Ventilation-Perfusion Scintigraphy Renal Scintigraphy GI Scintigraphy An Overview EMMANUEL C. LIMLINGAN M.D. SECTION OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS HOSPITAL
Lung Scintigraphy Indications Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism Follow up of pulmonary embolism Lung viability (for lobectomy/ pneumonectomy, lung volume reduction surgery, lung transplantation) Righttoleft shunt 10/15/08
Pulmonary Thromboembolism Most commonly originate in pelvic and proximal leg DVT A common, recurrent, often fatal, disease Clinical manifestations are inconsistent and nonspecific Routine laboratory data are not reliable Gold standard of diagnosis: pulmonary angiography 10/15/08
Lung Perfusion Imaging Lungs contain: 200 million precapillary arterioles (lumen ~8 µm) 200300 billion alveolar capillaries (lumen ~35 µm) Millions of terminal arterioles (lumen ~100 µm)
Principles Particles of 710 µm diameter are too small to pass through the pulmonary capillary bed Particles are distributed throughout lungs in direct proportion to pulmonary arterial blood flow 10/15/08
Lung Perfusion Tracer Tc99mMAA (macroaggregated albumin) Mean particle size 40 µm (range: 10 90 µm) Biological halflife (in lungs): 29 hr Dosimetry: lungs: 1.02 cGy/185 MBq (critical organ) 10/15/08
Normal Perfusion Scan
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Uniform tracer distribution (supine injection) Lung contours smooth Defects due to cardiac, mediastinal and spinal structures No systemic tracer deposition
Ventilation Radiotracers Volume radiotracers Xe133 (t1/2 5.3 d, 81 keV) Xe127 (t1/2 36.4 d, 203 keV)
Ventilation radiotracers Kr81m (t1/2 13 s, 191 keV) Tc99mDTPA (t1/2 20 min, 140 keV) Technegas, Pertechnegas 10/15/08
Normal Xe133 Ventilation Scan Singlebreath image: Lung contours same as in perfusion scan Equilibrium image: virtually identical to first image Washout images: uniform clearance within each lung
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Scan Reading Perfusion scan Identify location, size and completeness of the defects
Ventilation scan Compare if perfusion defects are matched or not
Refer to bronchopulmonary segment chart Use established criteria for interpretation 10/15/08
A 26 year old male with sudden loss of consciousness and sudden death syndrome. Chest Xray was clear.
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Matched Defect: Tumor Nonsegmental perfusion defect Matching ventilation defect Mediastinal mass seen on CXR
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A 65 year old male with recent leg fracture and a history of a high probability V/Q scan 8 years prior was admitted with chest pain, dyspnea, and hypoxemia. His chest xray was clear. He was referred fro V/Q scintigraphy.
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A 62 year old man presented to the emergency room with dyspnea, chest pain, and hypoxemia. Acute myocardial infarction was excluded. An emergency V/Q scan was performed. An admission xray was taken
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Thrombolysis Patient with highprobability scan given thrombolytic therapy Repeat scan after 5 months shows nearly complete resolution of all defects 10/15/08
Leg Venography
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Summary Perfusion and ventilation imaging provides an elegant and intuitive way to diagnose pulmonary embolism Interpretation of VQ scans is simplified by classifying as nondiagnostic all scans that are neither normal nor high probability VQ imaging continues to play a major role in the noninvasive diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism 10/15/08
Renal DMSA Renal Scan detection of cortical defects looking for perfusion defects detection of renal scars/fibrosis quantitative assessment of function differential renal contribution
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Tc99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) Tc99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) taken up by the proximal tubular cells, directly from the peritubular vessels located in the outer layer of the kidneys minimal activity in the medulla and the calyces 10/15/08
not recommended to reach a conclusion concerning presence of renal sequelae based on the results of an acute ‘DMSA’ scan * permanent lesions can only be reported on the basis of late control studies, at least 6 months after the acute infection. 10/15/08
Lesions are described as single or multiple small or large with or without volume loss renal contours can be normal, indistinct, irregular or absent small or swollen kidneys
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Normal DMSA Renal Scan
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Scarring/ Inflammation and a Normal DMSA Scan
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Renal Scarring/Inflammation
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Renal Scarring
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Choosing a renal functional agent Glomerular and tubular agents are interchangeable for split renal function, ACE inhibitor, and diuretic renography in most patients with normal or nearnormal renal function For patients with known severe renal insufficiency, tubular agents are preferable because of their higher extraction fraction. 10/15/08
Tc-DTPA (Diethylenetriamine-pentacetic acid)
The agent can be used to evaluate renal perfusion, glomerular filtration, and for renal and urinary tract imaging. DTPA is cleared entirely by glomerular filtration (Similar to inulin or IV contrast dye
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Renogram Patterns
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Adequate perfusion and function, both kidneys
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Poorly functioning left kidney
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Kidney Transplant Patient
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