England And Spain (1553-1558): Clayton Ashley Shaun Alex Jason

England and Spain (1553-1558)

Clayton Ashley Shaun Alex Jason

Mary I Mary was born on February 18, 1516, and died on November 17, 1558. She was proclaimed queen in July of 1553 and was enthroned until 1558. Right after Mary I became queen she married Phillip of Spain in 1554. It was a widely unliked marriage because Mary was Catholic and Phillip was Protestant.

During Mary’s reign, Parliament repealed protestant practice and then reverted to Catholic practice. Soon after, hundreds of protestants were either executed, burned, or fled to the continent. Marian Exiles is a name given to English Calvinist Protestants who fled to the continent (predominantly Germany, Switzerland, and France) during the reign of Mary I.

Elizabeth I Elizabeth’s reign was from 1558-1603. She was Mary’s successor and also half sister. Elizabeth was not married but had an advisor named Sir William Cecil. During 1559-1603 Sir William and Elizabeth made a religious settlement through Parliament so that England was not torn apart because of religious differences.

In 1559 during Elizabeth’s reign, both the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity passed government. Although, Catholics were the majority of England when Elizabeth became queen, Elizabeth tried to avoid Catholic and Protestants from fighting. Some ways she tried to avoid this was by not marrying Phillip II, and didn’t marry in hope of a diplomatic advantage by having a royal marriage.

Mary I had killed more protestants in a five year reign then Elizabeth killing Catholics during her 45 years. Since the Puritans threatened Elizabeth’s rule, she didn’t show any sympathy towards them. The Puritans were protestants who wanted to purify the church by making the doctrine more precise.

They had two main things against Elizabeth’s reign. 3. they thought no reformation occurred because of the retention of the Catholic ceremony. 4. they thought the English church shouldn’t have been controlled by the queen but was the successor to Rome because they still used the episcopal system.

The Anglican Church

The Anglican Church • The Anglican Church was created by Elizabeth I. • Elizabeth I merged a centralized Episcopal system that she firmly controlled with broadly defined Protestant doctrine and traditional catholic ritual. • Elizabeth hoped to avoid both Catholic and Protestant extremism by pursuing a “middle way.” • Her first Archbishop of Canterbury was Matthew Parker and he agreed with Elizabeth’s ideals. – At some times he was even considered to be the representative of Elizabeth’s ideals.

• There are only member churches of the present Anglican Communion existing by the mid-18th century. – These churches consisted of the Church of England, its closely-linked sister church, the Church of Ireland (which also separated from Roman Catholicism under Henry VIII), and the Scottish Episopal Church which for parts of the 17th and 18th centuries was partially underground

• The church ended up excommunicating Elizabeth I in 1570 in response to the 1558 Act of Settlement.

• The Church of England has always thought of itself not as a new foundation but rather as a reformed continuation of the ancient "English Church" and a reassertion of that church's rights.

• The Archbishop of Canterbury's role is strictly symbolic and unifying; and the Communion's three international bodies are consultative and collaborative. • Their resolutions have no legal effect on the independent provinces of the Communion. • Taken together, however, the four do function as "instruments of communion", since all churches of the communion participate in them.

1. The Archbishop of Canterbury functions as the spiritual head of the Communion. He is the focus of unity, since no church claims membership in the Communion without being in communion with him. 2. The Lambeth Conference (first held in 1867) is the oldest international consultation. It is a forum for bishops of the Communion to reinforce unity and collegiality through manifesting the episcopate, to discuss matters of mutual concern, and to pass resolutions intended to act as guideposts. It is held roughly every ten years and invitation is by the Archbishop of Canterbury.

1. The Primates’ Meeting (first met in 1979) is the most recent manifestation of international consultation and deliberation, having been first convened by Archbishop Donald Coggan as a forum for "leisurely thought, prayer and deep consultation." 2. The Anglican Consultative Council (first met in 1971) was created by a 1968 Lambeth Conference resolution, and meets usually at three year intervals. The council consists of representative bishops, clergy, and laity chosen by the thirty-eight provinces. The body has a permanent secretariat, the Anglican Communion Office, of which the Archbishop of Canterbury is president.

