Earthquake
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Earthquake
1
Composite Element • • • • •
Composite Lateral Systems
Composite Slab Composite Girder, Composite Column, Composite Diagonals, Composite Shear walls
2
Composite Element
Composite Lateral Systems
Composite Slab • Act as HORIZONTAL DIAPHRAGM • Interconnect all vertical element at each level.
3
Composite Element
Composite Lateral Systems
Composite Girder • Help to prevent sway of building system • To prevent sway action more girder stiffness will be more effective than column stiffness.
4
Composite Element
Composite Lateral Systems
Composite Column
Section Embedded in Concrete
Steel Tube Filled with Concrete
5
Composite Element
Composite Lateral Systems
Composite Diagonal • Braced frame was introduced in 1980 for composite construction. • More economical than Moment Resisting Frame, • Resist Lateral stresses through axial stresses as a part of Truss.
6
Diagonal Element
Composite Lateral Systems
Diagonal • Following bracing system has been considered and compare with mode of STAAD-2005 • Frame without Bracing, • X-Bracing, • V-Bracing, • PRATT BRACING, • K-BRACING • DIAGONAL BRACING
7
Diagonal Element
Composite Lateral Systems
Diagonal
X-Bracing
K-Bracing PRATT-Bracing DIAGONALBracing
8
Composite Lateral Systems
Diagonal Element
PRATT
DIAGONAL
K
X
250 200 150 100 50 0 No Bracing
DISPLACEMENT
C OM PA RISION OF BRA C ING SYST EM
BRA C ING SYST EM
9
Composite Lateral Systems
Diagonal Element
PRATT
DIAGONAL
K
X
1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 No Bracing
AXIAL FORCE
C OM PA RISION OF BRA C ING SYST EM
L EEW A RD C OL UM N
10
Composite Lateral Systems
Diagonal Element
PRATT
DIAGONAL
K
X
5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 No Bracing
AXIAL FORCE
COM PARISION OF BRACING SYSTEM
WINDWARD SIDE COLUM N
11
Composite System
Composite Lateral Systems
Composite Building Systems • • • • •
Shear Wall System. Shear – Wall Frame Interaction System, Tube System. Vertically Mixed System, Mega Frame with super columns.
12
Composite Shear Wall
Composite Lateral Systems
• It consist of steel plate with reinforced concrete walls attached to one side or both sides using mechanical connectors such as shear studs or bolts.
13
Composite Shear wall
Composite Lateral Systems
Different Arrangement in Composite Shear Wall
14
Composite Shear Wall
Composite Lateral Systems
Advantage of Composite Shear Wall • Smaller Thickness & Less Weight. • Don’t take critical path during construction, • The shear yield capacity of steel plate can be significantly greater than its capacity to resist shear in yielding of diagonal tension field. In addition, the reinforced concrete wall provides sound and temperature insulation as well as fire proofing to steel shear walls. • The smaller footprint of the composite shear wall is very advantageous from architectural point of view providing more useable floor space particularly in tall buildings
15
Composite Shear Wall
Composite Lateral Systems
Component of Composite Shear Wall
16
Composite Shear Wall Component
Composite Lateral Systems
17
Composite Shear Wall Component
Composite Lateral Systems
Steel Plate in Shear Wall • Provide. • Shear strength and Stiffness. • Shear ductility. • Resist overturning moment.
• Plate thinner than ¾’’(19 mm) is not recommended because of . • Erection problem. • Large no. of shear connector is required. 18
Composite Shear Wall Component
Composite Lateral Systems
Storey shear in steel plate is resisted by following action
Shear Yielding Action (Composite Shear Wall)
19
Composite Shear Wall Component
Composite Lateral Systems
Storey shear in steel plate is resisted by following action
Diagonal Field Tension Action (Steel Shear Wall)
20
Composite Shear Wall Component
Composite Lateral Systems
RCC Wall in Composite Shear Wall Main Contribution of RCC wall is as follow, •Shear strength and stiffness. •Ductility (depending upon amount of reinforcement) •Resist overturning moment. •Prevent buckling of steel plate. 21
Composite Shear Wall Component
Composite Lateral Systems
Behavior of RCC Wall
Concrete wall carry some of the story shear by developing compression diagonal field.
22
Composite Shear Wall Component
Composite Lateral Systems
Shear Connector •
•
•
Provide connection between steel element and concrete. Welded studs are used as shear connectors and sometimes channel are also used. They are mainly subjected 1. Shear 2. Tension (buckling in steel plate). 23
Composite Shear Wall Component
Composite Lateral Systems
Shear Connector
24
Composite Shear Wall Component
Composite Lateral Systems
Shear Connector
25
Composite Shear Wall Component
Boundary Column
• •
•
•
Composite Lateral Systems
Resist overturning moment. Anchor point for tension field action for steel plate. Bearing element for compression diagonal element for RCC wall Resist storey shear.
