Empirical Web

Tables and Figures for Groups of Countries using data from the Extended Penn World Tables Michalis Nikiforos May 18, 2009

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Importing Data

A simple way to work with panel data is to construct matrices with dimension higher than two. In the case of the data ? and ? we have time series for different countries, so we need a three dimensional matrix. In the first dimension we express the years from 1963 to 2003, in the second our variables (population, real gdp, productivity etc1 ) and in the third the country. The dimension of this matrix is 41x24x156. With the m-file data we can import our data from the two dimensional matrix A with size 4593x24 to the three-dimensional matrix M . With the loops of this m-file we manage to calculate the number of countries, so we can determine the length of the third dimension of the M matrix and to import the data of each country in the right place of its sub-matrix; for many countries we do not have data for every year between 1963-2003, so we must be able for each country k for k = 1 to 156, to import its data in the right rows of the 41x24 sub-matrix of M , which we get if we isolate the kth element of the third dimension of M . More specifically the basic idea behind the code is to examine the sequence of the years in the A matrix2 . As the data progress the number that expresses the year increases and when the country changes decreases (or does 1 The variables of EPWT can be found in appendix 1 with the sequence that are treated in our matrices. 2 This is the same with examining the sequence of years in the third column of the sheet we open our .csv file with the data.

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not increase) and then starts increasing again, until the next country. This is the characteristic of the data we use to count the number of countries and to move along the third dimension of the M as we import the data. The obvious shortcoming of this strategy is that if we have data for one country, starting later than the ending year of the previous country our code will not be able to deal with that. But this is not the case for any of the countries of our data. We save the created A and M matrices as EPWTdata.mat file, so we can load it in other m-files.

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Working with the data

Our goal is to use the data to derive useful information. On a first level these informations can be derived by constructing plots to examine the behavior of the basic variables of the data. On a second level we can use the data for econometrics analysis. Plotting data for a group of countries means that we are able to construct the time series for this group of countries. We will do that with the m-file group. At first we define the group of countries we are interested in as a row vector a, each element of this vector represents one country as this country is indexed. So, for example if we want to examine the data for Cuba and Gabon as a group the a vector will be [35, 49]. Next we define a matrix M G, which is 41x24x(the length of a). In fact the M G matrix has as its sub-matrices the sub-matrices of M defined by the elements of a. We will use the data from M G to construct the matrix M 1, with dimensions 41x24, which expresses the variables for the group of countries we chose as a whole. We define the entries of the M 1 in the following way: 1 Obviously in the first column we have the years from 1963 to 2003. 2,3 The second column is the aggregate population and employment of the countries in our group. One problem with the aggregate variables of this kind is that when data are not available for the whole time period for all the countries of the group, the behavior of the series will be different in the time-segments with different data-availability and especially in the “threshold years”. For example if we observe the series for the real output of the European Union we can see that in 1983 we have a huge upward jump of the series. This happens because we have data 2

for Germany-one of the biggest economies of Europe-only from 1983 to 2003. Thus we must be very careful when we try to explain the series and take into account the factor-availability. We take the sum of the employed workers for column 3. 4,5,6 For the construction of the series of birth, fertility and death rates we will use the population of each country to create a weight for the respective variable of this country. We create the matrix N W with dimensions 41x(length of a); for each country of our group we will create a column of weights for the 41 years. We do that by dividing the elements of the second column of the related sub-matrix of M G with the elements of the second column of M 1. 7,8,9 We construct the series for output, capital and depreciation as the sum of the respective series for each country separately. 10,11,12,13,14 For columns 10 to 14 we use the data from the previous D D ,d= N ,k=K ,x= X columns, using the well known formulas δ = K L N X and ρ = K . 15,16 We do not compute the series for corrected for the business cycle capital and labour productivity. 17 For the wage share we will use as weights the proportion of the employed workers compared to the total working population of the group. We use the same method as before, but we use the third instead of the second column of our matrices. 18,19 We construct the series for the wage as the product of the wage share and labour productivity. The profit rate is then defined by the familiar formula v = (1 − ψ)ρ. 20,21 We construct the series for the per-worker investment and consumption by using as weights the respective labour productivities. 23,24 We do not calculate these variables. ¯ It is also necessary to construct the time series of potential output X, X so we can calculate capacity utilization, z = X¯ . We employ the so called Hodrick-Prescott filter (?) to calculate the potential output. This filter decomposes a time series yt to its growth (gt ) and its cyclical component (ct ), 3

so as yt = gt + ct for t = 1, .......T . The idea of the filter is that the cyclical part represents the deviations of the series from its growth components, so over long periods, their average[of the deviations] is near zero. Thus, we calculate the growth component by solving the following problem min{gt }Tt=1 {

T X t=1

c2t + λ

T X

[(gt − gt−1 ) − (gt−1 − gt−2 )]2 }

t=1

where λ is a positive number which penalizes variability in the growth component series. In our calculations we use the value of λ, which is proposed by the authors, λ = 1, 600. We also use the LOESS method to plot a smooth fit for the series of capacity utilization. For the LOESS calculation we employ a Moving Average Process of degree 15. We use exactly the same steps in the m-file compare groups to construct another matrix M 2 for a second group of countries so we can compare two group of countries. Finally it is obvious that if the vector a has only one element the results we will get are the same with the data of the respective country. One last modification we can do in our variables is to log-transform some of them. Mathematically, if a variable grows exponentially at a rate g, its log-transformation will grow linearly at this rate, that is if x(t) = x0 eg t then = g. Moreover if two variables grow at the logx(t) = logx0 + gt, so dlogx(t) dt same exponential rate their ratio will grow if its initial value is bigger than 1. On the other hand the log of this ratio will remain constant, that is if (t)eg1 t (t) x1 (t) = x10 (t)eg1 t and x2 (t) = x20 (t)eg2 t then xx21 (t) = x10 , for g1 = g2 = x20 eg2 t = g, xx12 (t) (t)

x10 gt e , x20

which grows exponentially for

x10 x20

> 1. The logarithm of

log x(t) x(t)

this ration, though, remains constant; = logx10 − logx20 = c With the same logic if g1 > g2 the ratio of the two variables will grow linearly dlog

x1 (t)

x2 (t) with rate = g1 − g2 . One implication of the log-transformation for dt our variables is that it will limit the gaps between rich and poor economies. We will use the logarithmic transformation for the population, number of employed workers, real gdp, capital stock, depreciation, capital-labour ratio, labour productivity, real wage, per capita investment and consumption; these are the aggregate and per capita variables of our data3 . We should mention

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we do not use log in capital productivity, since in many countries capital productivity is lower than 1, which implies a negative logarithm, something we want to avoid.

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though that we do not use the log-transformations but the normal variables in order to compute the shares and the rates in the other columns or diagrams. After creating the M 1 matrix we can plot the series we are interested in. In the group and comparegroups m-files we construct 5 Figures, which contain the following plots: Figure1 “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP”, “Potential GDP”, “Capacity Utilization” Figure2 “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” Figure3 “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 1980-2003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” Figure4 “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 1980-2003” Figure 5 “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974 and 1974-2003 and LOESS fit” Plotting the series is the last -easy -step of this procedure. After creating the series and the weighted tables, it is very easy to plot any series we want.

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Grouping

Using these m-files it is easy to create time series for any group of countries we want. We just have to create the appropriate vectors. In the groupofcountries m-file, which is used by the previous ones we define some groups which are usually used. Besides the common groups of the developed world (US, EU, OECD etc) and by following ? we define groups of countries for the developing world. More analytically the groups we define are: OECD : (oecd) Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, USA, Japan, Finland, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, Czech Republic, South Korea, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia. 5

EU15 : (eu15) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, UK. USA (usa) JAPAN (jap) CHINA (china) Representative Africa : (reprafr) Ghana, Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania Other Africa Other Africa: (othafr) Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ivory Coast, Mozambique, Nigeria, Zimbabwe Central America and the Caribbean : (caacar) Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica Smaller Andean countries : (smandc) Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru Semi-Industrialized countries : (semindc) Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela, Turkey, South Africa South Asia : (southasia) Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Southeast Asia : Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam Tigers : (tigers) South Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan Middle East and Northern Africa : (midena) Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Yemen Eastern Europe : (easteur) Hungary, Poland, Romania Developing Countries (developing) Developing Countries except China and India (developingwoutchind) The last two groups are defined as the union of the groups of the developing countries above. The content of the parenthesis is the name of the vector we have defined to represent the group in the code. So, by using the function m-files we presented above and the names of these groups we can create the time series for them. 6

A few comments should be made at this point. As we said before, we can construct any group by using the indices of the countries. We can also use the vectors-groups we already mentioned, so we do not have to write the groups from the beginning, the only thing we should do is to create the union of the respective vectors. Another issue -which we also already mentionedis the availability and the quality of the data. As ? mention the data for the countries are graded for the relative reliability of the estimates. The grading is done according to (1) the number of benchmark comparisons a country had entered; (2) its income level, because within benchmarks it has been found that the margin of error was greater for low income countries; and (3) for non- benchmark countries, the sensitivity of their estimates. This grading is also followed by ?. Moreover for some countries we have available data only for a very limited time period. These issues have important implications. First, we have to take them into account when we explain the results of our analysis. Second, it would be interesting to run our code only for the countries that have high quality data, with grade A and B. These countries are Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States and Uruguay. We will call this group “Quality” countries.

List of Tables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

The Basic Time Series for the OECD countries . . . . . . . . . The Basic Time Series for the EU15 countries . . . . . . . . . The Basic Time Series for the United States . . . . . . . . . . The Basic Time Series for Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Basic Time Series for China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Basic Time Series for “Representative Africa” countries . The Basic Time Series for “Other Africa” countries . . . . . . The Basic Time Series for “Central America and the Caribbean” countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Basic Time Series for Small Andean Countries . . . . . . The Basic Time Series for Semi-industrialized Countries . . . . The Basic Time Series for South Asia Countries . . . . . . . . 7

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

The Basic Time Series for South-East Asia Countries . . . . The Basic Time Series for the “Tigers” . . . . . . . . . . . . The Basic Time Series for Middle East and North Africa Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Basic Time Series for the Developing Countries . . . . . The Basic Time Series for the Developing Countries except China and India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Basic Time Series for the Global Economy . . . . . . . The Basic Time Series for “Quality Data” Countries . . . . .

. 21 . 22 . 23 . 24 . 25 . 26 . 27

List of Figures 1 2

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“Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for OECD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for OECD . . . . . . “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for OECD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 19802003” for OECD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for OECD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for EU15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for EU15 . . . . . . “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for EU15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 19802003” for EU15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

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“Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for EU15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for the USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for the USA . . . . . “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for the USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 19802003” for the USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for the USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for Japan . . . . . . “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 19802003” for Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for China . . . . . .

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“Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 19802003” for China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for the “Representative Africa” Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for the “Representative Africa” Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for the “Representative Africa” Countries . . . . . “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 19802003” for the “Representative Africa” Countries . . . . . . . . “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for the “Representative Africa” Countries . . . . . . . . . “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for “Other Africa” Countries . . . . . “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for “Other Africa” Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for “Other Africa Countries” . . . . . . . . . . . . “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 19802003” for “Other Africa” Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for “Other Africa” Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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“Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for Central America and the Caribbean Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for Central America and the Caribbean Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for Central America and the Caribbean Countries “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 19802003” for Central America and the Caribbean Countries . . . “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for Central America and the Caribbean Countries . . . . . “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for Small Andean Countries . . . . . . “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for Small Andean Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for Small Andean Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 19802003” for Small Andean Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for Small Andean Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for Semi-Industrialized Countries . . . “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for Semi-Industrialized Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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“Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for Semi-Industrialized Countries . . . . . . . . . . “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 19802003” for Semi-Industrialized Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for Semi-Industrialized Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for South Asia Countries . . . . . . . “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for South Asia Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for South Asia Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 19802003” for South Asia Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for South Asia Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for South-East Asia Countries . . . . “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for South-East Asia Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for South-East Asia Countries . . . . . . . . . . . “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 19802003” for South-East Asia Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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“Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for South-East Asia Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for the “Tigers” . . . . . . . . . . . . “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for the “Tigers” . . . “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for the “Tigers” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 19802003” for the “Tigers” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for Middle East and North Africa Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for Middle East and North Africa Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for Middle East and North Africa Countries . . . . “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 19802003” for Middle East and North Africa Countries . . . . . . . “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for Middle East and North Africa Countries . . . . . . . . “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for East Europe Countries . . . . . . “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for East Europe Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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81

82

“Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for East Europe Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 19802003” for East Europe Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for the Developing Countries . . . . . 100 “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for the Developing Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for the Developing Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 19802003” for the Developing Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for the Developing Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for the Developing Countries except China and India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for the Developing Countries except China and India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for the Developing Countries except China and India107 “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 19802003” for the Developing Countries except China and India . . 108 “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for the Developing Countries except China and India . . . 109

14

83 84

85

86

87

88 89

90

91

92

93 94

“Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for the Global Economy . . . . . . . . 110 “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for the Global Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for the Global Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 19802003” for the Global Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for the Global Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for Greece, Portugal and Spain . . . . 115 “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for Greece, Portugal and Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for Greece, Portugal and Spain . . . . . . . . . . . 117 “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 19802003” for Greece, Portugal and Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for Greece, Portugal and Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for the “Quality” Countries . . . . . . 120 “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for the “Quality” Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

15

95

96

97

“Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for the “Quality” Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 19802003” for the “Quality” Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for the “Quality” Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

16

17

Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Pop 645178000 662305000 670738000 708106000 716701000 725169000 733703000 742426000 751385000 760519000 769717000 778828000 787730000 796394000 804848000 813140000 821322000 829441000 837516000 845532000 978489000 986555000 994625000 1002706000 1010799000 1018960000 1027232000 1035653000 1044250000 1052992000 1061774000 1070461000 1078942000 1087173000 1095179000 1103017000 1110785000 1123944000 1131716000 1139457000 1147107000

N 272874139 280277469 284195031 298170770 302175572 306135136 310129701 314214434 319816605 325534088 331317318 337094452 342814200 348461452 354053907 359612674 365171352 370754674 376313133 381900685 449006588 454782236 460604227 466473211 472394295 478387673 484477694 490678070 496609766 502644984 508736689 514819327 520844848 526373771 531829985 537239847 542646110 551044426 555582108 560122986 564641550

¯ X 29.5284 29.5715 29.6146 29.6576 29.7005 29.743 29.7853 29.8272 29.8687 29.9098 29.9503 29.9903 30.0299 30.0691 30.1079 30.1463 30.1843 30.222 30.2594 30.2965 30.3332 30.3695 30.4052 30.4403 30.4748 30.5086 30.5418 30.5743 30.6061 30.6375 30.6683 30.6987 30.7288 30.7585 30.788 30.8173 30.8465 30.8755 30.9044 30.9332 30.9621 z 1.0259 1.0329 1.0247 1.0318 1.015 1.024 1.0291 1.0161 1.0076 1.0183 1.0397 1.0055 0.96635 0.97604 0.97308 0.97915 0.97824 0.95024 0.9342 0.90019 1.0034 1.0145 1.0158 1.0118 1.0116 1.0234 1.0286 1.0251 1.0053 0.99726 0.98246 0.98732 0.98484 0.98902 0.99939 1.0018 1.0103 1.026 1.0115 1.001 0.99739

K 8029938555079 8638897630732 9235065169830 9961497728373 10638408124804 11396108606828 12212944055838 13036958884588 13850775032143 14764805022101 15845531242222 16789010922197 17365932946894 18073426579424 18790664516603 19556266407135 20375253173832 21024013922572 21642248019533 21981242946910 25618621376082 26174125773749 26781134771647 27380745032161 28014705515946 28918668019755 30119874065318 31259986195704 32207114378937 33076729605961 33799468841655 34777388281890 35851656129772 37159240578614 38685055015467 40209003892881 41875216042839 43754093360078 45148084304620 46248160631862 47341033858056

k 29427.2612 30822.6618 32495.5195 33408.6997 35206.0494 37225.7453 39380.1175 41490.6429 43308.4925 45355.6342 47825.8466 49805.0645 50656.9825 51866.3585 53072.8913 54381.4716 55796.4174 56705.9983 57511.2748 57557.485 57056.226 57553.0962 58143.4846 58697.3579 59303.6491 60450.2784 62169.785 63707.7304 64853.969 65805.351 66438.0407 67552.6082 68833.658 70594.78 72739.5147 74843.6739 77168.5547 79402.1159 81262.6678 82567.8678 83842.6323

x 22992.8053 24064.3541 25035.1258 25461.8568 26108.3698 27391.2062 28562.0514 29191.4799 29776.7956 30902.5833 32358.0122 32068.7347 31564.2757 32640.3302 33307.4691 34295.1714 35050.932 34819.4418 35001.8741 34475.846 33890.6624 35055.1377 35890.0113 36529.3851 37296.3513 38498.7271 39448.9627 40050.4659 40008.3261 40396.1136 40481.2211 41361.5212 41932.0803 42818.8737 43980.6591 44794.1482 45875.8418 47033.7172 47119.2533 47356.2302 47904.571

ρ 0.78134 0.78074 0.77042 0.76213 0.74159 0.73581 0.72529 0.70357 0.68755 0.68134 0.67658 0.64389 0.6231 0.62932 0.62758 0.63064 0.62819 0.61403 0.60861 0.59898 0.59399 0.60909 0.61727 0.62233 0.6289 0.63687 0.63454 0.62866 0.6169 0.61387 0.60931 0.61229 0.60918 0.60654 0.60463 0.5985 0.59449 0.59235 0.57984 0.57354 0.57136

ws 0.45667 0.40877 0.41699 0.40443 0.40569 0.41873 0.42292 0.50567 0.51045 0.51364 0.5164 0.52913 0.54098 0.54211 0.53875 0.53838 0.52404 0.53053 0.51747 0.51653 0.49964 0.49196 0.48936 0.48801 0.48779 0.48605 0.48971 0.49552 0.5238 0.52979 0.52763 0.50319 0.49738 0.49533 0.49485 0.49696 0.49594 0.49663 0.49777 0.4931 0.48906

w 10500.2357 9836.8821 10439.4103 10297.472 10591.8099 11469.4536 12079.4167 14761.3045 15199.5664 15872.6787 16709.6484 16968.5178 17075.7138 17694.7047 17944.4648 18463.8596 18368.166 18472.6504 18112.3272 17807.9343 16933.1251 17245.6637 17563.054 17826.726 18192.9478 18712.1216 19318.6717 19845.6758 20956.5138 21401.6173 21359.1821 20812.8324 20856.2915 21209.4694 21763.6772 22260.6871 22751.4648 23358.1755 23454.5169 23351.2527 23428.3677

v 42.4524 46.1591 44.9161 45.3905 44.0736 42.7708 41.8552 34.7793 33.6591 33.1379 32.7195 30.3186 28.6013 28.8156 28.947 29.1116 29.8993 28.8273 29.3674 28.9587 29.7207 30.9444 31.5202 31.8629 32.2129 32.732 32.3795 31.7148 29.3765 28.8647 28.7818 30.4188 30.6184 30.6105 30.5432 30.1074 29.9661 29.8173 29.1213 29.073 29.193

i 4653.2866 5081.0125 5385.8217 5562.7243 5653.7678 6062.9856 6505.2527 6685.5754 6750.5538 7120.8968 7826.016 7612.1159 6656.2023 7153.9933 7304.144 7618.0831 7915.3115 7602.2659 7584.3608 6969.8491 6838.2315 7483.7692 7647.0538 7762.6299 8050.0979 8600.0785 9064.8616 9179.434 8910.767 8900.849 8739.6965 9197.1337 9423.167 9809.9777 10363.3986 10684.6978 11142.9891 11535.5011 11047.6153 10793.2601 11010.5772

Table 1: The Basic Time Series for the OECD countries

X 6274141950488 6744696265798 7114858358151 7591981459858 7889311585865 8385410632383 8857940467514 9172384319517 9523113691938 10059844277912 10720769834098 10810192558403 10820681936195 11373896871756 11792639549702 12332978307830 12799596217434 12909470810716 13171664907992 13166349186055 15217130700571 15942453886961 16531090894953 17039979556827 17618583566222 18417316479567 19112142472733 19651885303286 19868525462631 20304903896889 20594282393306 21293710512515 21840108007563 22538732017926 23390233287322 24065201344176 24894347096056 25917667701778 26178614094535 26525313084348 27048911211828

c 18339.2804 18983.6693 19649.2447 19899.2319 20454.8465 21328.1167 22056.5396 22506.0519 23026.1504 23781.5137 24532.3276 24456.5217 24908.3324 25486.4095 26003.4997 26677.1248 27135.7284 27217.2252 27417.5097 27505.9638 27052.5319 27571.638 28242.7586 28766.6709 29246.2227 29898.6618 30384.1308 30870.9948 31097.4348 31495.1467 31741.2097 32164.36 32508.9116 33008.8284 33617.1845 34109.4131 34732.5935 35498.2071 36071.7095 36562.9794 36894.0661

g NaN 7.4999 5.4882 6.706 3.9164 6.2882 5.6351 3.5499 3.8238 5.6361 6.5699 0.83411 0.097032 5.1126 3.6816 4.582 3.7835 0.85842 2.031 -0.040357 15.5759 4.7665 3.6923 3.0784 3.3956 4.5335 3.7727 2.8241 1.1024 2.1963 1.4252 3.3962 2.566 3.1988 3.7779 2.8857 3.4454 4.1107 1.0068 1.3244 1.974

s = XS 0.20239 0.21113 0.21513 0.21847 0.21654 0.22135 0.22777 0.22902 0.22671 0.23044 0.24185 0.23737 0.21087 0.21917 0.21929 0.22213 0.22582 0.21833 0.21668 0.20217 0.20177 0.21348 0.21307 0.21251 0.21584 0.22339 0.22979 0.2292 0.22273 0.22034 0.2159 0.22236 0.22472 0.22911 0.23564 0.23853 0.2429 0.24526 0.23446 0.22792 0.22984

W 2865242788184.992 2757056406886.762 2966828524492.396 3070405169808.554 3200586227803.608 3511202749578.263 3746185885417.16 4638214950827.15 4861073724301.752 5167097997253.594 5536195895298.111 5719993208609.291 5853797158029.827 6165922476916.289 6353307863795.482 6639837928048.465 6707528017113.728 6848821461299.545 6815906612460.995 6800862289113.297 7603084736214.951 7843021481445.133 8089616902017.405 8315690106732.525 8594244755886.86 8951648305814.258 9359465521932.379 9737837906047.297 10407209430747.42 10757415595871.88 10866199595091.46 10714848388220.56 10862891956841.73 11164108397583.87 11574576123536.99 11959328123873.64 12345993884854.02 12871392432767.19 13030909920237.02 13079573408095.32 13228629845293.35

Π 3408899162303.008 3987639858911.238 4148029833658.604 4521576290049.446 4688725358061.392 4874207882804.736 5111754582096.84 4534169368689.85 4662039967636.248 4892746280658.406 5184573938799.889 5090199349793.709 4966884778165.173 5207974394839.711 5439331685906.518 5693140379781.535 6092068200320.272 6060649349416.455 6355758295531.005 6365486896941.703 7614045964356.049 8099432405515.867 8441473992935.595 8724289450094.475 9024338810335.141 9465668173752.742 9752676950800.621 9914047397238.703 9461316031883.576 9547488301017.121 9728082798214.545 10578862124294.44 10977216050721.27 11374623620342.13 11815657163785.01 12105873220302.36 12548353211201.98 13046275269010.81 13147704174297.98 13445739676252.68 13820281366534.65

18

Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Pop 240564000 251253000 253320000 255197000 256915000 258521000 260100000 261711000 263364000 265031000 266690000 268308000 269848000 271317000 272714000 274029000 275238000 276331000 277303000 278169000 356705000 357381000 358189000 359157000 360266000 361513000 362870000 364321000 365879000 367535000 369212000 370813000 372263000 373519000 374609000 375615000 376669000 377852000 379197000 380659000 382163000

