P.M is planning a new scheme for the youth.  It was reported that president had suffered a heart attack.  It has been agreed that changes to the old syllabus are necessary.  Here are some verbs we can use in this structure: agree, allege, announce, assure, believe, consider, decide, expect, explain, hope, know, report, suggest, suppose, think, understand.    44

     

He is said to……… We can also use subject + passive verb + to- infinitives. Rita is said to have left her job. This structure is also used in news reports. United were expected to win. ( people expected that they would win) The company is thought to be planning a new advertising campaign. ( Someone thinks that it is planning a new advertising campaign)  The president was reported to have suffered a heart attack. ( Someone reported that he had suffered a heart attack)  We can also use the following verbs in this structure: believe, expect, find, know, report, say, think, understand

35 Direct speech and Reported speech: A

Direct speech: Look at the below examples of direct speech.



Paul: I’m tired

 Ifi and I are getting married next month,  I know we’ll be happy together.  They say, “we don’t go to university”.  Ali said, “I have qualified C.C.E”  The above examples are direct speech, because these are said directly by the speaker. In direct speech, there are two parts of the sentence. i.e  Reporting Verb

Reported speech

 Ali said,

“ I have qualified C.C.E”

 The reported speech part is put into quotation mark (“ ” ) when it will be changed into indirect speech then quotation mark will be omitted. B

Reported speech/ Indirect speech: In reported speech we don’t say exact words but we give the meaning of what was said. These words can be shared by another person.

45

Paul says he’s tired. Ali and Ifi have announced that they are getting married next month. Ali is sure that they will be happy together. In reported speech we often change the actual words, e.g I’m tired

he’s tired.

We’ll be happy

They’ll be happy.

sometimes the verb tense changes, e.g. I want

she wanted.

We discuss below how and when tense changes. Because in narration we bring three changes in the sentence. i.e. 1: Pronoun

2: Tense 3: Adverb

In reporting we use verbs such as announce, answer, explain, promise, reply, say, suggest, tell, warn. 

The most common of these are say and tell.

 When we report statements, we often use that, but we can sometimes leave it out.  You promised (that), you wouldn’t be late.  Sapna was saying (that) there’s a problem.  Tell or Say  Tell:  We use tell if we want to mention the hearer ( the person spoken to)  Afi’s boss told him he could leave early.  Not Afi’s boss told he could leave early.  Daniel tells me he’s ready.  Say:  When we don’t mention the hearer, we use say  Afi’s boss said he could leave early.  Not Afi’s boss said him he could leave early. 

46

36 Changes in reported speech: Changes from direct speech to reported speech depend on changes in the situation. We may have to make changes when we are reporting something another person has said, or when we report it in a different place or at a different time. Here are given some typical changes. Person:

I

he/she

we

they

my

his / her

Place:

here

there, at the flat etc

time:

Now

then, at the time.

today

that day, on Monday

yesterday

the day before, the previous

tomorrow

the next/ following day

this week

that week

an hour ago

an hour before/ earlier

37 Reported speech: the tense change? A

When do we change the tense: When the reporting verb is in the past tense, then there is a often tense change. In other words after a past – tense verb ( e.g. said) Nelson said, “ It really is cold today”. Nelson said it was cold that day. If the statement is still up to date when we report it, then we have a choice. we can either leave the tense same or we can change it. You said you like/liked an ice-cream. David told me his father owns/owned a piece of land. Miss cat said she is going /she was going to U.K in January(now it is February)

47



We can say that miss cat is going to U.K because it is still true that she will go there.

 If the statement is no longer up-to-date then we certainly change the tense.  David once told me that his father owned a piece of land. ( He may no longer own Now)  Miss cat said she was going to U.K in April. (Now it is may) Now cat’s trip is over, so it is no longer true that she is going to U.K.  Change of verbs if the reporting verb is in the past tense. 

Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

 Present Simple

Past Simple

 He said, “ I eat apples”

He said that he ate apples.

 He said, “ I don’t eat apples”.

He said that he did not eat apples.

 Present Continuous

Past Continuous

 He said, “ I am eating apples”.

He said that he was eating apples.

 Present Perfect

Past Perfect

 He said, “ I have eaten apples”.

He said that he had eaten apples.

 Present Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

 He said, “I have been eating apples He said that he had been eating apples since morning”.

since morning.

 Past Simple

Past Perfect

 He said, “ I ate apples”.

He said that he had eaten apples.

 He said, “ I did not eat apples”.

He said that he had not eaten apples.

 Past Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

 He said, “ I was eating apples”.

He said that he had been eating apples since morning.

48

 Note: In written English, Past tense usually do change to past perfect but there are few exceptions: Past simple, past continuous tense, in time clauses do not normally change.  He said, “ I dropped it while I was running for the bus”.  He said that he dropped it while he was running for the bus.  He said, “ when we were living in Paris”.  He said that when they were living in Paris.  We shall not change of verb after word wish and rather.  The children said, “ we wish we did not have to take examination”.  The children said that they wished they did not have to take examination.  She said, “ Ali wants to go alone but I’d rather he went with a group”.  She said that Ali wanted to go alone but he’d rather he went with a group.  We don’t change conditional sentence, having the verb were or had been, they remain unchanged.  Ali said,” If my children were older, I would emigrate”.  Ali said that if his children were older, he would emigrate.  might, ought, should, would, remain unchanged.  Reported speech in Future Tense: 

Direct speech

Indirect speech

 He said, “ I will/ shall be in Paris on He said that he would be in Paris on Monday.. Monday.  He said, “ I shall be 28 tomorrow”. He said that he would be 28 the following day.  He said, “ I shall be eating meat He said that he would be eating meat tomorrow”. the next day.  He said, “ I shall have eaten meat He said that he would have eaten tomorrow”. meat next day.  They said, “We shall have been eating They said that they would have been meat since morning”. eating meat since morning.  Modal verbs: 

Can

Could



may

might



will

would



must

had to

49

 They said, “ we can sit over here”.  They said they could sit over here.  She said, “ I may go to my village again”.  She said she might go to her village again.  Tom said, “ I’ll help if you like”.  Tom said he would help if I like.  Cathy said, “ I shall cook”.  Cathy said she should cook.  Note:  If reporting verb either is in present tense or in future tense, then the tense of reported speech won’t be changed, but only pronoun and adverbs will be changed.  He says, “ I am feeling well now”.  He says tha he is feeling well then.  Shalu will say, “ I did not clean my room”.  Shalu will say that she did not clean her room.

38 Summary of changes in tenses: 

Direct speech

Indirect speech



Is, am , are

was, were



Eat

ate



do not eat

did not eat



has, have

had



has been, have been

had been



can eat

could eat



will eat

would eat



shall eat

should eat



may eat

might eat



can have eaten

could have eaten



will have eaten

would have eaten



shall have eaten

should have eaten



may have eaten

might have eaten

50

Changes in the Past tense Direct speech

Indirect speech

was, were

had been

Ate

had eaten

Did not eat

had not eaten

had been

had been

would, should eat

would , should eat

might, could eat

might, could eat

would have eaten

would have eaten

should have eaten

should have eaten

might have eaten

might have eaten

Summary of changes in adverb Direct speech

Indirect speech

Today

that day

Yesterday

the previous days or the day before

Tomorrow

the next day or the following day

The day before yesterday

the two days before

The day after tomorrow

the next day or the following day

Next year/week

the following year/ week

A year ago

a year before the previous year

This

that

These

Those

last night

previous night

Now

then

Thus

So

51

39

Reported Questions: There are two types of reported questions. One of them is called wh-questions. Wh-questions start with words like where, Why, When, How, What, Which. Second type of reported questions are yes/no questions. yes/no questions start with the helping verbs like is, am, are, was, were, will, shall, have, has, can, may, do, does, did, etc In wh-questions, we change say to or said to into ask or asked. furthermore, we don’t use question mark in indirect speech and that is also not used. On the other hand, in Yes/No questions we use if/whether when we change them into indirect speech. we don’t use question mark and that. We write them in a simple way. Here below are given some examples.



He said to me, “Where are you going?”

