Drinking Water Bacteriology (arabic Edition)
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3000 .@ =8 1960 $ =&4 ,6/! :1940 $ 3900 + .@ =8 4 O ,8 <@ 1980 $ ? +8F # 2000 $ .+ 1990 6 =&4 / 8 / ? P ;# ? # 1 ') + ? $ / 2.5 .@ G/! / ? Q + / 8 Q G/! *+ $R ; ; = ./ ? / 8 # .@ G ! 3 + .@ $ / G/! *+ $ / H ? = $ = + / $R ; $ / ? L; ! , $4 =&4 ; :H+ $ / @ %50 + $ 2025 $ / =8 L; S T $ / G/! L; .$ 8.5 + 2025 $ =&4 9
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*+ + , 4< '( M 9 E' ! 9 H A 1 $ 8 < ; , '( 9 G2 , 4< 1 @ =I!6F ' ( + 8 ; / K 2 #-) * *+ . / = ' '( = 9 '@ +8 =2 $ ; .
9
Escherichia coli :;< ' + ( X ] A 9 A ) 8 $ / / ( $ microcapsule ; W+ W+ E # $ . / - +< - (< . $ - ') #$ , $ / ? ^ 8/ (&4 . H?A H , ( 4 . / 4 =2 H!/ 1.5 – 1.1 + < H # 6.0 – 2.0 + + . / + ,<&$ : # #4 ,8/ H ; &4 0(W .M antigen K antigen ` G 4 !$ 3 @ . / W+ *+ G 4 '( '( =- &4 58< . / (/$ '( ' .0< 22@ 6 4 ,<&$ Bacterium coli ` E ' R ,$ 1885 $ '( . / G 9 ,+ 8 9$< = 9 ( / 1919 $ .+ 9$P '( = $@ commune 6 4 / . / G ! , :22@ .$ :(O antigen) !$ . / H/@ 6 4 8 / 70 .@ 6 8 (H antigen) !$ . / H/ % 50 @ G!@ + ,; .(K antigen) !$ . / H1 % 100 / ?) 3 @ . / ' + , 4< W =&+@ . / ; = P 3 @ . / ?& $ (4 #$ / 3 @ 4< =/6 $ # A & 1@ . / K .Triple Sugar Iron Agar(TSI) - ') >$ ( .Simmons’ citrate agar (CSA) - ') #$ . / ; =6# / =$P ,<+ G8 =8 =&4 =$P ,<+ A 26 / 1 # 6 # 8 '( :- ') 9$ ,<+
10
:, 8P $ ! .@ =+ + : + $ P .+ : ? + ? , < $- $ = = $ . / 6 / ! ! A . / G 8 ,; '( .! A / A *+ 1
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1010 Z 108 + : 4 1010 Z 105 ^ ? 3+ (EPEC) Enteroinvasive :Enterotoxigenic (ETEC) 4 / . / '( : 4 108 . / 0+ ! / T (EIEC) 100 =; # 6 S <@ . !+ K : = M4 = / 8P * +P Vero cytotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) % $ .0< 22@ % 9( ( :, > 9 , ' , + $ P 1 # 8 '( . / + O , 4P / + & H E' # , '@ : # $ +
11
8 - $< 5# 9 L O ,&!6 * . / 9A .5# '( #-A * . / G a A & H ; ( *+ 'A #-) * . / 2> (4 9 E'
& 2 = ! + = 9 # . H H ,$6 E' & $ : ? 8P ; - ,+- 8 9 =8 2 =&4 1 , =6# 8@ ? *+ (EPEC) 9 +8 + 1$ HW E' 6 5# , 8P ? G8 = E ( K O .+ S <@ 2 ; 842 W ,<+ A / >$ ( (ETEC) .E' . / G =$P 8@ ,<+ 8 9 = $4 $ ,+ =6# , $- $ ' 8P = ,+- . ' $- =; $ =$@ =8 =&4 E' U42 2000 8 9 51 / $ 251 + 8 +- 5 9 .1975 $ G8 % ' E&$ #$ + +$ 6$ M+@ 9;# 16 9/ 8 =&4 8 '( ,?/ *+ L-2 F 2512 + 8 M4 +- E ( . / A = E' 6$ . / ' 8P $ P , ,$ M+@ . Q , !< 9 , $ 10 – 7 + =6# / 1992 , G 9 - , ' 9 ' ! 9$ , $ + Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC) . / !
12
1 '( *+ ? 2 + , 8Y $- 9 . # / = < . / $ P E' 6 4 , + , + ,+- O157:H7 8 % 8 @ 0? < 1990 $ , ,$ M+@ 6 :2 =$T 8 9 86 + U42 243 . / 1/P / ,W $ 3126 . 8P U42 4 . .62$ 9- @ 9 U42 36 9 +8 $ =&4 &? $ , ,8F M4 ,+- ,+- 9 +8 =$P U42 GO 8 *+ 1992 # 2000 $ 2 , (EHEC) $ S . / $ - G 9 U42 1346 + 8 9- @ 9 U42 65 !< (EHEC) < H Haemolytic uraemic Syndrom 8 9 + 27 : + .62$ *+ $- $ , 9 ,<+ 6 / =$ L . ! *+ ?A # =# 2 ,&!6 * HW A 4O U42 2 5# / = (EIEC) * + +- 8 9 ; S 9 L 5# / L-2 = 9 .1959 $ E' ' ' U42 )8 M M+@ W+ *+ (EIEC) ' U42 =$P 8Y !/ = b ; O 2 O '( '( =?/ 9 *+ +! +#$ O .+#$ ! / /$ 0< 22@ / 8 , 2 + ? 1 T "8 F S T ( M4 #
13
8 A / 2 +< H L? . E' #-) ,&!6
14
Salmonella )# 4 - ( A 9 A ) 8 $ =2 8/ / / ( ^ + . / (/$ # $ . / 0+ X ] A G 8 1.5 – 0.8 + !/ 5 – 2 S 4 =# . + $ Y ! . /
)# )
:? > /$ =- 9( , + . / # ( K 4 G+&$ 2 ? # '( . / + U42 G F () =- $ P 6$ ## =- + ? # = 5# / 8P * +@ 9 ( 1 ' * *+ 8 , + 9+ = 8 ' ?/ 9 '( S 9 L " ' / ^ $ ,$ M+@ *+ +8 G8 %80 + "! + ,$ = . 4 1100 1 2 * : '( . / 0+ Activated sludge effluents +#$ * 8 +8 G8
15
M+@ =&4 + ,&!6 + , !6 +8 G8
A *+ : +#$ @ %58 + ( ,$ . / # , 6 1 . / '( ,<&$ , / 1 '( - $ =8 =&4 * 2 . / $ , / . / ; ,W ,$ <@
22@ 9/ '( . / ( / + & $ 9/ < '( T 0< , < c 2 , @ biomass + = -( <@ ! '( H 4 2 S <@ $ 6 A = , 4 = $ (/ ( + 8 = $ ; <@ 2 ; , 4< ! ! = ( + : L? 2 &$ , / 16 M + . ; * 8 *+ #-) * . / : 6 4 + , . / & $ G ? .(8 – 4) K 6 4 ,< (- 43 – 10) = $ . / (?6+ 9 ? , / # - , / Selenite :Tetrathionate broth : = = $< -2 ') - - 'A #$ , $ ' 0(W =2 .Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium broth K "#$ , ' - , $ H A 8 - ') #$ . / $ G + $ A =2 +#$ , $ ; $ G + =? / 1 - 37 + '( =!6 F , $ 9 0') - P - ') #$ = $ - Urea broth Triple sugar iron agar - ') #$ & $
16
, 4< # ? $ 0 Lysine iron agar 8 , 4< = $ 6 9 + & $ = $ Vi-antisera polyvalent H group polyvalent O group .phage-typing ,$6 ,;< % $+ G 8 1) = + 9 - , L = + 2 ) - , H ; / '( HW ( ; 6 4 - GW ! H F ; (+8 G8 - ') #$ = 0') #$ / =! N 6F S T -& < /$ 24 – 18 Lactose broth Buffered peptone Water ( - 43 + ,W ,$ - 37 + 9 Tetrathionate broth & H - < - ') #$ .@ = F 9 :=! Lysine deoxycholate xylose = - 'A #$ . / 0+ 5 # + #$ .Brilliant green agar - ') #$ Deoxycholate citrate Ambach agar ( & $ =? Q- ,W - ') .@ =8 ; 3+ / = + ( XLT4agar - ') #$ , $ $ =/6 # %$ # . / *+ 9? $ 9 5 .(PCR) : ? # . / $ P 8P * +P 9?& & $ / '@ 8Y U42 +8 8Y U42 + 0 < 8P ,+- A M4 +- *+ . $F - . / 5 & $ $ , 2 * / 16 9/ 2 +8 9/
17
/ 9 9 6 .+ 8@ + 17 + =$ 9 . , @ . + 600000 +
18
Shigella )# + A 9 A ) 8 $ =2 8/ &4 / / ( - / (? 0< 22@ ,68 S 2 ; ( ?) 3 @ ,$ 4 . / ; 9/ ( Enterobacteriaceae Mac Conkey agar - ') #$ ?& $ 4 . / ; A = P 3 @ < /$ 24 !+ / Desoxycholate citrate agar . :? > ' $ =- $ P # '( < $ + # O ,&!6 / L $ '( . ' - * + " (+? ) 9 46 – 5 ^ 1 . / # ' ) + / 9 12 .@ 9 W . / ; <@ 8; 6 K !64 ,< =+ . / . # / 0 #$ 9 1
& 2 % Shigella sonnei $ & 2 Shigella 0 $ & 2 H $ A - GW H Shigella flexneri 0 $ & 2 dysenteriae ; 6 L 8 . / ,/$ 3 . / ? 1 . / $ & 2 / & 2 2 ; 24 + . / 9 17 .@ =8 1 0 ,W =&4 + G#2 1 ; 0' ' ' 5# 4 1010 . / 0+ 0 5 d =&4 *+ d 1 3 / 4 39 + . / 0+ ' ' E' / Q $ & 2
19
+ ,$ =&4 9 4 1 . / % ' 0 9 6 K6 '( U 4 , 200 – 10 + 9? $ S 9 .0< 22@ U 4 . 8P * +P # 4 $ = +#$ & 2 . / '( @ = = < $ - ') M4 / $ 20 + 9 14 =; # 1 L#$ +
.- , 10 + L $ 1 . / - 9 21 .@ =8 ; 1 . / 0 $ & 2 ,$ 9 47 + - 24 – 19 + / 8 1 . / O 9 9 .@ =8 ; ( ) 9 6 .@ =8 1 . / ( ) 8 9 44
0 $ & 2 ,W ,$ . O ? 2 29 – 2.5 ^ 6 1 . / , ' 8P ,<+ 2 # .- 21 + / .94 , $ E' + # * *+ : L Blood agar 9 - ') #$ . / & 2 =+ ( H)8 + ; 9 , =&+@ . / ; 9/ + , $ f & 2 % A <@ 0 $ & 2 24 – 18 - 37 + !+ 2 – 1 + / . $ G + L $ & 2 , $ /$
20
Salmonella- Leifson’s deoxycholate citrate agar - ') #$ Mac- - ') #$ Xylose-lysinedeoxycholate agar Shigella agar 1 + + 1$ 62 , $ =2 Conkey agar - 37 + / !+ /$ 24 – 18 + 2 – $ 4 (4 0 =2 W $ & 2 , $ .?$ $ ?& : ? A & 2 8P ,+- 8 9 + 10648 + 8 9 , E$ # = – 1961 $ 6 =&4 E' , $ F +- 72 =&4 8@ #$ - ] $- $ 0 $ & 2 1975 =2 H2 $ & 2 . 52 d&) .0 $ & 2 E'