N 101422424 105546980 106208223 106786710 107292536 107747621 108186236 108632543 109744388 110865819 111986934 113091706 114167539 115213813 116233353 117220949 118170838 119080217 120038384 120958860 159587341 160614721 161710492 162885974 164135080 165454249 166832950 168260080 169395251 170578316 171773444 172933151 174024648 174818108 175533117 176209599 176906477 177664743 178206067 178801063 179414290

X 2224400101035 2400086654542 2496522553203 2604888928186 2721287020859 2863048624940 3031672383869 3176236041526 3279305513504 3425748290768 3654837305579 3752710516563 3711846458498 3885835295595 3963498393174 4072865657357 4215031597186 4280850024557 4267034209703 4327957710039 5772413564575 5901419047439 6049186986736 6233683162181 6413738783295 6702546894992 6946928448771 7154290902229 7273408289432 7361054368517 7315657623086 7532306140035 7730480799188 7859302884641 8078186218131 8335099691102 8586332810399 8916148496240 9082068892742 9175967627176 9272146113262

z 1.0627 1.0736 1.0497 1.0332 1.0213 1.0193 1.0262 1.0242 1.009 1.0071 1.0278 1.0104 0.95769 0.96127 0.94053 0.92748 0.92146 0.89876 0.86073 0.83924 1.0768 1.06 1.0474 1.0417 1.0357 1.0472 1.0515 1.0503 1.0369 1.0201 0.98644 0.9891 0.98936 0.98099 0.98404 0.99148 0.99793 1.013 1.0093 0.9979 0.98724

K 3095481165949 3400367061920 3634703682518 3886155038724 4146372518375 4417142133922 4720436405473 5035881775451 5313025234236 5600348464254 5956433153727 6288066287998 6460739432508 6678551458651 6861153153650 7005587613512 7173581585950 7331561596554 7382511204256 7430064869990 10233976710017 10258666184036 10313373744162 10407200649734 10506532636237 10737728723540 11102332360588 11462221570134 11782482013773 12064120905689 12173710824416 12360317971680 12645994106695 12900134065224 13199978139328 13609325317040 14071594293502 14566454101234 14989086283289 15289431349943 15564953311096

k 30520.6782 32216.6211 34222.4319 36391.748 38645.489 40995.2637 43632.5043 46357.0274 48412.7283 50514.6538 53188.6439 55601.4805 56589.986 57966.5865 59029.1253 59763.9558 60705.1766 61568.2586 61501.2545 61426.3798 64127.7475 63871.2698 63776.7755 63892.5525 64011.4998 64898.4767 66547.5996 68122.0499 69556.1531 70724.8212 70870.7385 71474.5432 72667.8333 73791.7497 75199.3605 77233.7341 79542.5613 81988.4343 84110.9763 85510.8526 86754.2564

x 21932.0345 22739.5104 23505.9253 24393.3812 25363.2463 26571.8036 28022.718 29238.3475 29881.3049 30899.9502 32636.2833 33182.8977 32512.2753 33727.1651 34099.4929 34745.2029 35668.966 35949.2965 35547.248 35780.4109 36170.8738 36742.7034 37407.5109 38270.2268 39075.978 40509.9714 41640.0264 42519.2411 42937.4982 43153.5176 42588.9908 43556.1724 44421.758 44957.0298 46020.8669 47302.1886 48536.0002 50185.2441 50963.8591 51319.4244 51680.087

ρ 0.7186 0.70583 0.68686 0.6703 0.65631 0.64817 0.64224 0.63072 0.61722 0.6117 0.61359 0.5968 0.57452 0.58184 0.57767 0.58137 0.58758 0.58389 0.57799 0.58249 0.56404 0.57526 0.58654 0.59898 0.61045 0.62421 0.62572 0.62416 0.61731 0.61016 0.60094 0.60939 0.6113 0.60924 0.61198 0.61246 0.61019 0.6121 0.60591 0.60015 0.59571

ws 0.48722 0.37076 0.38375 0.38599 0.38684 0.4085 0.40954 0.51403 0.52099 0.52641 0.53016 0.54764 0.57319 0.56644 0.56332 0.5616 0.54701 0.54347 0.54378 0.53393 0.53804 0.52795 0.52401 0.51816 0.5176 0.51299 0.51063 0.51394 0.52314 0.5237 0.51776 0.50207 0.49745 0.4976 0.49936 0.49747 0.49807 0.50036 0.50274 0.50185 0.50061

w 10685.6748 8430.9045 9020.2838 9415.5439 9811.4433 10854.5692 11476.393 15029.3499 15567.8757 16265.9159 17302.5405 18172.1953 18635.827 19104.2622 19208.9613 19512.8908 19511.1483 19537.4547 19329.8259 19104.3868 19461.493 19398.4523 19601.7277 19830.0977 20225.8757 20781.256 21262.4964 21852.4857 22462.2511 22599.3383 22051.0154 21868.4497 22097.6797 22370.5604 22981.0343 23531.2075 24174.4416 25110.5972 25621.8025 25754.449 25871.7777

v 36.8483 44.4137 42.3279 41.1572 40.2422 38.3391 37.922 30.6512 29.5654 28.9699 28.829 26.9969 24.521 25.2264 25.2257 25.4875 26.6169 26.6563 26.3693 27.148 26.0564 27.155 27.9189 28.8612 29.448 30.3994 30.621 30.3378 29.437 29.0622 28.9795 30.3433 30.7207 30.6084 30.6383 30.778 30.6271 30.5832 30.1293 29.8968 29.7488

i 4964.8534 5425.4949 5540.2514 5787.5843 6083.8016 6438.7937 7021.9499 7401.4624 7246.5721 7468.2973 8297.8748 8421.3625 7240.5293 7769.2115 7597.3523 7481.1713 7768.3462 7815.0235 7025.6704 7089.8358 7355.0723 7494.445 7633.1492 7943.0436 8190.9398 8967.52 9524.4151 9780.2287 9621.9252 9474.5764 8640.7116 9101.7655 9483.3792 9377.0425 9746.207 10544.119 11051.6509 11510.4367 11365.9488 11063.3855 11209.2367

Table 2: The Basic Time Series for the EU15 countries

¯ X 28.4692 28.5111 28.5529 28.5947 28.6364 28.678 28.7195 28.7607 28.8017 28.8426 28.8832 28.9236 28.9638 29.004 29.0441 29.0842 29.1244 29.1645 29.2046 29.2446 29.2843 29.3233 29.3617 29.399 29.4354 29.4706 29.5047 29.5376 29.5694 29.6002 29.6302 29.6593 29.6878 29.7157 29.7432 29.7704 29.7973 29.824 29.8506 29.8771 29.9036 c 16967.1725 17314.2055 17965.7463 18605.7685 19279.4924 20132.8266 21000.5238 21836.9672 22634.9072 23431.6636 24338.4669 24761.8086 25271.8754 25957.9096 26502.1013 27264.1981 27900.754 28134.3011 28521.3026 28690.4856 28815.7026 29248.3417 29774.3801 30326.9631 30885.0012 31542.4515 32115.5516 32739.1211 33315.5092 33679.0371 33948.2162 34454.586 34938.4225 35580.169 36274.4674 36758.0512 37484.3214 38674.7051 39597.71 40255.7976 40470.9669

g NaN 7.8982 4.018 4.3407 4.4684 5.2094 5.8897 4.7684 3.245 4.4657 6.6873 2.6779 -1.0889 4.6874 1.9986 2.7594 3.4906 1.5615 -0.32274 1.4278 33.375 2.2349 2.5039 3.0499 2.8884 4.503 3.6461 2.985 1.665 1.205 -0.61672 2.9614 2.631 1.6664 2.785 3.1803 3.0142 3.8412 1.8609 1.0339 1.0482

s = XS 0.22637 0.23858 0.23569 0.23726 0.23986 0.24232 0.25059 0.25314 0.24251 0.24169 0.25425 0.25378 0.2227 0.23036 0.2228 0.21531 0.21779 0.21739 0.19765 0.19815 0.20335 0.20397 0.20405 0.20756 0.20962 0.22137 0.22873 0.23002 0.22409 0.21955 0.20289 0.20896 0.21348 0.20857 0.21178 0.22291 0.2277 0.22936 0.22302 0.21558 0.21689

W 1083767040623.963 889856511271.5095 958028311546.8535 1005454957801.009 1052694629827.21 1169554009866.459 1241587760931.85 1632676502879.675 1708486985955.575 1803334087673.628 1937658455527.196 2055124565191.32 2127606506272.533 2201074891036.234 2232721977287.226 2287319573612.736 2305648747643.658 2326524345190.741 2320321058079.594 2310844849398.889 3105807925431.339 3115677000266.394 3169805029508.129 3230044773406.284 3319775728789.678 3438347101253.522 3547284997276.754 3676900983993.475 3804998666539.697 3854957069914.893 3787778857992.598 3781779913908.024 3845540929381.8 3910779040625.897 4033932576686.979 4146424638203.038 4276615297470.65 4461267790745.64 4565960647459.83 4604922856578.436 4641766620805.908

Π 1140633060411.037 1510230143270.49 1538494241656.146 1599433970384.991 1668592391031.79 1693494615073.541 1790084622937.15 1543559538646.325 1570818527548.425 1622414203094.372 1717178850051.804 1697585951371.68 1584239952225.467 1684760404558.766 1730776415886.774 1785546083744.264 1909382849542.342 1954325679366.259 1946713151623.406 2017112860640.111 2666605639143.661 2785742047172.606 2879381957227.871 3003638388774.716 3093963054505.322 3264199793738.478 3399643451494.246 3477389918235.525 3468409622892.303 3506097298602.107 3527878765093.402 3750526226126.976 3884939869806.2 3948523844015.103 4044253641444.021 4188675052898.962 4309717512928.35 4454880705494.36 4516108245282.17 4571044770597.564 4630379492456.092

19

Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Pop 194714000 197336000 199796000 202079000 204199000 206202000 208156000 210111000 212087000 214079000 216091000 218120000 220165000 222230000 224325000 226462000 228657000 230917000 233253000 235661000 238117000 240589000 243056000 245506000 247949000 250413000 252934000 255539000 258233000 261005000 263839000 266711000 269603000 272511000 275434000 278358000 281269000 284154000 287004000 289821000 292617000

N 80313771 81767993 83165035 84497253 85769566 87000693 88218439 89444308 91536641 93659603 95814935 98001424 100219102 102470102 104759666 107094065 109480913 111925531 113503331 115124937 116779541 118451572 120130247 121809981 123496116 125201523 126945166 128740554 130263198 131828519 133428614 135051828 136688624 138451723 140228811 142012882 143795905 145571941 147184267 148782451 150372740

X 2727480000000 2894050000000 3095410000000 3283420000000 3342860000000 3520390000000 3642950000000 3639440000000 3773640000000 3991940000000 4224980000000 4189500000000 4168160000000 4413900000000 4632830000000 4895030000000 5039980000000 4989230000000 5121200000000 5022760000000 5275320000000 5695210000000 5927510000000 6125850000000 6327840000000 6579690000000 6810800000000 6924340000000 6891820000000 7136580000000 7353590000000 7682050000000 7885550000000 8201940000000 8603990000000 8990290000000 9406630000000 9764800000000 9804890000000 9936870000000 10205100000000

z 0.99161 1.005 1.0289 1.0465 1.0233 1.0367 1.0334 0.99561 0.99657 1.0186 1.0424 1.0001 0.96317 0.98769 1.0042 1.028 1.0256 0.98388 0.9787 0.93018 0.94664 0.99021 0.99852 0.99983 1.0007 1.0083 1.0115 0.99677 0.96176 0.96563 0.96494 0.97784 0.97399 0.98343 1.0019 1.0173 1.035 1.0453 1.022 1.0091 1.0104

K 3198450000000 3327710000000 3517400000000 3751600000000 3934810000000 4138980000000 4342430000000 4490200000000 4689370000000 4951380000000 5250880000000 5479630000000 5580700000000 5764030000000 6015560000000 6335560000000 6638490000000 6811020000000 7048270000000 7130360000000 7264550000000 7640280000000 7977840000000 8270490000000 8545370000000 8834850000000 9198650000000 9474970000000 9621150000000 9805780000000 10057300000000 10474000000000 10886800000000 11438100000000 12115600000000 12829000000000 13642800000000 14509800000000 15163300000000 15727900000000 16301900000000

k 39824.4281 40696.9754 42294.2166 44399.0765 45876.5292 47574.1038 49223.6096 50201.0704 51229.4306 52865.6949 54802.3124 55913.7794 55684.9931 56250.8467 57422.4817 59158.8339 60636.049 60853.1399 62097.4727 61935.8428 62207.3861 64501.2968 66409.9192 67896.6529 69195.4555 70565.0362 72461.6013 73597.3996 73859.3106 74382.8428 75375.886 77555.4108 79646.7159 82614.3565 86398.7929 90336.8752 94876.1371 99674.4283 103022.5601 105710.7199 108409.9419

x 33960.303 35393.4332 37220.0889 38858.3047 38974.897 40463.9306 41294.655 40689.4534 41225.4586 42621.7907 44095.2133 42749.3788 41590.4744 43075.0035 44223.4132 45707.7617 46035.239 44576.3353 45119.3807 43628.7752 45173.3236 48080.4932 49342.3609 50290.2139 51239.1823 52552.7952 53651.5112 53785.2276 52906.8847 54135.3271 55112.5413 56882.2364 57689.8777 59240.4329 61356.7921 63306.1584 65416.536 67078.861 66616.4271 66787.9171 67865.3591

ρ 0.85275 0.86968 0.88003 0.87521 0.84956 0.85055 0.83892 0.81053 0.80472 0.80623 0.80462 0.76456 0.74689 0.76577 0.77014 0.77263 0.75921 0.73252 0.72659 0.70442 0.72617 0.74542 0.743 0.74069 0.7405 0.74474 0.74041 0.7308 0.71632 0.72779 0.73117 0.73344 0.72432 0.71707 0.71016 0.70078 0.68949 0.67298 0.64662 0.6318 0.62601

ws 0.574 0.574 0.571 0.576 0.584 0.599 0.612 0.622 0.611 0.612 0.613 0.621 0.609 0.612 0.61 0.612 0.584 0.612 0.604 0.614 0.601 0.594 0.596 0.599 0.603 0.605 0.598 0.603 0.605 0.607 0.606 0.576 0.576 0.573 0.566 0.578 0.582 0.593 0.59 0.585 0.58

w 19493.2139 20315.8307 21252.6708 22382.3835 22761.3398 24237.8944 25272.3288 25308.84 25188.7552 26084.5359 27030.3658 26547.3643 25328.5989 26361.9021 26976.2821 27973.1501 26884.5796 27280.7172 27252.1059 26788.068 27149.1675 28559.813 29408.0471 30123.8381 30897.2269 31794.4411 32083.6037 32432.4923 32008.6653 32860.1436 33398.2 32764.1681 33229.3695 33944.768 34727.9443 36590.9595 38072.424 39777.7646 39303.692 39070.9315 39361.9083

v 36.3272 37.0485 37.7532 37.1087 35.3417 34.1069 32.5501 30.638 31.3037 31.2816 31.1389 28.9768 29.2033 29.7117 30.0355 29.978 31.583 28.4219 28.7729 27.1906 28.9743 30.264 30.0171 29.7016 29.3978 29.4173 29.7646 29.0129 28.2946 28.6023 28.8081 31.0979 30.7113 30.619 30.8209 29.5729 28.8209 27.3903 26.5114 26.2197 26.2923

i 5729 6102 6860 7333 6871 7166 7507 6897 7367 8004 8621 7917 6584 7512 8257 9046 9133 8082 8591 7330 7856 9823 9760 9666 9776 9801 10146 9805 9063 9609 10201 11257 11503 12310 13572 14617 15569 16206 15049 14653 14991

Table 3: The Basic Time Series for the United States

¯ X 28.6934 28.7275 28.7614 28.7953 28.829 28.8625 28.8958 28.9289 28.9617 28.9942 29.0264 29.0584 29.0901 29.1217 29.1531 29.1843 29.2153 29.2462 29.2771 29.3081 29.339 29.3701 29.4012 29.4324 29.4635 29.4947 29.526 29.5572 29.5886 29.62 29.6516 29.6833 29.7151 29.747 29.779 29.8111 29.8431 29.8751 29.907 29.9389 29.9708 c 28231 29292 30360 31526 32104 33298 33787 33793 33858 34617 35475 34832 35007 35563 35967 36662 36902 36495 36529 36299 37318 38258 39582 40624 41463 42752 43506 43980 43844 44526 44911 45625 46187 46930 47785 48689 49847 50873 51568 52135 52874

g NaN 6.1071 6.9577 6.0738 1.8103 5.3107 3.4814 -0.09635 3.6874 5.7849 5.8378 -0.83977 -0.50937 5.8956 4.96 5.6596 2.9612 -1.0069 2.6451 -1.9222 5.0283 7.9595 4.0789 3.3461 3.2973 3.98 3.5125 1.6671 -0.46965 3.5515 3.0408 4.4667 2.649 4.0123 4.9019 4.4898 4.631 3.8076 0.41056 1.3461 2.6993

s = XS 0.16871 0.17239 0.18431 0.18869 0.17629 0.17709 0.18181 0.16949 0.17871 0.18781 0.19549 0.1852 0.15829 0.17439 0.1867 0.1979 0.1984 0.18129 0.19039 0.168 0.17389 0.20429 0.19781 0.19221 0.1908 0.18649 0.1891 0.1823 0.1713 0.17751 0.1851 0.1979 0.19939 0.2078 0.22119 0.2309 0.23801 0.24159 0.2259 0.21939 0.2209

W 1565573520000 1661184700000 1767479110000 1891249920000 1952230240000 2108713610000 2229485400000 2263731680000 2305694040000 2443067280000 2589912740000 2601679500000 2538409440000 2701306800000 2826026300000 2995758360000 2943348320000 3053408760000 3093204800000 3083974640000 3170467320000 3382954740000 3532795960000 3669384150000 3815687520000 3980712450000 4072858400000 4175377020000 4169551100000 4331904060000 4456275540000 4424860800000 4542076799999.999 4699711619999.999 4869858340000 5196387620000 5474658660000 5790526399999.999 5784885099999.999 5813068950000 5918957999999.999

Π 1161906480000 1232865300000 1327930890000 1392170080000 1390629760000 1411676390000 1413464600000 1375708320000 1467945960000 1548872720000 1635067260000 1587820500000 1629750560000 1712593200000 1806803700000 1899271640000 2096631680000 1935821240000 2027995200000 1938785360000 2104852680000 2312255260000 2394714040000 2456465850000 2512152480000 2598977550000 2737941600000 2748962980000 2722268900000 2804675940000 2897314460000 3257189200000 3343473200000.001 3502228380000.001 3734131660000 3793902380000 3931971340000 3974273600000.001 4020004900000.001 4123801050000 4286142000000.001

20

Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Pop 96889000 97881000 98881000 99881000 100892000 101945000 103083000 104331000 105703000 107176000 108689000 110159000 111524000 112761000 113882000 114909000 115875000 116807000 117709000 118569000 119383000 120141000 120837000 121473000 122052000 122584000 123076000 123537000 123970000 124374000 124756000 125121000 125472000 125812000 126142000 126458000 126756000 127034000 127290000 127525000 127736000

N 47074582 47900808 48738445 49583055 50440046 51325431 52261121 53260975 53745900 54276222 54820709 55337222 55795457 56184246 56510725 56785532 57026722 57247258 58030586 58798565 59548141 60274489 60974401 61647294 62295545 62922316 63532038 64128264 64731966 65323765 65906153 66481686 67052237 67322215 67586776 67844610 68093538 68331642 68294957 68246118 68184360

X 568603000000 637500000000 671434000000 745001000000 833275000000 945580000000 1065860000000 1188470000000 1240370000000 1345730000000 1460550000000 1434900000000 1469050000000 1526630000000 1590950000000 1679090000000 1773660000000 1812890000000 1865410000000 1911450000000 1934310000000 1993900000000 2101280000000 2165830000000 2250270000000 2413320000000 2544960000000 2681170000000 2770890000000 2790520000000 2791280000000 2815180000000 2870570000000 2972290000000 3022120000000 2982840000000 2974490000000 3045080000000 3048290000000 3029930000000 3070360000000

¯ X 27.2249 27.2932 27.3614 27.4293 27.4968 27.5633 27.6288 27.6927 27.7549 27.815 27.873 27.9287 27.9822 28.0334 28.0825 28.1294 28.1743 28.2173 28.2584 28.2978 28.3356 28.3719 28.4067 28.44 28.472 28.5026 28.5318 28.5595 28.5857 28.6106 28.6341 28.6564 28.6776 28.6979 28.7173 28.736 28.7542 28.772 28.7895 28.807 28.8244 K 690362000000 797531000000 896920000000 1014360000000 1166160000000 1356560000000 1580060000000 1854910000000 2108050000000 2384610000000 2691230000000 2933840000000 3123030000000 3311880000000 3495240000000 3692920000000 3907170000000 4091700000000 4259260000000 4391580000000 4475060000000 4544540000000 4656520000000 4774540000000 4905750000000 5138770000000 5429300000000 5753880000000 6072990000000 6321900000000 6511050000000 6669030000000 6837220000000 7057180000000 7272930000000 7414200000000 7506560000000 7608290000000 7678760000000 7653710000000 7620040000000

k 14665.2816 16649.6356 18402.7209 20457.7955 23119.7251 26430.5623 30233.9477 34826.8127 39222.5267 43934.7086 49091.4848 53017.4789 55972.8366 58946.7731 61850.9141 65032.7622 68514.7219 71474.1656 73396.8118 74688.5575 75150.2889 75397.404 76368.4419 77449.3038 78749.612 81668.4815 85457.671 89724.5558 93817.4811 96777.949 98792.7485 100313.7917 101968.5592 104826.9134 107608.7725 109282.0786 110238.9481 111343.5852 112435.2417 112148.65 111756.4204

x 12078.769 13308.7525 13776.2705 15025.3146 16520.1079 18423.2257 20394.8936 22314.0864 23078.4116 24794.0986 26642.3041 25930.1054 26329.2045 27171.8517 28153.063 29568.9754 31102.2611 31667.7176 32145.2897 32508.4464 32483.1299 33080.3302 34461.6752 35132.6045 36122.4868 38353.9601 40057.8996 41809.4898 42805.5901 42718.2971 42352.343 42345.1956 42810.9505 44150.211 44714.6643 43965.7624 43682.4123 44563.2493 44634.1887 44397.104 45030.2679

ρ 0.82363 0.79934 0.7486 0.73445 0.71455 0.69704 0.67457 0.64072 0.5884 0.56434 0.54271 0.48909 0.47039 0.46096 0.45518 0.45468 0.45395 0.44307 0.43797 0.43525 0.43224 0.43875 0.45126 0.45362 0.4587 0.46963 0.46875 0.46598 0.45626 0.44141 0.4287 0.42213 0.41984 0.42117 0.41553 0.40231 0.39625 0.40023 0.39698 0.39588 0.40293

ws 0.434 0.425 0.447 0.443 0.433 0.427 0.428 0.426 0.46 0.466 0.481 0.51 0.538 0.544 0.546 0.536 0.541 0.542 0.547 0.551 0.557 0.551 0.541 0.543 0.542 0.538 0.542 0.549 0.557 0.562 0.572 0.562 0.567 0.559 0.56 0.567 0.545 0.541 0.542 0.536 0.527

w 5242.1857 5656.2198 6157.9929 6656.2144 7153.2067 7866.7174 8729.0144 9505.8008 10616.0693 11554.0499 12814.9483 13224.3538 14165.112 14781.4873 15371.5724 15848.9708 16826.3233 17163.9029 17583.4735 17912.154 18093.1034 18227.262 18643.7663 19077.0043 19578.3878 20634.4306 21711.3816 22953.4099 23842.7137 24007.683 24225.5402 23797.9999 24273.8089 24679.968 25040.212 24928.5873 23806.9147 24108.7179 24191.7303 23796.8478 23730.9512

v 46.6175 45.9622 41.3976 40.9091 40.5148 39.9405 38.5854 36.7771 31.7734 30.1357 28.1665 23.9652 21.7321 21.0196 20.665 21.0971 20.8363 20.2924 19.8398 19.5429 19.1483 19.6997 20.7126 20.7305 21.0085 21.6969 21.4685 21.0155 20.2125 19.3336 18.3483 18.4892 18.1793 18.5737 18.2833 17.4202 18.0295 18.3706 18.1815 18.3687 19.0587