 He asked me where I was going. (Indirect)  I said to him, “ do you go to college on foot?”  I asked him if he went to college on foot. (Indirect)  He said to me, “ Why do you weep?”  He asked me why I wept. ( Indirect)  He said to them, “ Can you help me?”  He asked them if they could help him, ( Indirect)  The officer said to the peon, “ may you dine with me?”  The officer asked the peon if he might dine with him. ( Indirect) 

Word Order



In a reported question the subject comes before the verb, as in the following statements.  Guy asked shalu when She started acting.  Not Guy asked shalu when did she start acting.  Someone was wondering if the taxi has arrived yet.  Not Someone was wondering if has the taxi arrived yet.

52

40 Reported requests, offers, etc. Reported orders and requests: 

When we report a command ( an order ) or a request we use a reporting verb

 ( told, asked ) with the infinitive form of the verb in the original order or request 

Direct Speech

Indirect Speech



“ Stop talking”

He told them to stop talking.



“ Please shut the window”.

She asked him to shut the window



“ Don’t walk on the road”.

He told her not to walk on the road.



“Could you water the plants please”.

She asked her to water the plants.



“ Please move the car”.

He told me to move the car.

 The negative is tell/ask someone not to do something.  “ You must not leave the door unlocked”.  He told me not to leave the door unlocked.  We can also use the structure ask to do.  Something  “Can I see your ticket, please?”  The inspector asked to see my ticket.  It is also possible to report an order or request like this.  The police man ordered.  Ali Raza requested etc  Reported offers, suggestions etc  Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

 “ We’ll pay for the damages”.

We offered to pay for the damages.

 I’ll definitely finish it by the end of next You promised to finish it by the end of week”. this week.  We can also use object + to – infinitive after advise, invite, remind, and warn.  “ I think you should take a taxi”.

Mark advised us to take a taxi.

 “Don’t forget to ring me”.

I reminded david to ring me.

 We can also use an-ing form after admit, apologize for, insist on & suggest.  “ I really must have a rest”.

Emma insisted on having a rest.

 “ Shall we go to restaurant”.

Claire suggested going to a restaurant.

53

41 Replace as soon as with no sooner:



Sometimes in different exams questions of “As soon as” are given, and is asked to change it with “ No sooner” As soon as the cat appeared the rats ran away.



In the above sentence, there are two clauses. The sentence is in the past tense. we have to change it in the same tense. According to the rule, in the first clause we shall put “ No sooner did” when “did” is placed then first form of the main verb. In the second class we will put “ then ” in the very beginning. And the remaining part will be left as it is .  No sooner did the cat appear then the rats ran away.



Here are given some more examples.

 As soon as we reached the station the train left.  No sooner did we reach the station then the train left.  As soon as I went out of my room it began to rain.  No sooner did I go out of my room then it began to rain.

42 Conditionals: 

Conditionals (1)

 Type – 1 

Type – 1 conditionals is used to talk about the possible future actions.

 If we work hard, we’ll qualify CSS.  

This shows that there is possibility of qualifying CSS but there is conditional that is hard work. If we work hard, we can qualify.



It is upto us either we work hard or not.



There are two clauses in the conditional sentences. i-e If clause & main clause



In the “If clause” we use present simple and in the “main clause” We use the future . Here are given some examples. If – Clause main Clause

 

If Present simple

( Will)



If we work hard,

We’ll qualify CSS.



If I miss the bus,

there will be another one.



If I don’t practice

I won’t get better.



my essay paper,

marks.



54



The verb in the if clause is present simple not the future( e.g. work, practice etc)

 Not if we will work hard, we will qualify (X)  But we can use will in the if clause when we make a request.  If you’ll wait a moment, I’ll find someone to help you. (Please wait a moment..)  We can use the present continuous (e.g. are doing) or the present perfect (e.g. have done) in the if clause.  If I am expecting guest, the room will need a good clean.  If you’ve finished with a washing machine, I’ll put it away.  The main clause often has will but we can use other modal verbs. (e.g. can)  If you haven’t got a book, you can’t read it, can you?  If Maria jogs regularly, she might lose weight.  If Ali is going to job interview, he should wear a tie and a coat.  The if-clause usually comes first, but it can come after the main clause.  If I hear any news, I’ll phone you.  I’ll phone you if I hear any news.  More uses of type – 1  We can use type-1 conditionals in offers and suggestions.  If you need a book, I can buy for you.  If you feel like seeing the sights, we can take a bus tour.  We can also use them in warnings and threats.  If you drive fast, you will get an accident.  If you smoke, you’ll make yourself ill.  We sometimes use the present simple in both clauses.  If you heat water, it boils.  If she has any money, she spends it.  If you press the switch, the TV comes on. 

This means that one thing always follows automatically from another pressing the switch results in TV coming on.

55

43 Conditionals (2): 

Iqra: Would you like some cake, Shakeela?

 Shakeela: No thanks, If I ate cake, I’d get fat.  Iqra: But it is delicious.  Shakeela: It looks delicious. If I had you figure I’d eat the whole lot.  I ate cake and I had your figure are imaginary or unreal situations. Means Shakeela is not going to eat cake, and she has not got a figure like Iqra.  It won’t be an extension to say that type(2) is used for unreal or imaginary situations.  Type 2: If I ate cake, I’d get fat. 

If clause

Main clause



Past simple

would



If I ate cake

I’d get fat.



If I had your figure

I’d eat the whole lot.



If we did not have our bike

We’d find difficult to get about.



If Rohaan got up earlier

he wouldn’t always be late.

 Note the past simple (e.g. ate). We do not use would in the if-clause. 

Not if I’d eat cake..



But we can use would in the if clause when we make a request. As we did in the type (1).  If Rohaan would like to come this way, the doctor will see you now. (please come this way).  We also use past continuous in the if clause (e.g. was doing)  If Khushi was playing her piano, it would not be so quiet in this room.  In a type-2 if clause we sometime use were instead of was, especially in the if clause. If I were you.  If Khushi were playing her piano, it would not be quiet in this room.  If I were you, I’d ask a lawyer for some advice.  The main clause often has would. We can also use could or might.  If we had a laptop, we could work quicker.  If Rachel worked harder, she might do even better at her studies.  The if-clause comes first, but it can come after the main clause.  If I knew, I’d tell you. / I’d tell you if I knew.

56



Type-1 and Type-2

Type1If she works hard, she will get good marks. Type2 If she worked hard, she would get good marks. 

The present simple tense (works) refers to a possible future action, something which may or may not happen.



If she works hard she can or can’t get good marks.



The past tense (worked) refers to something unreal.

 If she worked hard, she would get good marks. But she did not work hard, and she did not get good marks. But, she is imagining that she would.  compare these two examples: Type1If we take the car, we’ll have to pay for parking. Type2 If we took the car, we’d have to pay for parking. Here both sentences refer to possible future action. But in the type2 conditional,



the action is less probable. If we took the car may mean that we have decided not to take it. We can use type2 conditionals in offers and suggestions.

 If you needed a book, I could get you that one.  If you felt like seeing the sights, we could go to Kashmir. Type2is less direct that type-1. The speaker is less sure that you want to see the sights.

44 Conditionals (3): 

 

We can use type 3 conditionals to talk about things in the past happening differently from the way they really happened. This sometimes means criticizing people or pointing out their mistakes. If Clause Main Clause Past Perfect

would have



If I had gone earlier,

I would have seen her.



If he had phoned her,

he wouldn’t have been so annoyed.



If you had not made that mistake,

you would have passed your test.



If Bibi had been more careful,

She wouldn’t have fallen.



57

Here are given a few more examples of type3. 

Razia: How was your camping holiday?



Sakeena: Well, it would have been all right. if it hadn’t rained all the time.



Naseema: If we’d gone two weeks earlier, we’d have had better weather.



If it hadn’t rained and if we’d gone two weeks earlier are imaginary situations in the past. It did rain, and they didn’t go two weeks earlier.



 Note the verb in the past perfect (e.g. had gone). we don’t use would in the if clause.  Not If I would have gone earlier, I would have seen her. 

The main clause often has would have. We can also use could have or might have.  If I’d had my mobile yesterday, I could have called you.  We just caught the train, I’d have come to see you.  If you had rung me, I would have come to see you.  Here are more examples of type-3.  If you’d been a bit more careful, you would not have cut your hand.  If Rozina had set his alarm clock, she would not have over slept.  We can also use this structure to express regret about the past.  If he had not fallen ill and missed the interview, he might have got the job. 