)# &# ?+@ 9 21
$ ,<+ / <@ 8@ + 17000 / =$ 9 1992 $ , $ F +- 1995 $ + 4550 .@ ,<+ , 8 .+ E' 64 =# $ & 2 + 2000 / 8 $ 1966 $ 38 8 9 1975 – 1961 $ 6 =&4 : #+ . * +-
22
Vibrio cholerae + g 8; =2 8/ &4 / / ) 8 $ ( 3.0 – 1.3 + < H # 0.5 + < '( =2 + -( . / &4 H A 9 A 4< =/6 # H 4 - (< W+ < H A 4 #; + . / + #$ #$ E+ *+ + 4 ?< -6 , -( . / + ? =-$ - 'A #$ / , = ?4 . / ? $ 4< =/6 / A ., .@
/A 9 B# $5
) $5 -@ "
0 &
K 9( V. cholerae K – 1.5 + < H # 0.8 Z 0.5 $ 9+ ^ .@ 6 8 9 !+ ; .+ . $ ( H !/ 1.8 $ 9 (O serogroup) 8 / $+ E' % 206 + ( M4 &$ H + E ( (non O1) &$ (O1) &$ ( &$ .@ .(O139)
23
(classical) % (biotypes) / (O1) &$ % *& .@ $ 9 *+ / ' 4 9$ E ( (El Tor) % * % '( Hikojima Ogawa :Inaba ` G (serotypes) 8 . ,$ - / =-$ classical biotype % ' .El Tor biotype % S $ L $ # 1 9 # non-O1 / $ - F 1 .26 1993 $ .O139 / S ,W ,$ <@
O1 &$ 'ا ﻡ$ آ$ﻡ ات ای ی
!"#
K( = M4 % E ( # = / 8P * +@ / >$ V. parahaemolyticus $ P 8 ; M4 % . H 84 $ 52 – G + + ( V. alginolyticus K G V. K6 K( biotype 2 % 2 ' U42 ?/ 9 H A ?A vulnificus . + # 9 8 H A / ? = 4 V. damsela &$ := M4 % E (
24
=$Y $ V. hollisae $( ^ $
1 / >$ V. mimicus K ..+ =$P * +@ / -$ V. fluvialis K :? > ,<&$ % $+ $ =8 =&4 ( + G 4 ,- , $ 1 . / (Cholera toxin) 6' ?6 (O1) A (O1) ,<&$ (Biofilm) 0+ 12) E' -
- ,- 8 6' ?6 - ') 8 U = -& A - GW $ + O1 L ( W+ + 64 #$ + ? %6 ., +# = - , - 26 H ( H8 A # A / - =# , 6 1 . / ' , 8P '( 1 . / F +#$ ?/ 9 #-) / H 84 # + - 1 . / 9 13 GW .?& - ') 8 + %6 :
. / - + E2F - , = 9 = + 9 9 1/ - , 10 – 4 + - ') #$ = $ =?/ < ,/$ 6 !A '( 9 / H 84 - , L = #$ E ( 1 AP ) E' Alkaline peptone water - ') #$ #$ Blood–alkaline peptone water := ) ' $F ; M4 25
" 9 1 AP + .Egg –alkaline peptone water - ') 0' Thiosulphate citrate bile salt sucrose agar (TCBS) - ') #$
K $ 9 A ) 8 # H- H- 'A H#$ - ') #$ = $ K @ E' – 18 - 37 + / Taurocholate-tellurite gelatin agar := M4 6 - - 'A #$ = $ E' .@ !< /$ 24 Polymyxin mannose - ') #$ Thiosulphate chloride iodide agar .tellurite agar . / G (TCBS) - ') #$ = $ !+ 1! 1 68 , $ W ?$ $ 4 T ,<&$ K + . / = 9/ !4 H # , $ V. fluvialis K K( ; ?$ $ 4 . / ; G + , 4< 1 @ 9 K K6 1 @ 0! . / G / ? . / .O139 % O1 % , '@ + Agglutination test # 4
0 > ,
TCBS ?+" B#
26
,
TCBS ?+" B#
, $ A T 9 - ') #$ = $ / E' =!6 ( =&+@) % 1 + 9 , =&+@ W $ % *+ O1 / ? G 4 9 = $ El Tor % 1 + 9 , =&+@ . / S K Classic biotype non O1 E' 1 + 9 , =&+@ . / ; biotype $ $ =/6 = $ 1 + 9 , =&+@ . / . . / G (PCR) , Classic biotype = # -
El Tor biotype = #
# < ((&A) (B#A)
: ? +- * +P $$ $ # + # = *+ ' 8P ,<+ A + G 8 = # # 9 9 ' , / ) E' = Hh 84 - 26 H $- H ( H '( + 8 * H # ,$ / E ( =+ U42 8 U42 ? - 26 - - # 8 '( ,W 842 W / , '( 6 *+ 6 , 8 G8 , 2 $+ T ( +8 , 9 ? 9/
27
H 2 +8 , ( +8 / +8 G8 . 26 + H(
1971 D 1961 & () ? ! "
28
Campylobacter # , $ ) 9 A ) 8 $ + ,8/ / / ( $] ! E' , -( . / (&4 A 0.4 – 0.2 + ^ ( < , $ '( 4< =/6 ( X ] A :< H # 5 – 0.5 H !/ + ( ? 4< =/6 $ ?< 4 ? $<
K G&4 4 #; & + . / #$ #$ ? $ 4< =/6 $ 0' Campylobacter gracilis ? $ .# $ E <
# ) $5 -@ "
‘microaerophilic’ H-? 1 + %5 – 3 + .@ ( / 3+ $ ; $ =+ . / + $ ?A %15 – 3 + $ ?A .- 42 + !6
0< C. jejuni 0 0 K F
2 $ Y ! ( '( % 9( C. coli '( G 8 C. upsaliensis ?$ $ 0 K !< .thermophilic + + . / / 29
:? > 6 4 - ,- ?/ 9 *+ # -2 '( / ( +8 G8 / (+ '/ ) +8 G8 ( / H +#$ ; F - , 4 + / L $ 1 . / ' % H - ,- H 9( 0 0 K
.C. lari 0< 0< M4 2 / , 8P * + '( O .+ G F< , 9 H! $ Y # 9 HW ( '( ; ,$ ,W *+ :,- G 4 - M =+ ) H E' -& A - GW ,/$ # 1 . / # , 6 1 . / ; ,$ =&4 : + , , 4 + /) 9 9 ; !64 + , 12) G M4 K ? ( (- 1 . / ,W *+ :0+ =; + / 2 / .@ L $ / ^ # , 6 - ,- ( + 9 '@ ( 9/ - 15 / 16 9/ # / * . / = ' . : 9A '( =? $ - ') #$ E ( ! , =&4 . = + $ / 0 < A 0+ 0' Preston broth $ 1$+ - ') #$ = $ . / /< 9
30
0+ ! Ttimethoprim 9 0+ ! = + 9 . / E' Polymyxin B $ 0+ ! Rifampicin $ 6 FBP ` G ! L Amphoteracin B $ 6 0+ ! Sodium
Sodium metabisulphite
:Ferrous sulphat) .(pyruvate
# ,
Blood agar ?+" B#
# ,
Brucella agar ?+" B#
0< 0 =?/ 9 # ,$ 0' -2A "2 / "2 # - ,- =-$ - 'A #$ . / -2) "2 L! "2 / 9 0.22 S !+ + , ! / S@ H! FBP ` . / 0+ - A $ ,8 ,$ ,/$ 4 - 42 + - ') #$ =-$ - ') #$ " E' 9 M4 /$ 24 !+ E' /$ 48 !+ - ; - GW $ 8 .?& , 4< 1 @ 9
31
: ? ,6 4 * - '( -& - GW . 6$ , # + A = = '( ,+- 2 = ? = 1 N ,+- $- 8 '( # 6
0 # A 84 , @ = $ ,+- $- $ HS50 PT35
< $- $ ?/ 9 H ( H( H K = A .1 ,W ,+- M+@ 6 = / , 8P * +@ $$ 1 8 / F U42 6000 8 $ =$ # $ = U42 100000/+ 100 – 60 + <@ H $ + 2.4 + =$ ' 8@ + 550000 . 2 , 2 '( @ M +F 9 O .+ S
32
Helicobacter pylori ; # # > K ^ -( . / 08/ 0 + @ &4 =2 =+ ; -& A GW 6 =2 U & G+ -( . / S 0' =2 ( 0 =2 .@ 08 0 =2 &4 =2 H A < ; , - 1 $ ( < + ^ :0+ #2 - GW $+ + 9 A ) 8 $ ( < H # 5 – 2 H !/ 0.6 . 4 #; + . / # $ 6 – 5 . / - +< HW
$ /9 9 B# A $5E ; # # > )
E' ? 4< =/6 0 ( # ` = + indoxyl acetate ` = + 4< =/6 $ ? $ 4 12) # ! / G hippurate .2 %50 + #4 :? > #4 12) #$ ( +@ / .@ '( 9$ <@ + $ P = i 1 ] #4 12) #$ M4 /
33
#4 12) . / 1 #$ % . + ? @ & H 4 E ( /
-, ; # # > < "
'( , M # ' ) L? E' 1994 1971 $ , + +- 272 =8 %30 + $ L? 2 .@ '( =4 ; ' E&$ 8 , / 1 # ,&8 $ < =&4 9W A #)! W+ ! * ; ,#+ ./ < @ %20Z 10 + $ $ L? , 2 G8 W * * +@ 2 =4 .@ =8 ' "$ 8 2 @ , 2 8 18 . / +8
'( . / 0+ 0' #-) =&4 2 . / ; W+ *+ 1 . / '( ; H H + + , E' 9 30 .@ Z2 /$ 48 ^ # , 6 1
34
/ U 4 @ ,+- * +@ . / ; !64 . / ; 9 L /< , / ,$ M+@ =&4 *+ 0 0< 22@ E' ; + 9 ) 0.2 ? . / ; = $ / =+ E' 0 0< 22@ A , 2 '( @ ( ? ?A 4 , 4< S W 0' ,; # =$ 9 9 H '( 8 H W #-) * . /
$ = *+ $- $ ,<+ 12) #$ 0 ( G ,+- *+ L T E' ' 4R =-/ G < $ / G8 + #4 , E ( <@ # P + 9 , $ ,$ < 9 L U 4 5# - ,- ( =+ + / 1 . / ; <@ M4 K 8 = +- * +P 6 '( /$ 12 -& - GW 12) =4 1 . / '( ; *+ ,W :U84 S . / 0+ 12) = S ( .9 8 .@ =8 0+ . $ P 9$ 34 ' %$ :
$ P , '( =?/ 6 . / # ? 9 =+ , E' - , 5# 9 9 1 < $- =? Gastric biopsy /?4 - ( / ? /$ =&4 9 *+ 8 U42 0 ( = $ . / = $ - ') #$ $ - ') #$ . /
35
Stuart’s :Milk :Glucose :Normal saline :Cysteine brucella broth = brain-heart :Brain-heart infusion broth :Semi-solid agar :medium Cysteine-Albimi medium - ') #$ = $ 9 H + infusion broth - 'A #$ = $ '( =? .=$ %20 . / 0+ 0' H! Brucella agar :Brain-heart infusion :Chocolate agar = - A :Dent’s = - - 'A #$ = $ 8+ 9 %7 – 5 S Skirrow’s campylobacter :Glupczynski’s Brussels charcoal medium 37 – 35 + $< ; - GW L medium ? HW . !+ 9 5 – 3 , $ W - #$ + , 4 1 @ 9 A ) 8 ) 8 9 , $ 0(W =2 # $ ( ? 4 E' ? $ 4 ?< 4 . =/6