Table 4: The Basic Time Series for Japan

z 0.98005 0.97087 0.91592 0.92033 0.94068 0.98296 1.027 1.0676 1.0441 1.0662 1.0935 1.0188 0.99224 0.98353 0.97998 0.99097 1.0049 0.98768 0.9788 0.96734 0.94538 0.94229 0.96136 0.96042 0.96836 1.0091 1.0353 1.0626 1.0712 1.0538 1.031 1.0182 1.0178 1.0341 1.0327 1.0018 0.98251 0.98976 0.97538 0.95472 0.95297

i 3144 3625 3670 4106 4922 5878 6758 8011 7994 8701 9648 8925 8361 8610 8817 9440 10003 9861 9930 9705 9194 9360 10081 10447 11011 12558 13519 14388 14632 13958 13362 12951 13241 14154 14172 13308 12924 13271 13125 12273 12463

c 8934 9684 10106 10919 11599 12545 13637 14303 15084 16093 16995 17005 17968 18562 19336 20129 21100 21806 22215 22803 23289 23721 24380 24686 25112 25796 26539 27421 28173 28760 28990 29394 29570 29996 30542 30658 30758 31292 31509 32124 32568

g NaN 12.1169 5.323 10.9567 11.8488 13.4775 12.7202 11.5034 4.367 8.4942 8.5322 -1.7562 2.38 3.9195 4.2132 5.5401 5.6322 2.2118 2.897 2.4681 1.196 3.0807 5.3854 3.0719 3.8987 7.2458 5.4547 5.3521 3.3463 0.70844 0.027235 0.85624 1.9675 3.5435 1.6765 -1.2997 -0.27993 2.3732 0.10542 -0.6023 1.3344

s = XS 0.26036 0.27236 0.26642 0.27329 0.29789 0.31907 0.33135 0.35901 0.3464 0.35093 0.3621 0.3442 0.31756 0.31687 0.31318 0.31925 0.32159 0.31141 0.30892 0.29855 0.28304 0.28293 0.29255 0.29735 0.30481 0.32742 0.33748 0.34414 0.34184 0.32675 0.3155 0.30585 0.30929 0.32059 0.31696 0.30268 0.29587 0.29781 0.29406 0.27644 0.27675

W 246773702000 270937500000 300130998000 330035443000 360808075000 403762659999.9999 456188080000 506288220000 570570200000 627110180000 702524550000 731799000000 790348900000.0001 830486720000.0001 868658700000.0001 899992240000.0001 959550060000.0001 982586380000 1020379270000 1053208950000 1077410670000 1098638900000 1136792480000 1176045690000 1219646340000 1298366160000 1379368320000 1471962330000 1543385730000 1568272240000 1596612160000 1582131160000 1627613190000 1661510110000 1692387200000 1691270280000 1621097050000 1647388280000 1652173180000 1624042480000 1618079720000

Π 321829298000 366562500000 371303002000 414965557000 472466925000 541817340000.0001 609671920000 682181780000 669799800000 718619820000 758025450000 703101000000 678701099999.9999 696143279999.9999 722291299999.9999 779097759999.9999 814109939999.9999 830303620000 845030729999.9999 858241050000 856899330000 895261099999.9999 964487520000 989784310000 1030623660000 1114953840000 1165591680000 1209207670000 1227504270000 1222247760000 1194667840000 1233048840000 1242956810000 1310779890000 1329732800000 1291569720000 1353392950000 1397691720000 1396116820000 1405887520000 1452280280000

21

Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Pop NaN NaN 715546000 735904000 755320000 776153000 798641000 820403000 842456000 863439000 883020000 901318000 917899000 932589000 946094000 958835000 972137000 984736000 997001000 1012490000 1027293000 1040600000 1054727000 1070083000 1088080000 1105976000 1122566000 1138895000 1153891000 1167595000 1180627000 1193537000 1206034000 1218257000 1230299000 1241891000 1252766000 1262474000 1271085000 1279161000 1286975000

N NaN NaN 372692373 382522788 391822312 401814293 412617619 422999932 437183950 450956948 464132849 476761204 488597391 499531826 509925645 519995485 530456207 540620317 551520857 564321698 576865918 588688014 601089174 614313191 629193069 644164894 658519823 672858903 682964823 692337133 701339377 710297810 719037583 726836544 734537975 741980374 749003777 755338374 761176714 766703451 772082323

X NaN NaN 327507000000 354413000000 342662000000 332939000000 368947000000 410012000000 449031000000 461155000000 495138000000 504844000000 540348000000 549718000000 581339000000 641486000000 702439000000 737757000000 794732000000 893649000000 964270000000 1097740000000 1193780000000 1379490000000 1533730000000 1643680000000 1677740000000 1904120000000 2066660000000 2305620000000 2512280000000 2926330000000 3259960000000 3563130000000 3973910000000 4316030000000 4624280000000 5052200000000 5441520000000 5923060000000 6395810000000

¯ X NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN z NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN

k NaN NaN 1150.5414 1218.5496 1223.108 1219.3518 1231.261 1317.5014 1396.9223 1435.718 1481.55 1534.6886 1642.9437 1727.1953 1817.7513 1958.4785 2080.2094 2196.0144 2292.0439 2395.0878 2517.8295 2678.3797 2937.7006 3201.4777 3447.4633 3727.7257 3972.5759 4185.7364 4441.649 4742.5161 5201.5759 5777.0134 6460.9836 7185.4945 7969.5267 8777.995 9557.7889 10344.0263 11278.8264 12354.5681 13717.7082

x NaN NaN 878.7596 926.5147 874.5342 828.5892 894.162 969.2957 1027.0985 1022.6142 1066.8023 1058.9033 1105.9167 1100.4664 1140.0466 1233.6376 1324.2168 1364.649 1440.9827 1583.5808 1671.5669 1864.7229 1986.0281 2245.581 2437.6143 2551.6448 2547.7441 2829.8949 3026.0124 3330.1984 3582.1174 4119.8635 4533.7825 4902.2439 5410.0811 5816.9059 6173.9075 6688.6579 7148.8262 7725.3598 8283.8446

ρ NaN NaN 0.76378 0.76034 0.71501 0.67953 0.72622 0.73571 0.73526 0.71227 0.72006 0.68998 0.67313 0.63714 0.62717 0.6299 0.63658 0.62142 0.62869 0.66118 0.66389 0.69621 0.67605 0.70142 0.70707 0.6845 0.64133 0.67608 0.68128 0.7022 0.68866 0.71315 0.70172 0.68224 0.67885 0.66267 0.64596 0.64662 0.63383 0.6253 0.60388

ws NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN

w NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN

v NaN NaN 76.3779 76.0342 71.501 67.9533 72.6216 73.5708 73.5258 71.2267 72.0058 68.9979 67.3131 63.7141 62.7174 62.9896 63.6579 62.1421 62.8689 66.1179 66.3892 69.6213 67.6049 70.142 70.7075 68.4504 64.1333 67.6081 68.1281 70.2201 68.866 71.3148 70.1717 68.2242 67.8846 66.2669 64.5956 64.662 63.3827 62.5304 60.388

i NaN NaN 176 210 154 150 166 246 260 240 268 269 295 268 287 354 358 370 349 372 404 471 595 623 644 704 696 679 724 806 996 1161 1318 1420 1553 1663 1733 1809 2032 2273 2661

Table 5: The Basic Time Series for China

K NaN NaN 428798000000 466123000000 479241000000 489953000000 508040000000 557303000000 610712000000 647447000000 687636000000 731680000000 802738000000 862789000000 926918000000 1018400000000 1103460000000 1187210000000 1264110000000 1351600000000 1452450000000 1576730000000 1765820000000 1966710000000 2169120000000 2401270000000 2616020000000 2816410000000 3033490000000 3283420000000 3648070000000 4103400000000 4645690000000 5222680000000 5853920000000 6513100000000 7158820000000 7813240000000 8585180000000 9472290000000 10591200000000

c NaN NaN 703 717 720 678 728 723 767 782 799 790 811 833 853 880 967 995 1092 1212 1267 1394 1391 1623 1794 1848 1851 2151 2302 2524 2586 2959 3216 3483 3857 4154 4440 4880 5117 5452 5623

g NaN NaN NaN 8.2154 -3.3156 -2.8375 10.8152 11.1303 9.5166 2.7 7.3691 1.9603 7.0327 1.7341 5.7522 10.3463 9.5018 5.0279 7.7227 12.4466 7.9025 13.8416 8.7489 15.5565 11.1809 7.1688 2.0722 13.4932 8.5362 11.5626 8.9633 16.481 11.401 9.2998 11.5286 8.6092 7.142 9.2538 7.7059 8.8494 7.9815

s = XS NaN NaN 0.20001 0.22613 0.1767 0.18174 0.18583 0.2541 0.25324 0.23529 0.25103 0.25395 0.26667 0.24305 0.25178 0.28666 0.26976 0.27087 0.24218 0.23465 0.24203 0.25244 0.29961 0.27725 0.26403 0.27576 0.27347 0.2399 0.23926 0.24209 0.27808 0.28177 0.29066 0.28951 0.28707 0.28587 0.28084 0.27041 0.28422 0.29427 0.32121 W NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN

Π NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN

22

Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Pop 16871000 17395000 17938000 18504000 19092000 28446000 29347000 29789000 30735000 31671000 47909000 49391000 50883000 52429000 54035000 55678000 57312000 58927000 60639000 62494000 64967000 67460000 69743000 72262000 74764000 77300000 79785000 82227000 84740000 87435000 90275000 93117000 95602000 97722000 99981000 102380000 104745000 107083000 109373000 111577000 113662000

N 8786157 9022794 9267508 9521093 9783914 14161456 14553155 14728385 15164396 15591885 24094577 24769344 25446457 26146343 26871690 27610669 28340381 29056343 29900455 30813728 32018363 33236706 34359745 35596063 36831300 38083923 39309809 40514396 41857810 43296002 44815368 46344984 47701747 48887245 50147727 51484657 52809958 54124819 55377881 56586921 57736806

¯ X 23.7171 23.7844 23.8517 23.9187 23.9853 24.0512 24.1159 24.1792 24.2407 24.3001 24.3572 24.4118 24.4637 24.513 24.5599 24.6045 24.647 24.6877 24.727 24.7651 24.8024 24.8391 24.8755 24.9119 24.9483 24.985 25.022 25.0594 25.0971 25.1354 25.1742 25.2134 25.2532 25.2933 25.3339 25.3747 25.4156 25.4567 25.4978 25.539 25.5801 z 1.0113 0.94761 0.89649 0.89569 0.86294 1.0548 1.033 0.98919 0.97932 1.0525 1.2079 1.1794 1.107 1.0803 1.049 1.0917 1.0403 1.0171 0.97498 0.97864 0.93972 0.94712 0.90373 0.94149 0.94124 0.95801 0.9679 0.97466 0.97153 0.95045 0.94199 0.95055 0.95029 0.95304 1.0179 1.0269 1.0238 1.0482 1.0411 1.0478 1.0405

K 10777273387 10565791083 10400342996 10607577563 10896345221 22891984777 23460791216 24906344337 26387302555 26794176469 30049700423 31244411610 31528821048 31920428473 33084301411 34494808804 34839612069 36145885610 37296030674 37105194460 36500825270 35611982512 35640672888 35619599783 36011808713 36596082780 37803033530 38905209657 39436654562 39549484793 40265958222 41337321493 42807770355 44873058911 46919483901 49104911376 50689656744 51855690864 53213849322 54229249020 55681449383

k 1226.6197 1171.011 1122.2373 1114.1134 1113.7 1616.4994 1612.076 1691.0438 1740.0827 1718.4693 1247.1562 1261.4146 1239.026 1220.8372 1231.1954 1249.329 1229.3276 1243.9929 1247.3399 1204.1774 1139.9966 1071.4655 1037.2799 1000.6612 977.7501 960.9326 961.6692 960.2811 942.1576 913.4674 898.4855 891.9481 897.4047 917.8889 935.6253 953.7776 959.8504 958.076 960.9225 958.3354 964.4013

x 2043.9763 2092.7465 2137.4165 2282.644 2331.1774 2129.5313 2181.9777 2207.7854 2259.2907 2502.263 1961.5329 1959.3179 1876.8128 1863.6666 1836.8645 1937.1996 1869.9387 1852.1496 1790.8262 1809.8621 1735.2344 1748.2017 1674.8215 1748.7516 1755.1009 1795.2085 1826.5142 1855.4279 1861.4389 1830.8121 1822.8673 1849.2835 1866.9084 1897.9844 2051.8534 2091.8436 2107.7305 2180.4426 2189.7476 2228.9488 2239.8607

ρ 1.6663 1.7871 1.9046 2.0488 2.0932 1.3174 1.3535 1.3056 1.2984 1.4561 1.5728 1.5533 1.5147 1.5265 1.4919 1.5506 1.5211 1.4889 1.4357 1.503 1.5221 1.6316 1.6146 1.7476 1.795 1.8682 1.8993 1.9322 1.9757 2.0042 2.0288 2.0733 2.0803 2.0678 2.193 2.1932 2.1959 2.2759 2.2788 2.3259 2.3225

ws NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 0.085258 0.082812 0.23274 0.23483 0.15916 0.20238 0.20097 0.20264 0.18793 0.17531 0.17638 0.15751 0.15954 0.1613 0.15762 0.1638 0.15187 0.14857 0.14077 0.13951 0.10262 0.10325 0.10104 0.10116 0.10438 0.099556 0.10955 0.10752 0.098871 0.10037 0.11033 0.10027 0.10137 0.10264 0.10824 0.1084

w NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 181.5589 180.6948 513.8398 530.557 398.2587 396.9659 393.7659 380.3178 350.2391 322.0259 341.6816 294.5249 295.4941 288.8642 285.264 284.2382 265.5023 248.8235 246.1797 244.8542 184.2258 188.5846 187.4749 188.2945 191.093 181.4776 202.5844 200.7315 187.6562 205.9477 230.7921 211.3428 221.0252 224.7592 241.2514 242.7989

v 166.6349 178.7128 190.4603 204.8843 209.3182 120.5056 124.1432 100.1716 99.3478 122.4348 125.4508 124.1108 120.78 123.9664 123.038 127.71 128.1525 125.1338 120.4132 126.6091 127.2807 138.3805 137.4748 150.1579 154.4614 167.6478 170.3215 173.6942 177.5865 179.505 182.6841 184.6183 185.6662 186.3328 197.2911 195.1243 197.5712 204.5159 204.4898 207.4115 207.0779

i 121.6843 109.6658 111.8241 150.7645 158.3539 214.6067 225.8158 290.8009 285.4491 209.9443 184.4202 187.9289 139.4957 138.8504 171.8522 183.1293 143.711 173.6109 164.3675 123.6934 107.3074 104.6097 127.9276 112.1938 126.8742 130.8975 134.5275 131.1599 122.5464 112.7886 115.9575 128.3355 134.254 138.3705 135.0718 137.9488 131.7299 120.1994 126.8124 121.2513 130.1249

c 1922.6285 1983.5057 2025.3436 2132.2948 2172.5978 1915.0246 1956.167 1916.931 1973.8196 2292.4704 1777.2795 1771.2862 1737.1879 1725.1402 1664.7992 1753.9958 1725.9803 1678.5379 1626.6778 1686.0696 1627.537 1643.7329 1546.8194 1636.3315 1628.3529 1664.5204 1691.5986 1724.5302 1738.8679 1717.665 1707.0217 1720.9153 1733.0977 1759.6817 1916.7603 1954.3288 1976.2775 2060.1218 2063.0008 2107.5498 2109.7543

g NaN 5.1436 4.9046 9.7167 4.9453 32.2221 5.2969 2.4011 5.3623 13.8766 21.1388 2.6844 -1.5923 2.0307 1.2961 8.3625 -0.92097 1.5509 -0.50203 4.1498 -0.37518 4.5809 -0.96039 8.1712 3.8458 5.7639 5.0189 4.6958 3.6506 1.734 3.0601 4.9118 3.9085 4.1912 10.8943 4.6669 3.3532 6.0255 2.7518 4.0126 2.5316

Table 6: The Basic Time Series for “Representative Africa” countries

X 17958696802 18882420820 19808524057 21733265626 22808038717 30157263461 31754660378 32517113261 34260779330 39014997607 47262306458 48531018590 47758236495 48728066427 49359652706 53487376935 52994774192 53816693468 53546518515 55768598561 55559364104 58104466291 57546439600 62248672098 64642647083 68368583128 71799922874 75171538768 77915756038 79266845936 81692471016 85705016007 89054792558 92787228103 102895786402 107697849529 111309157792 118016061863 121263582282 126129350609 129322404397

s = XS 0.059368 0.0522 0.052434 0.065866 0.068026 0.10073 0.10349 0.13174 0.12635 0.083841 0.093933 0.095968 0.074395 0.07433 0.093673 0.094571 0.076986 0.093735 0.091661 0.068399 0.062065 0.059758 0.076427 0.064286 0.072217 0.072798 0.073865 0.070549 0.065847 0.061802 0.063551 0.069415 0.071675 0.072868 0.06584 0.065739 0.062367 0.055182 0.057882 0.054465 0.058087

W NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2571138918.3996 2629680040.4868 7568030024.1014 8045576585.3534 6209604457.2252 9564726506.6537 9753323688.754 9677741391.8742 9157471237.6466 8653380448.1899 9434057484.5114 8346947334.9156 8585979193.1592 8637171746.5077 8790045828.8331 9100841559.3981 8824421474.2949 8549512494.6531 8763029069.2091 9018296782.7119 7016039809.5711 7413225922.952 7595432151.386 7881593791.5445 8273562311.4413 8132984473.33 9388769799.5289 9575243049.6394 9173992388.2293 10327811194.7736 11882251746.1597 11161006997.7578 11962947793.3685 12446689842.6415 13651673105.1785 14018430662.2742

Π NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 27586124542.6004 29124980337.5132 24949083236.8986 26215202744.6466 32805393149.7748 37697579951.3464 38777694901.246 38080495103.1258 39570595189.3534 40706272257.8101 44053319450.4886 44647826857.0844 45230714274.8408 44909346768.4923 46978552732.1669 46458522544.6019 49280044816.7051 48996927105.3469 53485643028.7909 55624350300.2881 61352543318.4289 64386696951.048 67576106616.614 70034162246.4555 70993283624.5587 73559486542.67 76316246207.4711 79479549508.3606 83613235714.7707 92567975207.2264 95815597782.8403 100148150794.2422 106053114069.6315 108816892439.3585 112477677503.8215 115303973734.7258

23

Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Pop 68672000 70266000 71904000 73602000 80325000 82316000 84282000 86301000 88498000 90781000 116733000 120063000 123364000 127088000 130914000 134644000 138387000 142324000 146444000 150720000 154200000 158119000 162186000 166294000 170908000 175741000 181113000 186913000 193116000 198888000 204571000 210967000 217392000 223426000 229271000 235081000 240992000 246918000 252752000 258539000 264293000

N 30979510 31594863 32226019 32878342 35872440 36633228 37374298 38130900 38998518 39899023 52265624 53589611 54864046 56347063 57862804 59317066 60760176 62263245 63834198 65465065 66766948 68241668 69734729 71242720 72917201 74664355 76663796 78848914 81402995 83764488 86097071 88785993 91471695 94033209 96505162 98961533 101456472 103955837 106507735 109042055 111565448

¯ X 24.7108 24.7823 24.8539 24.9256 24.9974 25.0692 25.1409 25.212 25.2822 25.351 25.418 25.4825 25.5442 25.6028 25.6582 25.7104 25.7594 25.8055 25.8488 25.8895 25.928 25.9645 25.9992 26.0326 26.0647 26.096 26.1264 26.1563 26.1856 26.2146 26.2434 26.272 26.3006 26.3293 26.3582 26.3871 26.4162 26.4453 26.4745 26.5037 26.5329 z 1.2977 1.1671 0.9926 0.84575 0.83608 0.76618 0.8242 0.87055 0.87582 0.86197 1.1605 1.1994 1.1359 1.131 1.131 1.1007 1.0269 0.98832 1.0441 1.0483 1.0219 0.94487 0.9706 0.96709 0.90573 0.95827 0.98707 1.0068 1.0105 0.99058 0.98684 0.9737 0.90735 0.9695 0.98645 0.99135 1.011 1.0233 1.0193 1.0157 1.058

K 10942092187 11908330678 13330741392 14530273567 27716662267 28988943203 29912857707 32483697151 36155196409 40056851679 59055641381 65079177272 72483675438 80980821847 89694235320 96644339243 101676019384 108136561516 117040139930 121638677156 122481977726 119804889907 117760054077 116586587431 113875799824 111399159127 108157006855 106337508455 105232327585 103662101284 103551946743 105872241736 106362864427 106984999878 111796858634 119877873807 122557009839 123655536163 127518497837 132709327684 137274931868

k 353.2042 376.9072 413.6639 441.9406 772.645 791.3292 800.3591 851.8996 927.0915 1003.9557 1129.9136 1214.3991 1321.1507 1437.1791 1550.1191 1629.2839 1673.399 1736.764 1833.5022 1858.0701 1834.4702 1755.5973 1688.6859 1636.4702 1561.7138 1491.9992 1410.7964 1348.6236 1292.7329 1237.5423 1202.7348 1192.4431 1162.7954 1137.7363 1158.4547 1211.3583 1207.9763 1189.5007 1197.2698 1217.0472 1230.4431

x 1849.2988 1898.5447 1806.5696 1695.9894 1707.1362 1685.7659 1940.5863 2178.61 2309.9805 2382.251 2611.7534 2794.5147 2732.3092 2788.0139 2847.3036 2825.6011 2682.447 2619.5247 2800.7368 2840.2302 2808.0872 2624.318 2723.049 2739.4357 2584.3307 2751.9138 2844.2153 2905.2166 2908.0348 2851.8144 2844.706 2800.5964 2605.932 2785.8421 2839.9414 2860.8151 2923.904 2966.2074 2959.8538 2955.2562 3084.5147

