Electrical Terms.pdf

ELECTRICAL TERMS ELECTRICITY

- is the flow of electrons; is a name given to the cause of electric phenomena or manifestation. WILLIAM GILBERT - Father of electricity. PROTON - positively charged particles. ELECTRON - negative charge NEUTRON - not Electrically charged IONS - term applied to an atom or molecules w/c is not electrically balance (there is a loss or gain of one or more electrons). VOLTAGE - is the electrical pressure that causes the electrons to move thru a conductor . VOLTS - unit of electrical potential; small unit of power in electric current; electromagnetic force flowing the positive and negative terminal; unit of emf. EMF - the force that makes electrons move in a circuit. AMPERAGE - the flow of electric current in a circuit, expressed in ampere AMPERE - a unit of the rate of flow of electric current (an emf of 1-volt across a resistance of 1-ohm results in a current flow of 1 amp); unit of measuring electric current. CURRRENT - the flow of electricity in circuit; rate of w/c electricity flows thru a conductor RESISTANCE - the opposition or friction to the flow of current (reciprocal of electrical conductance) OHM - unit of electrical resistance RESISTOR - control the flow of current in electrical circuit. CAPACITOR - store electric battery REOSTAT - control intensity of current flow OHM’S LAW (GEORGE SIMON OHM’S) I = CURRENT (ampere) V = EMP (volt) R = RESISTANCE (ohm) BATTERY REGULATOR ANNUNCIATOR CIRCUIT

- Relation between pressure current and resistance.

– a device consisting of several cells connected together and generate emf by chemical action. – a device used to regulate the flow of electricity; controls the flow of current to the distribution elements. – a signaling device, usually electrically operated, giving an audible signal and a visual indication when energized by pressing a button. – the electrical path ; refers to the wire installation in the houses that supplies current to light and convenience outlet

TYPES: 1. SERIES CKT.

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a circuit w/c supplies electric power to a number of devices connected; method of connecting lamp. 2. PARALLEL CKT. – electrical wiring connection

SHORT CIRCUIT CONDUCTOR INSULATOR AMPACITY FEEDER JUMPER COPPER SILVER LEAD

– high current flow caused by an abnormal connection in an electrical circuit; will occur when faulty appliances or exposed wires touch a conductor.(contact of 2 live wires.) – are substances that carries or allows the flow of electric current; offers low resistance to the flow of electrical circuit; – substances that resist the flow of an electric current; material used to stop the transfer of electricity or heat. – the ability of a conductor to carry electric current without overheating; is a current carrying capacity. – is a circuit conductor between the service equipment and the branch circuit over current device. – a piece of metal or an electrical conductor used to bypass an electrical device in an electrical system. – electric wire – best conductor of electricity – poorest conductor of electricity

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Prepared by: Arch. DENNIS P. RABE, uap REVIEWER

CORD WIRES WIRE CABLE

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KINDS: 1. C. O. 2. L.O. RECEPTACLE SWITCH JUNCTION BOX

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term given to an insulated wire a.k.a. conductor a filament or slender rod of drawn metal (Awg. # 8 or a smaller) larger than wire; an electric conductor consisting of a group of a smaller –diameter conductor strands twisted together. CONDUIT – a tube or pipe used to protect electric wiring; is a pipe containing the wires; a steel or non- metallic pipe into which cables are drawn; protect electrical wiring; pipe commonly used as electrical raceway for holding wires. RACEWAY – are channels designed for holdings wires, cables or busbars, which are either made of metal or insulating material BUSBAR – a rigid electrical conductor, usually a metal bar, hollow tube, or rod, w/c forms a connection bet. electrical circuits. RIGID CONDUIT – electrical rough–in. CABLE TRAY – assembly of metal works which is used to support insulated electrical conductors, similar in function to a metal cable ducts but consisting of a ladder like metal frame work on the bottom and side with the top open. OUTLETS – points in the wiring system at which current is taken to supply utilization equipment; an outlet is any point that supplies an electric rod.