36
Aeromonas: 0 ' $ ( 1.0 – 0.3 + ^ ,8/ / / ( ? $ 4 1 @ / # X ] A 9 A ) 8 ' , ?4 8 4 ( / .@ 0 K '( 9$ .+ - ! M4 / E$] ! ( + + / + , =!6 ( + + + A 0 K &( K @ 0 K = - 38 Z 15 ! K '( $ K @ 0 K E' K @ .- ') ,/ 8 ( $ Y
) > 0 '
:? > =86 =&4 6 :- ,- 8 '( - =86 =&4 8 ( / ? H $ ; / $ = G 4 $ . / / +8 G8 $ '( /< - GW 6 :- , ) $+ ( 102 Z 1 = + = , $ + 108 = 107 Z 102 = , ?4 E = , $ +
37
, $ + 104 = +8 G8 , $ + = , $ + 102 Z 1 = = = , $ + 10 Z 1 = 2 +8 G8 H/2 9( K @ 0 K + 68 9 / ? =8+ 0 = $ H A '( +8 G8 2 * M $ 6 = $ K @ K &( K @ 0 K W+& . K @ K F$ K @ K &( K @ 0 K ( :+#$ ,- H/2 '( % . 100 = , $ + 35 + ; / '( T / 8 0 K ; "! , ,$ =&4 : - = 9 ) 0.3 ? . / 0+ 12) &( K @ 9 ) 0.6 1 . / S; 0+ = + .0+ = + :$ * '( + ; =-< < !+ ,; .+ 84 ; =-< /@ 6 H4> ; + 20 (/ ? < *+ 2 K @ 0 K / ?< / E' 100 = , $ .L? 2 100 = , $ + 200
38
#$ = $ E' '( [ -2) "2 # 9 4$ - ') #$ = $ Ampicillin–dextrin agar (ADA) - ') L2 . / - ') #$ '( 0+ *+ Aeromonas medium Ryan’s ? H $ '( *+ ; / , @ '( Sodium ) ! S / K+ /9 ) 10 100 = 9 ) 50 (EDTA Na2 ethylenediamine tetraacetate ( P $+ = $F 8 / / Alkaline peptone water = $ ?6+ , $ =+ / G2 .#/ 04< - ') #$ = ; $ - ') #$ E ( '( Starch-: m- Aeromonas agar- ') #$ = - ,- / G2 GAP-10C - ') #$ :Pril–xylose–ampicillin agar :ampicillin agar '( =?/ P S T A $$ , # *+ .agar 0 K '( ,<&$ A ; G :6 4 - 'A #$ = $ = $ / G 8 = ?& $ ?$ $ 4 . / Xylose-lysin
:Hektoen
enteric
:Mac-Conkey
- ')
#$
S 2 , $ '( =2 *+ desoxycholate agar .! A : ? S '( $ $ P ,W - ,$ L d ; = ? , 8P * +@ '( A * +@ $- - ,- =2 =? '( 9 , ' , 6' ?6 '( ,<&$ A 9 L ,<+ =$P .$ U-84
39
Pseudomonas 0 X ] A 9 A ) 8 $ - ( 8/ / / ( #$) # $ #$ + ( ?< ? $ 4< =/6
? @ K $ K 4 #; . / ( E' +8 + K 9( Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) 8 ( ' ; ) 8 K '( ?6F '( % 200 =8 Pyoverdin ) 8 = / 5? $F 0' Pyocyanin 0' - ') #$ ?6 ) 8 '( !4 68 $ 0' K 9(?6 ,) 8 4R / E ( + = ; . / 0+ + $F 0' Pyorubrin ) 8 ( ? @ K $ 0 . / '( ; G $ 0' Melanin ) 8 .+ , !
6 ' 0 )
:? > M/ , 8@ %10 + / -$ ( HW .@ !< K $ % =?/ 9 *+ ,62$
K $ K $ 0 K := ? @ K $ 0 K 40
?
K $
K $ K $
0 0
0
K
Pseudomonas
K K
Pseudomonas
Pseudomonas
fluorescens alcaligenes
mendocina
$
Pseudomonas 2 $ K $ 0 K Pseudomonas putida 0 K Pseudomonas allei R K $ 0 K cepacia
K $ 0 K Pseudomonas maltophila & K $ K $ 0 K Pseudomonas testosteroni
$$
& K $ 0 K Pseudomonas vescularis K<$ Pseudomonas
&$ K $ 0 K Pseudomonas flava
:Pseudomonas palleroni K $ 0 K pseudoflava
K @ K $ 0 K Pseudomonas rhodos K K $ radiora K $ 0 K Pseudomonas echinoids Pseudomonas
? K $ 0 K E' Pseudomonas
, 8P * +@ H H K $ .mesophilica ? @ K $ H A S O ,&!6 / *+ +#$ = #-) , . / 16 9/ . / = ( 1+8 ) U42]
6 ' 0 # ! A #
41
: - ') #$ . / ? @ K $ = $ 9 , / ? , 4< = $ = $ 9 8 acetamide ` . / 0+ - - 'A #$ ? ? @ K $ . / G + , 4< , $ 24 )8 , / ? $ 9+ .1$ H A $ , ?
42
Staphylococcus 0 # . / (&4 9 A ) 8 =2 / / ( -( . / / -( . / ,- 6 , -( ?< =/6 4< # + A / A 8; =$&$ K 9( % 32 + E ( ? $ 4 . / 0' Staphylococcus aureus K K $ 0 K , $ W Coagulase test # =/6 4< # F ,<&$ : !+ 9 3Z 2 ! 68
A , ! . / (/$ ? # W+ . / ' - GW =!6 ,<&$ A <@ :H 4 - (< / ? . / 2 . / + , G&4< 9 98 %10 ;# . / =8+ ( 4 . / K $ $ ? $ ? $ := = $ . / ,$ '( Z = $ ?< $ ?& $ ?6 $ ? ., $<
K $ 0 K K K $ K J S.
K $ K $ 0 K S. epidermidis K @
$ A ( ! ? < K 9( saprophyticus 0 =$) , +8 , < , 1 S +8 0' G =$P / >$ K K $ 9$ G F ( 9 # / ?6 0' enterotoxin 0 6' S = 8 2 ;&/ K K $ - ') $ 1 # E' 3& -84 $) L = ;&/
43
+ = G K K $ %50 + =+ 8P * +T =6 ,- / / 4 400 – 200 .9 . / d4 ^ / L U42
0 0 # )
:? > *+ 1+8 U42 %59 – 31 + ? '( 1 O , 4P 9 A / 104 – 102 .@ =8 ? ; / ' =- $ ? E' 8 "#$ . / E' .@ !< E' ) 1 ' # , , , 2+ 1 N 8P * +@ 9+$P 1 N ' , 8@ * +@ ) K ., !4 =$) # /P = $ *+ + $ + + $ (2 / 400 + .@ =8 / , ? 84 8 K K $ K F : 8P * +@ H ( H '( T : / 4 +- 0 =$ 9 9 ! ? K K $ 0 ,<+ E ( <@ K K $ 0 K 8P 9 30 – 20 1 K $ 9 8P
44
- <@ ! ; - 20 + .- 20 =; + , H-# F - : 2 = + 5 # / # = $ K $ =?/ S <@ ? S $ "8 F + - 'A #$ E ( K L? / Q- .#/ 0' M-Staphylococcus broth - ') #$ = $ / W . / 9 N + < H + # = $ Lipoviettin- - ') #$ K $ . / 0+ . / = $ / Baird-Parker agar - ') #$ = $ salt mannitol agar :G ?& + , 4< 1 @ E' 9 -2) "2 # - ') #$ = = $ . / '( =? - ') #$ #$ Mannitol-salt agar - ') #$ Lipoviettin-salt mannitol agar Phenylethyl alcohol agar - ') #$ Lipase-salt-mannitol agar - ') - ') #$ Columbia colistin-nalidixic acid (CNA) agar - ') #$ *+ Egg yolk tellurite enrichment S@ G! Baird-Parker agar base # "$ 9 A ) 8 $ # - ') #$ '( 9 9 9 A ) 8 M4 % K $ [ / =? - - 'A #$ Schleifer-Krämer agar - ') #$ = $ !+ / M4 , 'A , / K $ /$ 72 – 48 - 37 – 35 + - ') #$ '( . / K $ % / E ( : , $ W Brewer’s 8 S 2 - ') #$ . / - (& - GW Z 35 + / /$ 72 – 24 =&4 E' thioglycollate medium . / =2 K $ % L 9 L - 37 45
- ') #$ 9 ! ! Tryptic soy agar - ') #$ . / /$ Nutrient agar - ') #$ Brain-heart infusion agar .K $
46
Klebsiella )# # / / ( % 9( + 0 K '( F - (& - GW . / K H 4 - (< 8/ &4 : 0.8 – 0.5 + !/ 2Z1 + # ^ '( ,<&$ / E ( :+ A ( ?& $ 4 . / 6 + , . / ' '( . / 0+ / # + ! / - 43 – 12 ^ -& - GW / ; 30 - 55 + .Klebsiella pneumoniae & $ ,68 '( & W+ : 9( $ Y +8 + ( '( K % 5 E ( K. oxytoca $ & $ 0 K & $ 0 K 0 K K. rhinoscleromatis K $ & $ 0 K K. ozaenae - ? & $ K E' K. planticola< & & $ .! A - (8 '( ,<&$ A
)# #
:? > H 8 H / 72 + % 7 . / &$ 0 K ! .$ ,+ 8 Friedlander’s bacillus 9$T G , ;
47
. / : ; A ,&/6 W ,<&$ & $ $ 4 . / E' - , 5 + ? $ 4 #-) 8 H A ( :- 44.5 + / ?& $ ( #-A 8 & $ 0 K %85 – 60 + 0 K + 9 , ' , + 1 %40 – 30 + K. terrigena & $ K K. planticola < & & $ 4 $ + , , !4 S 6 - 8 . # E' d ' 2] 4 0 K . / + A +#$ 0+ # H E' #-A - 8 H A & $ + ,$ M+@ '( #;$ .H 20 .@ =8 1 . / ' : ? /@ / =$) / L = =&4 '( = H A 84 842 W 9(< 9/ / 4O U42 = 9 # ( $ * 1 ' ' 52 $@ ? / ? ,62$ , @ '( $ +- 0 =$ 9 '( = < , ' $ 9 ,j k$ F ! ,<+ A 2 , - ? ! / ^ #-) 8 100 = T / 4 105 X 7.9 10 X 3.5 P 10 X 3.5 . / 0+ (1 = ) U 4 ! U42] * +P G a = & $
48
. / ; W+ E K <@ # '( .# , / : '( =? M-Endo agar - ') #$ = $ 9 = $F 0' M-Kleb agar - ') #$ = M4 - 'A #$ = $ 5? ^ , $ W *+ -2) "2 # . 0 .@
49
Serratia 9 A ) 8 $ 9+ )8 Z 8/ / / ( =/6 4< # H 4 - (< - ( ; + =/6 4< $ # ONPG E' VP` , $ ?< W+ # GW W+ < '( ? $ / ,6$6 . / 0+ - 'A #$ 9 / W+ $ = , ( 4 . / ' - GW 0 K Q H?A H trehalose ? $ mannitol = – 25 + S / Serratia marcescens ?$ $$ $ '( . / = 2 & ; A 1 + ) 8 - 30 % $ - , ) 8 ' A ,<&$ =?/ L-2
K $6 $ 0 K - , ?/ M4 . S. odorifera 6 $ 0 K S. Liquefaciens
@ > ) ,
: ?