Compare the type-2 and type-3

Type2 If you arranged the timetable properly, the classes would run regularly. ( You did not arrange) Type3 If you had arranged the timetable properly, the classes would have run regularly. ( You did not arrange) 

We can mix type2 and type3. As given in the following examples.

 If you had arranged the timetable properly, the classes would run regularly.  If you hadn’t left all these dirty dishes, the plate would look a bit tidier.  If Nargis was more sensible, she would have worn a suit to the interview.  If I did not have all this work to do, I would have gone out for the day.

58

Review of conditionals There are three main types of conditionals. Type1 If……………… the present simple…………will/can/might etc. Type2 If..................the past simple……………..would/could/might etc Type3 If……………….the past perfect…………….would have/could have/might have.

45 Language Terminology: Adverbial:

A group of words that does the same job as an adverb.

Bare infinitive:

The infinitive without to let me go.

Clause:

A part of a sentence which contains a subject and a verb, usually joined to the rest of the sentence by a conjunction.

Mary said that she was fit The word clause is also sometimes used for structures containing participles or infinitives ( with no subject or conjunction) Not knowing what to do I telephoned Ali, I persuaded him to try a new method. Complement: A part of the sentence that gives more information about the subject (after be, seem and some other verbs), or, in some structures, about the object. You are the right person to help. She looks very kind. Copular Verb be, seem, feel and other verbs which link subject to a complement which describes it. My mother is brave. She looks unhappy. etc Declarative The question which has the same grammatical form as a statement. question: That’s your girl friend? Determiner: One of the group of words that are normally used at the beginning of a noun phrases. Determiners include a/an, the, my, this, each, either, several, more, both, all Initial: At the beginning. Sometimes is an adverb that can go in initial position in a sentence. Sometimes I wish, I had never been born. Phrase: Two or more words that function together as a group. in the country, the silly old woman, would have been repaired etc. Phrasal verb: A verb that is made up of two parts: a ‘base’ verb followed by an adverb particle, Fill up, run over, take in etc Predicative: Adjectives placed after a verb like be, seem, look are in predicative position. She looks happy. The house is enormous.

59

Attributive: Prepositional verb:

Adjectives placed before noun are in “attributive position”. a pink shirt, my calm wife. A verb that has two parts a “base” verb and a preposition. Insist on, care for.

46 Pronunciation Practice: 1

[e] and [ae]

bed/bad,

met/mat,

pet/pat,

wreck/wrack

The fat man sat on the mat. When he was ready to catch them,  the other men went back and then ran towards him. 2

3 4 5

6

[I] and [i:] sit/ seat , this/these, hit/heat, lip/leap, sick/seek, sin/seen He hid the little pins in a tin and put this lid on it. These three weary steeds are feeding in a field. He was sitting beneath a green tree when he was bitten by a little kitten. [s] and [S] save/shave, sort/short, sell/shell, sip/ship, gas/gash As he was shaving, his hand slipped and he gave his chin a shoot gash. [A:] and [a:] duck/dark, luck/lark, cut/cart, much/march, puck/park The car was stuck in the mud in the car-park and was very hard to start. [s] and [ts] wash/watch, mash/match, cash/catch, dishes/ditches While watching a cricket match, he dropped his watch just as a player made a clever catch. [i] and [ei] brick/break, wit/weight, tick/take,

sil/sail, lick/lake, lit/late

If you break this brick, pickup another and take it. 7

[D] and [>:] Pot/Port, Knotty/naughty, stock/stalk, moss/Morse Your daughter has caught a cold and a shocking cough. She taught that she ought to have a tonic so I’ve bought her a bottle.

60

47

Idioms and Phrases

1

Achilles heel

=

Week spot

2

Keep abreast of

=

To advance, Not behind

3

In the air

=

To be spread quickly

4

All in all

=

supreme, powerful

5

=

To avoid much familiarity

6

Keep somebody at arm’s length With open arm

=

warmly welcome

7

An apple of discord =

cause of contention

8

Add fuel to fire

=

To increase the rage

9

=

loving, delightful person

10

The apple of one’s eye Aladdin’s lamp

=

11

Animal spirit

=

A lamp which gives everything to the owner that he wishes Natural buoyancy

12

Alpha and omega

=

Beginning and the end

13

All and sundry

=

Everyone without difference

14

Against a rainy day

=

for evil times

15

The Augustan age

=

Period of refinement

16

To be at sixes and sevens At logger heads

=

Disagreed person

=

Quarreling each other

To be at daggers drawn Backbone

=

Enmity between two

=

chief support

To have a bee in one’s bonnet To beat about the bush To hit below the belt keep body and soul together Bad blood

=

To be obsessed with an idea

=

To speak irrelevant

=

fight unfairly

=

To keep alive

=

Angry and vindictive feeling

Be the order of the day

=

fashion, general

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

61

26

Bed of Roses

=

Enjoyable life

27

Burning question

=

Question demanding solution

28

To burn the candle at both ends To break the ice

=

To consume one’s energy in double ways

=

To speak when there is silence

Blood is thicker than water A bull in a china shop To bury the hatchet A blue stocking

=

Relatives are better than other

=

A clumsy person in a cared place

=

To maintain peace

=

A showy woman

=

very rapidly

=

To escape very narrowly

=

37

By leaps and bounds To escape by the skin of one’s teeth Beggars shouldn’t be choosers In cold blood

=

Those who ask for favour should submit to the terms imposed upon them Deliberately

38

Blood and Iron

=

The force of arm

39

Under a cloud

=

In disgrace

41

=

To be straight forward

42

To call a spade a spade call in question

=

To throw a doubt upon

43

crocodile tears

=

Hypocritical tears

44

=

An absurd tale

=

Crook the finger over one another to bring good luck

46

A cock and bull story Keep one’s fingers crossed cry in wilderness

=

a cry which no one listens

47

A curtain lecture

=

A scolding given by wife to the husband

48

A cat and dog life

=

To be always quarreling

49

=

To use mere tool

50

To make a cat’s paw of Turn a deaf ear

=

unwillingness to listen

51

A Red letter day

=

An auspicious day

52

Cat and dog story

=

Always in quarrelling

29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

45

62

53

=

immediate danger, dreaded

=

Do good service

55

The sword of Damocles Do yeoman’s service Divide and Rule

=

Divide nation into parties and rule

56

A Rough Diamond

=

Unpolished

57

The under dog

=

Down trodden person

58

Eat humble pie

=

submit meekly

59

At the eleventh hour A bad egg

=

At the latest possible time

=

A worthless fellow

=

an honour

62

Feather in one’s cap A fish out of water

=

crazy person

63

French leave

=

To slip away unnoticed

64

A fool’s paradise

=

A state of happiness based on ficticious hopes

65

Make good

=

To accomplish

66

=

To say right thing

67

Hit the nail on the head A hard nut to crack

=

Difficult problem

68

A jack of all trades

=

A person who turns his hand to all business

69

An iron will

=

determined

70

to be inactive

72

Let the grass grow = under one’s feet leave no stone = unturned Read between lines =

73

Maiden speech

=

first speech

74

Nip in the bud

=

To destroy from the root

75

A man of letter

=

Knowledge able person

76

Null and void

=

of no effect

77

An oily tongue

=

a flattering

78

Pass away

=

To disappear

79

Red handed

=

In the every act of committing a crime

80

A broken reed

=

The support which will fail you

54

60 61

71

to adopt every possible method of inquiry to see writers concealed meaning

63

81

Small talk

=

light talk

82

=

A deceitful person

83

A snake in the grass Tooth and nail

=

with vigor, power

84

Turn over new leaf

=

To commence also cause of life

85

To turn the table

=

To reverse the position of two rival

86

Under the thumb of A thorn in the flesh

=

subservient of

=

a cause of central trouble

=

To make personal profit out of a disturbance

89

To fish in the troubled water under the sun

=

In the world

90

A utopian scheme

=

An imaginary, unreal

91

Ups and down

=

successive rise and falls

92

A wet blanket

=

Anything which checks odour, enthusiasm

93

A wild goose chase

=

A foolish, fruitless search

94

A white elephant

=

Burdensome, expensive or trouble

95

A wolf in the sheep clothes To lead a dog’s life

=

A dangerous person who pretends to be harmless

=

To be troubled all the time

=

A petty squabble

=

To make a full confession

=

Fight heroically till the end

=

To manage one’s means with frugality

=

To endure the main force or shock

102

A storm in a tea cup Make a clean breast To fight tooth and nail To husband one’s resources To bear the brunt of Gift the gab

