Energy Demand

Overview of Renewable Energy Scenario in India Rangan Banerjee Energy Systems Engineering

Lecture delivered at RENET Workshop, IIT Bombay, September 21, 2006

ENERGY FLOW DIAGRAM PRIMARY ENERGY

ENERGY CONVERSION FACILITY

SECONDARY ENERGY

TRANSMISSION & DISTRN. SYSTEM FINAL ENERGY

ENERGY UTILISATION EQUIPMENT & SYSTEMS USEFUL ENERGY END USE ACTIVITIES (ENERGY SERVICES)

COAL, OIL, SOLAR, GAS POWER PLANT, REFINERIES REFINED OIL, ELECTRICITY RAILWAYS, TRUCKS, PIPELINES WHAT CONSUMERS BUY DELIVERED ENERGY AUTOMOBILE, LAMP, MOTOR, STOVE MOTIVE POWER RADIANT ENERGY DISTANCE TRAVELLED, ILLUMINATION,COOKED FOOD etc..

India- Primary Commercial Energy Hydro Nuclear 2.4% 1.8%

Wind 0.2%

Total comm

Nat gas 9.1%

Oil Import 24.9%

2003-4 14000 PJ Biomass 6500 PJ (33%)

Coal 51.7%

Total 20500 PJ

Oil (D) 9.8%

19700 PJ (-non energy)

India - Fossil Fuel reserves Fuel Coal

+Lignite

(Million Tonnes)

Oil (Million Tonnes)

N.Gas

Reserves Prodn R/P 2003-4 ratio 34000 414 ~83 (P) 140 P+I 760 33 23 (7) (117) 920 32 29

Billion m3

Uranium 61000 Tonnes

PHWR ~50 10GW

Data Source Plg Comm IEPC, 2006

Small Hydro Power „

„

„ „

Classification - Capacity -Micro less than 100 kW Mini 100 kW - 3 MW Small 3 MW - 15 MW Micro and Mini - usually isolated, Small grid connected Heads as low as 3 m viable Capital Cost Rs 5-6crores/MW , Rs 1.50-2.50/kWh

200 kW Chizami village, Nagaland

Aleo (3MW) Himachal Pradesh

Technology Options for Solar power Solar Power

Thermal

Low Temp. <100 o C

Solar Flat Plate Collectors

PV

Medium Temp. Up to 400 o C Line Focusing Parabolic

Solar Chimney

High Temp. >400 o C

Solar Pond

Production Process

Material

Single Crystal Silicon Polycrystalline Silicon Amorphous Silicon CdTe/ GAAs

Parabolic Dish

Central Tower

Wafer

Thin Film

Comparison of Solar Thermal Power Generation Technologies Efficiency

Indian Experience

Status

Capital Cost (Rs/kW)

Electricity (Rs/kWh)

Solar Flat Plate Collectors

2%

10 kW exptl unit at IITM

D

Rs. 300.000

_

Solar Chimney

1%

No experience 50 kW Spain

D

Rs. 200,000 ($4600/kW)

_

Solar Pond

1-2%

Experience for hot water Bhuj (Israel power 5MW)

D

Line focussing Parabolic

Peak 20% Average 1114%

50 kW system in SEC Planned 35MW solar in 140 MW ISCC at Mathania

C

Rs. 140,000 ($3000/kW) ~390 MW of operating plants

15 c/kWh Rs. 6/kWh

Paraboloid Dish

29% peak 1218%

Demo unit 10 kW Vellore

D

Rs. 150,000

Central Tower

23% peak 714%

No experience

D

~Rs. 200,000 ($4700/kW)

Technology

Need for Alternatives „ „

„

„ „

Fossil fuel reserves limited India - 17% of World population, 4% of primary energy Present pattern – predominantly fossil based (87% comm, 64% total) 52% of households unelectrified Linkage between energy services and quality of life

Characteristics of Renewables „

„ „

„ „ „

Large, Inexhaustible source -Solar energy intercepted by earth 1.8*1011 MW Clean Source of Energy Dilute Source - Even in best regions 1kW/m2 and the total daily flux available is 7 kWh/m2 Large Collection Areas, high costs Availability varies with time Need for Storage, Additional Cost

Renewable Energy Options

Small Hydro

Solar Wind

Biomass

Ocean Thermal Energy Solar Thermal

Solar Photovoltaic

Tidal Energy

Wave Energy

Geothermal*

Applications „ „ „ „ „ „ „

Power Generation Cooking Heating-Water Heating, Space Heating Transportation Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Distillation Drying

Power Generation Options Power Generation

Centralised Grid Connected

Decentralised Distributed Generation Isolated

Cogeneration/Trigeneration

Demand Side Management (Solar Water Heater, Passive Solar)