ρ 5.2358 5.0372 4.3672 3.8376 2.2095 2.1303 2.4246 2.5574 2.4916 2.3729 2.3115 2.3012 2.0681 1.9399 1.8368 1.7343 1.603 1.5083 1.5275 1.5286 1.5307 1.4948 1.6125 1.674 1.6548 1.8444 2.016 2.1542 2.2495 2.3044 2.3652 2.3486 2.2411 2.4486 2.4515 2.3617 2.4205 2.4937 2.4722 2.4282 2.5068

ws NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 0.034098 0.033522 0.033008 0.18549 0.1365 0.16313 0.15582 0.15879 0.046324 0.17359 0.17291 0.19069 0.19496 0.17215 0.15004 0.14675 0.15281 0.13734 0.13601 0.11882 0.12927 0.086283 0.069061 0.086996 0.072871 0.027994 0.044507 0.030943 0.029859 0.032698 0.034393 0.023277 0.023367 0.026999

w NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 74.2854 77.4356 78.6338 484.4411 381.4543 445.7308 434.4335 452.1208 130.8935 465.6532 452.9455 534.0631 553.7309 483.4186 393.7481 399.6168 418.6091 354.9448 374.3009 337.9372 375.5634 250.9133 196.9486 247.4781 204.0817 72.9499 123.989 87.8777 85.422 95.6048 102.0176 68.8956 69.0544 83.2798

v 523.5779 503.7168 436.724 383.7596 220.947 213.0297 242.4645 247.0156 240.8117 229.4541 188.2721 198.7041 173.0748 163.7639 154.5161 165.3921 132.4725 124.7481 123.6254 123.0578 126.7215 127.0548 137.5882 141.8191 142.7525 159.3575 177.6499 187.573 205.543 214.5273 215.9435 217.7475 217.8356 233.9605 237.5633 229.1141 234.1353 240.7893 241.4625 237.1479 243.915

i 57.38 63.6561 81.4146 77.1815 111.5334 115.114 112.3182 158.6087 190.9496 199.7991 205.7922 226.4451 257.9056 277.9937 287.3133 263.4565 238.8696 264.855 306.1482 241.9814 184.4744 139.6567 150.8089 160.8234 135.2078 139.3397 131.5072 149.5639 155.9699 141.151 149.0784 180.544 167.4486 151.4655 181.338 204.8315 154.6646 139.9599 159.1266 172.7886 165.7172

c 1792.3327 1835.1447 1725.3912 1619.0567 1595.371 1570.5347 1828.6021 2020.2651 2118.6968 2182.2412 2405.9116 2568.1164 2474.2999 2509.9749 2560.0662 2561.6763 2443.5183 2354.7341 2495.0247 2598.1943 2623.2945 2484.773 2571.9749 2578.6029 2448.8079 2612.9114 2713.0691 2755.6284 2751.8472 2710.877 2695.8064 2620.4056 2438.3968 2634.3493 2658.9602 2655.6167 2769.5166 2826.2452 2800.7961 2782.7749 2918.9442

Table 7: The Basic Time Series for “Other Africa” countries

X 57290371937 59984259750 58218545004 55761320029 61239139430 61755046113 72528051436 83072358709 90085815976 95049486244 136504923663 149756956676 149905538329 157096393200 164752971205 167606366463 162985950795 163100106788 178782786421 185935854444 187487409017 179087839537 189891083961 195164850797 188442164661 205469867421 218048339816 229073173420 236722738337 238880771996 244920850860 248653732707 238369020742 261961671355 274069002479 283110645016 296648987909 308354577426 315247320569 322247206552 344125263206

g NaN 4.7022 -2.9436 -4.2207 9.8237 0.84245 17.4447 14.5382 8.4426 5.5099 43.6146 9.7081 0.099215 4.7969 4.8738 1.7319 -2.7567 0.07004 9.6154 4.001 0.83446 -4.4801 6.0324 2.7773 -3.4446 9.036 6.1218 5.0561 3.3394 0.91163 2.5285 1.5241 -4.1362 9.8975 4.6218 3.299 4.782 3.9459 2.2353 2.2204 6.7892

s = XS 0.030804 0.033394 0.044935 0.045362 0.065469 0.068355 0.057706 0.072682 0.082807 0.083958 0.078814 0.081015 0.094429 0.099727 0.10088 0.093405 0.089071 0.10108 0.10915 0.085217 0.065807 0.053174 0.05548 0.05871 0.05244 0.050511 0.04611 0.05149 0.053709 0.04942 0.052343 0.06434 0.06429 0.05438 0.063727 0.071727 0.052802 0.047186 0.053738 0.058364 0.053678

W NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2832568224.2389 3019874726.2207 3137410910.55 25319617704.4928 20441987873.9608 24454594092.3631 24479051269.909 26160974736.8692 7764216716.6985 28293169658.3048 28201854396.8439 34091491115.8576 36250027105.3517 32276383934.3353 26870030129.622 27867166724.4133 29822850631.1838 25881579581.2146 27946934104.9127 25907549739.5778 29612763809.0767 20425092739.7654 16497300164.9552 21307139294.8575 18119594748.6159 6672848056.8649 11659082569.7253 8480651127.1264 8453493277.3123 9699725973.3596 10605321614.1944 7337913792.5295 7529829726.1417 9291146276.9069

Π NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 80239790484.7611 87065941249.7793 91912075333.45 111185305958.5072 129314968802.0392 125450944236.6369 132617341930.0909 138591996468.1308 159842149746.3015 134692781136.6952 134898252391.1561 144691295305.1424 149685827338.6483 155211025082.6647 152217809407.378 162023917236.5867 165342000165.8162 162560585079.7854 177522933316.0873 192140790076.4222 199460409610.9233 216297645597.2346 222383471831.0448 223613711565.1425 230534137958.3841 231696172685.1351 250302588785.2747 265588351351.8736 274657151738.6877 286949261935.6404 297749255811.8057 307909406776.4705 314717376825.8583 334834116929.0931

24

Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Pop 8559000 12505000 12894000 15125000 15581000 16040000 16509000 16996000 17464000 17920000 18399000 18890000 19396000 19911000 20434000 20993000 21549000 22026000 22451000 22879000 23347000 23868000 24415000 24985000 25566000 26147000 26732000 27320000 27916000 28516000 29121000 29738000 30370000 31015000 31669000 32328000 32991000 33661000 34331000 35007000 35687000

X 26995790657 38269582424 39126427228 49252185927 50762519783 53020094328 56003366899 60774289870 63499987751 68681977362 72753371120 75849167679 78054836831 81079198723 85724548834 89759442203 92253522856 94431092140 95399837819 94627307719 96269366982 97851422284 98262516613 100584469037 103769516365 106721291025 110438766457 112111680538 114778279348 122065409284 129066972727 134625168876 140212500732 146394037745 152243951254 160751692525 169103966531 175671836053 180504307094 186620645955 189648794678

¯ X 24.3683 24.4283 24.488 24.5473 24.6058 24.6632 24.7193 24.7739 24.8267 24.8777 24.9265 24.9733 25.0178 25.0602 25.1004 25.1386 25.1748 25.2094 25.2424 25.2741 25.3049 25.3351 25.3648 25.3944 25.4241 25.4541 25.4845 25.5155 25.5472 25.5795 25.6124 25.646 25.6801 25.7147 25.7497 25.7849 25.8204 25.856 25.8916 25.9272 25.9629 z 0.74935 0.97164 0.91542 1.0687 1.0274 1.006 1.0007 1.0268 1.0181 1.0486 1.0609 1.0593 1.0467 1.0463 1.0666 1.0787 1.0725 1.0631 1.0411 1.0016 0.98864 0.97504 0.94992 0.94306 0.94318 0.93987 0.94189 0.92547 0.91665 0.94278 0.96383 0.97196 0.97878 0.98832 0.99439 1.0163 1.0356 1.0428 1.0395 1.0434 1.0304

K 12482653105 17545519860 18500531744 29823830342 31591215872 33711541143 35748423724 38092054221 40924320498 43284476187 46957712403 50886202404 54400310536 57887857082 61878306881 65874026994 69009538107 70928697284 72144367173 71840310338 71525067464 71250802454 70315125552 70078319965 70734161215 71689911179 73677590410 74467215725 74885233716 78172340338 81773358483 85844125884 89938496678 93608556303 98778265633 105798626332 112728708572 119678372626 126946967537 134084324649 138979050908

k 4413.3875 4278.5832 4359.9478 5835.0163 5988.4202 6194.4033 6370.2173 6580.4558 6836.9579 7002.7379 7352.1916 7712.5396 7981.5461 8225.15 8517.4986 8775.9032 8906.8413 8905.9535 8842.0146 8596.2516 8345.9666 8094.5122 7772.7096 7535.0893 7399.9067 7301.2615 7307.721 7195.5515 7030.2165 7132.7432 7254.4173 7405.5543 7544.4942 7627.4529 7820.3608 8141.1489 8434.289 8709.824 9004.4627 9271.7695 9371.2419

x 9544.6765 9332.2736 9220.7718 9636.1636 9622.526 9742.2971 9979.5622 10498.8438 10608.5265 11111.6485 11391.0303 11496.0378 11452.1088 11520.3534 11799.9144 11957.9782 11906.8683 11856.9627 11692.2055 11322.893 11233.2774 11116.4998 10862.0443 10815.2273 10855.9248 10869.0336 10953.8828 10833.0272 10775.3707 11137.7146 11450.0088 11613.7707 11761.731 11928.5423 12053.2854 12369.7586 12652.2493 12784.8561 12803.333 12904.5928 12787.8607

ρ 2.1627 2.1812 2.1149 1.6514 1.6069 1.5728 1.5666 1.5955 1.5516 1.5868 1.5493 1.4906 1.4348 1.4006 1.3854 1.3626 1.3368 1.3314 1.3223 1.3172 1.346 1.3733 1.3975 1.4353 1.467 1.4887 1.4989 1.5055 1.5327 1.5615 1.5783 1.5683 1.559 1.5639 1.5413 1.5194 1.5001 1.4679 1.4219 1.3918 1.3646

ws 0.062462 0.050125 0.050461 0.10894 0.10929 0.10854 0.10578 0.10771 0.10851 0.11154 0.11169 0.11217 0.11501 0.11703 0.11408 0.11262 0.11214 0.11343 0.10806 0.10704 0.10745 0.1028 0.10075 0.097324 0.098985 0.10041 0.054171 0.056273 0.14287 0.13948 0.13858 0.1449 0.13761 0.13661 0.050418 0.050247 0.047209 0.049106 0.051689 0.051853 0.050926

w 596.1775 467.7842 465.2879 1049.8118 1051.6821 1057.4382 1055.6715 1130.8657 1151.0867 1239.4401 1272.2314 1289.4806 1317.0525 1348.245 1346.1356 1346.6945 1335.2821 1344.9302 1263.4229 1212.0558 1207.071 1142.7583 1094.3977 1052.5862 1074.575 1091.399 593.3832 609.6056 1539.4607 1553.5065 1586.7654 1682.8896 1618.5016 1629.5194 607.7032 621.5373 597.304 627.8128 661.7952 669.1395 651.2379

v 202.7581 207.1828 200.8163 147.1521 143.1236 140.2049 140.0877 142.3606 138.3282 140.9764 137.6297 132.3372 126.9811 123.6708 122.733 120.9139 118.6906 118.0338 117.9458 117.6191 120.1324 123.2161 125.6659 129.5624 132.1821 133.9171 141.7747 142.0797 131.3745 134.3692 135.9619 134.1004 134.4455 135.0257 146.3562 144.3067 142.9278 139.5785 134.8391 131.9646 129.5092

i 672.8438 751.9925 651.6205 895.3104 923.4585 992.0487 1002.7237 1089.6648 1194.7575 1097.9625 1284.6379 1340.9494 1263.9312 1266.7831 1357.1164 1389.6996 1262.7686 1118.4352 1032.7664 851.9298 835.3396 841.6574 771.7093 807.6913 930.5403 964.9583 1045.5752 923.2096 896.2402 1163.5716 1163.4326 1172.6054 1155.32 1076.4687 1192.9407 1344.992 1330.9538 1348.4978 1409.1905 1416.8356 1286.1088

c 8872.0552 8580.2761 8568.917 8740.9529 8699.3021 8750.2385 8976.8841 9409.0793 9413.5606 10014.3493 10106.5574 10155.3991 10188.2245 10253.2059 10442.7373 10568.0789 10644.3866 10738.326 10659.718 10471.3502 10398.0001 10275.263 10090.3948 10007.5824 9925.3922 9904.2693 9908.1237 9909.7967 9879.0751 9974.1683 10286.5433 10441.3889 10606.7084 10852.1979 10860.0222 11024.8806 11321.4233 11436.6394 11394.4909 11487.7024 11502.0416

g NaN 41.7613 2.239 25.8796 3.0665 4.4473 5.6267 8.519 4.485 8.1606 5.9279 4.2552 2.908 3.8747 5.7294 4.7068 2.7786 2.3604 1.0259 -0.80978 1.7353 1.6434 0.42012 2.363 3.1665 2.8445 3.4833 1.5148 2.3785 6.3489 5.7359 4.3064 4.1503 4.4087 3.996 5.5882 5.1958 3.8839 2.7509 3.3885 1.6226

s = XS 0.070471 0.08058 0.070694 0.092901 0.095944 0.10183 0.10047 0.1038 0.11264 0.098752 0.11276 0.11662 0.11036 0.10999 0.11502 0.11623 0.10603 0.094344 0.088306 0.075205 0.074357 0.075675 0.071041 0.074677 0.085717 0.088763 0.095469 0.085224 0.08318 0.10447 0.10161 0.10095 0.098202 0.090233 0.098999 0.10872 0.10518 0.10545 0.11004 0.1098 0.10055

Table 8: The Basic Time Series for “Central America and the Caribbean” countries

N 2828361 4100778 4243292 5111182 5275384 5442258 5611806 5788665 5985750 6181079 6386900 6597853 6815761 7037909 7264845 7506239 7747925 7964189 8159268 8357167 8570016 8802359 9046411 9300264 9558791 9818839 10082157 10349063 10651910 10959646 11272216 11591857 11921077 12272584 12630909 12995540 13365526 13740619 14098228 14461568 14830377

W 1686205179.4882 1918279176.1456 1974352340.9219 5365779251.3709 5548027069.8146 5754851402.9196 5924223649.7838 6546202805.3529 6890117359.715 7661077417.1892 8125614915.2505 8507803693.9888 8976714995.686 9488825727.501 9779466518.4302 10108610897.3113 10345665336.1627 10711278606.8491 10308606147.7964 10129352917.3914 10344617984.8396 10058968387.6239 9900371524.9095 9789329353.4222 10271637593.4327 10716270976.0857 5982582549.0319 6308847272.1357 16398197253.6674 17025881392.5709 17886362206.203 19507816061.3781 19294282305.3535 19998413461.1428 7675844189.0411 8077212384.8636 7983281701.5882 8626535906.008 9330139852.3289 9676806512.3584 9658104082.2154

Π 25309585477.5118 36351303247.8544 37152074887.0781 43886406675.6291 45214492713.1854 47265242925.0804 50079143249.2161 54228087064.6471 56609870391.285 61020899944.8108 64627756204.7495 67341363985.0112 69078121835.314 71590372995.499 75945082315.5698 79650831305.6887 81907857519.8373 83719813533.1509 85091231671.2036 84497954801.6086 85924748997.1604 87792453896.3761 88362145088.0905 90795139683.5779 93497878771.5673 96005020048.9143 104456183907.9681 105802833265.8643 98380082094.3326 105039527891.4291 111180610520.797 115117352814.6219 120918218426.6465 126395624283.8572 144568107064.9589 152674480140.1364 161120684829.4118 167045300146.992 171174167241.6711 176943839442.6416 179990690595.7846

25

Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Pop 14504000 19876000 20438000 21014000 21605000 22212000 22836000 23478000 24140000 24820000 25515000 26225000 26947000 27602000 28349000 29108000 29880000 30656000 31441000 32242000 33036000 33831000 34621000 35415000 36232000 37077000 37958000 38880000 39798000 40727000 41663000 42601000 43532000 44456000 45375000 46289000 47193000 48086000 48968000 49842000 50706000

N 4839892 6596367 6744728 6895377 7048769 7205219 7365038 7528511 7753114 7984182 8221325 8463777 8710824 8932741 9189669 9451454 9717357 9985808 10324745 10673081 11023754 11378736 11736797 12101461 12478253 12869920 13278825 13707652 14152588 14607707 15070313 15539126 16011922 16520699 17034502 17552799 18074572 18598946 19147625 19700289 20256467

X 49253303377 64511164652 68431985911 73694721121 77194679540 77956288084 81358190688 87733063065 91809019924 96460284100 106421990196 115651977840 121698365191 126744511882 131190417561 130296931725 134672368680 142738997103 148503439593 149441555764 135981483321 139359200896 142098531414 152459891631 159025084550 154728383449 141617890837 139861638973 143872365395 145062825958 150081101493 162703306789 172300984930 176999999240 186401584563 186649647855 188434289816 193199534038 195388890074 202093909926 208778195658

z 0.82536 1.0025 0.99157 1.0004 0.98588 0.94029 0.93002 0.95354 0.95161 0.95627 1.0119 1.0576 1.0733 1.0808 1.0844 1.0465 1.0533 1.0893 1.1078 1.0916 0.97388 0.97963 0.98124 1.0348 1.0613 1.0156 0.91418 0.88767 0.89741 0.88882 0.90284 0.96053 0.99792 1.0055 1.0386 1.0201 1.0102 1.0163 1.0087 1.0242 1.039

K 96035476483 123059161932 127233524225 133579084451 139597272549 141244301241 142073312006 138305016036 136855304165 134972944172 138183022342 146016784096 154502242548 159349081120 164022067451 169035377295 174348783986 182914771652 192651341153 202308485457 200755640544 199782256282 198024241912 199630589260 202818436131 201766404350 196169409197 192152131692 191934317266 191488809504 191686553968 195387724615 201556947715 206036458609 218192123065 231232850762 234544488489 237532883843 239738923337 245268089043 252286481014

k 19842.4834 18655.5966 18864.1446 19372.267 19804.4896 19603.0546 19290.2348 18370.8327 17651.6564 16905.0435 16807.8774 17251.9649 17736.8114 17838.7665 17848.5283 17884.5897 17941.9964 18317.4733 18659.1864 18955.022 18211.1865 17557.5087 16872.0855 16496.404 16253.7525 15677.3627 14773.1 14017.8735 13561.7823 13108.7521 12719.4806 12573.9198 12587.9297 12471.4129 12808.8349 13173.56 12976.4892 12771.3089 12520.5566 12449.9742 12454.6142

x 10176.5294 9779.8022 10145.9964 10687.555 10951.5122 10819.4197 11046.5405 11653.4416 11841.5671 12081.4235 12944.6276 13664.3461 13970.9361 14188.7593 14275.8589 13785.914 13858.9504 14294.186 14383.2549 14001.726 12335.3155 12247.3358 12107.0963 12598.4699 12744.1786 12022.4821 10664.9414 10203.1799 10165.799 9930.5679 9958.7249 10470.5571 10760.7934 10713.8323 10942.5908 10633.6116 10425.3805 10387.6604 10204.3408 10258.4236 10306.7428

ρ 0.51287 0.52423 0.53785 0.55169 0.55298 0.55193 0.57265 0.63434 0.67085 0.71466 0.77015 0.79205 0.78768 0.79539 0.79983 0.77083 0.77243 0.78036 0.77084 0.73868 0.67735 0.69756 0.71758 0.76371 0.78408 0.76687 0.72192 0.72787 0.74959 0.75755 0.78295 0.83272 0.85485 0.85907 0.8543 0.80719 0.80341 0.81336 0.81501 0.82397 0.82754

ws 0.37604 0.27717 0.27203 0.26286 0.26856 0.26458 0.26359 0.33556 0.34907 0.3535 0.34247 0.32567 0.33932 0.34481 0.34014 0.31253 0.29584 0.31833 0.30806 0.30787 0.30187 0.30199 0.26438 0.26748 0.2356 0.26217 0.25502 0.24661 0.22614 0.22325 0.22308 0.18651 0.19105 0.19592 0.19876 0.21259 0.19892 0.19855 0.13476 0.13153 0.1294

w 3826.808 2710.7028 2760.0059 2809.3334 2941.1308 2862.6213 2911.7888 3910.425 4133.5821 4270.7746 4433.1661 4450.0458 4740.5521 4892.3821 4855.8347 4308.5143 4099.9672 4550.2105 4430.9126 4310.7635 3723.651 3698.529 3200.8896 3369.8293 3002.5642 3151.9744 2719.822 2516.2237 2298.9115 2217.0429 2221.6195 1952.8996 2055.8311 2099.0448 2174.9361 2260.6193 2073.7996 2062.5051 1375.1163 1349.2795 1333.6614

v 32.0006 37.8926 39.1536 40.6675 40.4473 40.5896 42.1703 42.1484 43.6672 46.2031 50.6397 53.4101 52.0408 52.1133 52.7776 52.992 54.3918 53.195 53.3375 51.1261 47.2878 48.6903 52.7866 55.9433 59.9346 56.5816 53.781 54.8368 58.0078 58.8426 60.8288 67.7407 69.1532 69.0763 68.4501 63.5591 64.3593 65.1864 70.5178 71.5595 72.0462

i 2507.0315 2497.8319 2636.4307 3004.5859 2964.2111 2269.5022 2232.6722 1644.8236 1916.6797 1700.6093 2162.8495 2820.8566 2885.3082 2500.933 2437.9537 2488.4713 2537.8545 2948.4542 3039.8412 2860.6654 1784.5764 1651.3938 1595.565 1789.4209 1990.2908 1765.857 1381.3497 1358.1571 1573.4841 1532.8374 1553.1498 1844.9603 2009.382 1852.8444 2071.5793 2100.1325 1535.3081 1540.2469 1522.0373 1627.0462 1607.4748

c 7669.5786 7282.1416 7509.4935 7683.055 7987.3616 8550.1722 8813.7936 10008.3195 9924.7108 10381.4336 10781.5608 10843.3594 11085.9145 11687.8082 11837.8998 11297.4802 11320.8883 11346.1108 11343.7609 11141.1785 10550.9237 10596.2932 10511.1118 10808.4548 10753.6416 10256.4489 9283.246 8845.6766 8592.346 8397.6964 8405.536 8626.0202 8751.3873 8861.2639 8870.8721 8533.5756 8890.219 8847.1992 8682.777 8631.2357 8699.1371

Table 9: The Basic Time Series for Small Andean Countries

¯ X 24.8605 24.9119 24.9632 25.0142 25.0647 25.1145 25.1635 25.2115 25.2583 25.3037 25.3474 25.3892 25.4289 25.4663 25.5013 25.534 25.5642 25.5922 25.6179 25.6416 25.6635 25.6838 25.7029 25.7209 25.7381 25.7548 25.7712 25.7877 25.8044 25.8216 25.8393 25.8575 25.8761 25.8952 25.9146 25.9342 25.954 25.9739 25.9939 26.0139 26.034 g NaN 30.9784 6.0777 7.6905 4.7493 0.98661 4.3639 7.8356 4.6459 5.0662 10.3273 8.673 5.2281 4.1464 3.5078 -0.68106 3.3581 5.9898 4.0384 0.63171 -9.0069 2.484 1.9657 7.2917 4.3062 -2.7019 -8.4732 -1.2401 2.8676 0.82744 3.4594 8.4103 5.8989 2.7272 5.3116 0.13308 0.95615 2.5289 1.1332 3.4316 3.3075

s = XS 0.24635 0.25539 0.25986 0.28112 0.27066 0.20974 0.20212 0.14117 0.16188 0.14071 0.1671 0.20645 0.2065 0.17626 0.17077 0.18051 0.18314 0.20624 0.21132 0.2043 0.14466 0.13481 0.13182 0.14208 0.15619 0.14689 0.12955 0.13305 0.15478 0.15436 0.15596 0.17616 0.18673 0.17291 0.18933 0.19749 0.14725 0.1483 0.14911 0.15862 0.15598

W 18521337295.0433 17880790491.9294 18615489330.9674 19371413062.6734 20731351395.3099 20625813103.0646 21445435346.272 29439677460.0092 32048133254.3344 34098641553.1546 36446498929.4784 37664194968.7826 41294114670.4513 43702382110.4203 44623513340.375 40721724354.2474 39840844937.682 45437528082.4787 45748042959.9348 46009128167.0698 41048612728.4533 42084585097.7549 37568191173.8733 40779857541.8107 37466755815.8489 40565658957.9402 36116039968.8393 34491518217.8073 32535547832.9057 32385912586.0353 33480501125.4922 30346353523.4202 32917807140.3734 34677686931.7147 37048953513.739 39680196958.3513 37483041076.6369 38360421196.3701 26330211102.0379 26581195754.0283 27015267541.4116

Π 30731966081.9567 46630374160.0706 49816496580.0326 54323308058.3266 56463328144.6901 57330474980.9354 59912755341.728 58293385604.9908 59760886669.6656 62361642546.8454 69975491266.5215 77987782871.2174 80404250520.5487 83042129771.5797 86566904220.625 89575207370.7526 94831523742.318 97301469020.5213 102755396633.0652 103432427596.9302 94932870592.5467 97274615798.2451 104530340240.1267 111680034089.1893 121558328734.1512 114162724491.0598 105501850868.1606 105370120755.1927 111336817562.0943 112676913371.9647 116600600367.5078 132356953265.5798 139383177789.6266 142322312308.2853 149352631049.261 146969450896.6487 150951248739.3631 154839112841.6299 169058678971.9621 175512714171.9717 181762928116.5884