intended for direct connection of a lighting fixture. contact devices installed at the outlet for the connection of a single attachment plug. device with serves to open or close the electric circuit. master and slave station; a box with bank cover which serves the purpose of joining different runs of raceway or cable, and provided with sufficient space for connection and branching of the enclosed circuit. PULL BOX – a box with blank cover which is inserted in one or more runs or raceways to facilitate pulling in the conductors. (safety) UTILITY BOX – box used for mounting light control. BRANCH CIRCUIT – the circuit conductors between the final over-current device protecting the circuit and the outlets. OVERCURRENT – any current in excess of the rated current capacity of the equipment or the rated ampacity of the conductor. PROTECTION FOR OVERCURRENT: SAFETY SWITCH – protects equipment & appliances in case of current fluctuation CIRCUIT BREAKER – is an over-current protective device (function as a switch) equipped with an automatic tripping device to protect the branch circuit from overload and ground fault; safety measure against too much pressure. FUSE – over-current device with a circuit opening fusible element which opens when there is an over-current in the circuit. (renewable or one time) FUSE – considered as the simplest and most common circuit protective device; cheapest type of time automatic circuit opening device. DISTRIBUTION PANEL – an equipment at the service entrance that send the electricity thru the house with branch circuit. PANEL BOARD – a large single panel, frame or assembly of panels in the form of single panel. SERVICE ENTRANCE – the wire from the MERALCO pole to the point of attachment of the building; underground. SERVICE DROP – wire from entrance cap without main switch; overhead service conductor between the last pole or other aerial support. LOCKNUT & BUSHING – metal conduit installation. ADAPTOR – PVC conduit installation. SOLENOID – coil of electric wire SWITCH BOARD – a large single electric control panel, frame, or assembly of panels which are mounted switches, protective devices, buses, etc.

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Prepared by: Arch. DENNIS P. RABE, uap REVIEWER

ELETRICAL SYSTEM OF A BUILDING (SYSTEM COMPONENTS) 1. WIRINGS –

wires & cables feeder (bigger cable) electrical raceway (big) conduit (small)

2. POWER HANDLING EQUIPMEMR a. transformer b. circuit breaker c. switch board d. fuse box e. panel board 3. UTILIZATION EQUIPMENT a. APPLIANCE – consumes electrical energy b. DEVICE – does not consume electrical energy c. EQUIPMENT – materials, fittings, devices, appliances, fixtures, apparatus d. FITTINGS – an accessory. CONDENSER – a device for storing electricity in the form of electric charge. SHUNT – when a circuit is divided into two or more branches; conductor of each branch taken separately. MICA – material which can stand high temperature. MEGER – limit surge voltage on equipment. VETO – brand name for lighting switches & c.o. FITTINGS – an accessory EQUIPMENT – materials / fittings; devices, appliances, fixtures, apparatuses APPLIANCES – current - consuming instrument / equipment. ONE (1) HORSEPOWER = 746 WATTS. WATT – rate of power used (energy consumed); unit of power ; volts x ampere. CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT 1. Direct Current (DC) – current w/c flows in only one direction; flow of current that take place at constant time rate. 2. Alternating Current (AC) – flow of current is periodically varying in time rate & direction. POWER – equals ampere x voltage ENERGY – power x time KILOWATT – equal to 1.34 horse power (hp) KILOWATT-HOUR METER – an instrument used to measures the energy consumed over a period of time. WATTMETE – an inst. that measures the amt of instantaneous power or power in use at any one time; electric pressure measurement. AMMETER – used to measure electric current; device used to measure rate of flow of electricity. (high insulating resistance) OHMMETER – an inst. used to measure the resistance of a conductor. VOLTMETER – an inst. used for measuring the voltage drop between any two points in an electric circuit. VOLTAGE DROP – the difference from emf bet. 2 points in an electric circuit. TRANSFORMER – a device to convert electrical energy into higher or lower voltage; a dynamo electric device used for changing one current to another ; device used to transform ac of one voltage to A.C. of another voltage. RECTIFIER – a device used to converts ac to dc current. GENERATOR – a device for energy from mechanical to electrical energy; machine that converts mechanical to electrical energy. MOTOR – a machine w/c converts electric power into mechanical power. ALTERNATOR – a device for generating an alternating emf; is a generator of an A.C. it produces electricity by means of a rotor.