6 $ 0 K ?$ $$ $ K $ 0 K
S. rubidaea - $ 0 K
.,62$ M/ $ ; ! ? < K K $6
50
:? > *+ 8 - '(
+ E' + 9+ , 2+ + , +#$ ' U42 2 K& #$ = $6 ' 0 =$) ? E' # , + Q L 8 ,
51
Flavobacterium - ) + A ( 9 A ) 8 $ - ( 8/ / / ( , ( 4 . / K ? $ 4< =/6 W - 37 + / ? $ $><
9 & K + 68 , $ K '( :$ 9( Flavobacterium meningosepticum 9 $ E ( 1 ' ' ?/ L-2 S H 84 # ,- L *& .@ 9$ K '( @ '( H / 70 – 40 + ,$ $ . / % . / = # . / A % = / = P 4< =/6 / $ = P 4< =/6 ,$ $ . $ = P 4< =/6 ,$ $ . /
- - )
:? > , +8 G8 2 '( L '( ,- 9( + , . / % 9
52
'( 58< . / '( /$ $
2 .@ '( =8 ,62$ L? , 2 L-2 ' = $ T ( : @ 2 ,&8 =8 =&4 4O U42 , 9$ K& 96 / = & + + 9/ ,$ =&4 ,62$ , $ - ') 8 9 - 15 / ? . 2 '( / . / /$ E' : 5 # . / L? # #$ '( / G2 - 28 22 + 5 # !+ E' R2A spread plates .9 7 / =<
53
Cyanobacteria # 1;? +# G , 9 A ) 8 $ / / ( 1! A , . / Blue green algae !4 &4 , ' % ] 30 + &4 1 + ^ G8 =8 H 84 $ - 2 =&4 (/ =8 ; $ +# ,& '( 9 = 4 500 .@ / . / G 8 , ?4 E H 84 Algal blooms .lithoautotrophic H-! ') '
# &# % 9 # ) 54
:? > ; = = :9 = A '( # +# ,& '( %75 : $ $ + 8 . / (/ 9/ ( ,- G 4 . / (/$ $ ' - ,- 8 E' . / =8+ . / / A G 8< . / + E' Anabaena - = d % <@ ! ` G 9$ 6' 3 @ . / Microcystis K$$ . / > < 6 , + 8 ? . / 6' '( > saxitoxin like . $ P
?9
0
0! A ? + %6 @ , . / ; . / '( L2 6$6 6' (#4 U 4 8 = # , 6 1 . / ; &4 U 4 .+ 9 S . / W+ ?6 0'
55
, + = $ 6' U 4 :K+ , .(GAC) #2 : 2 0 U+6 '( 6 4 % . / G % $ % ? ) +# ,& MF 0' 9 '( -! = $ (N/ $ A E' 8 5 , = $ ? , + = $ / 3? E ( - ') #$ . / = ; #4 #4 $ - ') #$ D-medium - ') #$ = $ - ') #$ 25 + !+ 9 WC - ') #$ E' BG-11 :ASM-1 5# / E ( $ 6 1! 2 2 L - (HPLC) A = $ '( 6' + .(GC) : ? A 6 , + 2 #; 9$ W E ( S 2 ,<+ =$ 9 9 +# ,& 1 6 ) U42 10 =6# 139 + 8 0 +- =$ 9 $ P +# ,& , . / 0+ 8 H ( 9 $ 1! K+ , = $ 9 $4 +- '( ,W =$) .! ,+- 6 / E ( +# . / 1 +< . =$A + +- 8 9 = = $ . 0 Q endotoxin 4 6' = i / ? . / 2 8 8 9 1 @ = ; 8 +# ,& -( ,
56
8 1996 $ =? #$ . =$A , + M+@ +- =26 8 H 842 50 9 . + '( . / 130 +
K$$ =?/ 9 +- '( U42 116 +8 , / 0 8 .! , / ?/ 9 :. =$A $ , / . 9 9 *+ K$$ . / H+ +8 W ,+ # "$ ,68 T = = 9 A 1 2 . = 9 A 0.5
57
Legionella )# g H A f< 9 ) ) 8 $ - ( ,8/ / / ( H A 2.0 – 1.5 + # 0.9 Z 0.3 + !/ 2 0 U+6 / ,8/ -( . / 0 % '( K ; $ - ') #$ + = # 6 $ , + = $ ) 8 9 . 20 .@ # =8 ; # #4 G2 .Gram-Weigert Giemsa Diff-Quik : 5# '( / *+ 9 / , + , # & +< 0> ; 2 # $ P = - - 5 6 ,62$ .26 ; 0' . + G 1 26 ; G2 5# / ! # (A , I ! / G2 /$ *+ 5# $$+ .S+6$ = ; 26 . / #$ . + / #$ 0- < 1 2 1976 $
1 '( .$ 6& < 9 =6+ 182 8 ,<+ / g *+ Legionnaires (5 6 ) . + L G? %#$ 1977 9/ L + 29 9 . + -/ ,6! E' $ - =?/ CDC $ + ? 1 / 9; 1979 $ Legionellaceae -/ ( 9 - '( ,+ G 8 K G 8 L! 9 $ Legionella pneumophila & & 0 K 9 + - '( ,+ ,6 F8 K / g H+ ' G$ 1 . / ' *+ - , / @ , / 9?/ 9 K 41
58
63 Z 0) 6 4 + , # ,- - ,- .(8.5 – 5) K = =!6 (-
)# ) )# B# 8F ! (
+ . / 0+ - 'A #$ H '( 3+ Buffered charcoal - ') #$ '( + ^& L-Cysteine 59
0 9 - ') #$ . / < yeast extract agar (BCYEa)
$ =? = $ - ') #$ 4R % .$6 ?
B.A * B# -, BCYEa * B# ;
5 # . / ( 9/ L (BCYEa) 5 # . / , $ ,<+ /$ & % + . / ! # F 9
& $2 84 '( 2 0- < 8P U42 ?& $ 4 . / & 9 56 <@ Francisella % . / ! .# F ; 98 , ( = + 4 M4 % / (?F '( P , & & .K K6
< / / W ' 8P ,<+ % 50 + Pontiac fever .$ ? 6 8P S 2 .+ 8 4O 0- 0' - #$ M4 ; , - . / ( '( # , 6 . % '( ,$ ,W *+ S / G/! W+ H/ G/! / '( T +# '( U 4 / 6/! G; +# 0' 0+ 12) 9 . / (/T - - , / E' 4 GW + ?& - ') 8
60
, 4< < '( / G2 , 4 *+ # @ , 8P W # + H A ( T G2 , 4 / 0 A = # 6 L-2 & + ! . < *+ ( + 4 / , 1 @ '4 E' / Q $ j ! f $ T 8P *+ 4 ! . < ! $ + 6 ++8 : + O .@ M> ; T * '( '( % / W< ; ' , $ .S / G - ') #$
. ,
/ E' + ' ; + 9/ ! A 9 '( *+ & & ' ' 52 $ / - 55 Z 25 + / 6W .#4 5 6 .@ E' M> ; '( : ? $ =2 ' , 8@ + 9 =2 2 '( 9A : E' = 9W ? = / G2 (+ 9 , 8P '( A <@ H ) 61
=2 (recirculating water system) W *+ = '( =+ , E' ; = .= '( , /; 9 E' .@ M> ; % ' 8 H 2 $ P @ H , ,W .26 ,<+ 8P *+ 5# / 3 L? 2 , 0 3 , 8@ *+ E' / Q *+ , 8P *+ 8 9( 1 G W 8P *+ ' 8; ? + . ,&A L? , 2 / GO / L 9 1988 $ , ,$ M+@ : , '( % '( $ , 6 4 8 % 6.26
1G9
% 7.01
I 6
% 12.03
GG )@
:)# 8 # , * : ( L? , 2 '( U 4 5# / E ( : Thermal Disinfection $ D 5 6 ,62$ < H $ 5# # '( 9 - 70 + .@ 4$ &4 9 *+ M # '( ; 30 8 E' L? 2 , L 4$ .- 8 * . / .!< ,;> =+ .( .26 / = $
62
: Hyperchlorination # (J 6 , D ? ^ *+ = i / ? = $ . / # '( =l M> + 6 # ( ; 120 – 60 m6 G; H ! # '( / ? L .@ 0f> / '( / .@ 0> #$ ? 6 %6< H A ) (Trihalomethanes) , ? %6 .E $ +8 =2 *+ .@ 0>$ /9 ) 4 / ? : Copper-Silver Ionization !& 0 ( , F D 4 = + $ = + .@ '( 0> P . / $ n / $ # 6 =; # '( .@ M> !6 K+ = i / ? @ ? '( 16 = . $@ : Ultraviolet Light & * ,A D 0 + L 8 . / '( U 4 2 '( 9 < .+ ^ 8 $ 8 .@ + # '( / DNA .^ 8 .#) , $ : Ozone 6 A D . 6 /$ ? ?A = + # '( / : 8 & & / 9 = $ . / , 8P '( , 8P *+ .@ M> / #8< # -
63
$ , 4 @ 6 ! # ,62$ M G F = / $$+ , ' ; . / '( M $ 4R Priscilla Declerck) 9; $ 6 + 6 A , cPCR 9? P =$ $ =/6 = $ 9 (2006 # 9 & H $ ,+ 8 3 / cPCR = $ G2 # $$+ /$ ; Q- ,+! % '( M ,; # W . 2 + 9($ 6 4 - ,- = $ 9 ( 4R Weir SC) 9; 1998 $ , M4 $ ?/ 8 ! 6 4 % M + PCR G2 9 # '( & 9 5# ( + + 9 # = $ ,/$ 6 =&4 '( / + H 9 ? =/ T G ( H 12 '( G2 , 4 1 @ '( =4@ M S T ( 2 .! '( /
64
Arcobacter 9 3 – 1 + + X ] A 9 A ) 8 $ ,8/ (
0? / H!/ 0.9 – 0.2 < H # -( . / ,8/ .@ + ,8/ 2 ^ Arcobacter butzleri < H # 3 – 1 H !/ 0.4 – 0.2 S & G+ '( E+ 6 ! =/6 ; ?< 4< # -6 , -( . / + #; + . / #$ #$ - 15 + 6 + , . / ' 3+< micro-aerophilic H-? 1 + - 42 .+ 30 + / - GW =+ . / ( .- :? > +8 G8 2 0? / , 8P * +@ '( S 0' 9 ,$ ,W . = $ ? ?) '( $ P :$ * E' + ?6+ R #4 ' =? # E' 9 - 30 + / 8 S 2 - 'A #$ carbenicillin $ 0+ ! . / 0+ 0' 9 R - ') #$ piperacillin $ 0+ ! = M4 + , ! = $ 9 ; 9 0+ ! cefoperazone ? 6$ 0+ ! ! 9 *+ cycloheximide $( $ 0+ ! trimethoprim
65
Mueller Hinton broth ( – 1$+ - ') #$ 0+ ! ' - P - ') #$ G ( agarose ?R % 0.25 S@ G! , $ =?/ E' 9 Arcobacter Selective Medium H 40 – 30 $ =2 Swarming zones + 5# + '( =? Campy-CVA - ') #$ = $ - ') #$ "#$ . 9 R - ') #$ . / , $ 0(W =2 , $ -( . / - 37 + !+ /$ 24 translucent beige G62 "6 ^ 9 - +#$ 1$ . , $ + .@ S 2 0(W 2 68 .@ : ? " ' $ P 8@ # O .+ 9 9 9 , ,$ = 8P 9 9 +8 G8 2 , 2 '( =?/ . O .+ ! . / 6 8
66