=

fluent, Eloquence

103

In hot water

=

In some trouble, difficulty

104

=

To achieve something amazing

105

To see the Thames on fire To fall flat

=

106

Right hand man

=

To produce no effect, To fail in attracting some one’s attention Sincere friend

87 88

96 97 98 99 100 101

64

107

=

To take part in a matter

=

Toward of starvation and insolvency

=

110

To have finger in the pie To keep the wolf from the door To mince the matters A dead letter

=

To say exactly what you feel or think even if it may offend others something no longer in use

111

out of wood

=

Escape from difficulty or danger

112

=

To receive applause

=

To do everything possible to make something happen

=

Somebody who can’t have or doesnot want something but who tries to prevent others from doing it Be careful about showing premature, signs of exultations

119

To bring the house down To move heaven and earth A dog in the manager Do not hallo till you are out of wood To keep one’s finger crossed With one’s tongue in one’s cheek Few and far between A queer fish

120

108 109

113 114 115

116

=

=

To hope that something will happen the way you want

=

without meaning what one says

=

seldom, Never

=

A strange, crazy person

Cold comfort

=

cheap comfort

121

A close shave

=

Almost an accident

122

A Gordian knot

=

Solve a complicated or difficulty by quick and dramatic

123

To eat one’s words

=

To take back one’s words

124

A Freudian ship

=

125

127

The milk of human = kindness To wash one’s dirty = linen in public Out and Out =

An unintentional mistake by speaker which reveals speakers true mentality Kind feeling

128

A rule of thumb

=

129

Penny wise and pound foolish Hum and thaw

=

117 118

126

130

=

To discuss family affairs in public Thoroughly a rough rule which gives you idea of how to deal with things Penurious about small expenses and extravagant about large one’s To keep pausing because you don’t want to say 65

anything bad 131

To bring grist to the mill Acid test

=

An experience or source

= =

134

To all intents and purposes An arm chair critic

The decisive test that establishes worth or credibility of something In effect the same, although not actually the same

135

Across the board

=

one who passes remarks on something without having its practical experience Influencing everyone equally and proportionally

136

Argue the toss

=

Argue about something without any reason

137

At a pinch

=

In case it is absolutely necessary

138

In one fell swoop

=

with only one single effort or action

139

=

someone who is naïve and trusts others easily

140

A babe in the woods A back seat driver

=

141

Bag person/people

=

someone who gives unwanted advice or criticism when somebody else doing a job A homeless person

142

A banana republic

=

A small country with an unstable government

143

Be all at sea

=

Be in a state of confusion and bewildered

144

=

Something which is un understandable

145

To be all greek to someone To be at odds with

=

To be in disagreement with someone

146

To be in the red

=

To be in financial crunch

147

To be in black

=

To be in good financial condition

148

=

To speak in a direct and truth full manner

=

To be efficient and capable

150

Be/come/ talk straight from the shoulders To be worth one’s salt The bees knees

=

151

A blue ribbon

=

something that is considered to have very good qualities The top position in a competition

152

Bring home bacon

=

The earn money to fulfill needs of a family

153

A bolt from the blue Bring someone to

=

Sudden unexpected event usually of catastrophic nature make someone obedient

132 133

149

154

=

=

66

heels 155

By and large

=

On the whole/ generally speaking

156

Chew the acid

=

To discuss a subject for the long time

157

A clean state

=

A clear history of some body’s character

158

Clear air

=

Remove suspicion or tension

159

A cold fish

=

One who shows no emotions

160

Kick one’s heel

=

To be compelled to wait doing nothing

161

=

To ignore somebody completely

162

Cut somebody dead Dead wood

=

A useless person or thing

163

Do away with

=

Get rid of something

164

Die in harness

=

Die while in service or on duty

165

Donkey’s years

=

For a very long time

166

End up in smoke

=

Come to nothing or fail

167

Elbow grease

=

Physical effort

168

Fabian tactics

=

Tactics employed to delay a process

169

A fast worker

=

Expert in flirting

170

A fair weather friend Fine words butter no parships A flash in the pan

=

selfish friend

= =

Tall promises are not enough to clothe or feed a person to whom they are made something which is very short lived

=

a sharp reproof

=

a nuisance or difficulty which spoils as a good event

175

A flea in some body’s ear A fly in the ointment Fly off the handle

=

To lose your temper

176

Forty winks

=

a short sleep

177

from pillar to post

=

from place to place

178

Zero hour

=

179

writing on the wall

=

The time on which something important is due to happen An ominously significant event

180

within an ace of

=

on the verge of, very close to

181

A white collar job

=

one who does an office job

182

Whistling the wind

=

Hallow promises

171 172 173 174

67

183

Up in the air

=

undecided or unsettled

184

Up in arms

=

protesting angrily

185

upset the applecart =

To spoil the plan or an arrangement

186

Walk in air

To be extremely happy

187

Waste one’s breath =

To talk in vain

188

Weather the storm

=

189

Wear the pants

=

To experience a difficult situation without being too badly effected by it. To be in authority

190

Whistle in dark

=

191

under the table

=

To attempt to or pretend to keep up your courage when you are actually afraid. secretly or often illegally, in the form of a bribe

192

Under one’s belt

=

A successful past experience

193

Under the counter

=

unwell, out of sorts

194

Turn up nose

=

195

Tip of the ice berg

=

196

Tighten one’s belt

=

197

Tie Knot

=

To express contempt or disdain for something or somebody A small or superficial manifestation of a much larger and often worse situation To spend less money because you are in financial crunch To get married

198

=

To cease to struggle and accept defeat

=

To issue a challenge

=

In large numbers

201

Throw up one’s cards Throw down the gaunt let Thick on the ground Thick and fast

=

In large numbers and with great frequency

202

Talk turkey

=

Talk honestly and bluntly

203

Talk shop

=

To talk about your work and other specialized activity

204

=

To cheat or deceive someone, kill someone

=

206

Take someone for a ride Take sth/someone by storm Take exception to

To become quickly successful and famous in an organization/place Object

207

Swan song

=

208

Take a fancy to

=

199 200

205

=

=

A final appearance, performance or work as a farewell to career or profession like something or be attracted to it

68

209

stretch one’s legs

210

A straw in the wind =

211

stand on ceremony

=

stand up and go for a walk in order to relieve muscular stiffness or for exercise A relatively minor thing or incident that gives an indication of what is likely to happen To behave in a formal manner or insist on formality

212

=

To do thing which cause evil and mischief in future

213

sow the dragon’s teeth slap on the back

=

congratulations

214

silver bullet

=

A magical solution

215

=

To behave in cowardly way

=

Do something remarkable or successful

217

Show the white feather set the world on fire see eye to eye ball

=

confront closely

218

Run riot

=

To act without control or restrain

219

A royal road

=

An easy way

220

Rock the boat

=

To disturb or a stable situation

221

=

222

Rest on one’s laurels Red tape

223

A pyrrhic victory

=

Not try to make further efforts for more achievements and be content with what has already been achieved official procedure regarded as unnecessary complicated and obstructive A victory made at the cause of great loss

224

Pop the question

=

To ask someone to marry you

225

Pie in the sky

=

promise of good life in future that never arrives

226

=

The rule of women

227

A petticoat government A pain in the neck

=

228

On the rocks

=

someone who is very annoying or something that is very difficult or problematic Business is working properly and is expected to fail

229

On the rack

=

In very unpleasant situation and is hard to get out of it

230

On the hook

=

In some difficulty

231

On cloud nine

=

TO be extremely happy

232

An old hand

=

An experienced person

233

An old foggy

=

One who does not change his conservative thinking

234

No love lost

=

235

A night owl

=

Used about two people, group or organization when they dislike each other One who keeps on doing things till late and goes on

216

=

=

69

bed late 236

The nanny state

=

237

Make one’s mark

=

Used when you disapprove because a government controls the activities of its people and does not let them do things freely To achieve recognition or success in a particular field

238

Alone wolf

=

somebody who prefers to be alone

239

letter perfect

=

without any incorrect word or misspelling

240

leave in the lurch

=

241

Lead by the nose

=

242

A lame excuse

=

To leave somebody in a difficult situation without offering any help To control someone completely, so that he does whatever you want A weak justification or excuse for something