Geothermal/OTEC/Tidal/Wave World

Cost Estimates

Geothermal

COMMERCIAL 8240 MW

4c/kWh $2000/kW No Indian experience 50 MW plant J & K planned

Tidal

PROTOTYPE

240 MW FRANCE

LF 20% No Indian experience

OTEC

PROTOTYPE

50 kW 210 kW NELHA

India 1MW gross plant under construction

Wave Energy

PROTOTYPE

< 1MW Grid Connected

India 150kW plant Thiruvananthpuram

Renewable Power Generation 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

♦ Each data point corresponds to installed capacity as on March of that year

Source: MNES, NEW DELHI

Renewable installed capacity and generation Installed Capacity* (MW)

Estimated Capacity factor

Estimated Generation (GWh)

Wind

5000

14%

6132

Biomass Power

376

70%

2306

Biomass Gasifier

69

70%

423

Bagasse Cogeneration

540

60%

2838

Small Hydro

1826

50%

7998

41

70%

251

Solar PV

2.74

20%

4

Total

7855

Waste to Energy

*as on March-2006

19952

Renewables in Power „

„

„

„

Power generation 6500 PJ -46% of Comm Energy, 33% of total Installed Capacity 130,000 MW (2004), Nuclear 2720 MW(2004) Renewables 7855(2006) Gross Generation 633000GWh (2003-4) Nuclear 17780 GWh(2003-4) Renewables 19950 GWh (2006) Renewables ~ 6% of Capacity and 2-3% of generation

Fuel GTG 2sets 35 M W each GTG-2 sets of of35.2 MW ~

Proposed

Steam, 103 b,500 o C Air

Gas Turbine sets

ISCC

W HRB Aux. Firing

Feed water

Flue gas from GT

Heat exchanger

103 b,371 o C

Solar Radiation

Steam, 103 b,500 o C

75.5 M W

391 o C ~

Heat exchanger

Solar Heat Exchanger

Heat Transfer oil, 291 o C

Steam turbine To W HRB

BFP

b- bar

Condenser

Wind Power 5000 MW installed „ Single machine upto 2.1 MW „ Average capacity factor 14% „ Capital cost Rs 45crores/MW, Rs 2-3/kWh (cost effective if site CF >20%) „ India 45000 /13000 MW potential estimated 39% (1990-2002), 21% 2001-2 CAGR „

Satara, Maharashtra A n n u a l L o a d F a c to r (% )

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

End-Note The use of solar energy has not been opened up because the oil industry does not own the sun Ralph Nader US Consumer activist

BIOMASS CONVERSION ROUTES BIOMASS BIOCHEMICAL

THERMOCHEMICAL COMBUSTION RANKINE CYCLE

GASIFICATION PYROLYSIS DIGESTION PRODUCER GAS

ATMOSPHERIC Duel Fuel SIPGE Gas Turbines

PRESSURISED

BIOGAS

FERMENTATION ETHANOL

Biomass Power „

„

„

„

Higher Capacity factors than other renewables Fuelwood, agricultural residues, animal waste Atmospheric gasification with dual fuel engine 500 kW gasifier - largest installation

100 Kwe Pfutseromi village, Nagaland

Kaganti Power Ltd. Raichur Distt. A.P.

Biogas „

45-70% CH4 rest CO2

„

Calorific value 16-25MJ/m3

„

„

Digestor- well containing animal waste slurry Dome - floats on slurry- acts as gas holder

„

Spent Slurry -sludge- fertiliser

„

Anaerobic Digestion- bacterial action

„

Family size plants 2m3/day

„

Community Size plants 12- 150 m3/day

„

Rs 12-14000 for a 2m3 unit

„

Cooking, Electricity, running engine

2 2 a ta 330o C

5 8 T /h r

FEED W ATER

4 .5 T /h r

F eed w ater

2 7 T /h r

2 6 T /h r

B O IL E R 0 .5 T /h r

PRDS

BA G A SSE 0 .5 T /h r M IL L IN G PRDS

6 a ta ~

2 .5 M W

P ro cess

2 a ta

F la s h e d C o n d e n sa te

STEA M T U R B IN E

P ro cess

S c h e m a tic o f ty p ic a l 2 5 0 0 tc d S u g a r fa c to r y

Solar PV „

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„

India -2740 kW Grid connected systems (25-239 kW) Array efficiency in field 12-15% Cost Rs 26cr/MW Rs 15-20 /kWh

Vidyut Saudha Building, 100 kWp , APTRANSCO (2001) BHEL

Mousuni Island , 105 kWp, West Bengal Renewable Energy Agency (2003 )

B O IL E R F e e d w a te r

75 TPH , 65 a ta , 4 8 0 O C

STEA M T U R B IN E 9 .5 M W P ow er export

13 M W BA G A SSE

6 a ta 4 .5 T P H PR O C ESS 2 a ta

Condenser

~

( A lt e r n a t e f u e l)

1 .0 M W M ill d r iv e s

CO NDENSER

2 a ta

BFP PR O C ESS

P R O P O S E D P L A N T C O N F IG U R A T IO N : O P T IO N 2

2 .5 M W C a p tiv e lo a d

Power Generation Indicator

Unit

Coal

Solar PV

WECS

Gasificati on

EnI (Efficiency)