26

Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Pop 215764000 230184000 236636000 243203000 249881000 256683000 263634000 270761000 278064000 285471000 292994000 300610000 308260000 315956000 323673000 331442000 339337000 347387000 355576000 363966000 372274000 380365000 388394000 396417000 404421000 412435000 420427000 428205000 435890000 443633000 451262000 458781000 466295000 473733000 481094000 488330000 495344000 502107000 508640000 514979000 521114000

N 77814222 82528617 84612688 86727599 88870884 91048901 93270686 95543497 98615782 101758065 104974986 108254846 111577240 114948395 118359057 121823879 125371059 129009036 133375688 137881357 142417280 146926229 151468124 156069862 160723653 165440927 170207921 174939021 179455482 184048605 188650239 193259664 197918571 202485247 207064825 211634592 216152062 220602575 224709991 228765460 232765402

¯ X 27.5622 27.6171 27.672 27.7268 27.7813 27.8355 27.8892 27.9422 27.9945 28.0457 28.0958 28.1445 28.1918 28.2374 28.2813 28.3234 28.3638 28.4023 28.4391 28.4743 28.508 28.5402 28.5713 28.6013 28.6302 28.6583 28.6855 28.7121 28.7381 28.7636 28.7887 28.8134 28.8377 28.8618 28.8856 28.9091 28.9325 28.9557 28.9788 29.0018 29.0249 z 1.016 1.0435 1.0186 0.98277 0.95579 0.96444 0.96206 0.96454 0.96295 0.97725 1.0004 1.0101 1.0097 1.0281 1.0309 1.0261 1.0506 1.0718 1.0444 1.0081 0.96619 0.97076 0.97824 0.99206 1.0081 0.99195 0.99061 0.97033 0.97794 0.98457 0.99529 1.0011 0.9806 0.99543 1.0211 1.022 1.0106 1.0295 1.0034 0.97826 0.99207

K 895992397871 1039591596220 1097711933266 1152177647531 1208028902341 1282288979288 1379005901944 1481954162025 1578543071686 1685027019319 1818902678964 1995977725835 2174214683676 2345737463727 2512869972930 2660073559250 2808609047910 2998413316542 3170114548065 3244933000989 3226857800563 3219527435136 3231091491217 3258346927933 3299706413793 3322713006411 3326161471340 3322244480249 3327130000000 3379432000000 3457315000000 3522695000000 3584749000000 3696225000000 3892128000000 4083916000000 4206953000000 4364459000000 4441176000000 4475963000000 4558283000000

k 11514.5069 12596.7408 12973.3727 13285.0172 13593.0785 14083.5196 14784.9872 15510.78 16007.0025 16559.1496 17327.0104 18437.7679 19486.1845 20406.8744 21230.9057 21835.4035 22402.3716 23241.8861 23768.3089 23534.2404 22657.7688 21912.5438 21331.8248 20877.4896 20530.31 20083.9845 19541.7549 18990.8716 18540.1413 18361.6279 18326.5869 18227.7819 18112.2417 18254.2929 18796.6643 19297.0155 19462.9325 19784.2614 19764.0344 19565.729 19583.1638

x 10926.9124 11603.5054 12020.4894 12230.6171 12478.3083 13148.6659 13641.0302 14171.3049 14501.1094 15042.2629 15699.9008 16124.166 16364.5068 16886.915 17133.5116 17227.5289 17787.3552 18269.6351 17810.8481 17177.5675 16443.884 16504.6237 16611.5972 16820.6748 17062.5388 16757.6232 16701.3773 16333.7198 16459.3244 16563.9832 16739.136 16833.5954 16481.6065 16733.1499 17165.576 17183.0227 16996.5438 17324.8612 16919.7995 16531.7133 16803.8461

ρ 0.94897 0.92115 0.92655 0.92063 0.91799 0.93362 0.92263 0.91364 0.90592 0.9084 0.90609 0.87452 0.8398 0.82751 0.80701 0.78897 0.79399 0.78607 0.74935 0.7299 0.72575 0.7532 0.77872 0.80568 0.83109 0.83438 0.85465 0.86008 0.88777 0.9021 0.91338 0.92351 0.90997 0.91667 0.91322 0.89045 0.87328 0.87569 0.85609 0.84493 0.85808

ws 0.1985 0.19959 0.20137 0.20158 0.20425 0.19818 0.20376 0.32684 0.20748 0.20888 0.1972 0.18977 0.31837 0.20539 0.19789 0.20103 0.19939 0.19363 0.16439 0.16394 0.1741 0.16949 0.17556 0.17306 0.16954 0.1665 0.17941 0.18369 0.20459 0.38301 0.41503 0.37047 0.34787 0.34476 0.34678 0.33544 0.33991 0.33266 0.32973 0.3209 0.28797

w 2169.0171 2315.905 2420.5831 2465.4239 2548.7452 2605.8627 2779.5631 4631.7136 3008.671 3142.0181 3096.0615 3059.9289 5209.9519 3468.4386 3390.4893 3463.2216 3546.6953 3537.5605 2927.9082 2816.0157 2862.8862 2797.3118 2916.2652 2910.9981 2892.7449 2790.1705 2996.3111 3000.3379 3367.45 6344.1758 6947.2483 6236.4036 5733.3871 5768.91 5952.7299 5763.8223 5777.2633 5763.2249 5578.9224 5304.9891 4839.0866

v 76.0597 73.7302 73.997 73.5053 73.0487 74.8592 73.4628 61.503 71.7963 71.8651 72.741 70.8558 57.2434 65.7547 64.7312 63.0367 63.5676 63.3859 62.6167 61.0241 59.9397 62.5546 64.2014 66.6252 69.0189 69.5452 70.1322 70.2094 70.6137 55.6585 53.43 58.1376 59.3423 60.0639 59.6534 59.176 57.6443 58.4386 57.3814 57.3795 61.0972

i 1573.6497 1919.4576 2004.4744 1979.8024 1991.755 2225.457 2507.674 2605.5125 2584.7029 2680.8527 2960.9089 3413.5716 3465.4938 3430.8712 3402.1608 3299.128 3338.5514 3671.6334 3534.809 2848.6769 2194.7168 2228.208 2300.2574 2381.4456 2496.5472 2448.4354 2304.7713 2215.326 2224.1977 2436.7837 2569.5557 2568.1734 2512.5605 2602.9719 2880.758 2893.9434 2605.0007 2793.2611 2467.6792 2265.5186 2431.5406

c 9353.3554 9684.1116 10016.1722 10250.7867 10486.6816 10923.1773 11133.4429 11565.5765 11916.9121 12361.6444 12738.6114 12710.4973 12899.1757 13456.1395 13731.6299 13928.1813 14448.9323 14597.6876 14275.9823 14328.9023 14248.9106 14276.3881 14311.1398 14439.2508 14566.2391 14309.1296 14396.5678 14118.7263 14235.2614 14126.825 14169.5642 14265.2651 13969.011 14130.6146 14284.7682 14288.9692 14391.8275 14531.6018 14452.2958 14266.4557 14372.0895

Table 10: The Basic Time Series for Semi-industrialized Countries

X 850269186373 957621255048 1017085920537 1060732059102 1108958292804 1197171575387 1272308246197 1353976030800 1430038240345 1530671570390 1648096871383 1745519106215 1825906499941 1941123780126 2027906278207 2098724390597 2230019561148 2356948016096 2375534118201 2368466313756 2341893231417 2424962122099 2516127461851 2625200401280 2742353559360 2772396711280 2842706701371 2857404947166 2953716000000 3048578000000 3157842000000 3253255000000 3262016000000 3388216000000 3554387000000 3636522000000 3673838000000 3821909000000 3802048000000 3781885000000 3911354000000

g NaN 12.6257 6.2096 4.2913 4.5465 7.9546 6.2762 6.4189 5.6177 7.0371 7.6715 5.9112 4.6054 6.3101 4.4707 3.4922 6.256 5.6918 0.78857 -0.29752 -1.122 3.5471 3.7595 4.335 4.4626 1.0955 2.5361 0.51705 3.3706 3.2116 3.5841 3.0215 0.2693 3.8688 4.9044 2.3108 1.0261 4.0304 -0.51966 -0.53032 3.4234

s = XS 0.14401 0.16542 0.16674 0.16187 0.15961 0.16926 0.18383 0.18387 0.17821 0.17821 0.18862 0.21171 0.21176 0.20316 0.19855 0.19152 0.18769 0.20099 0.19847 0.16584 0.13348 0.13501 0.13849 0.14158 0.1463 0.14611 0.138 0.13561 0.13512 0.14714 0.15351 0.15257 0.15245 0.15553 0.16782 0.16843 0.15325 0.16123 0.14584 0.13702 0.14471

W 168780380026.1403 191128439252.6753 204812040232.6968 213820295856.0326 226509235150.9586 237260938503.9794 259251761208.8455 442530118593.8244 296702443881.9539 319725680799.374 325009012891.868 331252127151.7669 581312059101.3785 398691450826.8466 401295118333.4492 421903093870.2458 444652949259.8777 456377267274.7772 390511767217.739 388276071387.8478 407724471078.6285 410998470792.7746 441721226114.7258 454319079511.9963 464932535007.2362 461608390348.3474 509995878230.7817 524876169190.6785 604307369000.2563 1167636700301.935 1310600048865.925 1205245269703.289 1134743788167.356 1168119169073.5 1232600968602.766 1219824185745.723 1248767373959.062 1271382260912.518 1253639605895.669 1213598273194.64 1126371944659.687

Π 681488806346.8597 766492815795.3247 812273880304.3032 846911763245.9674 882449057653.0414 959910636883.0206 1013056484988.155 911445912206.1755 1133335796463.046 1210945889590.626 1323087858491.132 1414266979063.233 1244594440839.622 1542432329299.153 1626611159873.551 1676821296726.754 1785366611888.122 1900570748821.223 1985022350983.261 1980190242368.152 1934168760338.372 2013963651306.225 2074406235736.274 2170881321768.004 2277421024352.764 2310788320931.653 2332710823140.218 2332528777975.321 2349408630999.744 1880941299698.065 1847241951134.075 2048009730296.711 2127272211832.644 2220096830926.5 2321786031397.234 2416697814254.277 2425070626040.938 2550526739087.482 2548408394104.331 2568286726805.36 2784982055340.313

27

Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Pop 539466000 551686000 564434000 577483000 590882000 604646000 618776000 633281000 648110000 663181000 678441000 693642000 708907000 724178000 739220000 754383000 770311000 787148000 804982000 822759000 840366000 858748000 977211000 997952000 1018843000 1039944000 1061224000 1082720000 1103703000 1123460000 1143565000 1164851000 1186197000 1207610000 1229105000 1250679000 1272293000 1293908000 1315505000 1337070000 1358585000

N 237762770 242220611 246870156 251607801 256454766 261415271 266487918 271675198 277927994 284277746 290709486 297112067 303536894 309962487 316285384 322641635 329295974 336306942 343087186 349834816 356503365 363466873 419142077 427136379 435156317 443228577 451340727 459507892 469425402 478907235 488569863 498728578 508961594 520215199 531583891 543068341 554649812 566310959 578585523 590948314 603391174

¯ X 26.9661 27.0107 27.0553 27.1 27.1447 27.1896 27.2347 27.2799 27.3253 27.3711 27.4172 27.4639 27.5112 27.5593 27.6081 27.6578 27.7083 27.7596 27.8117 27.8644 27.9178 27.9716 28.0257 28.08 28.1343 28.1884 28.2423 28.296 28.3494 28.4026 28.4558 28.5088 28.5618 28.6149 28.6679 28.721 28.7741 28.8273 28.8804 28.9336 28.9868 z 1.2205 1.2068 1.1219 1.0515 1.0639 1.0654 1.1072 1.086 1.0785 1.0295 1.0042 0.94781 0.95906 0.9473 0.95239 0.96321 0.91847 0.93216 0.93245 0.92527 0.91095 0.91722 1.0132 1.0105 1.0154 1.0281 1.0227 1.0201 0.97917 0.96268 0.95076 0.9426 0.96423 0.96626 0.96579 0.98285 1.0342 1.0274 1.0319 1.0507 1.0784

K 318239659963 350104140934 381771628425 410350722904 437249332334 459275947992 481596150743 507013215780 535716643829 558418591432 587153503717 612316184553 641345382906 673171089029 702969876972 742873315921 774103560434 801933865523 847192019444 887627665689 923566608963 958142272907 1085737667670 1141403037037 1193375965873 1266401623780 1336254050624 1417581491568 1477115865304 1548654891267 1609748721033 1702611328219 1829225945022 1921972671359 2035401422501 2147927751494 2294420928904 2433731547478 2568392383823 2715396746137 2871379829727

k 1338.4756 1445.3937 1546.4471 1630.9142 1704.9764 1756.8826 1807.1969 1866.2477 1927.5375 1964.3416 2019.726 2060.893 2112.9075 2171.7824 2222.581 2302.472 2350.7836 2384.5296 2469.3199 2537.2765 2590.6252 2636.1199 2590.381 2672.2216 2742.4075 2857.2202 2960.6326 3084.9992 3146.6466 3233.7262 3294.8179 3413.9037 3594.0353 3694.5723 3828.9374 3955.1703 4136.7019 4297.518 4439.0886 4594.9818 4758.7369

x 2223.8915 2329.2122 2280.5913 2241.2896 2369.5018 2471.8884 2669.8021 2716.5077 2785.5193 2743.2677 2760.0775 2688.5944 2809.1857 2867.4909 2982.9199 3123.9541 3084.6056 3241.0789 3361.4563 3460.828 3537.5505 3696.0078 3744.2242 3873.7847 4036.1523 4234.697 4362.6837 4503.3758 4454.0141 4513.8536 4590.9605 4679.8988 4918.5427 5050.6864 5168.307 5379.4088 5783.2905 5864.1129 5999.4933 6215.5028 6483.3472

ρ 1.6615 1.6115 1.4747 1.3743 1.3898 1.407 1.4773 1.4556 1.4451 1.3965 1.3666 1.3046 1.3295 1.3203 1.3421 1.3568 1.3122 1.3592 1.3613 1.364 1.3655 1.4021 1.4454 1.4496 1.4718 1.4821 1.4736 1.4598 1.4155 1.3959 1.3934 1.3708 1.3685 1.3671 1.3498 1.3601 1.398 1.3645 1.3515 1.3527 1.3624

ws 0.0073191 0.0069067 0.0070839 0.00713 0.0069547 0.0068608 0.0066405 0.0060577 0.0061777 0.0077082 0.0075477 0.0073425 0.0076948 0.0076723 0.0073037 0.0073156 0.0073163 0.27292 0.26611 0.27045 0.27282 0.28211 0.24465 0.24999 0.25364 0.24704 0.24588 0.24409 0.24179 0.24033 0.28954 0.28193 0.28425 0.27716 0.2879 0.28058 0.28263 0.29085 0.28899 0.28556 0.0067896

w 16.2768 16.0873 16.1554 15.9803 16.4792 16.9591 17.7287 16.4559 17.208 21.1456 20.8323 19.7409 21.6162 22.0002 21.7865 22.8535 22.5679 884.5515 894.5166 935.9856 965.1084 1042.6831 916.0394 968.4093 1023.7479 1046.1359 1072.6779 1099.2196 1076.9139 1084.8087 1329.2828 1319.3925 1398.0898 1399.8382 1487.9513 1509.3381 1634.5253 1705.6021 1733.7989 1774.8899 44.019

v 164.935 160.0342 146.4283 136.4455 138.0091 139.7321 146.7507 144.6781 143.6191 138.5768 135.6246 129.4999 131.9305 131.021 133.2295 134.6857 130.256 98.8257 99.9036 99.5099 99.2981 100.6527 109.1803 108.7251 109.8453 111.5966 111.1251 110.3454 107.3238 106.04 98.9942 98.4359 97.9527 98.8165 96.1195 97.8484 100.2916 96.7654 96.0939 96.6405 135.3159

i 243.5542 264.019 272.7077 259.745 260.2741 251.4775 259.5057 276.9939 287.2712 267.7446 289.9611 294.3777 310.3259 325.5973 325.559 364.7817 342.4552 330.4771 384.7659 372.323 363.9845 366.2425 405.6174 394.7455 397.1559 450.0537 452.7051 487.9984 445.8581 483.8724 461.8131 527.0478 612.478 549.3735 592.1111 596.3983 679.2669 671.4422 670.2454 710.3082 732.6979

Table 11: The Basic Time Series for South Asia Countries

X 528758601944 564183192458 563009918597 563925952581 607670027364 646189376667 711470007114 738007769996 774173801691 779849961561 802380703426 798813841805 852691514408 888814625179 943453971392 1007917660610 1015748196366 1089997320596 1153272581540 1210718110312 1261148648525 1343376394044 1569361900283 1654634370175 1756357171520 1876938709069 1969056853126 2069336719523 2090827347448 2161717153130 2243004926561 2333999288485 2503349353784 2627443851970 2747388763986 2921386625304 3207700993152 3320911398193 3471219951387 3673040913373 3911994465229

c 1980.1705 2065.7077 2008.3107 1982.0848 2109.88 2220.3102 2410.6553 2439.2495 2497.5117 2475.3584 2469.4777 2394.5552 2499.1386 2542.103 2657.6557 2759.4366 2741.9312 2910.661 2977.3375 3088.8384 3173.6825 3329.7282 3338.6158 3478.8487 3638.6074 3784.4277 3909.984 4015.4045 4008.1468 4029.7391 4129.2746 4153.325 4306.2336 4501.6594 4576.8821 4782.9566 5104.4207 5193.0904 5329.4803 5505.2252 5750.179

g NaN 6.6996 -0.20796 0.1627 7.7571 6.3389 10.1024 3.73 4.9005 0.73319 2.8891 -0.44453 6.7447 4.2364 6.1474 6.8327 0.7769 7.3098 5.8051 4.9811 4.1653 6.5201 16.8222 5.4336 6.1478 6.8654 4.9079 5.0928 1.0385 3.3905 3.7603 4.0568 7.2558 4.9571 4.5651 6.3332 9.8006 3.5293 4.5261 5.8141 6.5056

s = XS 0.10959 0.11313 0.11939 0.11565 0.10957 0.10178 0.097066 0.10206 0.10339 0.097661 0.10529 0.10937 0.11037 0.11347 0.10904 0.11668 0.11109 0.10195 0.11427 0.10749 0.10286 0.099101 0.10833 0.10195 0.098496 0.10633 0.10377 0.10836 0.1001 0.10725 0.10056 0.11252 0.12449 0.1087 0.11443 0.11088 0.11738 0.11443 0.11168 0.11428 0.11308

W 3870025085.8005 3896664510.5055 3988295694.9259 4020768263.7696 4226180308.9268 4433372720.4002 4724486041.0953 4470664420.7927 4782596532.1923 6011237329.2449 6056133873.819 5865251595.2036 6561305688.7291 6819243722.9569 6890738987.5698 7373487765.1731 7431517719.1286 297480810723.1903 306897173869.0143 327440358321.5438 344064387174.1846 378980783610.3057 383950638935.2871 413642851562.9479 445490346813.9413 463677341948.9953 484143238865.9093 505100093095.188 505530720442.9314 519522740746.6562 649447500293.4526 658018755388.6938 711573997713.4586 728217130209.6185 790970939137.5278 819673758924.9403 906589136275.1874 965901155054.8621 1003150963962.014 1048868172735.734 26560704729.7619

Π 524888576858.1995 560286527947.4945 559021622902.0741 559905184317.2305 603443847055.0732 641756003946.5999 706745521072.9047 733537105575.2073 769391205158.8076 773838724231.755 796324569552.181 792948590209.7964 846130208719.2709 881995381456.0431 936563232404.4302 1000544172844.827 1008316678646.871 792516509872.8097 846375407670.9857 883277751990.4562 917084261350.8154 964395610433.6943 1185411261347.713 1240991518612.052 1310866824706.059 1413261367120.005 1484913614260.091 1564236626427.812 1585296627005.069 1642194412383.344 1593557426267.547 1675980533096.306 1791775356070.542 1899226721760.381 1956417824848.472 2101712866379.06 2301111856876.812 2355010243138.138 2468068987424.986 2624172740637.267 3885433760499.238

28

Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Pop 61447000 63361000 65330000 67340000 69381000 71452000 73557000 75695000 77920000 80126000 212866000 218099000 223433000 228980000 234650000 240423000 246323000 252345000 258013000 263648000 269214000 274748000 280251000 285680000 291054000 296448000 301955000 307573000 313178000 318772000 324442000 330239000 336199000 342267000 348300000 354247000 360161000 366230000 372118000 377966000 465403000

N 26968462 27759181 28570306 29396488 30232792 31079657 31937406 32807075 33936053 35062484 86690301 89253364 91871428 94591472 97377731 100223768 103146382 106149271 109401212 112674549 115955219 119256072 122574578 125894628 129225659 132599083 136053667 139587651 143206399 146863710 150593550 154416040 158348607 162332422 166343789 170360113 174402043 178557442 182639264 186742703 234316744

¯ X 25.2952 25.4037 25.5122 25.6208 25.7297 25.8387 25.9478 26.057 26.1658 26.2737 26.3801 26.4841 26.5849 26.6821 26.7753 26.8643 26.9491 27.0298 27.1066 27.1797 27.2494 27.3162 27.3801 27.4417 27.5011 27.5586 27.6143 27.6683 27.7207 27.7716 27.821 27.8692 27.9161 27.9619 28.0069 28.0512 28.095 28.1386 28.1821 28.2256 28.2691 z 6.726 2.3854 1.5336 1.1703 0.95207 0.81893 0.72635 0.67523 0.63198 0.58691 1.2329 1.1553 1.1073 1.117 1.1174 1.1124 1.0584 1.0379 1.0134 0.95096 0.94708 0.94346 0.89475 0.89736 0.8931 0.92317 0.95284 0.9771 0.99975 1.02 1.0328 1.0501 1.0581 1.0794 1.0652 0.95261 0.9478 0.97611 0.96246 0.97279 1.1061

K 90746980591 99988676492 110209055180 122972531081 136808856676 151174094496 167961662196 184109575869 198515680473 210761112765 328562380548 364159000000 403852000000 445556000000 495119000000 553430000000 609473000000 667759000000 730863000000 795488000000 864153000000 917635000000 968270000000 1018451000000 1071922000000 1133012000000 1212056000000 1319846000000 1432976000000 1546522000000 1670274000000 1818117000000 1991415000000 2169410000000 2305993000000 2292407000000 2268605000000 2262964000000 2260965000000 2253001000000 2455578000000

k 3364.9298 3602.0038 3857.4685 4183.2389 4525.181 4864.085 5259.0891 5611.8863 5849.6986 6011.0149 3790.0708 4080.0591 4395.8389 4710.3189 5084.5198 5521.9437 5908.8161 6290.7545 6680.575 7060.0504 7452.4718 7694.6606 7899.4357 8089.7098 8294.9625 8544.6443 8908.661 9455.3207 10006.3685 10530.3209 11091.2718 11774.146 12576.1447 13363.997 13862.814 13456.2425 13007.9038 12673.5911 12379.4027 12064.7338 10479.7376

x 3927.9115 3971.8607 4119.9233 4277.1126 4358.0464 4472.8977 4586.1931 4820.3244 4981.1364 5046.8423 4782.09 4809.7788 4911.3155 5241.8293 5517.5141 5752.827 5709.3617 5820.1907 5880.9495 5701.7579 5859.2361 6016.0207 5875.2558 6063.8727 6206.5151 6591.5765 6981.348 7336.5946 7681.8774 8011.1349 8279.4051 8578.513 8794.3748 9115.1846 9130.885 8281.4514 8349.8792 8703.7257 8685.0821 8877.948 8310.3323