243

Labour of love

=

244

Kick the bucket

=

something demanding or difficult that is done only for the sake of pleasure instead of money Die/ Give up the ghost

245

Keep the ball rolling Keep one’s nose to the grind stone Keep one’s head above water Keep in the dark

=

To continue or sustain an activity without a let up

=

Keep working hard without taking a break

=

Avoid financial trouble

=

Don’t let somebody know about a situation

246 247 248 249

To keep one’s thoughts and intentions secret

251

Keep one’s own = counsel Keep body and soul = together Keep at bay =

252

An ivory tower

=

253

In the teeth of

=

A state in which someone is sheltered from harsh and difficulties of life Inspite of ( some difficulty etc)

254

In the pink

=

In excellent condition of health

255

In the line of fire

=

256

Ill at ease

=

In a very risky situation where one is likely to be criticized Embarrassed, uneasy

257

A hot potato

=

258

Hold the balance

=

259

Hit the spot

=

250

To be able to sustain life Keep something unpleasant at distance to avoid harm

A sensitive or controversial issue that is difficult to deal with To control the key to maintaining an existing state of equilibrium between two opposite forces To please ore satisfy extremely well 70

260

=

To go sleep/ forty winks

261

Hit the hay, Hit the sack High and dry

=

stranded

262

Heart and soul

=

with greatest devotion

263

Have an axe to grind Hang together

= =

To be interested in serving one’s own purpose even if it involves unfair means To be in good relation to each other

=

To be in a state of suspense about the out come

266

Hang in the balance Hand in glove

=

To be on very intimate terms

267

Halcyon days

=

Days of peace, prosperity and happiness

268

Grist to the mill

=

269

Grey matter

=

An experience or source that can be used for your advantage in another situation Intelligence

270

A good Samaritan

=

A selfless helper

271

Good for nothing

=

Useless

272

Go to the wall

=

To be ruined, especially financially

273

Go by the book

=

Proceed by rules

274

=

276

Go against the grain A glutton for punishment Give way

=

Be contrary to someone’s natural inclinations, feelings or wishes somebody who deliberately takes on and enjoys difficulty, stress To collapse or break under pressure

277

Give the game way

=

To reveal a secret

278

Get the sack

=

Be terminated from the job

279

Get the wind

=

To hear indirectly about something

280

Get under one’s skin Fly off the handle

=

To irritate someone

= =

283

Give a Roland for an oliver A dark horse

To lose your temper especially without any justification To give a blow for a blow

=

An unexpected winner

284

Take a fancy to

=

have a great desire

285

spick and span

=

new and smart

286

Straight from horse’s mouth

=

reliable information

264 265

275

281 282

=

71

287

Go to the dog

=

to lead a ruinous life

288

Call to mind

=

to remember

289

At large

=

free, at liberty

290

In a quandary

=

confused, perplexed at sixes and sevens

291

=

Intrude, stick your oarin

=

Monotonous, humdrum, helium

293

Poke/ stick your nose into Be stuck in a groove Crown over

294

A bee line

=

The shortest route, a straight direct course

295

Snake in the grass

=

deceitful, treacherous, double faced

296

Go in a tailspin

=

get mired in, get disoriented

297

=

defer, put on ice, take a rain check on

298

Put on the back burner on knife’s edge

=

In a difficult situation, mired, tangled

299

Bite the bullet

=

grasp the nettle, endure pain

300

=

turning point, pivotal moment

=

put the screws on, question annoy

302

A waters shed moment put through the wringer To stay put

=

keep one’s position

303

Having a cow

=

antsy, nervous, hot and bothered

304

On the anvil

=

undone, undeveloped, embryonic

305

On the button

=

on the dot, spot on, on the time

306

Be stick in a groove

=

monotonous, humdrum

307

=

take a risk, adventure

308

Throw caution to the wind Come off

=

succeeded

309

Turn down

=

Refuse

310

make out

=

see clearly

311

make up

=

invent ( a story )

312

Put off

=

post one

313

Turn up

=

Arrive

314

Bring in

=

Introduce

315

come about

=

Happen

292

301

boast, kick up a fuss, below your own trumpet

72

316

fallen out

=

quarreled

317

fixed up

=

arranged

318

Gave up

=

Stopped

319

Gone away

=

disappeared

320

Go off

=

Explode

321

Held up

=

Delayed

322

Setup

=

established

323

workout

=

calculate

324

cut back

=

spend less

325

draw up

=

Write

326

fall behind

=

be slower than others

327

fell through

=

did not happen

328

fought off

=

managed to stop

329

get through

=

make contact

330

put forward

=

suggested

331

Ring back

=

Phone again

332

sort out

=

put right

333

stepped down

=

left the job

334

taking on

=

accepting

335

Take over

=

take control of

336

Turn down

=

becoming loss

337

knock down

=

completely to the ground

338

Broke down

=

stopping completely

339

Copy down

=

on the paper

340

set off

=

wearing off

341

drive off

=

departing, on journey

342

switch off, cut off, rang off Switch on, turn on, leave on Put on, try on

=

disconnected

=

connected

=

Wearing

carry on, hang on/ hold on, drive on

=

continue

343 344 345

73

346

away disappearing

348

washout, cross out, = blowout Hand out, share = out Read out, Call out =

349

going up, put up

=

increasing

350

eat up, fill up, count up, tear up

=

completely

351

pays short visit

352

calls in on/ drops in = on catch up with =

353

clamp down on

=

take strong action against

354

come up against

=

be stopped by

355

as good as she expected

356

come up to/ live up = to crying out for =

357

cut back on

=

Reduce

358

cut down on

=

Reduce

359

do away with

=

Abolish

360

face up to

=

not avoid

361

Bag and baggage

=

completely, leaving no property behind

362

Good wine needs no bush To cudgel one’s brain fall to the ground

=

aged thing needs no advertisement

=

to make a painful effort to remember

=

to become nothing

To hang out the white flag The game is not worth the candle Hold with the hare and run with the hounds Off hand

=

=

to show willingness to come to terms, generally in taken of surrender the game isn’t worth even the cost of the candle that lights the players to play a double and deceitful game

=

without preparation

To knock on the head Lay the axe to the

=

Destroy

=

to destroy completely

347

363 364 365 366 367

368 369 370

=

to different people Aloud

reach the same place as

is great need of

74

root off 371

to disclose secrete

372

to let the cat out of = bag To lose ground =

373

To lead by the nose =

to dominate a person

374

To be at loss

=

to be unable to decide

375

Let down

=

to fail a friend

376

Make one’s mark

=

to distinguish oneself

377

The masses

=

the great body of common people

378

=

to squander

379

To make ducks and drakes of A mare’s nest

=

an unfounded theory

380

The old Adam

=

the evil nature within man

381

One for all or once and for all Upset the apple cart A turn coat

=

finally

=

To spoil a plan or arrangement

= =

385

Throw somebody for a loop Point bland

=

Somebody who abandons or betrays a group and joins opposite side To surprise someone so much that he feels confused and unsure of what to do to say or do something direct

386

make it hot for one

=

make it difficult

387

=

cooperate with

388

make a common cause with Lend an ear

=

listen attentively

389

Hope against hope

=

very little hope

390

Hang fire

=

to remain in suspense

391

Spick and span

=

new and smart

392

Suit one’s book

=

to suit one’s plan

393

sail under false colours play upon words

=

try to deceive

=

to cut jokes

382 383 384

394

to grow less popular

75

48

English Précis & Composition How to Write A Good Précis?

