Drept International Privat

UNIVERSITATEA "SPIRU HARET" FACULTATEA DE DREPT



'5(37 ,17(51$ ,21$/ 35,9$7

- /HF LL GH VLQWH] - Lector Sorin Popescu -



, 3$57($ *(1(5$/

CAPITOLUL 1 RAPORTORTUL JURIDIC DE DREPT

,17(51$,21$/ 3,59$7

1. Elementul de extraneitate sau elementul "strLQ GLVWLQJHUH D UDSRUWXULORU MXULGLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW ID



FRQVWLWXLH SULQFLSDOXO IDFWRU GH GH DOWH UDSRUWXUL MXULGLFH (O HVWH

DFHD SDUWH FRPSRQHQW D UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF FDUH VH DIO vQ VWULQWDWH VDX VXE LQFLGHQ D XQHL OHJL VWULQH

ElePHQWXO

GH H[WUDQHLWDWH QX FRQVWLWXLH XQ HOHPHQW GH VWUXFWXU GLVWLQFW DO UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF

DOWXUL GH VXELHFWH FRQ LQXW úL RELHFW FL RULFDUH GLQWUH DFHVWHD SRDWH FRQVWLWXL XQ HOHPHQW GH

extraneitate. Într-un raport juridic pot fi unul sau mai multe elemente de extraneitate.  ([LVWHQ D HOHPHQWXOXL GH H[WUDQHLWDWH vQWU-XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF IDFH FD vQ OHJWXU FX DFHO UDSRUW MXULGLF V VH QDVF XQ conflict de legi. &RQIOLFWXO GH OHJL HVWH VLWXD LD FDUH DSDUH vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH vQWU-un raport juridic exisW XQ

HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH úL FDUH FRQVW vQ DFHHD F DFHO UDSRUW MXULGLF GHYLQH VXVFHSWLELO GH D L VH DSOLFD GRX VDX PDL PXOWH VLVWHPH GH GUHSW DSDU LQkQG XQRU VWDWH GLIHULWH (OHPHQWHOH HVHQ LDOH

a) izvorul conflictulXL

ale conflictului de legi sunt:

GH OHJL HVWH HOHPHQWXO GH H[WUDQHLWDWH 1XPDL H[LVWHQ D vQWU-un

raport

MXULGLF D XQXL HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH IDFH FD vQ OHJWXU FX DFHO UDSRUW V VH QDVF XQ FRQIOLFW GH OHJL LDU HO GHYLQH LPSOLFLW XQ UDSRUW GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

b) confOLFWXO

GH OHJL QX LPSOLF vQ QLFL XQ IHO XQ FRQIOLFW GH VXYHUDQLW L vQWUH VWDWXO URPkQ úL

FHO VWULQ FX FDUH HOHPHQWXO GH H[WUDQHLWDWH DUH OHJWXU $FHDVWD GHRDUHFH MXGHFWRUXO URPkQ DVFXOW QXPDL GH OHJHD

URPkQ

ULL

VDOH LDU FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL HVWH VROX LRQDW GH FWUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO

F UDSRUWXO MXULGLF FDUH FRQ LQH XQ HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH HVWH QXPDL VXVFHSWLELO GH D L VH

DSOLFD GRX VDX PDL PXOWH VLVWHPH GH GUHSW GLIHULWH úL DQXPH FHO URPkQ úL RULFDUH GLQWUH FHOH OD

care elementele de extraneitate trimit, deoarece, prin mecanismul normei conflictuale, acestuia i se DSOLF XQ VLQJXU VLVWHP GH GUHSW úL DQXPH FHO LQGLFDW GH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO FD lex causae - sistem

FDUH SRDWH IL FHO DO IRUXOXL URPkQ VDX XQXO VWULQ

d) conflictul de legi

DSDUH vQWUH VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW DOH XQRU VWDWH GLIHULWH GHFL QR LXQHD GH

OHJH WUHEXLH OXDW vQ VHQVXO GH VLVWHP GH GUHSW DSDU LQkQG XQXL DQXPLW VWDW



&DX]D DSDUL LHL FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL UH]LG

vQ IDSWXO F UHJOHPHQWULOH GLQ VLVWHPHOH GH

drept ale VWDWHORU VXQW GHRVHELWH XQHOH GH DOWHOH FX SULYLUH OD DFHHDúL SUREOHP GH GUHSW 3. Conflictele de legi pot apare numai în UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO privat GHRDUHFH QXPDL vQ DFHVWH UDSRUWXUL LQVWDQ D URPkQ SRDW V DSOLFH R OHJH VWULQ VDX  DOWIHO VSXV FRPSHWHQ D OHJLVODWLY DGLF GUHSWXO DSOLFDELO GH FWUH LQVWDQ FRPSHWHQ D MXGHFWRUHDVF DGLF GH QD LRQDOLWDWHD LQVWDQ HL FRPSHWHQWH 