ρ 1.1673 1.1027 1.068 1.0224 0.96307 0.91958 0.87205 0.85895 0.85152 0.8396 1.2617 1.1789 1.1173 1.1128 1.0852 1.0418 0.96624 0.9252 0.88031 0.80761 0.78621 0.78184 0.74376 0.74958 0.74823 0.77143 0.78366 0.77592 0.7677 0.76077 0.74648 0.72859 0.69929 0.68207 0.65866 0.61544 0.64191 0.68676 0.70158 0.73586 0.79299

ws 0.13369 0.13635 0.13335 0.12809 0.13467 0.139 0.13938 0.13921 0.14795 0.14424 0.05507 0.055407 0.056145 0.056815 0.056256 0.057306 0.055329 0.10808 0.061 0.066198 0.10595 0.10097 0.10094 0.10171 0.101 0.09724 0.10194 0.10099 0.10486 0.10441 0.10635 0.10651 0.10833 0.10979 0.11344 0.116 0.11411 0.11113 0.10977 0.10753 0.085625

w 525.1156 541.5799 549.384 547.8429 586.9183 621.716 639.2214 671.0374 736.9736 727.9418 263.3488 266.4943 275.7468 297.812 310.3941 329.672 315.8959 629.0641 358.7387 377.4429 620.7896 607.4529 593.0197 616.7568 626.8451 640.967 711.648 740.9261 805.4836 836.4061 880.5165 913.6692 952.7221 1000.7801 1035.7627 960.6505 952.7694 967.2182 953.3589 954.6755 711.5752

v 101.1253 95.2326 92.5617 89.1479 83.3365 79.1759 75.0505 73.9375 72.5535 71.8498 119.2258 111.3534 105.4536 104.9614 102.4112 98.211 91.2783 82.5199 82.6607 75.4147 70.2914 70.2899 66.8685 67.3339 67.2658 69.6414 70.3776 69.7562 68.7202 68.134 66.7091 65.0989 62.3534 60.7184 58.3945 54.4045 56.8663 61.0443 62.4564 65.673 72.509

i 646.3986 672.9615 712.5134 810.3354 866.5079 899.3346 996.0733 992.1684 961.5766 899.2454 717.321 766.0277 834.964 868.3422 965.2512 1074.0454 1071.3824 1117.7254 1174.9961 1207.9405 1270.2976 1159.2081 1145.598 1147.7741 1205.0912 1281.5595 1442.0335 1676.0899 1759.0522 1809.7241 1900.2427 2095.4404 2304.1473 2376.2682 2166.944 1244.5081 1152.6417 1228.5205 1240.3661 1204.3793 1005.5892

c 3281.2312 3299.1594 3407.4886 3466.9946 3491.3489 3573.4062 3589.6401 3828.1223 4019.4344 4147.3068 4064.7376 4043.7065 4076.4397 4373.015 4552.2703 4678.9346 4638.1293 4702.5395 4706.1488 4494.2447 4588.6679 4857.0875 4730.284 4916.101 5001.0886 5309.5498 5539.5521 5660.2205 5922.6854 6201.4365 6379.222 6482.864 6490.0079 6739.0016 6964.4434 7037.5591 7196.9788 7474.7152 7444.5697 7672.9823 6412.8184

Table 12: The Basic Time Series for South-East Asia Countries

X 105929732295 110255600550 117707469018 125732089803 131755909166 139016126464 146471109909 158140744749 169040108768 176954827202 414560819614 429288938573 451209571239 495832346238 537283000000 576570000000 588900000000 617809000000 643383000000 642443000000 679409000000 717447000000 720157000000 763409000000 802041000000 874037000000 949838000000 1024098000000 1100094000000 1176545000000 1246825000000 1324660000000 1392577000000 1479690000000 1518866000000 1410829000000 1456236000000 1554115000000 1586237000000 1657892000000 1947250000000

g NaN 4.0837 6.7587 6.8174 4.791 5.5104 5.3627 7.9672 6.8922 4.6822 134.2749 3.5527 5.1063 9.8896 8.3598 7.3122 2.1385 4.909 4.1395 -0.1461 5.754 5.5987 0.37773 6.0059 5.0605 8.9766 8.6725 7.8182 7.4208 6.9495 5.9734 6.2427 5.1271 6.2555 2.6476 -7.113 3.2185 6.7214 2.0669 4.5173 17.4534

s = XS 0.16464 0.16937 0.17292 0.18941 0.19887 0.2011 0.21729 0.20584 0.19307 0.17824 0.15001 0.15927 0.16999 0.16575 0.17494 0.18667 0.18763 0.19203 0.19976 0.21178 0.21685 0.19264 0.19488 0.18928 0.19422 0.19449 0.20652 0.22849 0.22901 0.2259 0.22951 0.24429 0.26203 0.26068 0.23727 0.1502 0.13807 0.14121 0.14283 0.13573 0.22833

W 14161560855.6877 15033814256.5338 15696069798.5769 16104658100.6823 17744177543.8354 19322719725.5208 20415072450.3218 22014773583.8474 25009975693.7766 25523448346.2149 22829789983.8733 23785513406.7066 25333249422.0725 28170473272.5987 30225475971.3775 33040969727.4343 32583517869.1774 66774694057.4695 39246451043.6945 42528206603.7121 71983799725.3848 72442449254.722 72689133816.7625 77646365106.938 81004471987.413 84991641825.8684 96822314839.4237 103424133293.4503 115350400701.0006 122837701091.8757 132600099050.3554 141085179586.9944 150862223817.7196 162459057444.4519 172292692604.3424 163656533642.5842 166164925914.3945 172704001390.5262 174120767960.9144 178278688300.8747 166733976625.3633

Π 91768171439.3123 95221786293.4662 102011399219.4231 109627431702.3177 114011731622.1646 119693406738.4792 126056037458.6782 136125971165.1526 144030133074.2234 151431378855.7851 391731029630.1268 405503425166.2935 425876321816.9275 467661872965.4012 507057524028.6226 543529030272.5657 556316482130.8226 551034305942.5305 604136548956.3054 599914793396.288 607425200274.6152 645004550745.278 647467866183.2375 685762634893.062 721036528012.587 789045358174.1316 853015685160.5763 920673866706.5497 984743599298.9994 1053707298908.124 1114224900949.645 1183574820413.006 1241714776182.28 1317230942555.548 1346573307395.658 1247172466357.416 1290071074085.605 1381410998609.474 1412116232039.086 1479613311699.125 1780516023374.637

29

Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Pop NaN 12631000 12978000 42537000 43544000 54940000 56188000 57430000 58697000 59963000 63410000 64683000 65933000 67184000 68420000 69627000 70850000 72150000 73489000 74831000 76067000 77287000 78424000 79486000 80537000 81619000 82720000 83668000 84788000 85911000 87061000 88227000 89382000 90509000 91634000 92755000 71843000 72724000 73569000 74380000 75165000

N NaN 4757631 4902793 15220076 15663404 19689823 20220474 20754113 21463628 22180755 23748317 24518314 25289052 26071944 26860269 27648324 28451415 29296007 30144947 31003467 31824942 32648112 33440097 34174198 34915429 35677484 36455264 37175399 37959352 38751230 39561738 40385251 41210692 41977602 42748181 43520928 34646562 35319649 35900959 36468549 37025788

X NaN 23238282451 25970396855 84178745093 90392645257 125227185939 138861386645 150610792226 169532870968 183603142863 224999319089 240948130625 250093091645 278894736916 305431197789 339706012161 369974840413 377447093977 399169795567 423354624736 462111860407 504977504574 525401516595 569892445557 631498607580 691850814761 749204973036 818651568898 888842859831 945988622986 1016505046600 1104953845284 1194830226788 1284346770683 1353169000000 1308458000000 1019106000000 1105304000000 1129086000000 1194783000000 1239831000000

¯ X NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN K NaN 11551488531 13339312368 53959466869 63162678054 94903453216 109386422662 124537661074 142194660107 159248104808 233638410129 272610170351 303217653045 339633922888 382676328418 439592332478 507386931015 562533188210 616456692673 671583883055 733942000000 803902000000 861444000000 919622000000 993400000000 1082448000000 1193663000000 1330169000000 1491126000000 1646702000000 1811567000000 2008830000000 2230851000000 2468905000000 2694550000000 2783386000000 2383314000000 2509969000000 2606262000000 2704422000000 2780220000000

k NaN 2427.9917 2720.7578 3545.2824 4032.5001 4819.9241 5409.6864 6000.6256 6624.9126 7179.562 9838.1039 11118.6344 11990.0759 13026.797 14246.9284 15899.4206 17833.4516 19201.7017 20449.7521 21661.5736 23061.8488 24623.2309 25760.8104 26909.8341 28451.6052 30339.8076 32743.2274 35780.8937 39282.1774 42494.1866 45790.8851 49741.6743 54132.8207 58814.8175 63033.0914 63955.116 68789.3362 71064.3812 72595.888 74157.6529 75088.7463

x NaN 4884.423 5297.0617 5530.7704 5770.9451 6359.9955 6867.3656 7256.913 7898.6121 8277.5876 9474.3269 9827.2716 9889.3818 10697.1209 11371.1146 12286.6765 13003.7413 12883.9092 13241.6818 13655.0736 14520.4306 15467.2805 15711.7223 16676.103 18086.5201 19391.8051 20551.3523 22021.3257 23415.6489 24411.8347 25694.1454 27360.3313 28993.2095 30596.0014 31654.4229 30065.0299 29414.3471 31294.3087 31450.0234 32762.0109 33485.6074

ρ NaN 2.0117 1.9469 1.56 1.4311 1.3195 1.2695 1.2094 1.1923 1.1529 0.96302 0.88386 0.8248 0.82116 0.79814 0.77278 0.72918 0.67098 0.64752 0.63038 0.62963 0.62816 0.60991 0.6197 0.63569 0.63915 0.62765 0.61545 0.59609 0.57447 0.56112 0.55005 0.53559 0.52021 0.50219 0.4701 0.4276 0.44037 0.43322 0.44179 0.44595

ws NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 0.070847 NaN 0.23956 0.23851 0.17536 0.21432 0.15678 0.16167 0.16747 0.17478 0.24712 0.18926 0.19361 0.20597 0.20723 0.27392 0.21287 0.21178 0.20826 0.21408 0.22077 0.23478 0.24031 0.24888 0.2517 0.24967 0.24863 0.255 0.26084 0.25219 0.24132 0.29314 0.29137 0.29381 0.28878 0.29446

w NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 450.5852 NaN 1738.4307 1883.9082 1451.581 2030.5106 1540.7537 1598.7978 1791.4702 1987.4124 3036.3123 2461.074 2494.3921 2727.4252 2829.7522 3977.4609 3292.5551 3327.4316 3472.9345 3871.936 4281.1002 4825.1134 5291.8909 5827.6022 6144.3395 6415.1618 6802.5016 7393.2224 7980.6758 7982.8138 7255.2137 8622.4328 9118.1612 9240.3834 9461.1626 9860.0867

v NaN 201.1713 194.6907 156.0037 143.1108 122.6038 126.9457 91.9651 90.7892 95.0755 75.6631 74.5282 69.1454 68.3641 65.8647 58.1805 59.1174 54.1073 51.4151 49.9748 45.7161 49.4441 48.0741 49.0645 49.9606 49.8049 48.029 46.7552 44.7736 42.9882 42.1022 41.3292 39.9018 38.4517 37.5543 35.6654 30.2255 31.2057 30.5935 31.4207 31.4635

i NaN 478 599 834.9093 960.5306 1164.3535 1180.5317 1239.365 1397.594 1380.2459 2027.7363 2517.5798 2230.1142 2492.6494 2839.1617 3381.3674 3855.6241 3529.6211 3562.4131 3698.4116 3991.665 4318.6451 4044.9585 4119.7318 4710.5549 5343.3989 6002.4777 6903.7997 7810.7677 7979.6392 8503.9187 9429.824 10270.7065 10949.9492 10982.2159 8032.6251 8971.0634 10102.7036 9492.2342 9785.7486 9447.1023

Table 13: The Basic Time Series for the “Tigers”

z NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN

c NaN 4406 4698 4695.5537 4810.851 5195.6494 5686.4643 6017.2511 6500.5533 6897.4899 7446.4995 7309.2592 7659.3729 8204.4694 8532.0862 8904.8158 9147.9183 9353.7994 9679.1592 9956.1622 10528.3613 11148.8433 11666.7218 12556.3069 13375.8171 14048.0095 14548.2372 15117.4608 15604.998 16432.0938 17190.1343 17930.4593 18722.8519 19645.9363 20672.2387 22032.0351 20443.3113 21191.8225 21957.8118 22976.6129 24038.8773

g NaN NaN 11.757 224.1335 7.3818 38.5369 10.8876 8.4612 12.5636 8.2994 22.5466 7.0884 3.7954 11.5164 9.5149 11.2218 8.9103 2.0197 5.7552 6.0588 9.1548 9.276 4.0445 8.468 10.8101 9.557 8.29 9.2694 8.574 6.4292 7.4543 8.7013 8.1339 7.492 5.3585 -3.3042 -22.114 8.4582 2.1516 5.8186 3.7704

s = XS NaN 0.097949 0.11309 0.15101 0.16637 0.18307 0.17196 0.17082 0.177 0.16673 0.21403 0.25623 0.2255 0.23302 0.24967 0.27525 0.29652 0.27399 0.26904 0.27088 0.27493 0.2792 0.25745 0.24705 0.26045 0.27557 0.2921 0.31351 0.33357 0.32688 0.33097 0.34465 0.35423 0.35789 0.34694 0.26719 0.30499 0.32282 0.30182 0.29868 0.28211

W NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 8871943240.0044 NaN 36079586998.5479 40435505723.7898 32197161428.9073 48221209117.1293 37776682265.359 40432080411.8601 46707110988.3287 53382432386.0173 83948947390.0244 70021038419.8159 73075727018.9887 82218088510.3369 87732129185.7017 126582461513.3823 107495706914.1194 111269636588.6753 118684752894.1169 135190305280.1013 152738884352.6534 175900781331.3413 196728154940.4087 221212004515.0579 238100711949.6609 253794949957.3086 274720734606.9823 304679812022.9573 335009633569.0694 341250769544.2311 315753634749.351 298737653314.3444 322050254869.9661 331738624414.1924 345034872243.7421 365077480962.1145

Π NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 116355242698.9956 NaN 114531205227.4521 129097365244.2102 151405981434.0927 176778109971.8707 203171448359.641 209661011233.1399 232187625927.6713 252048765402.9827 255757064770.9756 299953801993.1841 304371366958.0114 316951707056.6631 335622495550.2983 335529398893.6177 397481797659.8806 414131880006.3247 451207692662.8831 496308302299.8987 539111930408.3467 573304191704.6587 621923413957.5913 667630855315.9421 707887911036.3391 762710096642.6914 830233110677.0177 890150414765.0427 949337137113.9307 1011918230455.769 992704365250.649 720368346685.6555 783253745130.0339 797347375585.8076 849748127756.2578 874753519037.8855

30

Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Pop 42206000 43255000 44331000 45401000 47706000 75677000 77540000 79415000 81405000 83351000 107483000 115841000 118908000 122098000 125683000 129461000 133454000 137911000 142729000 147520000 178931000 185371000 191808000 198252000 204046000 209868000 215751000 222159000 227322000 232733000 237177000 241584000 246731000 252021000 257403000 262787000 268103000 273412000 278750000 302792000 308804000

X 68011018262 79053668379 81233950258 80892210536 91748302882 226641916921 243307124353 233708125774 300263446142 330107623292 432474551182 452252203195 453993650720 532031561856 509331742415 515831943083 541836277078 539854274708 516940757382 554428436111 871439088994 902711613911 925455371713 944463882260 957269779530 981136596338 995657643521 1073892049675 1114188970287 1179942377561 1193309011634 1244364367367 1244993571886 1337575238555 1348866570482 1428195300827 1472647753585 1533523822252 1567576989634 1629491685685 1689277325151

¯ X 25.1484 25.2863 25.4242 25.5616 25.6983 25.8334 25.966 26.0952 26.2205 26.3411 26.4567 26.5669 26.6715 26.7706 26.8643 26.9529 27.0367 27.116 27.1913 27.2626 27.3303 27.3941 27.4544 27.5112 27.5648 27.6154 27.6633 27.7089 27.7524 27.7941 27.8342 27.8729 27.9106 27.9474 27.9835 28.0191 28.0544 28.0894 28.1243 28.1591 28.1939 z 5.5855 1.6694 0.98382 0.68626 0.59841 1.1995 1.0827 0.89646 1.0114 0.99048 1.1691 1.1118 1.0226 1.1049 0.98042 0.9243 0.9071 0.84703 0.76225 0.77024 1.1434 1.1215 1.0913 1.0595 1.0239 1.0025 0.97359 1.0066 1.0027 1.0209 0.99399 0.99908 0.96457 1.0011 0.97614 1.0004 0.99928 1.009 1.001 1.0107 1.0185

K 55018633184 59540101494 64275395971 67569788002 71413076135 207074717821 226079249941 221598843371 255797136243 272743477236 348902692318 439536907337 514875954137 626293320166 739073160129 805977390406 850779974899 927724526959 980733720216 1016785148479 1311454237591 1402868989096 1460631728476 1486590202493 1500860349864 1479970091929 1466109775237 1458180633358 1461595036322 1495082567329 1487876880844 1433381754844 1403443348658 1392379759851 1373116497136 1360549296845 1365693336761 1378736080602 1400521103893 1449663153379 1490029649524

k 3668.6512 3889.6225 4113.8676 4240.2208 4306.1545 8140.2146 8717.6535 8385.6294 9443.3032 9834.1938 10171.2536 11895.0903 13568.9122 16067.1935 18409.5944 19477.636 19934.7577 21026.0492 21459.4864 21510.943 23272.7617 24013.4956 24147.5961 23761.2919 23290.219 22313.824 21488.0172 20745.2621 20159.121 19995.8431 19383.7296 18200.2009 17325.9201 16609.2731 15831.214 15170.931 14740.9387 14414.8963 14142.9715 13412.9656 13331.9531

x 4534.9855 5164.4005 5199.279 5076.2455 5532.3533 8909.4113 9381.9632 8843.8626 11084.8729 11902.548 12607.5506 12239.2015 11964.4352 13648.9625 12686.9589 12465.842 12695.8499 12235.3158 11311.208 11729.3988 15464.3552 15452.0925 15299.9022 15096.0782 14854.8283 14792.8053 14592.8422 15278.0606 15367.5058 15781.0298 15546.1648 15800.1742 15369.8111 15955.5267 15551.6268 15925.224 15895.3768 16033.2258 15829.9626 15076.8238 15114.71

ρ 1.2361 1.3277 1.2638 1.1972 1.2848 1.0945 1.0762 1.0546 1.1738 1.2103 1.2395 1.0289 0.88175 0.84949 0.68915 0.64001 0.63687 0.58191 0.5271 0.54528 0.66448 0.64348 0.6336 0.63532 0.63781 0.66294 0.67912 0.73646 0.76231 0.78922 0.80202 0.86813 0.8871 0.96064 0.98234 1.0497 1.0783 1.1123 1.1193 1.124 1.1337

ws 0.28608 0.27513 0.27925 0.27783 0.27523 0.18376 0.17766 0.19624 0.25989 0.26111 0.25332 0.22923 0.24905 0.22215 0.20888 0.20624 0.20785 0.21412 0.043202 0.046586 0.08631 0.085655 0.088912 0.099867 0.097584 0.10166 0.064698 0.037366 0.035432 0.053086 0.057342 0.10989 0.13454 0.19899 0.22354 0.23431 0.22646 0.22109 0.20516 0.19153 0.15847

w 1297.3624 1420.897 1451.8923 1410.3169 1522.6697 1637.2343 1666.8041 1735.5273 2880.8564 3107.8921 3193.7684 2805.6279 2979.792 3032.1762 2650.0427 2570.9051 2638.8229 2619.8797 488.6701 546.4314 1334.724 1323.5461 1360.3451 1507.5974 1449.6005 1503.9078 944.1326 570.8838 544.5027 837.7467 891.4549 1736.226 2067.8091 3175.0315 3476.483 3731.3976 3599.7071 3544.812 3247.6492 2887.6109 2395.2216

v 88.251 96.2434 91.0916 86.4561 93.1152 89.3364 88.5004 84.7681 86.8766 89.4294 92.5528 79.3064 66.2149 66.0774 54.52 50.8015 50.4497 45.7311 50.4324 51.9873 60.7132 58.8359 57.7265 57.1875 57.5573 59.5545 63.5178 70.8941 73.53 74.7319 75.6031 77.2736 76.7752 76.948 76.2743 80.3763 83.4117 86.6355 88.9651 90.8763 95.406

i 665.7396 687.7034 723.9792 645.2022 597.5089 1430.5851 1519.6732 1270.8713 1362.9392 1545.4513 1548.8954 2764.6577 3222.6003 4233.8877 4395.4649 3338.2197 2867.2403 3594.8917 3103.5343 2735.2437 3691.3876 3696.686 3106.3184 2600.7399 2364.7239 2018.7465 2184.7651 2426.6096 2605.5668 2748.5006 2077.9257 1556.3801 1719.6624 1828.0762 1825.5003 1856.0582 1882.7229 1825.4158 1830.0682 1832.9428 1834.835

c 3869.2177 4476.4261 4474.6539 4431.3935 4934.6766 7478.8253 7862.2311 7572.8758 9721.9454 10356.8826 11058.9109 9474.5031 8741.8262 9415.3127 8291.3985 9127.8909 9828.952 8640.398 8207.8392 8993.9792 11772.9868 11755.2469 12193.6658 12494.9302 12490.1553 12774.2542 12408.1841 12851.6128 12762.0135 13032.4634 13468.2645 14244.1082 13650.3249 14127.7026 13726.4536 14069.5884 14012.8054 14207.9026 13999.747 13243.8977 13280.0469

g NaN 16.2366 2.758 -0.42069 13.4204 147.0257 7.3531 -3.9452 28.478 9.9393 31.0102 4.5731 0.38506 17.1892 -4.2666 1.2762 5.0412 -0.36579 -4.2444 7.2518 57.1779 3.5886 2.5195 2.054 1.3559 2.4932 1.48 7.8576 3.7524 5.9015 1.1328 4.2785 0.050564 7.4363 0.84416 5.8811 3.1125 4.1338 2.2206 3.9497 3.669

Table 14: The Basic Time Series for Middle East and North Africa Countries

N 14996965 15307424 15624080 15935441 16583956 25438484 25933498 26426024 27087676 27734198 34302821 36951120 37945264 38979634 40146086 41379631 42678220 44122627 45701640 47268274 56351466 58420024 60487666 62563526 64441659 66325256 68229179 70289815 72502915 74769669 76759061 78756370 81002529 83831469 86734757 89681332 92646294 95646618 99025944 108079242 111763793

s = XS 0.14681 0.13321 0.13937 0.12703 0.10803 0.16057 0.16198 0.14371 0.12295 0.12986 0.12283 0.22589 0.26935 0.31018 0.34646 0.26777 0.22581 0.29381 0.27436 0.23321 0.2387 0.23925 0.20302 0.17231 0.15919 0.13645 0.14971 0.15882 0.16955 0.17417 0.13366 0.098484 0.11187 0.11456 0.11736 0.11652 0.11844 0.11385 0.11562 0.12157 0.12138

