Energy Generation
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tricity by definition is electric current that is used as a power
s electric current is generated in a power plant, and then sen er a power grid to your homes, and ultimately to your power
The movement of charges such as electrons is called current, and this electrical current is what powers household appliances. Charge Passing Electric Current = Through A Given Area ------------------------------
An easier way to think of electric current is to picture cars go through a Turnpike or Parkway Toll.
The cars could represent electrons or charge, and the toll booth could represent the cross sectional area of the wire at a certain point.
ou counted the number of cars or electrons, that passed thro toll booth or a certain cross sectional area of the wire, and d t number by the time it took for those cars or charges to pas u would get the current!
Electric current generation - whether from fossil fuels, nuclear, renewable fuels, or other sources is usually based on the:
In September of 1831, Michael Faraday de the discovery of Electromagnetic Induction.
Faraday attached two wires to a disc rotated the disc between the opposi poles of a horseshoe magnet creatin an electric current.
ou place a magnet and a conductor (copper wire), in a room ere will be no electric current generated.
s is because motion, from our equation for electricity, is mis electric current is not generated unless the magnetic field is ative to the copper wire, or the copper wire is moving relativ agnetic field.
o simple electric generators found in power plants contain, m nd copper wire that when put into motion relative to one ano reate the electric current that is sent out to homes. The major problem electricity generatio Is where does the Motion come from that keeps the copper wire and magnets moving relative to one another. this case, wind power applies a force to the blades that turn he spinning blades, spin an armature that turns the copper w lative to the magnetic field. As long as the blades spin, elect ll be generated!
C of 60 Hz produced by generator esistance losses are smallest at high voltages and low curre
At home, electric current that was generated by generators in the power plant is used to power electric appliances. The electric current, running through the copper wire causes the armature to spin which is how most motors generate motion.
re does the motion needed to keep the copper wire moving he magnetic field come from?
-attains between 50 – 70% efficiency
- one windmill’s average energy output ranges from 11.4 W/m^2 – 57 W/m^2 depending on how windy
-wind farms tend to generate between 50 and 600 Kw
- California currently produces ¾ of all the wind generated electricity Wind generated in the world. Kilronan Wind Farm In Ireland th Dakota with 20 times the wind potential of California has cted a single wind turbine
power classes 3 (300-400 W/m2) to 7 (800-2000 W/m2) are s for wind power development
Wind variability must be overcome by system design - Basic energy Storage
fferences in pressure gradients around wind turbines affect Noise from the turbines affects people and animals
esore, the appearance of mile after mile of wind machines w ansmission lines is of concern to the public
Conversion from potential energy of water to electric energy is at 80 – 90% efficiency
Hydroelectric projects in the United States have rated capacities from 950 – 6480 MW
-The use of Water Power is much greater in some other countries. Norway obtains 99% of its electricity from water power. Nepal, Brazil, and Water generated - Hydroelect New Zealand are close seconds. Shasta Dam In California
oelectricity has dropped from producing 30 % to 10% of US e fluctuations in output are mainly due to variable rainfall to
t 50% of the United States potential for hydroelectric energy ed. However, further advances are unlikely.
Wild and Scenic River Act and the Endangered Species Act bited development of some sites
collection in hydroelectric Dam storage volumes over time ca ntenance issues, as well as environmental concerns
oss of free flowing streams and land due to flooding behind rbs the life of species: eg – Salmon - Possibility of dam failure
ssil Fuels – Oil Refinery Pasadena - Texas
andard Large Power Plants Provide 1 Giga-watt of electric po and releases 2 Giga-watts of thermal power as waste heat. A efficiency averaging around 30%. -9000 tons of coal a day -40,000 barrels a day or one tanker a week of oil -generates about 5.3 x 10^9 kwh/year -powers a city of a million people
-total world production in 1996 of petroleum is 62,239e3 barrels / day -an average well in the US produces only 11 barrels / day -In Saudi Arabia an average well produces 9600 barrels /day
Oil Drilling Platform Cook Inlet, Alaska
here are 109 power reactors in the United States -Produce 22% of nation’s electricity
France 79% of electricity comes from nuclear reactors Nuclear Power -Plant electrical output 1220 MW -Plant efficiency 34% Diablo Canyon - Californi
ormal operations a nuclear reactor produces some environme sions. E.g.: escape of radioactive fission products through cr sion, radioactive H3 in small amounts in discharged water
e meltdown are possible, but unlikely due to negative feedba down systems
after shutdown there is 7% of normal power generation still or fuel rods. This may be sufficient enough to melt core and eactor, if cooling water is not supplied
udy entitled “Severe Accident Risks: An Assessment for Five ear Power Plants” conducted by NRC in 1990, shows that for reactors now operating in the United States over a 30 year l e is about a 1% chance of a large release due to internal eve
r Power – uses the sun energy to either boil water or directly energy to electrical energy
an Thermal Energy Conversion – uses temperature difference ween different depths of ocean water to drive a heat engine. is ammonia which is gas at room temperature.
mass Energy: Municipal Solid Waste – burning wastes to driv ines
hermal Energy – based on naturally occurring heat in the Ea h due to radioactive decay
l Energy – uses the gravitational pull of the moon on our oce e turbines
Proportion of World’s energy consumption - 1997
Proportion of the world’s Electricity generation - 1997
s electric current is generated in a power plant, and then sen er a power grid to your homes, and ultimately to your power
The movement of charges such as electrons is called current, and this electrical current is what powers household appliances. Charge Passing Electric Current = Through A Given Area ------------------------------
An easier way to think of electric current is to picture cars go through a Turnpike or Parkway Toll.