While writing out a précis three aims are to be kept in view: Firstly, the general argument is to be clearly conveyed. Secondly, all salient points are to be included. Thirdly, the diction is to be concise yet adequate and independent of the original. The following rules, however, should be followed: Dos a) Read through the whole passage you are asked to make a précis of or find out the central through, that is, the general argument contained in it. If not already given, calculate approximately the number of words in the passage set. b) Read the passage thoroughly (slowly and carefully) twice, thrice, or four times, if necessary, so that clear grasp of the whole passage could be obtained. c) Mark the salient points (leading ideas) appearing in the passage or make marginal notes, leaving out all unimportant ones or note them down separately on the margin. This requires considerable practice. d) Give a suitable heading of your précis. e) Prepare a rough copy with the help of marks or marginal notes. Arrange them, if necessary in what you think to be the best logical order. But it is better to keep the same order of thought as in the original. f) Write your précis in the third person, indirect form and appropriate tense. The tense of the précis should be the same as that of the passage. g) It is better to give designations of officials and not their names and titles. At times, the official designation is not mentioned and you have to use the personal name. Whatever, designation you employ, you must stick to it throughout the précis. h) If necessary, divide the précis into paragraphs and to show where these begin, indent your writing clearly. i) Revise your rough copy, abridge it and if need be, improve its language. The précis should in itself be a piece of good English. j) Read once again the original passage to see that all the important points have been incorporated in your précis. k) Then write out the précis in its final revised form. Hand writing counts here also everywhere else.

76

Don’ts a) Do not express your own opinion, wish, remark or criticism. b) Do not insert any question in your précis. Its significance, if essential, may be expressed by a statement. c) Do not convey the ideas in the précis by incomplete sentence. d) Do not use telegraphic abbreviations. e) Do not be jerky. This suggests that most probably, you have not understood the sense of passage properly.. f) Do not retain one or reject the other if two ideas are equally important. Either retain both or give that combined significance. g) Do not forget that a standard précis will bring good marks in the examination. ORIGINAL PASSGE Our instinctive apparatus consists of two parts- the one tending to further our own life and that of our descendants, the other tending to thwart the lives of supposed rivals. The first includes the joy of life, and love and art, which is psychologically an offshoot of love. The second includes competition, patriotism and war. Conventional morality does everything to suppress the first and encourage the second. True mortality would be the exact opposite. Our dealings with those whom we love may be safety left to instinct; it is our dealings with those whom we hate that ought to be brought under the domination of reason. In the modern world, those whom we effectively hate are distant groups, especially foreign nations. We conceive them abstractly, and deceive ourselves into the belief that acts which are really embodiments of hatred are done from love of justice or some such lofty motive. Only a large measure of scepticism can tear away the veils which hide this truth from us. Having achieved that, we could begin to build a new morality, not based on envy and restriction, but on the wish for a full life and the realization that other human beings are a help and not a hindrance when once the madness of envy has been cured. This is no impossibly austere morality yet its adoption would turn our earth into a paradise. THE NEW MORALITY Two parts of our instinctive part are to safeguard our selfish interests and to harm our enemies. The first contains joy love and art and the second patriotism and war. Conventional morality suppresses the first and encourages the second. True morality consists in being reasonable rather than harbouring hatred for others. We wrongly call our bad behaviour justice. We must realize this truth. Sympathy and understanding should replace every and hatred. Only this new morality can make life pleasant.

77

49

COMPREHENSION

1) Read the passage fast in order to form a general idea of its theme and its main ideas. 2) Next read the passage more slowly with two aims in mind: (a) To confirm if your fist impression was correct, and (b) to underline the key ideas. 3) Now read the question based on the passage, and write the numbers of questions against the lines that contain the answers to them. 4) Finally, write down the answers and try to avoid reproducing parts of the given passage; use your own words. 5) All answers to questions on comprehension should be clear and concise, expressed in simple English that follows the rules of grammar and syntax and idiom. 6) Except in the case of meanings of words and phrases, all such answers should be written in complete sentences. 7) Unless otherwise directed, you should base your answers entirely on what is said in passage set. SAMPLE Education is the instruction of the intellect in the laws of nature, under which name I include not merely things and their forces, but men and their ways; and the fashioning of the affections and of the will into an earnest and loving desire to move in harmony with those laws. For me, education means neither more nor less than this. Anything which professes to call itself education must be tired by this standard, and if it fails to stand the test, I will not call it education, whatever be the force of authority, or of numbers, upon the other side. It is important to remember that, in strictness, there is no such thing as uneducated man. Take an extreme case. Suppose that an adult man, in the full vigour of his faculties, could be suddenly placed in the world, as Adam is said to have been, and then left uneducated? Not five minutes. Nature would begin to reach him, through the eyes, the ear, the touch, the properties of objects. Pain and pleasure would be at his elbow, telling him to do this and avoid that; and by slow degrees the man would be thorough, real, and adequate to his circumstances, though there would be no extras and very few accomplishments. Questions: 1) What does education mean? 2) In what sense is there no such thing as an uneducated man? 3) What would a man learn from nature, if he suddenly found himself in this world, like Adam, without any prior knowledge? 78

Answers: 1) Education means the instruction of the human mind in the laws of nature, including the world of nature as well as of man. It would guide human feelings and will to work in harmony with those laws. 2) There is no such thing as an uneducated man, because man takes very little time to learn important lessons from his interaction with things around him. He is constantly learning by trial and error, and cannot be called uneducated. 3) Nature would teach a man, through his sense, what would give pleasure and what would give pain, so that he would learn what to do and what to avoid. Thus he would slowly receive an education that would be quite adequate to these circumstances, even if narrow in perspective. SAMPLE 2 There is something humbling to human pride in rustic life. It grates against the heart to think of the tone in which we unconsciously permit ourselves to address him. We see in him humanity in all we respect in our species is what has been created by art; the gaudy dress, the glittering equipage, or even the cultivated intellect. The mere and naked material of nature we eye with indifference, or trample on with disdain. Poor child of tool, from the grey dawn to the setting sun, one long task! No idea elicited, no thought awakened beyond those that suffice to make him the machine of others, the serf of the hard soil. And then too, mark how we frown upon his scanty holidays, how we hedge in his mirth, and turn hilarity into crime! We make the whole of the gay world, wherein we walk and take our pleasure to him a place of snares and perils. If he leaves his labour for an instant, how many temptations spring up to him! and yet we have no mercy for his errors: the jail, the transport-ship, the gallows. These are our sole lecture-books, and our only method of expostulation. Questions: 1) Why do we despise a rustic? 2) Is the life a rustic a bed of roses? 3) How do we punish him for his errors? Answers 1) We despise a rustic because he is too simple, in dress, in manners, and in mind. He is uncultivated, unrefined, and untouched by the usual marks of civilization. Besides, we look down upon him also because he works with his hands rather than with his mind. 2) The life of a rustic is very busy and very hard. He has no time for relaxation and recreation. Only toil and labour are supposed to be his lot. 3) When a rustic strays from his labours to taste awhile the joy of life, we punish him inhumanly by sending him to jail or exile, or by executing him.

79

50

How to write an organized Essay in exam?

One of the toughest tasks in written part is to get through the Essay. Students put their efforts in writing essay, and English grammar and composition. However, they secure very less marks in the English paper. Some ditches, false practices and our mindset make it herculean task. Without delay let us ponder on the issue and hope things will get easier after that. Language Barrier: Feeling weak in English, we make relentless efforts to learn it when we don’t have good language. We cannot compose even a single correct line. Therefore, it is prerequisite to learn English, learn how to write correct language grammatical mistakes and spelling mistakes intolerable while attempting Essay. Ill practice: One cannot attempt a good Essay unless one keeps on practicing on writing Essay. One should write on daily basis. Because writing and speaking are two different things. If, one can speak fluently it doesn’t mean that one can also write properly. Write an organized Essay practice is necessary. Students can’t write Essay, paragraph etc due to ill practice. Misunderstanding the topic: Most candidates, in haste, often don’t comprehend the topic, hence, ultimately and up a failure. Understanding topic is crucial to achieve good score in the English paper. Time (Mis) management: In the English paper time management is very important. When there is a simple topic then the students write more than enough. They waste their much more time in writing essay. Resultantly, they cannot manage the time. For the paper. An hour should not be wasted on 10 or 20 marks. Road to Essay writing: Sans practicing right things, you can’t ensure successful culmination. Follow the following path to get through. 1) Stick to the basics, parts of speech, tenses, punctuation, sentence structure, vocabulary, paragraph writing and all other basic components of English should be learnt. This can be done by reading simple grammar book. 2) There are few common rules of writing essay that should be learnt rigorously. 3) Practicing paragraphs and short essays will give you command over essay writing and putting firm foundation for full length essay.