Acinetobacter : 9 ) L 9 A ) 8 $ =2 8; ,8/ / / ( ( ( - ( - GW .@ 3+ ‘Gramvariable’) 8 ' $< + # 1.5 Z 1 (#; ^ H A < W+ 1.5 Z 1.0 =# &4 -( / W ; : 2.5 Z 1.5 1 @ / # $ # =&4 E' 0.8Z0.6 (#; 2 + + ( ? $ 4< $ ?< 4 .6 4 + , . /
MacConkey agar B# 9 ,
:? > ?/ *+ - L-2 ( 68 '( d E' +8 G8 ' + = 6 4 8
67
,+2 #2 , + ?/ 9 H A 'A = 9 ( . / = E&$ # 0+ 12) / '( = $ /
100 = , $ + 8 / + *+ , $ @ %54 + =2 ,W , ,$ 8 ?/ 9 , 5 # / # = $ / ? L? , 2 . / , ,$ ,W 2 ? , $ @ %5 ? $ , $ '( . / '( ; ,$ =&4 . * . / 2> $ "8 < S L $ E' :$ * - ') #$ = $ , $ '( =?/ Eosin-Methylene Blue - ') #$ = $ F 84 ,!@ 0 20 ! 9 ?/ ! - ,- ? Agar 1 - ( GW L 1 / 5 ` Acetate-mineral medium =2 ) + - 30 + / !+ ; 1$ 0') - ') #$ . / / , $ 0(W + # 0 .@ ,( 68 ^ , ' =2 ? W . 2 Z 1 : ? 6 4 9$; , 8P 8 9 ,$ M+@
,W -6 , + 5+ 8/ + 9$; ,62$ 2 # ,W 1 G ,W 9 ,$
68
9 ' , 8@ =$ 9 9 ,62$ 6 4 9$; =4 , 8P . = $ /
69
/ + . / ; , 4< 9 G ! 9 + . / < 9 9$< '( / 5 # ; Mossel =$ 9 Indicator microorganisms ' G '( Waite , 9 . 1991 $ 1978 $ 4R . :"+8 E' K ! 9 A 9 '( ; S 9 % / # 2 ; ;&/ E ( K : $ 9 / " #8 96 "! ! General (process) microbial indicators , - 8 4 = $ / 16 . / = 9 / ( / 16 + ') ' A . = $ Faecal indicators ?" - 8 #-A * . / = 9 / ( + .@ S ( *+ (0< 22@) + .! 9 Index organisms and model organisms ' , - 8 *+ ! . / 9 / / / ( & $ . / 2> ; 0< 22@ . ,$6 / F F-RNA coliphages $6 ,;& G . / L#; = S $ + 5; - E ( K / 8 = $ 6 4 ,68 =+ 9 / = $ :* .S 9 0< 22@ < H 0 @
70
: # B# K &
.* 8 W + A < Z . # =2 - < Z .! / / Z 6 K6 , / - GW Z .! . E' G =? $ Z . + G A ( + 4 Z .! 8Y = + . / - 8P H ! < Z : = + , 4 = $ 9 9(
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151
* D1 Plate Count Technique .@ ' 15 + [ 8 # '( M @ 664 ) 9 . / M+ 5 # - 45 .@ =8 #$ L K .+ - 8 5 # E+ 9 E' ( 9? $ =) # . / = =!6 , $ 2 - ') ^ 5 # [ / 9 !+ :; Q- . / =8+ (G64 = $+ 9 $ 300 Z 30 , $ E' (G64 = ) ( , $ /) ! =8+ T , $ . 1 = , $ / . / =8+ : 6 . , $ [ / . / /$ D1 .6 ?/ 6 , $ . / =8+ /$ D2 : , ./$ 24 / =< !+ 6 3+ D1 .? , / .@ 3+ D2 .G64 ; 9 ; A Q- . / =8+ + D3
152
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9 '() ? < H+ H / 5 $ = (/ ? . = 4 ' U42 # 8 +@ = $ 9 U 4 9 :9- / ., /? . k @ # # 8F Methemoglobulinemia D1 Blue Baby Syndrome =6# 5;?@ / G '( 9 . S 8 m6F , H + .$ Methemoglobulinemia = =6# 3 . , $ g *+ 2 6 $ ,+ LN! =6# = 9? P U ' ) U42 = + 1$ 8 =6# 1000 ) U42 .M .@ Methemoglobulin =+ U4 H A) , K < , = 9 T +8 ' U 4 9 :' / M *+ (, !4 = =&4 = $< 9 L ? =&4 S88 , . +8 =2 *+ .@ M> # , 6 , / , ? ! . , = ?4 9 *+ Nitrosamines ` , n
197
` 9 . L 8F , =/6 E' , .@ M>$ $ = . / S K '( Methemoglobulin 96 =+ H 84 =6# 5;? E' / 9 . $ U .@ .K6 8 L 9/ =2 % 8 H +8 M D2 Nitrosamines , n # I $F , , , ? 5 # .@ 2 ,$ / E ( ., .@ , =+ E' , 4< 1 @ / #$ 8P , E&$ .$- $ , . / = E ( K : , + . / 9/ ,W (Weyer et. al ) 2001 9/ ,J + $ 6 #$ 9 #$ 6 ) #$ 8P , S = ;&/ K #$ - #$ M #$ #$ #$ . #$ *+ ;&/ . / L . #$ #E > D3 . ? $J . ,J . ,$ . ( Bouchard , = / 4 ,(2 8P ,<+ / ,$ . :+ HW ,$ ' =<$< < et.al. 1992) .;& '( = 9/ , + . / ,J .
198
a# * 6 ! ( ,
6
,
.G; $ =)2 Z
2 , =+ Z
a#
; - 0 ! Z
=8 ?A .@
W
.Qj j F 1 . W
, U 4 $
Biological
.% 100 .@
Denitrification
.84 , ? 3+ Z
!<
3+
Z
.-
U 4
!
3+
-
Z
,6 4
(Resin) Q # =? Z .+
B A ( Ion Exchange
. . A , ?@ Z L %? / Z .^&
U 4
!
Z
! - ,6 4 .Q $
; , 3+ Z
B, !
. / M+ Qj F 1 Z
.! -
Reverse Osmosis
-
A
$
., / 9$ - !< 3+ Z . -
199
, * #
< M &#
( < M &#
< 1000 (
< * 1000
&
< 5.20 – 0.60
< 6.48 – 1.94
< 1.85 – 0.55
< 2.14 – 0.74
< 1.40 – 0.55
< 1.72 – 0.91
,
! B,
B A (
a# # W
.W 45.5 ≈ . B 9 1000*
200
, # WATER TREATMENT 9 = i 4 E&$& +8 ) :) '( 5 # "$ + # E ( K #$ = ; ! / 5# / 4@ :6 4 5# % =! S T H A ( : M . / + # 16< +#$ GW ( 9 / , ' R A - / , ' H ) A +#$ .&$ = ; 5# 3+ E' - ,68 $+ H+ q, f 8 F j F , / A 9A x k xF 0+ U 4 / H -?6 [ + $@ L! 0! 9 '( ,/ 9 '( L + 8 S o ( . , 4< E' j F / 16 . / / , ' '( 5 # =!6F L? 2 , / / ; 0! S T 5 =f A , + . / /< ;
22@ + 5# . / /< f # E' ') ' A + 0< .X ] - 8 , 7& : $ + % # , / 5 #
201
.!
- 8 a# # ? 6 & * D .!
- 8 8 * D $ f # ; M $F . !< =2 $ / , '@ ; $ # @ 6 S T . /) / / [ + = E ( *+ :"+8 / ( + @ 1 . / 9 ; = = $ .( , 4< 1 @ Coagulation & flocculation, sedimentation ( 8 ,-? f L . / ; ,-? ?6+ Q 4 ,-? =2 ,-? L -? / / / = 9+ *+ 8 9$ =- $ =86 *+ $ / , '( ,-? . / ' H % 8 9$ $ # '( % . / =8+ "2 / H- 5 $ *& =!6F) K = / /< '4 # 4 M E' I 4 j F / (11 + ^ $ ! 9 U 4 # '( / ?4 E' + + , 9 , J %99 – 90 '( + G!F *+ < H $ I 4 j F 9 /
,<+ - ' 0! $ , $
$ / =&4 U 4 9 + ^& 9 !< H = ,/6 * +@ 5# / H 664 = '( ,<+ #2 "$ # . "#$ .@ = '( =+$ - .2 "2 , / / U 4
202
# ' $ $ - , = ' 16 M + , ,$ =&4 S T / 8 % 90 – 40 ^ $ U 4 # =+ ; *+ / 9 9 HW = U 4 H 9 / K; F . / > ; 9 H / + . / 16 $ + ,-? / Filtration : N # 2 = $ "2 , / E ( 9$ 9 U 4 -? # ( ! k xF 9 [ + %99 + U 4 m# L$ "2 9($ *+ ) ,-? / / K; F 9 :"2 , / % / 16 $ + Rapid sand filter I # d b o , $ 6 $ 100 ' L$ "2 = $
$ 9 * / ,2 2/ / / "2 : $ 2 ( "2 = $ # / , + E' (anthracite) 0+ 9+ = # 4 2 S )2 9 1 + , + 9+ : 1 – 0.6 $ ^ #2
A + "2 ' ./$ H 15 – 5 + 5 /$ ' $ = 4 / $ ; M4 9$ = .@ S 2 "2 I F ,$ 9+ / + = z 9$ + "2 ;# = 6 58< 84 = 6 E' "2 I F , [ + .U8< *+ .@ 0> $
203
'@ $ =$) / 1 P L$ "2 / G; 0! ,-? / / x"2 I F , # $ W+ .(/$ 24 E' H A) L6F := / L$ "2 ,2 *+ : > = 9( $ 8 =)2 D
A A 9$ "$ "2 '6 . / I > *+ ; . F . / H $ > 9 . / 0+ 0' $ 4 4 *+F 5 =f G&4 D ." 2 r F =&4 ( T "$ T $ =$) / E' "2 8 / 1 @ D 9 / . / 0+ I / H A =)2 + 2 j F ( +2 j F . G8 9 "8 F S T E' 5 =)2 ; 30 . =8 ; 8 $ =$) / / K; F / , ' H ( Q x"2 I F $ .@ m# . / 16 $ + ,-? / F Slow sand filter e # d _ b o m# "2 % / = $ 2/ L$ 1/ = $ H ? 4$ H! 9 :L? 2 4 = ; # E$ F 0.5 – 0.2 + 9+ #$ = 2 . / 0+ "2 2 / / ( :.8+ # ,+ / 1.25 – 1 + EF$ 0.35 – 0.15 + ^ = # 4 . / 0+ =j)2 j F . 60 + .@ (#; =8 ,$ 0.7 +
204
/ '( /$ 0.3 – 0.1 ^ 5 = "2F = L$ "2 / $ ; 4 / $ 9 + G ? # . / # '( *+ ,-? 0+ # ( ( 20 +) # (Schmutzdecke) # ,-? L # '( m# "2 / K$ #2 I j ? L#$ ,-? ,$6 , 6# E' ; = # K6 "2 ' . 6$ # (?+ 9$ # '( .L$ "2 '6 T ,-? +$ 0' # H =f U .@ 0f >$ H $ $ "2 # F # ? Tv N "2 r j 8 I ( / :=)2 / L $ / ?F # GW : = ! ( $ 10 – 5 E$ +) , 6# U 4 / / ' "2 '( F . $< 9/ =)2 1$ )8 , S 4 ; S S / K6 "2 I c ' S T =)2 GW :-; 8 1 @ / E ( .L$ -2) "2 / $ 4 / S 0' # 94 / : / 16 . / > = / / / K; F +2 = ; / $ . / 16 $ + ,-?