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Prepared by: Arch. DENNIS P. RABE, uap REVIEWER

AVERAGE LOAD RATING IN WATTS LIGHT OUTLET CONVENIENCE OUTLET RANGE REFRIGERATOR ACU ¾ hp. ACU 1 ½ hp. WIRE SIZE No. SIZE (mm) # 14 = 2.0 mm #12 = 3.5 mm #10 = 5.5 mm #8 = 8.0 mm

100w 200w 8,000w 800w 1,200w 2,400w

WASHING MACHINE HAND IRON WATER PUMP WATER HEATER

CONDUIT DIAMETER INCHES MILLIMETER ½” = 15 mm diameter ¼” = 20 mm diameter ¾” = 20 mm diameter 1” = 25 mm diameter

FLEXIBLE METAL CLAD CABLE (BX) - most common type of cable run without raceway; NEC Type AC Metal Clad Cable.

AMPACITY MAX. 20 AMP 30 AMP 40 AMP 55 AMP

1,200w 1,700w 300w 1,500w

APPLICATION 6 – L.O & C.O. 8 – L.O.& C.O. / REF ACU & MOTORS RANGE & MOTORS

TH - Moisture Resistant Thermoplastic THW - Moisture & Heat Resistant Thermoplastic (Dry & Wet Location) XHHN - Moisture & Heat Resistant Cross Linked Thermosetting Polyethelene

CONVERSION : Wire Size in mm diameter = Circular Mils x 0.0005067

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Prepared by: Arch. DENNIS P. RABE, uap REVIEWER

ACOUSTICS & LIGHTING Acoustics Sound Noise Echo

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the science of sound, including the generation, transmission and effects of sound waves is a sensation felt by the brain resulting from the disturbance of molecules in the air unpleasant and unwanted sound. is a distinct, separate or delayed sound heard, as a result of reflection of sound coming from any smooth walls or surfaces - is a sound wave that reflected or bounced back w/ such magnitude and delay. Reverberation - prolongation of sound caused by persistence of sound energy w/in a room for certain period of time Decibel - measure of loudness of sound; unit of loudness or energy of sound Brightness - subjective impression of light reaching the eye; rate of flow of radiant energy evaluated w/ respect to the visual sensation. Decay time - reverberation time Lumen - unit of luminous flux; quantity of light measurement; unit of light energy used to specify light output of sources. Luminous flux - the time rate of flow of light Candela - the unit of luminous intensity; equal to one (1) candlepower Candlepower - luminous intensity or intensity of light produced by light source measured in candelas Footcandle - unit of illumination; unit measurement of light Footlamber - unit of luminance; unit of brightness Illuminance - the density of the luminous flux incident on a surface Luminance (brightness) - the luminous intensity of the surface in a given direction per unit of projected area of the surface as viewed from that direction Lux - unit of luminance Intensity - amount of energy of sound Luminaire - complete lighting unit consisting of lamp or lamps together with the parts designed to distribute light, to position and protect light, and connect lamps to power supply; a device or fixture which support the source of electric light and redirect it Diffuser - device to redirect or scatter the light from a source Reflector - device used to redirect light from a source Refractor - devise used to redirect ray of light Baffle - opaque or translucent element used to shield light source from direct view at certain angles Louvers - series of baffles used to shield light sources Valence - longitudinal shielding member mounted across the top of a window or along a wall to conceal light sources w/c provide up and down light Accent light - directional light w/c emphasizes objects or draws attention to a part of visual field Cornice lighting - lighting from sources behind panel to wall and attached to ceiling. (light is distributed over walls) Flood lamp - incandescent lamp w/c produces a relatively wide beam of light Soffit lighting - lighting from surfaces in undersurfaces of beam, balcony, vault, etc. Lamp - man made source of light Bulb - other envelope of light source, usually quarts or glass Creep - reflection of sound on curved surface Hue - other term for color Shade - black + p Tint - white + p 50 watts x 1ft level - light required for draftsman Flutter echo - rapid succession of reflected sound waves resulting from a single initial sound pulse Focusing - occurs when sound waves are reflected from concave surfaces and build up Diffusion - sound level is everywhere the same