80

4) Going through past papers and by following current trends, shortlist some topics and collect relevant material. How much will be sufficient can be gauged by developing detailed outline of each topic. Material can be gathered from two sources: one, books, magazines, newspapers, journals etc. Two; from official documents like quarterly reports of international agencies like WB, IMF, ABD, UN, USAID, etc treaties, agreements, etc They are significant in order to strengthen your discourse skills. 5) Practice essay at least two months before the actual exam. In this way, you will feel less pressure in actual examination. Let’s elaborate few topics to understand this: “ Freedom of speech should have limitations” 1) Introduction 2) Media in Pakistan: Perfect match for the quote 3) Freedom of speech, if unbridled can be dangerous; elaborations and illustrations from Pakistan 4) Government policies and freedom of media in Pakistan 5) Challenges to freedom of speech in Pakistan 6) Ways and means to ensure freedom of speech with responsibility 7) Conclusion  OUTLINE: Outline is the skeleton of essay. It should be very comprehensive and elaborated.  Language: Write short sentences. Use simple vocabulary. Avoid informal writing and contractions give statistics with reference. Quote properly analyze with reason.  Introduction: General structure of introduction should be Topic sentence (addressing the topic directly) Supporting sentence (6-8 sentences comprising explanations, examples, statistics, quotations etc, in support of topic sentence i-e statement of essay)

81

 Thesis statement: ( gist of essay in 1 or 2 sentences) Suppose, essay topic is “ Good governance in Pakistan”. A sample introduction for the topic is as under. Good governance in Pakistan has become an unrealized dream (Topic sentence) History is evident of the fact that nation did not vanish due to poverty or hunger, but because of mat- administration and bad governance. Pakistan has been home to many serious troubles including terrorism, corruption, energy crisis, water crisis, rising poverty and uncontrolled urbanization. But if causes are traced there is only one answer and that is absence of good governance. If recent events are traced back, it will be unveiled that Pakistan must have not fallen prey to such serious problems had there been better governance system. But quite unfortunately, governance kept deteriorating and so did the system. There must be realization among the giants of administration and governance that why there is always need of judiciary to correct their ills? Why at the end of every disaster foreign aid becomes the sole resort? Why after every security failure foreign, hand is blamed? The answer is same that when system of governance is absent the vacuum is filled by those who have no role to play in it. ( Supporting sentence) The following paragraphs should highlight main ingredients of good governance followed by the evidence on absence of good governance in Pakistan. Leading to the end. There will be analysis of current situation along with solutions to ensure good government. ( Thesis statement ) Body: Follow the sequence of outline. Write paragraph for each major point in outline. Conclusion: Thesis statement Supporting sentence Topic sentence Conclusion Write relevant and practice to get perfection. More prepared you are, lesser are the chances of failure. Remember that before mentioned views and techniques are not absolute. Essay is all about presenting arguments in convincing way. Write less but write quality. Fluency, Coherence, brevity and reason will make you win.

82

51

Past Pre-Entrance test question papers: MCAT- 1999

 1:

Find the mistake amongst the underlined words/phrases: Their are fifty people sitting in their drawing room. A B C D

 2: A) B) C) D)

Which of the 4 choices is the correct “ Indirect narration” of the “Direct Quotation”? The manager says, “ My friends’ son visits us every year” The manager says that his friend’s son visited him last year. The manager says that his friend’s son visit them every year. The manager says that his friend’s son visits them every year. The manager says that his friend’s son visited us every year.

 3: A)

Identify the most appropriate answer from the following four sentences Akram was more smarter than all of his three brothers. Akram was smarter than all of his three brothers.

B)

Akram was more smarter than all the three brother’s.

C)

Akram was smarter of all his brothers.

D)

Akram was smarter than any of his other three brothers.



Identify the correct option of fill in the blank spaces:

4:

When the right time came, I__________________ A)

Paid in same coin,

B)

Paid him back in his own coin

C)

paid back his coins

D)

Paid his coins back to him



Pick the right choice of the active/passive voice:

5:

Place the order now: A)

Let the order be placed

B)

You should place the order now

C)

The order has be placed now

D)

Let the order be being placed now

83

ENGLISH – 2000 1:

The postman______the post by the time I left for school this morning.

A)

Had delivered already

B)

Had already delivered

C)

Delivered

D)

Would delivered

2:

The United Nations_______ its head quarter in New York City.

A)

Have

B)

Has

C)

Would have

D)

Had

3:

He is unfit for this job owing to his weak eyesight.

A)

He is unfit because he owns eyesight.

B)

His poor power of seeing makes him unsuitable for the job.

C)

His Eyesight makes him unfit for the job.

D)

He cans not the job with the eyesight

4:

My daughter was driving car.

A)

The car is driven by my daughter.

B)

The car was driven by my daughter.

C)

The car was being driven by my daughter.

D)

The car is being driven by my daughter.

5:

He said, “………………………….” A)

Didn’t speak

B)

Didn’t spoke

C)

Don’t speak

D)

Don’t spoke

84

ENGLISH-2003 

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words given below:

1:

She had an accident two years ago and she………………..driven since.

A)

Had not

B)

Has not been

C)

Has not

D)

Have not

2:

He……………the lottery a few months ago, and he……….the same person since.

A)

Won, had not been

B)

Won, has not been

C)

Win, has not been

D)

Win, had not been



Put an appropriate article in the sentence given below:

3:

He has performed…………………….excellent job since he has been working here.

A)

A

B)

An

C)

The

D)

Very



Find out the synonyms of the following words:

4:

Flee means

5:

A)

An insect

B)

A fly

C)

Capture

D)

Escape

Wander A)

Foolish

B)

Surprise

C)

Roam

D)

Desire

85

NTS- ENGLISH 

A)

Complete the sentences by choosing the most appropriate word from the given lettered choices A to D Though brilliantly presented, the report was………since the information on which it was based was erroneous. Informative

B)

Erudite

C)

Laudable

D)

Worthless

2: A)

...................in the color of water from blue to green seemed to be caused by high or low…………..of salt. changes……….delivery

B)

clarity…………deposits

C)

measures………density

D)

variations ……. Concentrations



Choose the Antonym to the given word:

3:

Amazing

A)

Miraculous

B)

Stupendous

C)

Astounding

D)

Common

4:

Jubilant

A)

Exulting

B)

Triumphant

C)

Dejected

D)

Rejected

1:

86



Choose the word most similar in meaning to the capitalized ones synonym

5:

Transitory

A)

Hesitant

B)

seen through

C)

short lived

D)

high blown

6:

Elegant

A)

Graceful

B)

Disgraceful

C)

Ugly

D)

Elevated



Put an appropriate word

7:

She always……………her pet dog with herself.

A)

Took

B)

Takes

C)

Taken

D)

has taken

8:

Come in ! I…………………a cup of tea.

A)

Is

B)

am having

C)

Have

D)

Had

9:

Who……………..that terrible noise.

A)

is making

B)

is producing

C)

Develops

D)

Developing

87

Questions from Combined papers 1.

1.

There is no use ........ going there at this time.

A

At

B

In

C

On

D

Off

2.

He complains ....... headache.

[A]

Of

[B]

Off

[C]

From

[D]

About

3.

They went to Agra ..... bus.

[A]

Of

[B]

In

[C]

By

[D]

From

4.

I am writing this essay.......blue ink .

[A]

In

[B]

With

[C]

From

88

5.

She has three children......her first husband.

[A]

Of

[B]

In

[C]

By

[D]

From

6.

He congratulated you......your promotion.

[A]

In

[B]

On

[C]

Of

[D]

For

7.

She jumped......the river.

[A]

On

[B]

In

[C]

Into

[D]

To

8.

The jug is fill.....milk.

[A]

of

[B] with

[C]

in

[D] upon

89

9.

My wife is good....... French.

[A]

In

[B]

On

[C]

With

[D]

At

10.

I am fond ....... reading novel

[A]

Of

[B]

By

[C]

On

[D]

With

11.

She is gifted ...... common sense

[A]

On

[B]

By

[C]

With

[D]

Over

12.

Sheela burst........the room when Mohini was writing a letter

[A]

On

[B]

In

[C]

Of

[D]

Out

90

13.

The players have gone ........ the playground

[A]

In

[B]

Over

[C]

With

[D]

To

14.

He has not met his mother .......... long

[A]

For

[B]

With

[C]

Since

[D]

By

15.

The land was divided ........ the two sisters

[A]

Among

[B]

Between

[C]

With

[D]

For

16.