26
Composite Shear Wall
Composite Lateral Systems
Composite Shear Wall In Structural System
27
Composite Shear Wall •
Composite Lateral Systems
Provide ductility through 1. Yielding of the steel shear wall. 2. Yielding of the steel reinforcements inside the concrete wall 3. Compressive crushing of concrete.
28
Composite Shear Wall
Composite Lateral Systems
1. Lateral load resisted by dual action 2. The shear wall is designed to resist total lateral load while the moment frame is designed as a “back-up” system to resist ¼ of the lateral load.
29
Composite Shear Wall • •
Composite Lateral Systems
Two shear wall with coupling beam in between them. Function of coupling beams : 1. Acts as a ductile fuse. 2. Providing strength, stiffness, significant ductility. 3. Energy dissipation capability.
30
Composite Shear Wall
Composite Lateral Systems
Steel Plate Composite Shear wall System
31
Composite Shear Wall
Composite Lateral Systems
Shear Wall Sections A B
B
B
Section B - B
A
Section A - A
32
Composite Shear Wall
Composite Lateral Systems
33
Composite Shear Wall Connection Details
Composite Lateral Systems
34
35
Case Study
Composite Lateral Systems
A Case Study San Francisco Hospital
36
Case Study
Composite Lateral Systems
San Francisco Hospital
Plan of San Francisco Hospital
37
Case Study
•
Composite Lateral Systems
The steel shear walls in this structure were covered on both sides with reinforced concrete shear walls making the wall a composite steel concrete shear wall.
38
Seismic Behavior
Composite Lateral Systems
• During 1998-2001, testing was conducted at the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of the University of California, Berkeley on Composite shear walls. • The main objective of this project was to conduct cyclic testing of a traditional and an innovative composite shear wall and to develop the design and modeling recommendations.
39
Seismic Behavior
Composite Lateral Systems
Testing Sample of Two Shear Wall
40
Seismic Behavior
•
Composite Lateral Systems
The composite shear wall was developed to exhibit two phase of behavior, 1. Behavior During More Frequent Low and Medium Size Seismic Events. 2. Behavior During Relatively Large Earthquakes.
41
Seismic Behavior
Composite Lateral Systems
Behavior During More Frequent Low and Medium Size Seismic Events • Because of gap, concrete wall will not be engaged with frame. • Steel plate will be main element to carry seismic shear between plate. • For small or moderate event stiffness of the steel plate alone will be sufficient to resist lateral forces. • RCC wall remain undamaged. • RCC wall provide bracing to steel plate during seismic event.
42
Seismic Behavior
Composite Lateral Systems
Properties of Test Specimen
43
Seismic Behavior
Composite Lateral Systems
Shear Wall Detailing
44
Seismic Behavior
Composite Lateral Systems
Shear Wall Detailing
45
Case Study
Composite Lateral Systems
Shear Wall Detailing
46
Seismic Behavior
Composite Lateral Systems
Testing Setup
47
Seismic Behavior
Composite Lateral Systems
Cyclic Loading Sequence
Reversible Cyclic Loading was Applied to both Specimen
48
Specimen Behavior
Composite Lateral Systems
Specimen Behavior
49
Specimen Behavior
Composite Lateral Systems
50
Specimen Behavior
Composite Lateral Systems
• Maximum strength of traditional shear wall is slightly higher than the shear wall with gap. • Specimen without gap having bearing of concrete for column and beam. • Stiffness of specimen was slightly higher in case shear wall without gap difference is too small. • Participation of RCC wall doesn’t contribute much for stiffness of whole shear wall. • In both specimen strength dropped when steel plate started fracturing. • Avoid such discontinuities. 51
Damage Comparison
Composite Lateral Systems
Performance of Both Shear Wall
52
Design Philosophy
Composite Lateral Systems
Design Philosophy for Composite Shear Wall
53
Design Philosophy • • • •
Composite Lateral Systems
Literature survey and actual tests should conducted Failure modes (limit states) of the system were identified The failure modes are grouped into “ductile” and “brittle.” Failure modes are placed in a hierarchical order such that: • Member which experienced ductile failure mode having a priority compare to member having brittle failure mode. • non-gravity carrying elements, such as wall plate, reach their governing limit state prior to gravity carrying members .