%

35-40

8-14

30-40

20-30

RI (NER)

-

0.350.4

1.6-4.2

8-26

8.5-12.5

kgCO2/kWh

0.850.9

0.050.13

0.0120.04

0.06-0.08

Rs/kWh

0.9-1.35

5.4-82.4

1-17.5

2-5.5

EnvI (GHG emission) EcI (Life cycle cost)

PV-Hydrogen „ „ „ „ „ „

100 kg hydrogen/ day Electrolyser efficiency 70% Annual capacity factor 25% Module area 6590 m2 989 kW PV, 939 kW electrolyser Cost of Hydrogen Rs 1094/ kg (98 Rs/Nm3 or 9120 Rs/GJ or 11.3£/Therm)

Comparison of Renewable Hydrogen Methods

Cost (Rs/kg) Emissions (kg CO2/kg H2) Net Energy Ratio Primary Energy Consumption (MJ/kg H2)

PVHydrogen 1094

WECSSMR Hydrogen 381 48

2.9

0.9

12.8

2.3

10.4

0.6

51.4

11.5

192

Hydrogen production Indicator

Unit

SMR

PVelectroly sis

WECSelectrolysi s

Gasificatio n

EnI (Efficiency)

%

89

6-10

15-25

60-65

RI (NER)

-

0.66

0.88-2.63

3.3-12

1.7-2.1

EnvI (GHG emission)

kgCO2/GJ

106. 7

25-74

7.9-29

42-52

EcI (Life cycle cost)

Rs/GJ

400

490044500

1600-11600

360-450

Indian Experience -Hybrid „

„ „

Wind-Solar PV – 9 systems- 42 kW total e.g 5 kW Chunnambar Island – 3.3 kW Wind, 1.8 kW PV, 800 Ah Battery PV-Diesel - Kiltan, Minicoy (100kW) 500 kW Wind-Diesel – Sagar Island – West Bengal(10×50 kW wind m/cs with 2 ×360 KVA generators)

Tariffs in Rs./kWh Conventio nal

Germa ny*

France

Spain+

WIND

e

(Windy sites b )

(Non windy)

(Cap. <5 MW)

0-.0.5 MW

0.55MW

520M W

5.2

5.2

27.6

5.85

5.27

4.99

Co mm

6.0

2.3

1st 5 years a

(20 01)

(20 02)

Next 15 years

3.4

4.6

(Cap. <12 MW)

(Windy sites)

(Non windy)

(Interme diate)

Guaranteed for 20 years c

5.2 1

1.8 3

1st 5 years

4.6

4.6

4.6

8.6

17.2

(20 02)

(20 02)

Next 15 years

1.7

4.6

3.4

(Mainland)

(Overs eas)

(Cap. <50MW)d

(Cap<5kW )

(Cap>5 kW)

3.6

22.7

12.4

2.0 0

(20 01)

(20 01)

Fixed

Premium of

Austria

PHOTOVOLTAICS

Do m

5.2 9

6.4 8

2.5 4

(20 02)

(19 95)

BIOM ASS

OR

OR 1.5

4.5

3.5

20.63

10.32

1.4

26.9

4.4

TO

TO

34.4

9.2

Possible Applications „ „ „

„

Islands- Existing Diesel grids Remote locations – Hilly terrain 80,000 Non-electrified villages – relatively remote Industries with captive power (DG)

Conclusions -I „

„ „ „

„ „ „

Isolated systems - Cost depends on load factor - need to link with rural industry Technology- early stage of development Need to explicitly account for “externalities” Premium for renewable energy – labelling, green pricing Electricity Sector -Transition, Payments Crisis Innovative financing required Cost reductions & targetted demonstrations

Conclusions-II „

„ „

„ „ „

Solar Thermal for low grade heat – almost cost effective, Biomass – thermal applications Wind, Small Hydro – power –cost effective Most renewables – subsidised, policy support Growth rates in renewables high 20-25% per year. Can the growth sustain? Will capital cost reductions occur? Market penetration Strategies? Mainstreaming of renewables

References „

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World Energy Assessment – Energy & the Challenge of Sustainability,UNDP, 2000, AKNReddy,R H Williams, T. Johannson,Energy After Rio- Prospects and Challenges-,UNDP, 1997, New York. Menanteu Tech Forecasting & Soc Change 2000 v63 MNES Annual Report, 2005-2006, March 2006 www.greenpeace.org/~climate/climatecountdown/sol argeneration USDOE Energy Information Administration S.P.Sukhatme, Solar Energy, Tata McGraw Hill, Delhi,1997 Banerjee, Comparison of DG options, Energy Policy, in press

SCHEFFLER CONCENTRATING COOKER WITH A VIEW OF KITCHEN

Source : MNES Annual Report 1998-99

Solar Pond at Bhuj, Gujarat (100m*60m*3.5m) , TERI