W 19456498533.1309 21750273120.849 22684482161.1996 22474021949.2751 25251886940.8709 41648758115.8454 43226060427.1786 45863085623.7225 78035704337.8793 86194896106.9703 109555265222.6049 103671094572.8743 113068994876.4293 118193118057.7105 106388843900.5056 106383106405.1881 112620263415.63 115595974533.7507 22333023927.8184 25828868237.6526 75213654040.282 77321593475.3768 82284097872.1856 94320610978.114 93414658119.1931 99747069579.1067 64417392295.3048 40127319721.7671 39478033506.1828 62638043296.2649 68427240780.3559 136738859938.3589 167497767837.6134 266167553942.6743 301531909650.0233 334636704466.4419 333499524831.8613 339049280565.8602 321601523061.2057 312090795089.1821 267699051837.1121

Π 48554519728.8691 57303395258.151 58549468096.8004 58418188586.7249 66496415941.1291 184993158805.1546 200081063925.8214 187845040150.2775 222227741804.1207 243912727185.0297 322919285959.3951 348581108622.1257 340924655843.5707 413838443798.2896 402942898514.4944 409448836677.8119 429216013662.37 424258300174.2493 494607733454.1816 528599567873.3474 796225434953.718 825390020435.6232 843171273840.8145 850143271281.886 863855121410.8069 881389526758.8933 931240251225.6952 1033764729953.233 1074710936780.817 1117304334264.735 1124881770853.644 1107625507428.641 1077495804048.387 1071407684612.326 1047334660831.977 1093558596360.558 1139148228753.139 1194474541686.14 1245975466572.794 1317400890595.818 1421578273313.888

31

Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Pop 967489000 1021159000 1762429000 1840113000 1893317000 1988565000 2041310000 2093549000 2147489000 2200723000 2467598000 2529791000 2585175000 2639461000 2693131000 2746426000 2801541000 2857740000 2915022000 2975906000 3109362000 3170392000 3332082000 3397404000 3465269000 3533581000 3601451000 3669902000 3735753000 3799159000 3861324000 3925252000 3989351000 4052595000 4115646000 4178221000 4217822000 4277930000 4336353000 4412505000 4551511000

N 404976339 423888266 805753943 835816187 857608621 893928590 915371898 936382300 964116861 991626365 1106495794 1137240564 1165629577 1193521004 1221114559 1248547709 1276889225 1305650698 1336316512 1369135320 1432853280 1465584052 1547550225 1582795777 1619759043 1657086592 1694241827 1731731898 1767677361 1802551824 1837119631 1872631134 1908226101 1944237884 1980371290 2016472707 2042631418 2077811305 2112875360 2153290975 2231611033

¯ X 28.3069 28.3812 28.4554 28.5294 28.603 28.6761 28.7486 28.8202 28.8908 28.9605 29.0289 29.096 29.1618 29.2262 29.2892 29.351 29.4114 29.4708 29.529 29.5863 29.6427 29.6983 29.753 29.807 29.8603 29.9129 29.965 30.0165 30.0677 30.1184 30.1688 30.219 30.2688 30.3185 30.3679 30.4172 30.4663 30.5153 30.5643 30.6132 30.6622 z 1.2135 1.1455 1.1945 1.1181 1.0428 1.0507 1.0324 1.0018 0.99629 0.97128 1.0686 1.0364 1.0148 1.0188 1.0014 0.99432 0.98187 0.97034 0.94359 0.92211 0.97257 0.97326 0.97803 0.98468 0.98636 0.98028 0.96309 0.96525 0.95715 0.96146 0.96239 0.98213 0.98849 1.0055 1.0197 1.013 1.0015 1.0196 1.0174 1.0292 1.0602

K 1490235166771 1723854807224 2265570465567 2461693922310 2605705341449 2911506963177 3103264772139 3310303569864 3561801315965 3778753754067 4356480260918 4798930931236 5255059723334 5738559984332 6238544249512 6734237150391 7198647467804 7728022813296 8227169859328 8611381365623 9719196158121 10087177628294 10578913981792 11000907263902 11438062935413 11885948279556 12333349337193 12828050670704 13353420434755 13990011194515 14751613419293 15649273496791 16753031372855 17956768504911 19280677650870 20362422310616 20901777129309 22030287111576 23164456725749 24405410889912 26115743392424

k 3679.808 4066.767 2811.7398 2945.2575 3038.3386 3256.9794 3390.1683 3535.2052 3694.3668 3810.6629 3937.1865 4219.8028 4508.3445 4808.093 5108.8935 5393.6562 5637.6445 5918.9053 6156.6027 6289.6496 6783.1063 6882.7016 6835.91 6950.3011 7061.583 7172.7985 7279.5684 7407.6424 7554.2182 7761.2255 8029.7511 8356.8372 8779.3744 9235.8907 9735.8903 10098.0401 10232.7698 10602.6409 10963.4753 11334.0051 11702.6413

x 4208.8056 4520.0577 2876.933 2955.5728 3014.4188 3233.0031 3411.7381 3533.3349 3704.6703 3793.3127 4024.0718 4072.2158 4159.6333 4350.8633 4450.8074 4594.3003 4709.1505 4825.988 4857.2893 4903.6174 5226.6875 5404.061 5430.959 5641.1567 5821.941 5958.2595 6026.5925 6214.8843 6343.8854 6560.1628 6756.7645 7086.5802 7324.243 7642.7497 7942.4973 8078.6929 8208.5402 8542.3605 8704.7127 8961.4961 9226.8057

ρ 1.1438 1.1115 1.0232 1.0035 0.99213 0.99264 1.0064 0.99947 1.0028 0.99545 1.0221 0.96503 0.92265 0.9049 0.87119 0.8518 0.8353 0.81535 0.78896 0.77963 0.77054 0.78517 0.79447 0.81164 0.82445 0.83067 0.82788 0.83898 0.83978 0.84525 0.84147 0.848 0.83426 0.82751 0.8158 0.80003 0.80218 0.80568 0.79397 0.79067 0.78844

ws 0.066865 0.066468 0.036002 0.0357 0.036195 0.037958 0.036678 0.059244 0.049353 0.047342 0.053817 0.049044 0.06383 0.051935 0.050891 0.047557 0.051786 0.12954 0.1116 0.11329 0.12365 0.12235 0.11736 0.11899 0.11826 0.11544 0.11501 0.11327 0.11792 0.13618 0.15131 0.1466 0.14435 0.14858 0.15188 0.15024 0.15094 0.15285 0.15084 0.14863 0.065725

w 281.4229 300.4404 103.5764 105.5127 109.1077 122.7195 125.1352 209.3305 182.8365 179.5831 216.564 199.7165 265.5074 225.9606 226.5054 218.4914 243.8672 625.1758 542.0954 555.5083 646.2589 661.1918 637.3692 671.2228 688.5273 687.8234 693.1165 703.9907 748.09 893.3387 1022.3515 1038.9226 1057.2336 1135.5804 1206.2983 1213.753 1239.0214 1305.6622 1313.0013 1331.947 606.4319

v 106.7279 103.7585 98.6349 96.7678 95.6217 95.496 96.9451 94.0258 95.3298 94.832 96.7063 91.7697 86.376 85.7908 82.6853 81.1288 79.2048 70.9728 70.0905 69.1312 67.527 68.91 70.1237 71.5067 72.6949 73.4781 73.2664 74.3947 74.0751 73.0146 71.4146 72.3678 71.3833 70.4552 69.1893 67.9829 68.1098 68.2537 67.4212 67.3156 73.6618

i 554.7496 652.0682 448.4412 470.7543 450.7479 497.7062 542.0643 586.4357 603.3881 598.7721 668.1727 779.3796 817.7241 850.5432 883.3651 903.2965 899.1232 965.4409 950.2596 877.2151 894.2748 925.7976 945.8817 949.846 979.6465 1017.1417 1031.4498 1071.8759 1104.4711 1178.3628 1254.8442 1355.7781 1479.5602 1538.1964 1620.0499 1530.0516 1518.8178 1587.4257 1617.5662 1690.7703 1808.5405

Table 15: The Basic Time Series for the Developing Countries

X 1704466701647 1915999426532 2318100137465 2470315549818 2585191554943 2890073873364 3123009143619 3308552288450 3571735070895 3761548870621 4452618524132 4631088958999 4848591573414 5192846734210 5434945676037 5736203123777 6013063491528 6301054594876 6490875835038 6713715801403 7489076274147 7920105563636 8404681822030 8928798982835 9430141530649 9873351956471 10210505091038 10762513316961 11213942670863 11825033510866 12412984686875 13270550746390 13976311596923 14859323458804 15729093659166 16290463761056 16767022148785 17749413229825 18391973041040 19296708712100 20590641448319

c 3653.9976 3868.3291 2428.7451 2485.2248 2563.6229 2734.9927 2869.7009 2946.6629 3101.0459 3194.2282 3355.777 3292.9408 3342.03 3500.5799 3567.523 3691.1871 3810.3174 3860.6809 3907.2479 4026.6805 4332.1383 4478.3999 4485.0799 4691.3979 4842.3321 4941.1735 4994.8552 5143.0881 5239.397 5381.6173 5501.916 5730.9768 5844.8127 6104.9885 6322.6705 6548.7097 6689.5285 6955.1396 7087.2801 7270.5996 7324.5436

g NaN 12.4105 20.9865 6.5664 4.6503 11.7934 8.0598 5.9412 7.9546 5.3143 18.3719 4.0082 4.6966 7.1001 4.6622 5.543 4.8265 4.7894 3.0125 3.4331 11.5489 5.7554 6.1183 6.236 5.6149 4.6999 3.4148 5.4063 4.1945 5.4494 4.9721 6.9086 5.3182 6.3179 5.8534 3.569 2.9254 5.8591 3.6202 4.9192 6.7055

s = XS 0.13182 0.14419 0.15579 0.15914 0.14955 0.15404 0.15887 0.16604 0.16294 0.15793 0.16607 0.19136 0.19656 0.19543 0.19845 0.19657 0.19087 0.20002 0.19559 0.17883 0.17115 0.17129 0.17416 0.16836 0.16826 0.1707 0.1712 0.17246 0.1741 0.17965 0.18572 0.19129 0.20199 0.20121 0.20394 0.18938 0.18505 0.18581 0.18581 0.18868 0.20617

W 113969628253.5528 127353151512.0082 83457124894.2637 88189249162.4862 93571731764.259 109702465661.0376 114545216200.4331 196013399095.582 176275756583.9684 178079305968.5813 239627117748.3647 227125749702.8839 309483336080.4359 269688775102.4865 276589072129.1572 272796891038.6347 311391346005.6138 816261251432.2128 724411095258.7927 760566051624.7544 925994151007.8346 969032109979.4263 986360821954.0736 1062408661832.633 1115248398234.741 1139782963350.049 1174306902783.433 1219123113868.148 1322381729861.806 1610289332182.844 1878182003760.689 1945518844603.429 2017440761791.784 2207838473152.137 2388918458424.957 2447499719137.319 2530864071070.144 2712919649304.634 2774208090684.006 2868069395627.822 1353320068953.6

Π 1590497073393.447 1788646275019.992 2234643012570.736 2382126300655.514 2491619823178.741 2780371407702.962 3008463927418.567 3112538889354.418 3395459314311.032 3583469564652.418 4212991406383.635 4403963209296.116 4539108237333.564 4923157959107.514 5158356603907.843 5463406232738.365 5701672145522.387 5484793343443.787 5766464739779.207 5953149749778.246 6563082123139.165 6951073453656.574 7418321000075.927 7866390321002.367 8314893132414.26 8733568993120.951 9036198188254.566 9543390203092.852 9891560941001.193 10214744178683.16 10534802683114.31 11325031901786.57 11958870835131.22 12651484985651.86 13340175200741.04 13842964041918.68 14236158077714.86 15036493580520.37 15617764950355.99 16428639316472.18 19237321379365.4

32

Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

N 191907778 206930966 212037298 228129229 236385161 258376560 264577744 270662152 278700280 286843330 382841584 395280110 406137639 417383395 428956942 440743408 452913111 465623020 479912491 494359239 539883647 554879022 618521556 634716863 650953676 667427645 684337754 701590402 719813815 737623046 755345221 773905194 792695476 812362033 832221768 852293543 862835073 883086158 903200265 928966172 992779553

X 1235037701647 1415810426532 1497155137465 1624940549818 1712544554943 1993103873364 2127272143619 2257691288450 2449060070895 2628210870621 3266455524132 3441857958999 3576646573414 3879507734210 4043404676037 4225045123777 4444661491528 4636973594876 4718302835038 4797866801403 5461466274147 5690125563636 6006051822030 6280568982835 6547621530649 6785101956471 7013375091038 7260623316961 7547922670863 7863153510866 8183494686875 8554220746390 8774041596923 9249703458804 9612583659166 9675923761056 9584022148785 10046203229825 10175753041040 10429308712100 11056151448319

¯ X 27.9362 28.0141 28.0919 28.1696 28.247 28.324 28.4005 28.4761 28.5507 28.624 28.6959 28.766 28.8342 28.9003 28.9643 29.0261 29.0858 29.1434 29.1989 29.2525 29.3042 29.354 29.4021 29.4484 29.493 29.5361 29.5777 29.618 29.657 29.6948 29.7316 29.7674 29.8023 29.8365 29.8701 29.9031 29.9357 29.9681 30.0003 30.0324 30.0645 z 1.2844 1.2107 1.0869 1.0246 0.95385 0.9935 0.95885 0.92793 0.92421 0.91598 1.0566 1.038 1.0095 1.0282 1.0094 0.99615 0.99204 0.98184 0.94959 0.91937 0.99804 0.99317 1.0028 1.0045 1.0045 0.99986 0.99396 0.99086 0.99307 0.99853 1.0042 1.0154 1.0085 1.0306 1.0393 1.0161 0.97833 0.99769 0.98387 0.98243 1.0153

K 1218451166771 1427328807224 1517091465567 1652223922310 1761974341449 2041970963177 2198025772139 2336849569864 2511142315965 2673455754067 3186334260918 3564349931236 3926515723334 4326124984332 4738125249512 5110554150391 5464002467804 5888969813296 6274847859328 6540012365623 7520507158121 7739390628294 8001415981792 8182727263902 8378607935413 8535174279556 8711129337193 8935480670704 9199050434755 9529201194515 9880663419293 10246863496791 10700381372855 11252228504911 11851327650870 12178772310616 11943667129309 12298187111576 12546656725749 12774880889912 13231953392424

k 6349.1495 6897.6086 7154.833 7242.4912 7453.828 7903.0813 8307.6745 8633.8247 9010.1894 9320.2647 8322.8531 9017.2762 9667.9434 10364.8709 11045.6896 11595.3048 12064.1296 12647.5057 13074.9834 13229.271 13929.8666 13947.8883 12936.3575 12891.933 12871.2814 12788.1641 12729.2836 12736.0361 12779.7637 12918.7954 13080.9902 13240.4635 13498.729 13851.2486 14240.5884 14289.4105 13842.3524 13926.3729 13891.3342 13751.7181 13328.1889

x 6435.5792 6841.9457 7060.8103 7122.895 7244.7211 7713.95 8040.2535 8341.3631 8787.4331 9162.5309 8532.1336 8707.3897 8806.4888 9294.8301 9426.1318 9586.1788 9813.4971 9958.6434 9831.59 9705.2233 10116.0061 10254.7138 9710.3355 9895.0719 10058.5061 10166.0487 10248.4118 10348.8065 10485.9375 10660.1245 10834.112 11053.3187 11068.6157 11386.1838 11550.5074 11352.8066 11107.5945 11376.2436 11266.3309 11226.7906 11136.5624

ρ 1.0136 0.99193 0.98686 0.98349 0.97195 0.97607 0.96781 0.96613 0.97528 0.98308 1.0251 0.96563 0.9109 0.89676 0.85338 0.82673 0.81344 0.7874 0.75194 0.73362 0.72621 0.73522 0.75062 0.76754 0.78147 0.79496 0.80511 0.81256 0.82051 0.82516 0.82823 0.83481 0.81997 0.82203 0.8111 0.79449 0.80244 0.81688 0.81103 0.81639 0.83556

ws 0.1411 0.13616 0.13681 0.1308 0.13132 0.13133 0.1269 0.20496 0.17073 0.16366 0.15554 0.1411 0.18319 0.14851 0.14487 0.13472 0.146 0.17163 0.12589 0.12786 0.15309 0.14326 0.13245 0.13318 0.12941 0.12718 0.1271 0.12428 0.13649 0.18124 0.18518 0.17757 0.16942 0.18259 0.182 0.18109 0.18009 0.17752 0.17211 0.16717 0.14774

w 908.0825 931.5793 965.9974 931.6432 951.3548 1013.0572 1020.2761 1709.6627 1500.2639 1499.5657 1327.1157 1228.6229 1613.2875 1380.3643 1365.5765 1291.4564 1432.7581 1709.2107 1237.7354 1240.9057 1548.6733 1469.0588 1286.1556 1317.8097 1301.7045 1292.9028 1302.5718 1286.1053 1431.2695 1932.0489 2006.2303 1962.7116 1875.2031 2079.0356 2102.1731 2055.9008 2000.3862 2019.5532 1939.0313 1876.8385 1645.309

v 87.0589 85.6872 85.1846 85.4851 84.4313 84.7884 84.4999 76.8107 80.877 82.2183 86.5691 82.9382 74.4026 76.3586 72.9747 71.5352 69.4682 65.2258 65.7275 63.9817 61.5033 62.9891 65.1202 66.532 68.0336 69.3856 70.2776 71.1579 70.8516 67.5611 67.4863 68.6578 68.1058 67.1936 66.3479 65.0615 65.7923 67.1868 67.1447 67.9912 71.2119

i 925.3001 1083.0537 1142.4948 1133.7632 1149.0874 1287.8564 1401.3716 1419.2868 1440.7679 1474.977 1421.1971 1734.7039 1803.9079 1918.5583 1978.7549 1925.0784 1912.7414 2086.613 2021.937 1794.4365 1751.446 1757.5518 1586.9039 1567.942 1614.8305 1613.4677 1652.2854 1740.9071 1805.3501 1881.6351 1902.0579 1951.0185 2051.5442 2137.1569 2187.1852 1871.0656 1736.7151 1840.4455 1726.4149 1676.138 1632.4376

c 5510.3587 5759.0342 5918.3402 5989.2763 6095.6637 6426.0424 6638.8858 6921.9704 7346.68 7687.6191 7110.8118 6972.6367 7002.6078 7376.1662 7447.4616 7660.9964 7900.8312 7871.9071 7809.7737 7910.8232 8364.3767 8497.2794 8123.4657 8327.0938 8443.6877 8552.4653 8596.1372 8607.9987 8680.5689 8778.3512 8932.0548 9102.2549 9017.0492 9249.1781 9363.5384 9481.891 9370.9904 9535.7044 9539.9054 9550.6615 9293.5932

g NaN 14.637 5.7455 8.5352 5.3912 16.3826 6.7316 6.1308 8.4763 7.3151 24.2844 5.3698 3.9162 8.4677 4.2247 4.4923 5.198 4.3268 1.7539 1.6863 13.8311 4.1868 5.5522 4.5707 4.252 3.627 3.3643 3.5254 3.957 4.1764 4.074 4.5302 2.5697 5.4212 3.9232 0.65893 -0.9498 4.8224 1.2895 2.4918 6.0104

Table 16: The Basic Time Series for the Developing Countries except China and India

Pop 493234000 536403000 551146000 597242000 619494000 682058000 700138000 718103000 737190000 756446000 990504000 1021193000 1046741000 1073037000 1100087000 1127630000 1156116000 1185975000 1216608000 1247324000 1351041000 1383138000 1514971000 1549349000 1583498000 1618030000 1653322000 1689352000 1724487000 1758371000 1791415000 1826077000 1861240000 1895965000 1930741000 1965580000 1978267000 2012748000 2046764000 2099171000 2214836000

s = XS 0.14377 0.15828 0.1618 0.15915 0.15861 0.16696 0.17429 0.17016 0.16396 0.16097 0.16658 0.19923 0.20484 0.20642 0.20991 0.20083 0.1949 0.20954 0.20564 0.18489 0.17315 0.17138 0.16342 0.15846 0.16054 0.15872 0.16122 0.16821 0.17217 0.17652 0.17556 0.17651 0.18535 0.18768 0.18934 0.1648 0.15634 0.16179 0.15324 0.1493 0.16549

W 174268101037.0878 192772614542.3325 204827474120.6736 212535036749.8651 224886168700.9448 261750243019.2176 269942347318.7339 462740998960.6396 418123964902.4087 430140427635.9584 508075072168.4103 485650202640.8121 655216783994.9393 576141139313.2078 585773509308.5243 569200880312.3688 648914933805.0214 795847861355.4177 594004658035.0547 613453185027.9099 836103409009.1653 815149918124.0973 795514974265.3516 836436026340.3781 847349325060.3318 862919093658.0106 891399089649.3917 902319126857.2223 1030247533120.927 1425123771691.414 1515396506338.755 1518952707901.059 1486465041300.085 1688929551026.891 1749474179160.196 1752230951855.473 1726003396834.408 1783439473558.482 1751333604975.042 1743519506504.77 1633429147501.15

Π 1060769600609.912 1223037811989.667 1292327663344.326 1412405513068.135 1487658386242.055 1731353630344.782 1857329796300.266 1794950289489.36 2030936105992.591 2198070442985.042 2758380451963.59 2956207756358.188 2921429789419.061 3303366594896.792 3457631166728.476 3655844243464.631 3795746557722.979 3841125733520.582 4124298177002.945 4184413616375.09 4625362865137.835 4874975645511.902 5210536847764.648 5444132956494.622 5700272205588.668 5922182862812.989 6121976001388.608 6358304190103.777 6517675137742.073 6438029739174.586 6668098180536.245 7035268038488.941 7287576555622.915 7560773907777.109 7863109480005.805 7923692809200.526 7858018751950.592 8262763756266.518 8424419436064.958 8685789205595.23 9422722300817.85

33

Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Pop 1553385000 1624583000 2372540000 2456548000 2519906000 2625094000 2683870000 2742232000 2802447000 2874479000 3206080000 3276374000 3339798000 3402039000 3463403000 3524291000 3587112000 3650918000 3715893000 3784645000 4163360000 4241019000 4414672000 4492114000 4572484000 4653502000 4734543000 4815993000 4894129000 4972851000 5050556000 5128080000 5185024000 5261398000 5338229000 5414248000 5467835000 5553383000 5612740000 5703161000 6029359000

N 654903332 681498147 1066818557 1100199550 1127384366 1168720181 1193413685 1217736174 1249958042 1288744969 1437223528 1473367088 1507166781 1540447053 1573325266 1606028752 1639722804 1673822003 1709587603 1747626524 1924938816 1966891615 2055984329 2098459306 2142857064 2187731706 2232652979 2277824962 2320654971 2363085253 2405860715 2448619654 2483596177 2526442782 2569761918 2612764872 2646112176 2693599797 2730140630 2777319638 2955969001

¯ X 29.7579 29.8094 29.8609 29.9123 29.9635 30.0144 30.0649 30.115 30.1647 30.2138 30.2623 30.3101 30.3574 30.404 30.4501 30.4956 30.5407 30.5852 30.6294 30.6731 30.7164 30.7593 30.8016 30.8434 30.8846 30.9253 30.9654 31.005 31.0442 31.0829 31.1213 31.1595 31.1974 31.2351 31.2727 31.3102 31.3476 31.385 31.4223 31.4596 31.497 z 1.0654 1.0603 1.067 1.0502 1.0198 1.0287 1.0281 1.0096 1.0016 1.0026 1.0529 1.0178 0.98245 0.99037 0.98232 0.98322 0.97749 0.95465 0.93331 0.90359 0.997 1.0038 1.0062 1.0061 1.0059 1.011 1.0077 1.0045 0.9877 0.98345 0.9729 0.98308 0.98361 0.99143 1.002 1.0014 1.0002 1.0168 1.0061 1.0033 1.0579