205
#آ ا dIاﻡ< اn
ا dIاﻡ< ا ! M
206
Activated carbon filter d _ b o ? "#$ +$ ? S "$ Q F / / ( -? / =&4 U 4 / 9 9$ U8P . / S; U8P ( M4 ,$ / ,-? L E' ?P "2 I F '( = $F A . 10? 58 ,-? ' *+ ,$6 E' M+ . / #$ S ! , ., 6#
Membrane filters ?" d b o H1 ,-? L 5; 12A / . / # '( 9 ?T 2 , / # ' + . /
2 = $ ; -2) "2 , / % ! :
207
microfiltration (MF) * / D1 U 4 / ( 0.1 + ,$ #; g . / ; , $ : % A +# ? 0.1 – 0.01 9+ , ' ,$6 12) '( 16 +$ 12) .12) '( ,$ T ultrafiltration (UF) D2 U 4 / ( =; 0.01 + ,$ #; g . % A +# ? !< ,$6 M4 A = $ H A , / /< :! 9 U 4 !< Reverse Osmosis (RO) , ! # D3
, ! O
.@ H? =; #$ ^& = # L! S G ."! G E' '6 04 12A =&4 H? . / #$
208
H? =; #$ = $ ^& T ? 6 4 < + / M$ 5 ( / = # .@ &8 .+ H? . / #$ .@ = F ( (∆P) #)! * 56 G F E' / Q 12) # / H? . / #$ ,-? 0$ = < S / Q +! #)! ; . H? =; #$ .@ "2 ,$ #; 9 9+ . / K$ # '( 3+ ; :- $ 4 / $ '( 3+< -2) 9 Q 6 *+ = '( 1 @ = ; !+ .@ 12)I @ = $ 12) "#$ . / 9 E' ,-? - GW & :S A A =2 12) "#$ . / 6 9 '@ / 5 $ 6 ; :- = $ -2) "2 ,+2 "2 / - $ = 4 , / -2) "2 = -?6 , I + K; F / . / H1 E' 6 <@ / 16 $ 12) =&4 , # #)! 9 2 U 4 '( = $ @ + .!
, !
209
nanofiltration (NF) D4 <@ $ "! 2A =+ ( ; ,$ , ' H! ( 9 2 U 4 '( = $ @ + 6 .! - 8 6' B# $ / ?" % 9 $ b - 8 : A ?@
+# ?
/
( " "!
kPa G
0.1 =;
%
microfiltration
50 Z 30
: A ?@
0.01 =;
+# : ?
0.001 =;
1000 Z 500
nanofiltration
.,$6
0.0001 =;
5000 Z 1000
, !
ultrafiltration
? 8 6 , / 9( - 9 4$ # , / = $ # '( ! 9 U 4 - / 16 ? ?A $ - : + ? $ / =4 # 4R - 8 =!j6F : K = : 2 + ! #+ # 9 9 F S <@ : - = $ /) # / 1 @ =! S T ( ,-? =4 , '@ /) # / E' ! 9 . / 1! 6 ( (. L? 2 .@ =4 = ; # 4R / k# G! (
210
/ + / , ' . / =8+ ! . L? 2 (regrowth) 9 / L (free residual) + # ? . / W6+ ! = ? + ,<+ H 84 84 = d L! . / !$ / '( T ( / + L? 2 $ $ . / =8+ 0> ! 9 . / > # * . / . ; , / 1 ! # # • $ = $ '( 9 L =/6 # ? - U-84 '( = E' / Q ; , <@ / =; (monochloramine) 0+ =[ S $ = $ $ . ; , 6# U 4
# # ,
211
= ? $ 100 + # , / = $ . / .! <@ / /P ! 9 U 4 Q- # # '( , G $ , O ,$6 ! =[ A (tri-halomethanes) M; FJ S <@ . / ; : =6# + ,$6 . / 1! < H $ # K = / / $ / / 0! ?< (HOCl) Hypochlorous acid f H H !64 K; 9 ; 30 / ? =< (8) / K = 84 = $ 4< . / /< + ? ` G G ( - ! *+ 0' =/6 kW . DPD (N, N-diethylparaphenylene diamine) H+ + Cl- + HOCl
Cl2 + H2O
OCl- + H+
HOCl
K + H =/6$ 1 .@ ! / *+ E' Hydrochloric acid E + Hypochlorous acid Hypochlorite Ion * .@ Hypochlorous acid + E6 + .$ 6 ( Hydrogen Ion . 4 , L =/6 . / S 0' : , # 7& B# 8K ( ,
. ? D2
.#F ? D1
. K = D4
. + D3
212
. D6
.5; - # D5 6 A , •
;# =&4 S 9 , ' & $ / / ? ?A :- ,&/6 =&4 $6 5 2 = $ - ? ?A = $ 9 .0 1 # 8 9 9 M4 5# S $ E' 2 $ 100 ' S T ? / S *+ ; =/6 . / G L =/6 : 4 ? 10? L H 2 =/6$ 9 0< 22@ . ? = + 4 9 A ) 8 9 : ? ?) H 9 (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Mycobacteria) . ?] H
?$ 6 A 6@
; ,/ Mycobacterium avium U 4 &4 ?) ' ,$6 : ?
213
=6# . / =; $ =6# . / 0; ?] !4 =/6 $ , ?) ? ?A Cryptosporidium 9 $ ? 0! = + $ $ A , ?) S <@ "8 S T + ? G 9 HW ? . + ? . / 0+ / S
! $ . / S; ? ?) ! O /$ ; 0+ = + ; !/ [ E' / Q
'( 06 / 1 9 / + . / U 4 E' / $> U 4 .6 , ? A A & * ,A , • ! 9 U 4 $6 5 2 / ,k / F 2 L 2 $ 2/ 4 mJ 10 =; +) H $ ; / ; # ' 9(P ? Cryptosporidium
9 9 $ =6# U 4 (29$ =
( Giardia lamblia < =6# ,&8+ E' parvum / '( . = 6 . / 9
214
. / '( 16 $6 5 2] ! 9 62 : ? 4 2 . $ , ' 0 9/ D .! U 4 . / D .! ($ =&4 9 # $+ = +- 9 # . / >< D .H $ 8; ? 3+ D + / $ < S # '( / . - ' ! . /
& * ,f ( ! (
+ , # 215
:? < $ 6 7 M 6 .@ 8 L? 2 * / 3+ ; '@ $ / , #4 =!6 2 +8 . / =8+ S - 4$ 4$ H $ Q , = + F H;> + O = $ T ,<+ S T # # H ) H +- H W # / *+ -? U-84 / /< '4 #; = $ "2 9 =!6F ( / / , '@ 0 ?4 # 9 $ .+ 6W d; .=6 9+ GW 1/ ( , # / ^ P $- $ E (
- # 5&#P . / 5# =! ( ) # . M :? $ * Boiling : #" !F 9 . / 1! G a + ; =8 ) 06 A + .@ 9 # / Q $ ) / <@ / .$ '( 4R .@ 1/ ) , $ 9 E' .. ) 1 .@ " = ; ! Chemical treatment : ? , = $ $P ) # < GW . = $ *+ '( # -
216
Chlorine : # ( , Chlorine bleach :0 o : # ( 9$ . / ? K 0+ 9 K ? + 9 $ / + , #; 10 ! 9 9 A ? '@ : = S!@ . . / 0+ / , '@ / 6/! 9 . / Quart = Quart* (
0 # 6
10
%1
2
%6–4
1
% 10 – 7 . 9 0.95 = Quart
*
$ = ; ; 30 8 3? / L , #; ! ( / +- '( W+& 9 'T 664 +- W+&$ 9 ; +- , '@ ; 15 k # M4
) , 4O GW 1/ S $ ,/$ 1 1 E . Calcium Hypochlorite :- : # > o * ( , + ! = + !+ 9 ≈ M$ 1) 1 1 + .@ (H 9 A 30 = ) 9$ ? $ ( / /9 ) 500 + = + ? ( 0.0455 1? 100 .@ 1? ! 9 # ? %70 +
217
12.5 + .@ = + 2\1 ! = ( 100 : 1 $ 0 . Chlorine tablets # a/9 o G! F , 9/ + K . / [ , $+ = $ .# 1 1.15 .@ + U;
# a/9 ( , $
Iodine : ( , # # S $ +#$ # = $ < .9 $ =6# =6# U 4 =N A S *+ Tincture iodine o # , $P = $F 0' # = $ 8 = .@ %2 ? , #; 5 + ! E' .&$ = ; ; 30 E L , #; 10 + ! 9
218
Iodine tablets a/9 o 9 , '( 9/ + K . / , % 9 .# 1 1 .@ + U; ! Solar disinfection (SODIS) 0 ,F $ ; =&4 1991 $ # '( . / G 9 E' 9 %99.9 $ 9 U 4 . / # '( =8 / /$ !64 + ,/$ 5 + K2 2 ) # + .@ S 2 # '( - 50 .@ + / / $@ # ' ?4 P S T +8 W M , . / H1 (regrowth) = $&) ; , 2 # K2 2 . / /P 9 @ 9 A # 1! . / ; (? :=&4 E' ; .( ) ,A 8F o 9 ? $2 2] 1 1 1/ =&4 E' 9 65 – 55 + .@ 1 + =8 *+ 1/ 4$ E' =&4 1/ 2 L! ! . / 1! ( - . ' / 8 .@ + =8 . / = 4R . , & * ,A 8F o K2 2 H 2 (# - ; . / .NTU 30 / 1 / ?< . /
219
.W, , & * ,A ,A 8F o 6 A *+ ? # < H $ 5# ( (# H-? - 62 ; . / + 1&# =!6 NTU 30 / 1 / ?< . / K2 2 H 2 # ;4 K2 2 K $ 1&# 6$ + 3 H 9 1 + %6 1 [ H 6/! < H 6 .K2 + 2 . / ? :4O
0 ,A !, # @ . 9 A 7) # /
220
4
8
3
7
2
1
6
5
SODIS 0 ,9 ( , $ # # ,
& * ,A 0 ( , $
221
: # ( , T $ Dutchess County Health Department's environmental "8
$ !F 9 ( 4 ! O # laboratory S :# - * , + CloroxTM =-$ ? *+ + $ + # = $ U ; = $ / S <@ - =6$ # - %; .@ U) . / G! ? ( ) N 6 2 4 ' 4 : = "! ( - 5/ . /
!