ACT OF SUPREMACY

ACT OF SUPREMACY • The Act of Supremacy was re-instated by Elizabeth I in 1559. This act repealed all antiProtestant legislation created by Mary Tudor. Elizabeth I also declared herself “supreme governor” of the Church of England. Oath of Supremacy, imposed by the Act of Supremacy required anyone taking public/church office to swear allegiance to the church. Failure to do so could result in treason.

• Oath of Supremacy, imposed by the Act of Supremacy required anyone taking public/church office to swear allegiance to the church. Failure to do so could result in treason.

• He also wrote First Blast of the Trumpet against the Terrible Regiment of Women, to try to provoke a revolt against Mary Tudor, but he published when Elizabeth Ascended to the thrown.

39 Articles (1563)

• A revision of Thomas Cranmer’s Forty-Two Articles which were meant to summarize Anglican doctrine •Queen Mary and the Church of England would never allow these Forty-Two Articles to be enforced

• After Mary’s death, these Articles were reduced to 39 and ratified by Queen Elizabeth I Died Ratified

The 39 Articles: • Represented the Church of England’s views that differed from the Catholics • Served the purpose of incorporating a balance of theology and doctrine • Were divided into 4 sections • Made a moderate Protestantism the official religion

4 SECTIONS • “The Catholic Faith” • “Personal Religion” • “Corporate Religion” • “Miscellaneous”

Treaty of Nonsuch

Nonsuch Palace

Treaty of Nonsuch •Signed August 20, 1585 at the Nonsuch Palace in Surrey •Signed by Elizabeth I of England and the Netherlands

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England to the Netherlands • 1000 horses X 1000 • 6350 foot soldiers • 600000 florians per year (1/4 of the annual cost of the revolt)

X 6350

Netherlands to England

•Ostend •Brill •Flushing

Territories

•This treaty was signed in response to the Treaty of Joinville between Spain and France. Philip II of Spain viewed this as a declaration of war.

Mary Queen of Scots

Daughter of: • King James V (Scotland)

• Mary of Guise

Dad

Mom

• She was predominantly French and Catholic. • She returned to Scotland after her husband Francis II died.

• When she arrived in Scotland, the Protestant Reformation was occurring but Mary had control. • She was observed closely by the reformer John Knox. • In 1568, she was forced to flee to Elizabeth in England.

• Mary married Lord Darnley and the Protestant nobles were outraged. She was forced to surrender her throne to James VI who was one year old.

• She was put under housearrest for 19 years. Plots were discovered later to kill Elizabeth and Mary was accused of taking part in these. On February 18, 1587, Mary was executed, putting an end to any hope of reconverting Protestant England.

John Knox

John Knox • Scottish Reformer • Publicly voiced his opinion against the Queen’s private mass and catholic practices. – Scottish Law made this a capital offence for everyone but him

• He won support in his role as watchdog from Elizabeth.

Babington Plot

BABINGTON PLOT • • • •

Named after Anthony Babington 1586 Second major plot against Elizabeth I Anthony Babington was caught seeking Spanish support to murder Elizabeth I.

Spanish Armada

Spanish Armada • In 1588, the Armada had 130 ships carrying 25,000 sailors and soldiers. The armada was defeated by the faster English and Netherlands’ ships and the “English Wind”. The spanish fleet was dispersed and over 1/3rd of the ships never returned to Spain.

Results of Spanish Armada • With Spain’s demise, France soon took over the continent and England and Holland took some of the Spain’s overseas empire (primarily North America).

Results of Spanish Armada • The defeat of the Armada inspired Protestant resistance everywhere. Spain faced a unified front of France, England and the Netherlands. When King Philip II died on September 13th, 1598, his forces had been rebuffed on all fronts. His successors were all more inferior than him and they never reached his stature again.

Francis Drake

Francis Drake • 1540-1595 • Commander of English Ships • Attacked Cadiz and also attacked Portugal’s coast which further delayed the Spanish. • Spain couldn’t attack until 1588

“Singeing the King’s Beard”

“Singeing the King’s Beard” •1587 •Sir Francis Drake shelled the port city of Cadiz which caused heavy damages to Spain’s ships and stores and halted Spain’s plans to invade England.