K 9374441831798 10203667442426 11323890601596 12185870868085 12978416220511 14026385738831 15007572195902 16015253830337 17065910673090 18187535072248 19895666664772 21231209826406 22216303985763 23356263579662 24534095480363 25748639381731 26968668158688 28089087996855 29129318759344 29815291374268 34337570490639 35254668637345 36324537304427 37328505747314 38355496798861 39659329152622 41240067702104 42782880907395 44162126657048 45573040686808 46943556461793 48696286254219 50763308060854 53118563871296 55799157956084 58306063573801 60370373375864 63203393832922 65613767683242 67835779030898 72521191882109

k 14314.2375 14972.4067 10614.6359 11076.0551 11511.9711 12001.4919 12575.3311 13151.6614 13653.1868 14112.5944 13843.1262 14409.9933 14740.4416 15162.0035 15593.7847 16032.4897 16447.0898 16781.4068 17038.7985 17060.448 17838.2659 17924.0525 17667.7112 17788.5297 17899.2325 18128.0589 18471.329 18782.3391 19030.027 19285.3985 19512.1672 19887.2398 20439.4372 21025.0413 21713.7462 22315.8479 22814.7446 23464.2852 24033.1091 24424.9089 24533.8134

x 11914.1763 12429.643 8655.7147 8897.1573 9035.5758 9382.9483 9765.0582 9963.1219 10182.2869 10430.0923 10342.2143 10252.0381 10156.8249 10505.0131 10688.2055 10971.0375 11175.7289 11179.0231 11181.7645 11061.2042 11567.6577 11893.3268 11892.0939 12140.7422 12379.2111 12682.6378 12880.8498 13078.2387 13108.6037 13302.0195 13404.5374 13792.2749 14090.3634 14448.768 14847.2765 15080.0877 15355.6189 15821.0157 15920.0561 16074.2392 16389.9045

ρ 0.83233 0.83017 0.81545 0.80328 0.78489 0.78182 0.77652 0.75756 0.74578 0.73906 0.7471 0.71145 0.68904 0.69285 0.68541 0.6843 0.6795 0.66616 0.65625 0.64835 0.64847 0.66354 0.6731 0.6825 0.69161 0.69961 0.69734 0.69631 0.68884 0.68975 0.68698 0.69352 0.68937 0.68722 0.68377 0.67576 0.67306 0.67426 0.66242 0.65811 0.66805

ws 0.23404 0.21271 0.1404 0.13883 0.13889 0.14126 0.1406 0.16764 0.16042 0.15766 0.15444 0.1526 0.16914 0.15582 0.15398 0.15051 0.15282 0.21474 0.19903 0.19943 0.20761 0.19998 0.19338 0.19341 0.19169 0.18837 0.18726 0.18557 0.18913 0.20234 0.21268 0.20431 0.20366 0.20589 0.20728 0.20623 0.20606 0.2075 0.20496 0.2016 0.14422

w 2788.404 2643.8685 1215.2259 1235.2262 1254.9062 1325.4498 1372.9763 1670.2134 1633.402 1644.4426 1597.29 1564.4991 1717.9145 1636.8434 1645.7904 1651.2079 1707.9161 2400.5324 2225.5398 2205.9429 2401.5613 2378.3812 2299.7524 2348.0936 2372.9697 2389.0633 2412.0355 2426.9454 2479.2098 2691.596 2850.9149 2817.8882 2869.6424 2974.8013 3077.5218 3110.0361 3164.2274 3282.8044 3262.9588 3240.5092 2363.8299

v 63.7531 65.3587 70.0965 69.1756 67.5876 67.1375 66.7345 63.056 62.6146 62.254 63.1716 60.2883 57.2501 58.4894 57.9873 58.1309 57.5653 52.3108 52.5637 51.9052 51.3845 53.0848 54.2931 55.0504 55.9032 56.7826 56.676 56.7091 55.8559 55.0179 54.0874 55.1831 54.8974 54.5729 54.2042 53.6392 53.4365 53.4353 52.6653 52.5436 57.1704

i 2244.3289 2452.4909 1742.5445 1820.5989 1811.1123 1918.0924 2060.297 2131.4706 2154.3645 2219.6336 2281.7376 2288.2751 2091.6853 2219.4365 2276.1353 2348.8372 2391.959 2365.9287 2327.2948 2145.5508 2212.033 2364.664 2362.6622 2383.6726 2440.9049 2569.5601 2658.2411 2688.217 2644.492 2682.362 2686.6061 2847.7653 2996.8118 3091.8931 3252.1082 3259.7182 3318.8882 3432.0066 3365.0371 3345.5937 3404.2

Table 17: The Basic Time Series for the Global Economy

X 7802633771447 8470778682235 9234077018100 9788648486283 10186566860982 10966041020513 11653754111194 12132453959294 12727431359189 13441728954118 14864073695011 15105015454921 15308029030801 16182416494258 16816023838920 17619801641385 18325097496248 18711694903429 19116206047074 19330853915652 22267033387565 23392884724025 24449958614638 25476853542680 26526880057332 27746208754447 28758467617231 29789938489922 30420546430045 31433806050280 32249450017070 33772035327353 34994772766233 36503985671209 38153965700317 39400723297869 40632690044932 42615484546683 43463992026732 44643300226978 48448049504445

c 9669.7144 9977.4865 6913.343 7076.9002 7224.4808 7464.602 7704.7131 7831.5095 8027.7012 8210.1616 8060.4732 7963.8213 8065.2719 8285.7872 8412.1682 8622.3673 8784.0203 8813.2127 8854.6511 8915.8631 9355.446 9528.8211 9529.3894 9757.12 9938.3259 10113.1231 10222.4256 10390.0624 10464.0751 10604.334 10698.7608 10925.5409 11093.6635 11357.1928 11595.3229 11820.4213 12036.5421 12389.1546 12555.1428 12728.5378 12914.9579

g NaN 8.5631 9.011 6.0057 4.0651 7.652 6.2713 4.1077 4.904 5.6123 10.5816 1.621 1.344 5.712 3.9154 4.7798 4.0029 2.1097 2.1618 1.1229 15.1891 5.0561 4.5188 4.2 4.1215 4.5966 3.6483 3.5867 2.1168 3.3308 2.5948 4.7213 3.6206 4.3127 4.52 3.2677 3.1268 4.8798 1.9911 2.7133 8.5226

s = XS 0.18839 0.19728 0.2013 0.20459 0.20044 0.20445 0.21099 0.21395 0.2116 0.21284 0.22062 0.2232 0.20593 0.21125 0.21295 0.21408 0.21401 0.21163 0.20812 0.19395 0.19124 0.19881 0.19868 0.19633 0.19718 0.2026 0.20639 0.20555 0.20174 0.2028 0.20186 0.20785 0.21268 0.21397 0.21903 0.21616 0.21615 0.21692 0.21136 0.20814 0.21202

W 1826135099332.195 1801791478241.004 1296425490818.686 1358995346042.08 1414761686800.709 1549079952565.476 1638528693204.023 2033879221991.322 2041684028199.054 2119267103416.559 2295662775611.227 2305081518103.264 2589183592308.521 2521470541080.08 2589363640836.73 2651887293142.708 2800508938393.43 4018063946443.897 3804755215679.577 3855164341906.908 4622858652580.577 4678018071504.16 4728254977399.288 4927378901344.44 5084934862583.164 5226629507638.878 5385238172873.42 5528156718796.162 5753390449592.86 6360470840772.038 6858904042174.305 6899936548919.963 7127032770302.586 7515665324242.725 7908498266796.051 8125793101600.155 8372900574191.226 8842561139513.316 8908336435175.389 8999929961960.922 6987407816916.499

Π 5976498672114.805 6668987203993.996 7937651527281.314 8429653140240.92 8771805174181.291 9416961067947.523 10015225417989.98 10098574737302.68 10685747330989.95 11322461850701.44 12568410919399.77 12799933936817.74 12718845438492.48 13660945953177.92 14226660198083.27 14967914348242.29 15524588557854.57 14693630956985.1 15311450831394.42 15475689573745.09 17644174734984.42 18714866652520.84 19721703637238.71 20549474641335.56 21441945194748.84 22519579246808.12 23373229444357.58 24261781771125.84 24667155980452.14 25073335209507.96 25390545974895.7 26872098778433.04 27867739995930.41 28988320346966.27 30245467433520.95 31274930196268.84 32259789470740.77 33772923407169.68 34555655591556.61 35643370265017.08 41460641687528.5

34

Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Pop 600849000 624721000 631664000 667447000 674370000 681093000 687815000 694666000 701680000 708805000 722354000 729522000 736421000 743171000 749664000 756009000 762439000 768677000 774956000 781124000 901490000 907646000 913796000 920034000 926375000 932826000 939390000 946164000 953193000 960285000 967363000 974380000 981234000 987864000 994304000 1000612000 1006859000 1013092000 1019364000 1025659000 1031905000

N 256208236 265930567 269462787 283028270 286601308 290112328 293645118 297256320 302154843 307141693 314870464 320001650 325050328 330063646 334997833 339903811 344896482 349847788 354497920 359133907 420204468 424992986 429807500 434687309 439645794 444680544 449799583 455037422 459894380 464808776 469742476 474666297 479536751 483983913 488359194 492689694 497004470 501323770 504768621 508227231 511669088

¯ X 29.5281 29.5708 29.6134 29.6559 29.6983 29.7404 29.7822 29.8236 29.8646 29.905 29.945 29.9845 30.0235 30.0621 30.1002 30.138 30.1755 30.2126 30.2495 30.2861 30.3224 30.3583 30.3937 30.4286 30.463 30.4967 30.5298 30.5624 30.5943 30.6258 30.6567 30.6873 30.7175 30.7474 30.777 30.8064 30.8357 30.8648 30.8938 30.9227 30.9516 z 1.0163 1.0309 1.0251 1.031 1.0142 1.0231 1.0308 1.0174 1.0099 1.019 1.0452 1.0111 0.96891 0.97738 0.97609 0.981 0.98119 0.95278 0.93322 0.89832 0.99895 1.01 1.0092 1.0084 1.0091 1.0216 1.0257 1.0207 1.0032 0.99703 0.98281 0.98992 0.98953 0.99355 1.0038 1.0048 1.0129 1.0254 1.0109 0.99783 0.99485

K 8049177761920 8742152669750 9329467970515 10039029747540 10699305080211 11440919139308 12255711278390 13078185630653 13901253602843 14815258480516 15984822706905 16905560671634 17451569579211 18134006581395 18854428381299 19616115663581 20432027298952 21074007893989 21655261556774 21979445639616 25481780320642 26043210798191 26628044573557 27227737410027 27858511006815 28762912177236 29958238723547 31080460131774 32022218934067 32894306158516 33619963248248 34628163154621 35780625997399 37140296778678 38697628308809 40220229449694 41872691945295 43639087896290 45019504256326 46070149144389 47118016395613

k 31416.5457 32873.8165 34622.4726 35470.0601 37331.6687 39436.1702 41736.4721 43996.3249 46007.0521 48235.9081 50766.3453 52829.6047 53688.8232 54940.9388 56282.2398 57710.7847 59241.0429 60237.648 61087.1329 61201.2545 60641.3836 61279.1544 61953.42 62637.5255 63365.8081 64682.1917 66603.5271 68303.0859 69629.507 70769.5462 71571.0522 72952.6477 74614.9819 76738.701 79240.0937 81633.9979 84250.1315 87047.7135 89188.3972 90648.7223 92086.8927

x 24333.7758 25357.5071 26429.6074 26789.7675 27464.5289 28811.7982 30116.6855 30774.7555 31438.3873 32596.622 34019.4177 33738.2757 33128.5934 34228.3836 35005.0619 36017.3443 36860.9942 36621.1918 36723.1653 36184.3104 35646.9565 36921.3028 37769.5428 38614.1192 39508.202 40861.1469 41878.1613 42507.375 42623.5551 43184.6224 43371.8841 44487.2443 45267.1827 46282.5221 47598.0146 48475.0927 49693.6184 51124.4734 51287.257 51485.2399 52178.467

ρ 0.77455 0.77136 0.76337 0.75528 0.73569 0.73059 0.72159 0.69948 0.68334 0.67578 0.67012 0.63862 0.61705 0.623 0.62196 0.6241 0.62222 0.60795 0.60116 0.59123 0.58783 0.60251 0.60964 0.61647 0.62349 0.63172 0.62877 0.62233 0.61215 0.61021 0.606 0.60981 0.60668 0.60312 0.60068 0.59381 0.58983 0.58732 0.57504 0.56796 0.56662

ws 0.49005 0.4383 0.44758 0.43357 0.43529 0.44936 0.45418 0.50795 0.51442 0.51729 0.51838 0.53218 0.54431 0.54345 0.54295 0.54191 0.52768 0.53613 0.53582 0.5372 0.50653 0.49967 0.50092 0.49994 0.50082 0.49966 0.49896 0.504 0.52725 0.52949 0.53694 0.51623 0.51771 0.51619 0.51463 0.5084 0.50435 0.50646 0.50745 0.50364 0.50002

w 11924.7794 11114.1697 11829.246 11615.1601 11955.0722 12946.875 13678.253 15631.9156 16172.6309 16861.7637 17634.9344 17954.7062 18032.2793 18601.5235 19005.8361 19518.2053 19450.8737 19633.5762 19677.1783 19438.1516 18056.2006 18448.5499 18919.6985 19304.6134 19786.6579 20416.8241 20895.4231 21423.5682 22473.4365 22865.8396 23288.3004 22965.7884 23435.3402 23890.6443 24495.6019 24644.9778 25063.0458 25892.2507 26025.8578 25930.078 26090.1717

v 39.4983 43.3273 42.1702 42.7815 41.545 40.2294 39.3863 34.4184 33.1813 32.6206 32.2743 29.8764 28.1182 28.443 28.4268 28.5894 29.3886 28.201 27.9044 27.3624 29.0078 30.1452 30.4258 30.8274 31.1233 31.6073 31.5039 30.868 28.9391 28.7112 28.061 29.5006 29.2593 29.1794 29.155 29.1914 29.2351 28.9867 28.3236 28.1914 28.3301

i 4937.168 5390.8265 5698.9575 5838.8591 5938.856 6368.1068 6889.0059 7080.2356 7194.8956 7568.8518 8271.2269 8002.6549 6974.7376 7520.3617 7762.8587 8081.3637 8400.2859 8053.222 7956.7967 7372.6295 7301.2815 8002.9256 8131.3833 8311.319 8614.1607 9210.9823 9699.9059 9809.6855 9576.4404 9590.4154 9432.0452 9997.8285 10343.746 10747.4585 11348.2699 11648.4135 12120.8384 12588.5281 12096.9528 11755.9343 12006.3616

Table 18: The Basic Time Series for “Quality Data” Countries

X 6234513761959 6743336247467 7121795671316 7582261555253 7871369920381 8358657839647 8843617664024 9147990557288 9499260984644 10011781665554 10711709836338 10796303882250 10768460155388 11297545087851 11726619868760 12242432591544 12713227231905 12811842959274 13018285714954 12995012778020 14979010393793 15691294720759 16233632788432 16785067564529 17369614836833 18170157010079 18836779497820 19342446336275 19602333446716 20072591491354 20373616212458 21116595534978 21707277717383 22399996139676 23244928047331 23883178606115 24697950481813 25629913728961 25888198005672 26166200934679 26698108617201

c 19396.3741 19966.982 20730.5989 20951.0293 21525.909 22443.6261 23227.3618 23694.663 24243.2956 25027.5661 25748.5877 25735.5101 26154.0294 26708.0566 27242.3752 27936.0442 28460.81 28568.0487 28766.3818 28811.6142 28345.7912 28918.6716 29637.9425 30302.7403 30894.0321 31650.1915 32178.3728 32697.5964 33046.9808 33594.0724 33939.5754 34489.3797 34923.4736 35534.9072 36249.6591 36826.6628 37572.4822 38535.9671 39190.379 39729.2967 40172.1984

g NaN 8.1614 5.6123 6.4656 3.813 6.1906 5.8019 3.4417 3.8399 5.3954 6.991 0.78973 -0.2579 4.9133 3.7979 4.3986 3.8456 0.77569 1.6113 -0.17877 15.2674 4.7552 3.4563 3.3969 3.4825 4.6089 3.6688 2.6845 1.3436 2.399 1.4997 3.6468 2.7972 3.1912 3.772 2.7458 3.4115 3.7734 1.0077 1.0739 2.0328

s = XS 0.2029 0.21258 0.21563 0.21795 0.21623 0.22103 0.22875 0.23006 0.22886 0.2322 0.24312 0.2372 0.21053 0.21971 0.22176 0.22437 0.22789 0.2199 0.21667 0.20375 0.20482 0.21675 0.2153 0.21524 0.21803 0.22542 0.23162 0.23078 0.22468 0.22208 0.21748 0.22474 0.2285 0.23222 0.23842 0.2403 0.24392 0.24623 0.23587 0.22834 0.2301

W 3055226699945.617 2955597442983.002 3187541581961.213 3287418672971.271 3426339328496.581 3756048046144.799 4016552220488.13 4646685698077.386 4886638749729.253 5178950642577.49 5552719979092.812 5745535621207.798 5861398300703.669 6139686682740.473 6366913892349.551 6634312352883.118 6708537904764.018 6868763200126.57 6975518768709.412 6980899322225.763 7587296168185.124 7840504313874.606 8131828304439.941 8391470448930.312 8699120943451.736 9078964430184.113 9398752589260.83 9748525266438.943 10335407129788.13 10628242916858.57 10939503891733.78 10901085747397.3 11238106907398.4 11562687535672.51 11962652383571.22 12142326568743 12456445779852.16 12980400724235.05 13137036332470.75 13178371736535.29 13349534355923.35

Π 3179287062013.383 3787738804483.998 3934254089354.787 4294842882281.729 4445030591884.419 4602609793502.201 4827065443535.87 4501304859210.614 4612622234914.747 4832831022976.51 5158989857245.188 5050768261042.202 4907061854684.331 5157858405110.527 5359705976410.449 5608120238660.882 6004689327140.982 5943079759147.43 6042766946244.588 6014113455794.237 7391714225607.876 7850790406884.394 8101804483992.059 8393597115598.688 8670493893381.264 9091192579894.887 9438026908559.17 9593921069836.057 9266926316927.867 9444348574495.434 9434112320724.225 10215509787580.7 10469170809984.6 10837308604003.49 11282275663759.78 11740852037372 12241504701960.84 12649513004725.95 12751161673201.25 12987829198143.71 13348574261277.65

Figure 1: “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for OECD

35

Figure 2: “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for OECD

36

Figure 3: “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 1980-2003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for OECD

37

Figure 4: “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 1980-2003” for OECD

38

Figure 5: “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for OECD

39

Figure 6: “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for EU15

40

Figure 7: “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for EU15

41

Figure 8: “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 1980-2003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for EU15

42

Figure 9: “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 1980-2003” for EU15

43

Figure 10: “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for EU15

44

Figure 11: “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for the USA

45

Figure 12: “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for the USA

46

Figure 13: “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for the USA

47

Figure 14: “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 1980-2003” for the USA

48

Figure 15: “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for the USA

49

Figure 16: “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for Japan

50

Figure 17: “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for Japan

51

Figure 18: “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for Japan

52

Figure 19: “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 1980-2003” for Japan

53

Figure 20: “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for Japan

54

Figure 21: “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for China

55

Figure 22: “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for China

56

Figure 23: “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for China

57

Figure 24: “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 1980-2003” for China

58

Figure 25: “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for the “Representative Africa” Countries

59

Figure 26: “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for the “Representative Africa” Countries

60

Figure 27: “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for the “Representative Africa” Countries

61

Figure 28: “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 1980-2003” for the “Representative Africa” Countries

62

Figure 29: “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for the “Representative Africa” Countries

63

Figure 30: “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for “Other Africa” Countries

64

Figure 31: “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for “Other Africa” Countries

65

Figure 32: “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for “Other Africa Countries”

66

Figure 33: “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 1980-2003” for “Other Africa” Countries

67

Figure 34: “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for “Other Africa” Countries

68

Figure 35: “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for Central America and the Caribbean Countries

69

Figure 36: “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for Central America and the Caribbean Countries

70

Figure 37: “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for Central America and the Caribbean Countries

71

Figure 38: “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 1980-2003” for Central America and the Caribbean Countries

72

Figure 39: “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for Central America and the Caribbean Countries

73

Figure 40: “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for Small Andean Countries

74

Figure 41: “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for Small Andean Countries

75

Figure 42: “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for Small Andean Countries

76

Figure 43: “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 1980-2003” for Small Andean Countries

77

Figure 44: “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for Small Andean Countries

78

Figure 45: “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for Semi-Industrialized Countries

79

Figure 46: “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for Semi-Industrialized Countries

80

Figure 47: “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for Semi-Industrialized Countries

81

Figure 48: “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 1980-2003” for SemiIndustrialized Countries

82

Figure 49: “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for Semi-Industrialized Countries

83

Figure 50: “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for South Asia Countries

84

Figure 51: “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for South Asia Countries

85

Figure 52: “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for South Asia Countries

86

Figure 53: “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 1980-2003” for South Asia Countries

87

Figure 54: “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for South Asia Countries

88

Figure 55: “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for South-East Asia Countries

89

Figure 56: “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for South-East Asia Countries

90

Figure 57: “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for South-East Asia Countries

91

Figure 58: “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 1980-2003” for SouthEast Asia Countries

92

Figure 59: “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for South-East Asia Countries

93

Figure 60: “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for the “Tigers”

94

Figure 61: “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for the “Tigers”

95

Figure 62: “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for the “Tigers”

96

Figure 63: “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 1980-2003” for the “Tigers”

97

Figure 64: “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for Middle East and North Africa Countries

98

Figure 65: “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for Middle East and North Africa Countries

99

Figure 66: “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for Middle East and North Africa Countries

100

Figure 67: “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 1980-2003” for Middle East and North Africa Countries

101

Figure 68: “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for Middle East and North Africa Countries

102

Figure 69: “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for East Europe Countries

103

Figure 70: “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for East Europe Countries

104

Figure 71: “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for East Europe Countries

105

Figure 72: “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 1980-2003” for East Europe Countries

106

Figure 73: “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for the Developing Countries

107

Figure 74: “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for the Developing Countries

108

Figure 75: “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for the Developing Countries

109

Figure 76: “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 1980-2003” for the Developing Countries

110

Figure 77: “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for the Developing Countries

111

Figure 78: “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for the Developing Countries except China and India

112

Figure 79: “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for the Developing Countries except China and India

113

Figure 80: “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for the Developing Countries except China and India

114

Figure 81: “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 1980-2003” for the Developing Countries except China and India

115

Figure 82: “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for the Developing Countries except China and India

116

Figure 83: “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for the Global Economy

117

Figure 84: “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for the Global Economy

118

Figure 85: “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for the Global Economy

119

Figure 86: “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 1980-2003” for the Global Economy

120

Figure 87: “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for the Global Economy

121

Figure 88: “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for Greece, Portugal and Spain

122

Figure 89: “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for Greece, Portugal and Spain

123

Figure 90: “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for Greece, Portugal and Spain

124

Figure 91: “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 1980-2003” for Greece, Portugal and Spain

125

Figure 92: “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for Greece, Portugal and Spain

126

Figure 93: “Population and Employment”, “Capital Stock”, “Real GDP”, “Growth Rate of GDP” for the “Quality” Countries

127

Figure 94: “Capital Labour Ratio”, “Labour Productivity”, “Capital Productivity”, “Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity and Real Wage”, “Labour Productivity, Real Wage Ratio” for the “Quality” Countries

128

Figure 95: “Wage Share”, “Wage Share 1963-1980”, “Wage Share 19802003”, “Profit Rate”, “Profit Rate 1963-1980”, “Profit Rate 1980-2003” for the “Quality” Countries

129

Figure 96: “Consumption Per Worker”, “Investment Share”, “Wage Bill”, “Total Profit”, “Total Profit 1963-1980”, “Total Profit 1980-2003” for the “Quality” Countries

130

Figure 97: “Capacity Utilization and Wage Share with linear fits for the period 1963-1974(green line) and 1974-2003(red line) and LOESS fit” for the “Quality” Countries

131