? *
* , + 9 A 56 = CloroxTM 3
100
* , + 9 A 112 = CloroxTM 4
200
* , + 9 A 168 = CloroxTM 6
300
* , + 9 A 252 = CloroxTM 9
400
* , + 9 A 336 = CloroxTM 12
500
: .=-$ G! 9 - 1#A %? Z1 S 0 = $ 1 3? - # 4 9; Z2 . 37.850 + 6 /P - 5+ 8 +- W .@ 8 Z3 .- / 8
222
/T 9; /$ 24 – 8 + = ; = $ < 8 =6; Z4 .- 1#A +- 2& .+ ; 15 + 8 " / E' Z5 .9 # E' ? K E' 9 10 + # / $ Z6 .
223
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225
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226
%:ة ;:;Cت
?+" A Bile aesculin azide agar ?+" D1 9 A 10
Peptone-1
9 A 10
Meat extract-2
9 A 10
Ox-bile purified and dehydrated-3
9 A 5
Sodium chloride-4
9 A 1
Aesculin-5
9 A 15
0Sodium azide-6
9 A 5
Ferric ammonium citrate, green scales-7
9 A 10
Agar-8 Distilled water -9
1000
L - 100 + / # 1 , 'T 9; 115 + / 9 9 7 = . / . K = # ! .- , 4 + W6+ 5 # $ 9 5-; 10 - : Brilliant green lactose broth ?+" -2 9 A 10
Peptone- 1
9 A 10
Lactose-2
9 A 20
Ox bile, purified and dehydrated-3
13
Brilliant green, 0.1 %( w/v) in water-4 Distilled water -5
1000
Ox bile, ` '@ # 1 500 Peptone ` '@ 9 = # ! . / # 1 200 purified and dehydrated
227
=8 # 1 ! L + # 4 9; 9 7.5 – 7 . K .@ . K = = L ?& G! E' : 975 .@ 9+ %? 1 .@ . 9+ =8 Brilliant green ` = + G! 7.4 9 = 5 9+ 9( . / {= M+ .5-; 10 - 115 + / ?+" -3 Differential reinforced clostridial medium (DRCM) 9 0 ? . / =8+ G/! ? - ') #$ !+ 9; .# 1 K6 ! S664 Basal medium A ?+" D9 9 A 20
Peptone-1
9 A 20
Meat extract-2
9 A 10
Sodium acetate, hydrated-3
9 A 3
Yeast extract-4
9 A 2
Soluble starch-5
9 A 2
Glucose-6
9 A 1
L (-) Cysteine hydrochloride-7 Distilled water -8
1000
Yeast extract Sodium acetate Meat extract Peptone 'T 9; 9 . / # 1 200 2 ' # 1 800 : 4$ # 1 S@ G! 9 # 1 = ; 1? 2 '@ # ! L :Cysteine ` ? $ = i ! L + '( # 4 E' .7.2 – 7.1 . / K
228
$ , ' 5&AP + , ; . / H 50 10 9+ #$ '( %? + ; 0 ? H 25 9+ . / 125 28 - 121 + #$ '( 9 9 . H 28 9+ , ' 5&AP .; 15 Sodium sulphate and ferric ammonium citrate solutions D %7 ? Sodium sulphate ` = + %4 ? !+ 9 9 / 9 .# 1 '( 'T Ferric ammonium citrate` , 4 + H 14 = + '( W6+ P :"2 #$ .- Final medium ?$ ?+" – ! E' 4< 1 @ S 9$ 0' 9 #$ '( !+ 9 .Ferric ammonium citrate` Sodium sulphate ` = + | $ 9 #$ '( 4$ $$ - ') #$ - ' $ %? 9 ferric Sodium sulphate . / 2 0.4 ! $$ - ') #$ H 50 10 .@ ammonium citrate solutions - ') #$ 0 ? H 25 .@ 0.5 G! :? G/! .$$ Glucose azide broth ?+" -4 9 A 20
Peptone-1
9 A 10
Sodium chloride-2
9 A 10
Glucose-3
9 A 10
Di-potassium hydrogen phosphate-4
229
9 A 4
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate-5
9 A 6
Yeast extract-6
9 A 0.5
Sodium azide-7
4
Bromocresol purple, 1.6 %( w/v) in ethanolD8
Distilled water -9
1000
. / =8+ S664 - ') #$ '( G/! ? !+ 9 .# 1 K6 ! 0 ? 6.8 – 6.6 / K # ! L # 1 I' .5-; 10 - 115 + 9 , ; . / %? GGG5)
.S;2 $ S/& 9 '@ H 9$ Sodium azide ` Lactose peptone water with phenol -5 9 A 5
Sodium chloride-1
9 A 10
Lactose-2
9 A 2.5
Phenol red, 0.4 %( w/v) in water-3
9 A 10
Peptone-4 Distilled water -5
1000
G! 9 :7.5 / K # ! L # 1 '( '
. / M+ 4 . / 5 9+ %? Phenol red ` G2 .5-; 10 - 110 + = + '( 9 9 9(
230
(Lauryl tryptose broth) Lauryl sulphate broth ?+" – 6 9 A 40
Tryptose-1
9 A 10
Lactose-2
9 A 10
Sodium chloride-3
9 A 5.5
Di-potassium hydrogen phosphate-4
9 A 5.5
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate-5
9 A 0.2
(BDH 44244) Sodium lauryl sulphate, pure -6
1000
Distilled water-7
Di- ` ?& $ Sodium chloride ` Tryptose ` G! Potassium dihydrogen phosphate ` potassium hydrogen phosphate L Sodium lauryl sulphate ` G! 9 :9 'P 4$ L # 1 .@ '( G/! ? !+ :6.8 / K # ! G# E+ .&/ ' G8 .@# 1 K6 G! #$ . / M+ , ; . / ? G/! - ') #$ L? 9; ' - ') #$ : H 50 10 $ , ' 9+ 9( 10 - 115 + 9 9 5 9+ 0 ? .5-; Litmus milk broth ?+" -7 H !+ - ') #$ '( / ?& $ 4 Q Casein ` $$ + *+ H - ') #$ " 8 .(Stormy Clot) G8 4 G ?) / 4 -( . / G62 =-$ .@ =+$ + T + =+
231
.@ S =+$ Litmus milk broth - ') #$ = $ / S T .9 / =&4 5A Skimmed milk & # D E' S ; 20 4 = $ 3?# + 4$ 9;
+ U 4 9 8 Creamy 9 2; # /$ 24 . Litmus ( # D 9 A 80
Litmus granules D1
300
40% Ethyl alcohol D2 1 mol\l Hydrochloric acid D3
=+ 150 . / M+ 5 $ , + +# 9 .+ % 40 ? P =+ ! 9 E' ; . ) EF P ) .+ E+ L E + , #; G!F 9 . 300 9+ . " 8 = + 1 . / M+ 4 A 9 = + ' !+ = + '( #; 9 G! # 1 . / M+ M4 4 8 P $6 .@ # 1 . / M+ =+$ ( / .5? .@ 8 1 . / 0+ 9 #$ '( 5 L? 9 #$ ' - !+ .L? = ; 2 Litmus ` ! L 9 *& ; 20 4 MacConkey broth ?+" D8
232
9 A 20
Peptone D1
9 A 10
Lactose D2
9 A 5
Bile salts D3
9 A 5
98 D4
9 A 0.075
Neutral red D5
1000
Distilled water D6
= # ! L ; 15 - 121 + 9 9 7.4 / K Nutrient agar?+" -9 9 A 1
Lab-Lemco powder D1
9 A 2
yeast extract D2
9 A 5
Peptone D3
9 A 5
Sodium chloride D4
9 A 15
Agar D5
1000
Distilled water D6
= # ! L ; 15 - 121 + 9 9 7.4 / K Tryptone water ?+" -10 9 A 10
Tryptone water D1
9 A 5
Sodium chloride D2
1000
Distilled water D3
233
= # ! L ; 15 - 121 + 9 9 . 7.4 ( Z/+ 0.2 ) / K : Modified Starkey’s medium A ?+" D11 : ( 9 A 0.5
Hydrogen phosphate di-potassium (anhydrous) D1
9 A 1.0
Amonium chloride D2
9 A 0.1
Calcium chloride(dehydrate) D3
9 A 2.0
(heptahydrate) Magnesium sulphate D4
# 1 100 5.0
Sodium lactate solution (60 – 70%) D5
9 A 0.1
Sodium thioglycolate D6
9 A 0.1
Ascorbic acid D7
9 A 0.001
(heptahydrate) ferric (II) sulphate D8 Deionized or Distilled water D9
1
800 (98 ,< = + / ) $ L '@ 9 K = # ! 9 .? 6 9? $ @ 4$ L # 1 ,< = + 5 G!F .(0.2 ±) 7.2 + .@ = + G!F E' := + A 9 1 100 .@ 98 .# 1 ! E' 1000 .@ - 9+ =8 $ ' 10 $ , ' 4 . / ?( - ') #$ %?F 9 :?& ,664 1 P = #$ '( 9 L! E' - GW =! $ U 4 ! H - 121 + 9 9 E' , ?4
234
1 = ; H 2 - ') #$ !+ ! . / .; 15 .= + 1 @ :Modified API RP-38 medium ?+" D12 : ( Sodium sulphateD1
9 A 1 # 1 100 4
Sodium lactate solution (60 – 70%)D2
9 A 1
Yeast extract D3
9 A 0.1
Ascorbic acid D4
9 A 0.2
(heptahydrate) 9$ A , D5 9$ - ,6$ D6
9 A 0.01 9 A 0.2
Iron(II)ammonium sulphate hexahydrate D7 Distilled water or Deionized D8
1
800 (98 ,< = + / ) $ , L '@ 9 K = # ! 9 :? 6 9? $ @ 4$ L 1 ,< = + 5 G!F .(0.2 ±) 7.2 + .@ = + G!F E' := + A 9 1 100 .@ 98 .# 1 ! E' 1000 .@ - 9+ =8 $ ' 10 $ , ' 4 . / ?( - ') #$ %?F 9 :?& ,664 1 P = #$ '( 9 L! E' GW =! $ U 4 9 .+ ! H 121 + 9 9 E' ., ?4 - H 2 - ') #$ !+ ! . / .; 15 - .= + 1 @ 1 = ;
235
:Modified W-R single strength medium ?+" D13 : #$ '( 9 A 0.5
Hydrogen phosphate di-potassium D1
9 A 0.5
Maghnesiu sulphate (heptahydrate) D2
9 A 0.5
Ammonium nitrate D3 (dehydrate) Calcium chlorideD4
9 ) 50
Iron(III) ammonium citrate D5
9 A 6
Distilled water D6
1
9 1 '@ 9 *+ :G/! ? #$ '( !+ 9 , ; H 15 ; 9+ S ? (0.2 ±) 6.7 .@ K # ! H 25 ; 9+ ! : H 50 $ , ' 5&AP + , $ , ' 15 - 121 + 9 100 $ , ' , ; 1 @ 1 = ; H 2 - ') #$ !+ ! . / ; .= + #$ 20 ? G/! = + !+ # 25 $ , ' ; .@ = + '( 0.75 = 9 .' G$ - ') H , '( 5 A E' 9 .- 65 + 66 .!+ s $ 9 ; 6 - 8Z2 + W6+ :Egg yolk Tryptose sulphite cycloserine agar ?+" D14 Yeast extract D1
9 A 5
Tryptose D2
9 A 15
Soya peptone D3
9 A 5
236
Sodium metabisulphite D4
9 ) 1
Iron(III) ammonium citrate D5
9 A 1
Agar D6
9 A 14
Distilled water D7
1
$ E+ L 4$ 'P # 1 L L! 9 - 121 + / G& - ') #$ 9 9 E' G! - 48 – 45 .@ S + =8 / E ; 15 9 ) 100 ? "2 9 F D- cycloserine = + 4 S@ = = L 0 5 # . / - ') #$ L? 9 3? = - ') #$ ?4 9 / L .(0.2 ±) 7.6 K % $ / ?< - 8 – 2 + / & !+ U 4 9 & < = $ 9 & 4@ 9 5 # . :Buffered nitrate-motility medium ?+" D15 9 A 3
Beef extract D1
9 A 5
Peptone D2
9 A 5
Potassium nitrate D3
9 A 5
D- Galactose D4
9 A 5
Glycerol D5
9 A 2.5
Disodium hydrogen phosphate D6
9 A 3
Agar D7 Distilled water D8
1
4 10 ? # 1 'T 9; G& ? 9 :9+F 1#A . / 0+ $ 9+ , ' 237