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Prepared by: Arch. DENNIS P. RABE, uap REVIEWER

5 TYPES OF LIGHTING : 1. DIRECT – 2. INDIRECT – 3. SEMI-DIRECT – 4. SEMI- INDIRECT – 5. DIFFUSED –

shines directly on an object. reflected from large surfaces. shines mainly down as direct light. small portion of semi-direct light is directed upward. spread evenly in all directions.

THREE (3) METHODS OF GOOD LIGHTING 1. GENERAL LIGHTING – spreads an even, low level light throughout a room. 2. SPECIFIC LIGHTING – directs light to an area used for a specific visual task. 3. DECORATIVE LIGHTING – makes use of lights to develop different moods and to accent objects for interest. THREE (3) GROUPS OF LIGHT FIXTURES: 1. VALANCE – is a long source of light over a window. its lights illuminates the wall and draperies for the spacious effect that daylight gives a room. 2. WALL BRACKET – balances the light of a valance. it gives an upward downward wash of light difficult to obtain on an inner wall. 3. CORNICE – is attached to the wall and can be used with or without drapes. All light from this fixture is directed downward, to give an impression of height to the room.

TYPES OF CEILING FIXTURES: 1. RECESSED LIGHTING 2. ATTACHED 3. HANGING 4. CORNICE 5. SOFFIT 6. LUMINOUS CEILING

TYPES OF WALL FIXTURES: 1. COVE LIGHTING 2. ACCENT LIGHTING 3. VALANCE LIGHTING 4. WALL BRACKET LIGHTING

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Prepared by: Arch. DENNIS P. RABE, uap REVIEWER

ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL

TYPES OF ELEVATOR TRACTION MACHINE 1. GEARLESS TRACTION MACHINE 2. GEARED TRACTION MACHINE

OTHER PARTS OF ELECT’L ELEV. 1. CONTROL PANEL 2. MOTOR GENERATOR 3. GOVERNOR 4. GUIDE SHOES 5. LIMIT SWITCHES 6. BUFFER

MAJOR PARTS OF ELECT. ELEVATOR 1. CAR 2. CABLE 3. ELEVATOR MACHINE 4. COUNTER WEIGHTS 5. GUIDE RAILS 6. SHAFT HOISTWAY 7. ELEVATOR PIT 8. PENTHOUSE 9. CONTROL EQUIPMENT

MAJOR PARTS OF A HYDRAULIC ELEV 1. CAR OR CAB 2. PLUNGER 3. GUIDE RAILS 4. GUIDE SHOES 5. SPRING BUFFER 6. SHAFT OR HOISTWAY 7. ELEV. MACHINE ROOM 8. ELEV. PIT 9. CONTROL UNIT

TWO (2) TYPES OF ELEVATOR: 1. HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR 2. ELECTRIC ELEVATORS

OTHER PARTS OF HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR: 1. FLOOR STOP & LIMIT SWITCH 2. CREEPAGE & LEVELING CAR SWITCH 3. CAR GATE SWITCH 4. GATE VALVE 5. CONTROLLER 6. MOTOR & PUMP W/ TANK MAJOR PARTS OF ESCALATOR: 1. TRUSS 2. SPROCKET ASSEMBLY 3. DRIVING MAN 4. BALUSTRADE ASSEMBLY 5. HANDRAIL 6. ENDLESS BELT

OTHER PARTS OF ELEC’T ELEV: 1. TRACKS 2. EMERGY BRAKES 3. CONTROLLER 4. EMERGENCY STOP BUTTON 5. KEY-OPERATED SWITCHES ARRAGEMENT: 1. CRISS-CROSS 2. PARALLEL

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Prepared by: Arch. DENNIS P. RABE, uap REVIEWER