• Design equations are developed for all failure modes. 54
Design Philosophy Failure Modes
Composite Lateral Systems
55
Structural System
Composite Lateral Systems
Innovative Structural System
56
Earthquake
1
Composite Element • • • • •
Composite Lateral Systems
Composite Slab Composite Girder, Composite Column, Composite Diagonals, Composite Shear walls
2
Composite Element
Composite Lateral Systems
Composite Slab • Act as HORIZONTAL DIAPHRAGM • Interconnect all vertical element at each level.
3
Composite Element
Composite Lateral Systems
Composite Girder • Help to prevent sway of building system • To prevent sway action more girder stiffness will be more effective than column stiffness.
4
Composite Element
Composite Lateral Systems
Composite Column
Section Embedded in Concrete
Steel Tube Filled with Concrete
5
Composite Element
Composite Lateral Systems
Composite Diagonal • Braced frame was introduced in 1980 for composite construction. • More economical than Moment Resisting Frame, • Resist Lateral stresses through axial stresses as a part of Truss.
6
Diagonal Element
Composite Lateral Systems
Diagonal • Following bracing system has been considered and compare with mode of STAAD-2005 • Frame without Bracing, • X-Bracing, • V-Bracing, • PRATT BRACING, • K-BRACING • DIAGONAL BRACING
7
Diagonal Element
Composite Lateral Systems
Diagonal
X-Bracing
K-Bracing PRATT-Bracing DIAGONALBracing
8
Composite Lateral Systems
Diagonal Element
PRATT
DIAGONAL
K
X
250 200 150 100 50 0 No Bracing
DISPLACEMENT
C OM PA RISION OF BRA C ING SYST EM
BRA C ING SYST EM
9
Composite Lateral Systems
Diagonal Element
PRATT
DIAGONAL
K
X
1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 No Bracing
AXIAL FORCE
C OM PA RISION OF BRA C ING SYST EM
L EEW A RD C OL UM N
10
Composite Lateral Systems
Diagonal Element
PRATT
DIAGONAL
K
X
5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 No Bracing
AXIAL FORCE
COM PARISION OF BRACING SYSTEM
WINDWARD SIDE COLUM N
11
Composite System
Composite Lateral Systems
Composite Building Systems • • • • •
Shear Wall System. Shear – Wall Frame Interaction System, Tube System. Vertically Mixed System, Mega Frame with super columns.
12
Composite Shear Wall
Composite Lateral Systems
• It consist of steel plate with reinforced concrete walls attached to one side or both sides using mechanical connectors such as shear studs or bolts.
13
Composite Shear wall
Composite Lateral Systems
Different Arrangement in Composite Shear Wall
14
Composite Shear Wall
Composite Lateral Systems
Advantage of Composite Shear Wall • Smaller Thickness & Less Weight. • Don’t take critical path during construction, • The shear yield capacity of steel plate can be significantly greater than its capacity to resist shear in yielding of diagonal tension field. In addition, the reinforced concrete wall provides sound and temperature insulation as well as fire proofing to steel shear walls. • The smaller footprint of the composite shear wall is very advantageous from architectural point of view providing more useable floor space particularly in tall buildings
15
Composite Shear Wall
Composite Lateral Systems
Component of Composite Shear Wall
16
Composite Shear Wall Component
Composite Lateral Systems
17
Composite Shear Wall Component
Composite Lateral Systems
Steel Plate in Shear Wall • Provide. • Shear strength and Stiffness. • Shear ductility. • Resist overturning moment.
• Plate thinner than ¾’’(19 mm) is not recommended because of . • Erection problem. • Large no. of shear connector is required. 18
Composite Shear Wall Component
Composite Lateral Systems
Storey shear in steel plate is resisted by following action
Shear Yielding Action (Composite Shear Wall)
19
Composite Shear Wall Component
Composite Lateral Systems
Storey shear in steel plate is resisted by following action
Diagonal Field Tension Action (Steel Shear Wall)
20
Composite Shear Wall Component
Composite Lateral Systems
RCC Wall in Composite Shear Wall Main Contribution of RCC wall is as follow, •Shear strength and stiffness. •Ductility (depending upon amount of reinforcement) •Resist overturning moment. •Prevent buckling of steel plate. 21
Composite Shear Wall Component
Composite Lateral Systems
Behavior of RCC Wall
Concrete wall carry some of the story shear by developing compression diagonal field.
22
Composite Shear Wall Component
Composite Lateral Systems
Shear Connector •
•
•
Provide connection between steel element and concrete. Welded studs are used as shear connectors and sometimes channel are also used. They are mainly subjected 1. Shear 2. Tension (buckling in steel plate). 23
Composite Shear Wall Component
Composite Lateral Systems
Shear Connector
24
Composite Shear Wall Component
Composite Lateral Systems
Shear Connector
25
Composite Shear Wall Component
Boundary Column
• •
•
•
Composite Lateral Systems
Resist overturning moment. Anchor point for tension field action for steel plate. Bearing element for compression diagonal element for RCC wall Resist storey shear.