The cars could represent electrons or charge, and the toll booth could represent the cross sectional area of the wire at a certain point.
ou counted the number of cars or electrons, that passed thro toll booth or a certain cross sectional area of the wire, and d t number by the time it took for those cars or charges to pas u would get the current!
Electric current generation - whether from fossil fuels, nuclear, renewable fuels, or other sources is usually based on the:
In September of 1831, Michael Faraday de the discovery of Electromagnetic Induction.
Faraday attached two wires to a disc rotated the disc between the opposi poles of a horseshoe magnet creatin an electric current.
ou place a magnet and a conductor (copper wire), in a room ere will be no electric current generated.
s is because motion, from our equation for electricity, is mis electric current is not generated unless the magnetic field is ative to the copper wire, or the copper wire is moving relativ agnetic field.
o simple electric generators found in power plants contain, m nd copper wire that when put into motion relative to one ano reate the electric current that is sent out to homes. The major problem electricity generatio Is where does the Motion come from that keeps the copper wire and magnets moving relative to one another. this case, wind power applies a force to the blades that turn he spinning blades, spin an armature that turns the copper w lative to the magnetic field. As long as the blades spin, elect ll be generated!
C of 60 Hz produced by generator esistance losses are smallest at high voltages and low curre
At home, electric current that was generated by generators in the power plant is used to power electric appliances. The electric current, running through the copper wire causes the armature to spin which is how most motors generate motion.
re does the motion needed to keep the copper wire moving he magnetic field come from?
-attains between 50 – 70% efficiency
- one windmill’s average energy output ranges from 11.4 W/m^2 – 57 W/m^2 depending on how windy
-wind farms tend to generate between 50 and 600 Kw
- California currently produces ¾ of all the wind generated electricity Wind generated in the world. Kilronan Wind Farm In Ireland th Dakota with 20 times the wind potential of California has cted a single wind turbine
power classes 3 (300-400 W/m2) to 7 (800-2000 W/m2) are s for wind power development
Wind variability must be overcome by system design - Basic energy Storage
fferences in pressure gradients around wind turbines affect Noise from the turbines affects people and animals
esore, the appearance of mile after mile of wind machines w ansmission lines is of concern to the public
Conversion from potential energy of water to electric energy is at 80 – 90% efficiency
Hydroelectric projects in the United States have rated capacities from 950 – 6480 MW
-The use of Water Power is much greater in some other countries. Norway obtains 99% of its electricity from water power. Nepal, Brazil, and Water generated - Hydroelect New Zealand are close seconds. Shasta Dam In California
oelectricity has dropped from producing 30 % to 10% of US e fluctuations in output are mainly due to variable rainfall to
t 50% of the United States potential for hydroelectric energy ed. However, further advances are unlikely.
Wild and Scenic River Act and the Endangered Species Act bited development of some sites
collection in hydroelectric Dam storage volumes over time ca ntenance issues, as well as environmental concerns
oss of free flowing streams and land due to flooding behind rbs the life of species: eg – Salmon - Possibility of dam failure
ssil Fuels – Oil Refinery Pasadena - Texas
andard Large Power Plants Provide 1 Giga-watt of electric po and releases 2 Giga-watts of thermal power as waste heat. A efficiency averaging around 30%. -9000 tons of coal a day -40,000 barrels a day or one tanker a week of oil -generates about 5.3 x 10^9 kwh/year -powers a city of a million people
-total world production in 1996 of petroleum is 62,239e3 barrels / day -an average well in the US produces only 11 barrels / day -In Saudi Arabia an average well produces 9600 barrels /day
Oil Drilling Platform Cook Inlet, Alaska
here are 109 power reactors in the United States -Produce 22% of nation’s electricity
France 79% of electricity comes from nuclear reactors Nuclear Power -Plant electrical output 1220 MW -Plant efficiency 34% Diablo Canyon - Californi
ormal operations a nuclear reactor produces some environme sions. E.g.: escape of radioactive fission products through cr sion, radioactive H3 in small amounts in discharged water
e meltdown are possible, but unlikely due to negative feedba down systems
after shutdown there is 7% of normal power generation still or fuel rods. This may be sufficient enough to melt core and eactor, if cooling water is not supplied
udy entitled “Severe Accident Risks: An Assessment for Five ear Power Plants” conducted by NRC in 1990, shows that for reactors now operating in the United States over a 30 year l e is about a 1% chance of a large release due to internal eve
r Power – uses the sun energy to either boil water or directly energy to electrical energy
an Thermal Energy Conversion – uses temperature difference ween different depths of ocean water to drive a heat engine. is ammonia which is gas at room temperature.
mass Energy: Municipal Solid Waste – burning wastes to driv ines
hermal Energy – based on naturally occurring heat in the Ea h due to radioactive decay
l Energy – uses the gravitational pull of the moon on our oce e turbines
Proportion of World’s energy consumption - 1997
Proportion of the world’s Electricity generation - 1997
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