The terrorist shot the policeman .......... his gun

[A]

By

[B]

For

[C]

With

[D]

In

91

17.

Compare Newton .......... Karl Marx

[A]

To

[B]

With

[C]

Over

[D]

In

18.

Rohaan was appointed ........... the post of section officer

[A]

To

[B]

On

[C]

With

[D]

For

19.

My Mother-in-law is blind ........... one eye.

[A]

From

[B]

In

[C]

On

[D]

Of

20.

He prevented me ...... going to the school

[A]

From

[B]

For

[C]

With

[D]

On

92

21. [A]

Knowledge is like a deep well fed by _________ springs, and your mind is a little bucket that you drop in it. External

[B]

Perennial

[C]

Immortal

[D]

Lovely

22.

The unruly behaviour of children _________ their parents

[A]

Aggrieved

[B]

Impeached

[C]

Incensed

[D]

Tempered

23.

He suggests that the meeting _______ postponed

[A]

Is

[B]

Be

[C]

Must

[D]

Would be

[A]

The landscape was truly_____, so arid that even the Hardest Plant could not Survive Lurid

[B]

Parched

[C]

Verdant

[D]

Variegated

25.

His statement was so________ that everyone was left in doubt

[A]

Equitable

[B]

Innocuous

[C]

Dogmatic

[D]

Equivocal

24.

93

26.

I certainly do not______ your driving your car over the speed limit

[A]

Approve in

[B]

Approve with

[C]

Approve of

[D]

Approve for

27.

The Eagle swooped and ______ a sleeping lizard

[A]

Carried down

[B]

Carried up

[C]

Carried off

[D]

Carried in

28.

A young officer was _______ the task of taking prisoners to the rear

[A]

Charged by

[B]

Charged in

[C]

Charged for

[D]

Charged with

29.

It seemed he was going to _____ him but he controlled himself

[A]

Lash out at

[B]

Lash out in

[C]

Lash out to

[D]

Lash out on

30.

I am not going to _____ this book at any cost

[A]

Part from

[B]

Part up

[C]

Part for

[D]

Part with

94

52

Letters and Applications

Letter Guidelines for writing a covering letter. 1. Address your letter to a specific individual. Use his/her name wherever possible. 2. Establish good communication at the very beginning. Say how you learnt about a vacancy. Give a reference. 3. Give a brief statement emphasizing your qualification for his position. 4. Use directly from the job advertisement to describe what you can do. 5. Emphasizing what can you do for an employer rather than what he/she can do for you. 6. Highlight the parts of the enclosed resume that specifically pertains to the job offered. 7. Indicate the dates you are available for interviewing. 8. Write neatly and good page layout. 9. Sign each letter. 10. Follow up with telephone call.

Don’t………………… I. II. III. IV. V. VI.

Don’t use awkward salutations, to whom it may concern. Don’t begin each sentence and paragraph with ‘I’ Don’t fill the page, write three or four paragraph. Don’t use over used expressions. Don’t fill the letter with impressive sounding difficult words. Don’t change your writing style in the same letter. Don’t send photocopies of letters.

95

SAMPLE COVER LETTER 90-F Mohalla Resham Gali Moro October,20,2016 Mr. Shah Rukh Siyal National Motor Ltd Jail Road Moro Dear Mr.Siyal Mrs. Muskan Jat, your office manager, mentioned that you require an assistant in your head office. The enclosed resume will show you that office work has been my occupation and my recreation. A successful dealership like yours depends on reputation. I have had good customer relations during the time I worked at Abdullah Motors my car sales experience has made me familiar with variety of parts and engines. May I call you after 2:30pm on Thursday October,22 to setup a time and date for an interview? If this is not a convenient time, please call me any day after 2:30pm on 0306-3297387. Thank you for your consider attain. Yours sincerely Pirah Siyal

96

FOLLOW-UP LETTER: Other important step in the job hunting process is the follow up letter sent after the interview. A follow-up letter will get your name before the interviewer one more time; It is your chance to further influence the decision. A good follow-up letter should contain the following.  A thank you for the interview comment.  A statement that reaffirms your interests in the position and your value as an employee in the position.  A statement that you will be available for furthers interviews at their convenience.

SAMPLE FOLLOW-UP LETTER May 15,2015 Ms.Ifrat Siyal Manager Al-Asar travel agency, Railway Phatak Jamshoro. Dear Ms.Ifrat Ali Thank you for your time and courtesy yesterday. I enjoyed meeting you and all your employees at the travel agency. The tour you gave me answered all the questions I had. I was especially impressed with the efficiency exhibited throughout your office. My enthusiasm for gaining the position of part time assistant is even greater. Now that I have seen the possibilities I believe that my ability, coupled with the positive attitudes and talents of the present staff, could lead to an increase in overall sales. I have already begun considering a number of ideas for improvement, which I would try if hired. If you have any further questions, I will continue to be available for additional interviewing at your convenience. Yours Sincerely Marvi Memon Flat No.17, saima plaza Kali Mori Hyderabad

SAMPLE OF FORMAL LETTER 97

House# 110 Govt. Girls Degree College Sukkur 6th July, 2016 Mr. Abdul Bari Indhar Director of Colleges Sukkur Region, Sukkur. Dear Mr. Indhar, Will you please excuse my son Akbar’s absence from your office yesterday? He had a temperature and I thought it advisable to keep him at home. He seems to be quite recovered now. Yours Sincerely Ali Raza Siyal

Sample Leave Extension Application Mr. Ashraf Ali Chief Executive Arain Corporation Shah Market Hyderabad Dear sir, I am on leave for medical emergency after a road accident. The recovery of leg injury is slow and doctor suggested one more week of rest. I am already on one month leave and now requesting leave extension for one more week. Furthermore I am feeling better and hopefully join the office on 05-10-2016. Please consider my request of leave extension I will be thankful to you. Sincerely yours, Yasir Zafar Operation Manager

AN APPLICATION FOR TWO DAYS LEAVE 98

To,

SUBJECT

The Principal Govt: Degree College Moro REQUEST FOR TWO DAYS LEAVE.

R/Sir, It is submitted that I am not feeling well since last two days. Doctor has advised me to keep fully bed rest. So, I cannot come to college for two days from 10-10-2016 to 11-10-2016. Therefore, you are requested to grant me two days leave. Yours obediently Dated: 10-10-2016

_____________ Class XII PM Roll No_____

An application to D.C requesting him to maintain law and order situation in your District To, The Deputy commissioner Distt: Naushahro feroze Subject: Request for maintaining law and order situation R/Sir, It is submitted that in our District, District Naushahro feroze crimes have reached at its peak. Corruption thefts, Robbery have become order of the day. There is no implementation of any law, law and order situation is worsening. Therefore, you are requested to take legal actions against the criminals and maintain law and order situation in our District. Yours Sincerely Ali Raza Siyal Qamarabad Naushahro Feroze

Dated: 22-10-2016

99

My dear friends and students, life is limited and short. It begins and ends. No one remains more after his/her death. If, remains his/her good deeds. I suggest you; don’t take anything as an end. But get everything as beginning face challenges, hardships, and storms. Be like a mountain. Never think that you are junior, younger, poor, weak, but think that your journey will start its practical episode. You stand informed, enlightened, empowered, inspired, stimulated, invigorated, and exhilarated to the fullest of your capabilities, capacities, and qualities. The day will come when you will launch yourself in rough and tumble of life, frazzle and dazzle of life! So get its preparation from now onwards. Never waste even a single moment of yours life. Lost time will never return. As far as us, we have tried to give you almost all we had; we have give you our best; our honest most, our sincerest! We have tried to train you in terms of knowledge, skill, ability, attitude, personality development, motivation, inspiration, faith, hope and trust. Now it’s your turn to turn the tables and to share with others and to improve ameliorate your society. Now it’s up to you to share with those who are in your surroundings, around you and less educated. May life or may not one more time bring us together under one ceiling, life may or may not afford us chance of re-union, but for now I must assure you that you will always find me as willing to serve you as ever! I find myself in you, I live through your person, I actualize myself through your effort, and you are my most cherished dream, my most fervent desire, and my most sought-after obsession. My dear students/ friends, you are I and I are you. Wish you best of luck for your coming time. Ali Raza Siyal ( Lecturer English ) GDC Karoondi 0306-3297387

100