26
Composite Shear Wall
Composite Lateral Systems
Composite Shear Wall In Structural System
27
Composite Shear Wall •
Composite Lateral Systems
Provide ductility through 1. Yielding of the steel shear wall. 2. Yielding of the steel reinforcements inside the concrete wall 3. Compressive crushing of concrete.
28
Composite Shear Wall
Composite Lateral Systems
1. Lateral load resisted by dual action 2. The shear wall is designed to resist total lateral load while the moment frame is designed as a “back-up” system to resist ¼ of the lateral load.
29
Composite Shear Wall • •
Composite Lateral Systems
Two shear wall with coupling beam in between them. Function of coupling beams : 1. Acts as a ductile fuse. 2. Providing strength, stiffness, significant ductility. 3. Energy dissipation capability.
30
Composite Shear Wall
Composite Lateral Systems
Steel Plate Composite Shear wall System
31
Composite Shear Wall
Composite Lateral Systems
Shear Wall Sections A B
B
B
Section B - B
A
Section A - A
32
Composite Shear Wall
Composite Lateral Systems
33
Composite Shear Wall Connection Details
Composite Lateral Systems
34
35
Case Study
Composite Lateral Systems
A Case Study San Francisco Hospital
36
Case Study
Composite Lateral Systems
San Francisco Hospital
Plan of San Francisco Hospital
37
Case Study
•
Composite Lateral Systems
The steel shear walls in this structure were covered on both sides with reinforced concrete shear walls making the wall a composite steel concrete shear wall.
38
Seismic Behavior
Composite Lateral Systems
• During 1998-2001, testing was conducted at the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of the University of California, Berkeley on Composite shear walls. • The main objective of this project was to conduct cyclic testing of a traditional and an innovative composite shear wall and to develop the design and modeling recommendations.
39
Seismic Behavior
Composite Lateral Systems
Testing Sample of Two Shear Wall
40
Seismic Behavior
•
Composite Lateral Systems
The composite shear wall was developed to exhibit two phase of behavior, 1. Behavior During More Frequent Low and Medium Size Seismic Events. 2. Behavior During Relatively Large Earthquakes.
41
Seismic Behavior
Composite Lateral Systems
Behavior During More Frequent Low and Medium Size Seismic Events • Because of gap, concrete wall will not be engaged with frame. • Steel plate will be main element to carry seismic shear between plate. • For small or moderate event stiffness of the steel plate alone will be sufficient to resist lateral forces. • RCC wall remain undamaged. • RCC wall provide bracing to steel plate during seismic event.
42
Seismic Behavior
Composite Lateral Systems
Properties of Test Specimen
43
Seismic Behavior
Composite Lateral Systems
Shear Wall Detailing
44
Seismic Behavior
Composite Lateral Systems
Shear Wall Detailing
45
Case Study
Composite Lateral Systems
Shear Wall Detailing
46
Seismic Behavior
Composite Lateral Systems
Testing Setup
47
Seismic Behavior
Composite Lateral Systems
Cyclic Loading Sequence
Reversible Cyclic Loading was Applied to both Specimen
48
Specimen Behavior
Composite Lateral Systems
Specimen Behavior
49
Specimen Behavior
Composite Lateral Systems
50
Specimen Behavior
Composite Lateral Systems
• Maximum strength of traditional shear wall is slightly higher than the shear wall with gap. • Specimen without gap having bearing of concrete for column and beam. • Stiffness of specimen was slightly higher in case shear wall without gap difference is too small. • Participation of RCC wall doesn’t contribute much for stiffness of whole shear wall. • In both specimen strength dropped when steel plate started fracturing. • Avoid such discontinuities. 51
Damage Comparison
Composite Lateral Systems
Performance of Both Shear Wall
52
Design Philosophy
Composite Lateral Systems
Design Philosophy for Composite Shear Wall
53
Design Philosophy • • • •
Composite Lateral Systems
Literature survey and actual tests should conducted Failure modes (limit states) of the system were identified The failure modes are grouped into “ductile” and “brittle.” Failure modes are placed in a hierarchical order such that: • Member which experienced ductile failure mode having a priority compare to member having brittle failure mode. • non-gravity carrying elements, such as wall plate, reach their governing limit state prior to gravity carrying members .
• Design equations are developed for all failure modes. 54
Design Philosophy Failure Modes
Composite Lateral Systems
55
Structural System
Composite Lateral Systems
Innovative Structural System
56
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