Drug
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DRUG A DRUG is defined as any substances that is used for the diagnosis, prevention or cure of a disease or for releif of its symtoms in man or animal. According to WHO (World Health Organisation), a drug is any substances or product that is used or intended to be used to modify or explore physiological systems or pathological states for the
ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION qLOCAL q qORAL/ENTERAL q qPARENTAL
ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION • LOCAL: ACTION. • ORAL: • PARENTAL:
USED LOCALLY AT THE SITE OF GIVEN BY MOUTH. OUTSIDE INTESTINE .
ORAL ROUTE a)IN THE MUCOSA b)UNDER THE TONGUE (SUBLINGUAL) EG.,NITROGLYCERINE c)IN THE STOMACH OR IN THE INTESTINE
PARENTAL ROUTE a. INJECTIONS 2)INTRADERMAL 3)SUBCUTANEOUS 4)INTRAMUSCULAR 5)INTRAVENOUS 6)ITRAARTERIAL 7)INTRATHECAL 8)INTRAPERITONIAL 9)INTRAMEDULLARY 10)INTRAARTICULAR
PARENTAL ROUTE b.INHALATIONS
b.IONTOPHORESIS
b.INNUCTIONS
ADVANTAGES OF ORAL ROUTE • SAFE, ECONOMICAL & ECONOMICAL • SELF-MEDICATION POSSIBLE • NO COMPLICATED PROCESS (STERILIZATION) • WITHDRAWAL OF DRUG POSSIBLE • MOST COMMONLY PREFFERED & USED ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
DISADVANTAGES OF ORAL ROUTE • ONSET OF DRUG ACTION IS SLOW • IRRITANT & UNPALATABLE CANNOT BE ADMINISTERED (eg.,BITTER DRUGS) • PATIENTS HAVING DIARRHOEA & VOMITTING CANNOT CONSUME • UNCONSIOUS OR UN COOPERATIVE PATIENT CANNOT CONSUME • DRUGS LIKELY TO BE DESTROYED BY DIGESTIVE JUICES , DOES NOT REACHE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION(eg.,INSULIN) • DRUGS INACTIVATED IN LIVER • ABSORPTION OF CERTAIN DRUG IS IRREGULR
ADVANTAGES OF SUBLINGUAL ROUTE • RAPID & UNIFORM ABSORPTION • RAPID ONSET OF ACTION eg. ANGINA PECTORIS • ADVERSE EFFECT CAN BE PREVENTED BY SPITTING THE TABLET • TERMINATION OF DRUG EFFECT CAN BE DONE SPITTING THE TABLET • •
DISADVANTAGES OF SUBLINGUAL ROUTE • DRUG HAVING TOXIC EFFECTS IN HEART SHOULD CAUTIOUSLY ADMINISTERED
• LARGE AMOUNT BECOMES INCONVENIENT
ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION qLOCAL q qORAL/ENTERAL q qPARENTAL
ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION • LOCAL: ACTION. • ORAL: • PARENTAL:
USED LOCALLY AT THE SITE OF GIVEN BY MOUTH. OUTSIDE INTESTINE .
ORAL ROUTE a)IN THE MUCOSA b)UNDER THE TONGUE (SUBLINGUAL) EG.,NITROGLYCERINE c)IN THE STOMACH OR IN THE INTESTINE
PARENTAL ROUTE a. INJECTIONS 2)INTRADERMAL 3)SUBCUTANEOUS 4)INTRAMUSCULAR 5)INTRAVENOUS 6)ITRAARTERIAL 7)INTRATHECAL 8)INTRAPERITONIAL 9)INTRAMEDULLARY 10)INTRAARTICULAR
PARENTAL ROUTE b.INHALATIONS
b.IONTOPHORESIS
b.INNUCTIONS
ADVANTAGES OF ORAL ROUTE • SAFE, ECONOMICAL & ECONOMICAL • SELF-MEDICATION POSSIBLE • NO COMPLICATED PROCESS (STERILIZATION) • WITHDRAWAL OF DRUG POSSIBLE • MOST COMMONLY PREFFERED & USED ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
DISADVANTAGES OF ORAL ROUTE • ONSET OF DRUG ACTION IS SLOW • IRRITANT & UNPALATABLE CANNOT BE ADMINISTERED (eg.,BITTER DRUGS) • PATIENTS HAVING DIARRHOEA & VOMITTING CANNOT CONSUME • UNCONSIOUS OR UN COOPERATIVE PATIENT CANNOT CONSUME • DRUGS LIKELY TO BE DESTROYED BY DIGESTIVE JUICES , DOES NOT REACHE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION(eg.,INSULIN) • DRUGS INACTIVATED IN LIVER • ABSORPTION OF CERTAIN DRUG IS IRREGULR
ADVANTAGES OF SUBLINGUAL ROUTE • RAPID & UNIFORM ABSORPTION • RAPID ONSET OF ACTION eg. ANGINA PECTORIS • ADVERSE EFFECT CAN BE PREVENTED BY SPITTING THE TABLET • TERMINATION OF DRUG EFFECT CAN BE DONE SPITTING THE TABLET • •
DISADVANTAGES OF SUBLINGUAL ROUTE • DRUG HAVING TOXIC EFFECTS IN HEART SHOULD CAUTIOUSLY ADMINISTERED
• LARGE AMOUNT BECOMES INCONVENIENT