K = 9 E' :; 15 - 121 + / & (? 9 - ') #$ ?4 :(0.2 ±) 7.3 .- 8 – 2 + :Lactose-gelatin medium ?+" D16 9 A 15
Tryptose D1
9 A 10
Yeast extract D2 Disodium hydrogen phosphate D3
9 A 5 9 A 120
Gelatin D4
9 A 10
Lactose D5
9 A 12.5
Phenol red ( 0.4% m\v)= + D6 Distilled water D7
1
L (Phenol red = + Lactose / ) # 1 '@ 9 rrrrC 9@ G!F E' (0.2 ±) 7.5 K = 4 E' %? # 4 3?F :Phenol red = + ز6rrrrrrrrrآfاﻝ - 121 + G& ? 9 : 10 L .(0.2 ±) 7.5 K = 9 E' :; 15 8 – 2 + / & !+ - ') #$ ?4 9 / .2 / ? < - :Membrane enterococcus agar ?+" D17 Tryptose D1
9 A 20 9 A 5
Yeast extract D2
9 A 4
Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate D3 Sodium azide D4
9 ) 400
238
Glucose D5
9 A 2 9 A 12
AgarD6
10
2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (1%m\v) solution D7 Distilled water D8
1
L (triphenyltetrazolium chloride / )# 1 '@ 9 K = 9 E' : + 4$ "2 9 F triphenyltetrazolium chloride = + S@ G! .(0.2 ±) 7.2 9 ; !+F - ') #$ ?4 9< .0 5 # H 2 8F L .2 / ?< - 8 – 2 + !+ 5 # ?4 '@ :- ') #$ 16 < .+ / + 4$ 9/ / + S '@ / 0 .@ - ') #$ ) W+ .S U 4 S $ 9/ - 50 :Kanamycin aesculin azide agar ?+" D18 9 A 20
Tryptone D1
9 A 5
Yeast extract D2 Iron(III) ammonium citrate D3
9 ) 500 9 A 1
Sodium citrate D4
9 A 1
Aesculin D5
9 A 5
Sodium chloride D6
9 ) 150
Sodium azide D7
9 ) 20
Kanamycin sulphate D8
9 A 12
Agar D9 Distilled water D10
1
239
G& ? = + 9 9 :# 1 'T 9; K = 9 E' :; 15 - 121 + !+ - ') #$ ?4 9 / L .(0.2 ±) 7.0 .2 / ? < - 8 – 2 + / & :Bile aesculin agar ?+" D19 9 A 8
Peptone D1
9 A 20
Bile salt D2
9 A 1
Aesculin D3 Agar D4
9 A 15 9 ) 500
Iron(III)citrate D5
1
Distilled water D6
K = 9 E' :# 1 'T 9; 121 + G& ? = + 9j F (0.2 ±) 7.1 & !+ - ') #$ ?4 9 / L :; 15 - .2 / ? < - 8 – 2 + / Pseudomonas agar with cetrimide & nalidixic
?+" D20 :acid
9 A 10
Casein Or Peptone D1
9 A 16
Gelatin peptone D2
9 A 10
Potassium sulphate (anhydrous) D3
9 A 1.4
Magnesium chloride(anhydrous) D4
10
Glycerol D5 Cetrimide D6
9 ) 200
240
Nalidixic acid, sodium salt D7
9 ) 15
Agar D8
9 A 11
Distilled water D9
1
:Milk agar with citrimide ?+" D21 9 A 0.075
Peptone D1 Yeast extract D2
9 A 16 9 A 1.25
Sodium chloride D3
9 A 100
Skimmed milk powder D4
9 ) 0.3
Cetrimide D5
9 A 51
Agar D6 Distilled water D7
1
:Peptone saline & ( # D22 9 A 1
Peptone D1
9 A 8.5
Sodium chloride D2 Distilled water D3
1
241
GG G L D1 9 A 2
p- Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde D1
30
Amyl alcohol D2
10
Hydrochloric acid (Conc.) D3
G! 9 =+ p- Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde ` ' + ; W6+ . # 4 L ? E + .2 ?4 ^ < . / - 8 2 ^ 6 A D2 = $< = ; 2 !+ 9 9 A 0.1
Tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride D1
10
Distilled water -2
: (6 D3 :(9) D 9 A 0.8
Sulphanilic acid D1 5N acetic acid -2
100
./ A + + 4$ S '@ 9 :() D 9 A 0.6
N,N-dimethyl α-naphtylamine D1
100
5N acetic acid -2
242
/ & G2 W6+ 9 / L . 3? 9 .- 8 – 2 +
243
GGG <W
8A , D1 A • . 10 : 5 : 1 : 0.1 :8 .9( . 4 .9 ; =; . / 200 $ , ' + .- 45 – 44 + - 9+ .(- 37 ) !+ . + .## S 8 ." @ . ? • .E G2 ?+" A • 1$+ Brilliant green lactose bile 1$+ Tryptone water -
244
?" 0 D2 A • Screw capped test tubes Pipettes 5ml Petri dishes Inoculating loop Incubator (44oC) ?+" A • Glucose azide broth Bile Aesculin azide agar-
245
6 - # D3 A
•
H 50 : #4 5 . 4 . 25 10 :1 :8 .- 37 !+ M+ $ .- 75 - 9+ ?+" A • Differential reinforced clostridial medium (DRCM) Freshly steamed & cooled Litmus milk broth-
246
;< ' # ; F ! < , ?" ( , A
•
( 0.45) -2A "2 -2) "2 + 0 5 # 4 " @ (- 44 : 37) !+ • - Kovac’s reagent. - Oxidase reagent. ?+" A • - Tryptone water. - Lactose peptone water. - Nutrient agar. - MacConkey agar.
247
$ # %) M ' I/
www.cdc.gov www.eleint.co.uk www.epa.gov www.fda.gov www.hach.com www.hc-sc.gc.ca/food-aliment www.oxoid.co.uk www.sartorius.com www.who.int www.cred.be www.odi.org.uk www.fao.org
248
IGG 1
Al-tomi A S., Manual of bacteriological examination of drinking water, biotechnology research center, 2007, Libya.
2
Bartram, J. , et al. Heterotrophic Plate Count and Drinking –Water Safety, WHO, 2003, Geneva.
3
Bartram, J. , Fewtrell L. Water Quality: Guidelines, Standards and Health. Assessment of risk and risk management for water-related infectious disease (IWA, SMI, WHO), Water Quality: Guidelines, Standards and Health. IWA Publishing, 2001, London, UK
4
Bidlack WR., Wang W., Clemens R., Journal of Food Science-vol.69, Nr. 2, 2004 The World,s Most Precious Resource. Institute of Food Technologists.
5
Bridosn EY. , The Oxoid Manual, 8th ed. 1998, UK
6
Cappuccino J. and Sherman N. , Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd ed. 1992, California.
7
Cheesbrough M. , Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries, 1st ed. Tropical Laboratory Technology, 1984, England.
8
Collee JG. , et al. Practical Medical Microbiology, 13th ed. Churchill Livingstone, 1989, Edinburgh.
9
Copeland J., Biological Denitrification, California Energy Commission, 2002, California.
10
Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Water August 1997, USA.
11
Hach Company. , Water Analysis Handbook Publication; Pour Plate Method, Methods 8241 and 8242, 2002, USA.
12
Howard, G. and Bartram, J. , Domestic Water Service Level and Health, WHO, 2003, Geneva.
13
Jolly R. , Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment Report, WHO, 2000, USA.
14
LeChevallier M.W. and Au K K., Water Treatment and Pathogen Control: Process Efficiency in Achieving Safe Drinking Water, WHO; 2004, UK.
15
Mark D. Sobsey and Frederic K. Pfaender., Evaluation of the H2S Method
249
for Detection of Fecal Contamination of Drinking Water, World Health Organization, 2002, Geneva. 16
Medema, G. , et al. Assessing Microbial Safety of Drinking Water, 1st ed. UK: TJ International(Ltd), Padstow, 2003, Cornwall.
17 18 19 20
Microbiological examination of water in sealed containers and prepackaged ice for coliform bacteria, health protection branch, MFO-18,july 2002, Ottawa. Microbiological examination of water in sealed containers and prepackaged ice for total aerobic bacteria, health protection branch, MFO-17,july 2002, Ottawa. P.V. Morais and M.S. Da Costa, Alterations in the Major Heterotrophic Bacterial Populations Isolated from a Still Bottled Mineral Water, J. Applied Bacteriol, v. 69, (1990). Percival, S. , et al. Microbiology of Waterborne Diseases, 1st ed.: Elsevier Academic Press, 2004, UK.
21
Polyscience Publications. , Microbiological Examination of Mineral Water. 1993.
22
Schmidtke. J., and et al.Bottles in the sun, Swiss agency for development and cooperation, 2001, Uzbekistan.
23
Sobsey M D., Managing Water in the Home: Accelerated Health Gains from Improved Water Supply, WHO; 2002.USA
24
Standing Committee of Analysts., The Microbiology of Drinking Water Part 5-A method for the isolation and enumeration of enterococci by membrane filtration, Environment Agency, 2002,Uk.
25
Standing Committee of Analysts.The Microbiology of Drinking Water Part 6-A method for the isolation and enumeration of sulphite reducing clostridia and Clostridium perfringens by membrane filtration, Environment Agency, 2002,Uk.
26
Standing Committee of Analysts.The Microbiology of Drinking Water Part 12- method for the isolation and enumeration of micro-organisms associated with taste, odour and related aesthetic problems, Environment Agency, (2004),Uk.
27
World Health Organization. , Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 3th ed.
250
WHO, 2004, Geneva. 28
#$ + 52 ;P : 2 =-< } . +8 W ,8 } 1989}
251
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