SRDWH GLIHUL GH

([SOLFD LD DFHVWHL VLWXD LL FRQVW vQ IDSWXO F vQ UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW SULYDW SU LOH VH

DIO XQD ID





GH FHDODOW SH SR]L LH GH HJDOLWDWH MXULGLF  LDU HJDOLWDWHD MXULGLF D SU LORU DWUDJH

LPSOLFLW HJDOLWDWHD VLVWHPHORU GH GUHSW FURUD HOH OH DSDU LQ LDU vQWUH VLVWHPH GH GUHSW DIODWH SH

picior de egalitDWH VH SRDWH SXQH SUREOHPD FDUH GLQWUH HOH VH YD DSOLFD UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF vQ FDX]

/HJHD QU  FX SULYLUH OD UHJOHPHQWDUHD UDSRUWXULORU GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO

privat

SUHYHGH vQ DUW  DOLQ  F UDSRUWXULOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VXQW Uaporturile

civile,

FRPHUFLDOH GH PXQF GH SURFHGXU FLYLO úL DOWH UDSRUWXUL GH GUHSW SULYDW FX HOHPHQW GH

extraneitate.

3UHFL]UL

D (QXPHUDUHD OHJLL FDUH HVWH HYLGHQW H[HPSOLILFDWLY SRDWH IL FRPSOHWDW FX DOWH UDSRUWXUL

juridice, precum cele de IDPLOLH FHOH GLQ WUDQVSRUWXULOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH GH SURSULHWDWH LQWHOHFWXDO HWF E 1X WRDWH UDSRUWXULOH GLQ UDPXULOH GH GUHSW HQXPHUDWH GH DUWLFROXO PHQ LRQDW DSDU LQ

GUHSWXOXL SULYDW 'H H[HPSOX GLQWUH UDSRUWXULOH GH PXQF VXQW GH GUHSW SULYDW vQ SUincipal,

SULYLQG FRQWUDFWXO GH PXQF

cele

F 5DSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW SXEOLF QX SRW GD QDúWHUH OD FRQIOLFWH GH OHJL vQ VHQVXO F vQ

DFHVWH UDSRUWXUL QX H[LVW vQ SULQFLSLX SRVLELOLWDWHD DSOLFULL GH FWUH MXGHFWRUXO URPkQ D XQHL OHJL VWULQH ([SOLFD LD UH]LG vQ IDSWXO F OD DFHVWH UDSRUWXUL SU LOH VH DIO XQD ID SR]L LH GH VXERUGRQDUH MXULGLF LQWHUYHQLQG HOHPHQWXO DF LRQHD]

GH DXWRULWDWH DO



GH FHDODOW SH

VWDWXOXL URPkQ FDUH

de jure imperii. 4. Obiectul de reglementare al dreptului LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW FD UDPXU GH GUHSW vO FRQVWLWXLH raporturile juridice de drept privat, cu elemente de extraneitate.

5DSRUWXUL MXULGLFH GH GUHSW SULYDW XQ HOHPHQW VWULQ SRW LQWUD vQ RELHFWXO GH UHJOHPHQWDUH úL DO

DOWRU UDPXUL GH GUHSW VLWXD LD FHD PDL UHOHYDQW ILLQG DFHHD D UDSRUWXULORU FRPHUFLDOH FX HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH FDUH IRUPHD] RELHFWXO GUHSWXOXL FRPHU XOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO GDU GHRVHELUHD HVHQ LDO GLQWUH FHOH GRX UDPXUL GH GUHSW FRQVW vQ QDWXUD QRUPHORU MXULGLFH FDUH LQWU vQ FRQ LQXWXl

lor.

CAPITOLUL 2

&21,1878/ '5(378/8, ,17(51$,21$/ 35,9$T &RQ LQXWXO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW vO FRQVWLWXLH QRUPHOH MXULGLFH FDUH IRUPHD] DFHDVW

UDPXU GH GUHSW

3ULQFLSDOD FODVLILFDUH D QRUPHORU GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW HVWH vQ QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH úL QRUPH PDWHULDOH VXEVWDQ LDOH 

6HF LXQHD  Normele conflictuale 1. Normele conflictuale

VXQW DFHOH QRUPH MXULGLFH VSHFLILFH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

FDUH DX R VWUXFWXU SURSULH úL VROX LRQHD] FRQIOLFWH GH OHJL vQ VHQVXO F VWabilesc VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW vQ SUH]HQ

 WUHEXLH V VH DSOLFH FX SULYLUH OD UDSRUWXO MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY

2. Normele conflictuale se deosebesc de cele materiale (VXEVWDQ

care dintre

LDOH GLUHFWH  FHO SX LQ

VXE XUPWRDUHOH DVSHFWH

D QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO QX FkUPXLHúWH UDSRUWXO MXULGLF SH IRQGXO VX FL QXPDL DUDW VLVWHPXO

GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO $úDGDU VSUH GHRVHELUH GH FHD PDWHULDO QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO HVWH R QRUP GH

trimitere, de fixare.

E QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO DUH R DSOLFDUH SUHDODELO ID

QRUPD PDWHULDO DSOLFDELO



GH QRUPD PDWHULDO úL LQIOXHQ HD]

$SOLFDUHD SUHDODELO D QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH VH H[SOLF SULQ VXFFHVLXQHD ORJLF D HWDSHORU GH

UHDOL]DUH D GUHSWXOXL úL DQXPH PDL vQWkL WUHEXLH GHWHUPLQDW SH ED]D QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH VLVWHPXO GH

drept aplicabLO

vQ VSH



GH FWUH LQVWDQ D GHFODUDW FRPSHWHQW LDU DELD DSRL DFHDVW LQVWDQ



WUHEXLH V GHWHUPLQH GLQ VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO FDUH HVWH QRUPD PDWHULDO SHQWUX VROX LRQDUHD

litigiului. De asemenea,



QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO



LQIOXHQ HD]



QRUPD PDWHULDO



DSOLFDELO 

deoarece

WULPLWHUHD GH FWUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO OD XQ DQXPLW VLVWHP GH GUHSW GXFH SH IRQG OD DSOLFDUHD

normelor materiale ale acelui sistem de drept. 3. Structura normei conflictuale HVWH vQ HVHQ  DFHHDúL FD D RULFUHL QRUPH MXULGLFH cLYLOH úL DQXPH FRQ LQH ipoteza úL GLVSR]L LD QRUPHL GDU HOHPHQWHOH HL SRDUW GHQXPLUL úL DX XQ FRQ LQXW VSHFLILF

(OHPHQWHOH QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH VXQW XUPWRDUHOH



a)

FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL HVWH LSRWH]D QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH DGLF

b)

OHJ WXUD QRUPHL HVWH GLVSR]L LD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH DGLF

MXULGLFH VDX DOWIHO VSXV PDWHULD OD FDUH UHVSHFWLYD QRUP VH UHIHU



DFHD FDWHJRULH GH UDSRUWXUL



DFHD SDUWH D QRUPHL FDUH

LQGLF VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO SHQWUX FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL $úDGDU OHJWXUD WULPLWH OD VLVWHPul GUHSW FDUH YD UHJOHPHQWD UDSRUWXO MXULGLF FDUH IRUPHD] FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH

de

/HJWXUD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH SRDWH IL IRUPXODW vQ PRG GLUHFW VDX vQ PRG DEVWUDFW

GHWHUPLQkQG vQ IXQF LH GH DFHVW FULWHULX R FODVLILFDUH D QRUPHORU FRQIOLFWXDOH (D VH PDWHULDOL]HD]

prin

 

SXQFWXO HOHPHQWXO GH OHJ WXU  FDUH FRQVWLWXLH FULWHULXO FRQFUHW SULQ FDUH VH VWDELOHúWH

OHJWXUD GLQWUH UDSRUWXO MXULGLF FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH úL XQ DQXPLW VLVWHP GH GUHSW FDUH

FRQVWLWXLH OHJHD DSOLFDELO

- lex causae - vQ VSH  

 &HOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH SXQFWH GH OHJWXU DGPLVH GH OHJHD URPkQ VXQW

a) FHW

HQLD

6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW OD FDUH DFHVW SXQFW GH OHJWXU WULPLWH VH QXPHúWH

2

lex patriae.

b) GRPLFLOLXO VDX UHúHGLQ D Sistemul de drept la care trimite GRPLFLOLXO FD SXQFW GH OHJWXU VH QXPHúWH lex domicilii. c) sediul social

6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO FD XUPDUH D WULPLWHULL IFXWH GH DFHVW SXQFW GH OHJWXU VH QXPHúWH

lex societatis.

1R LXQHD JHQHULF SHQWUX D GHVHPQD VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW DSOLFDELOe

în materia statutului

SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH úL D VWDWXWXOXL RUJDQLF DO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH HVWH DFHHD GH OHJHD SHUVRQDO lex

personalis). d) ORFXO VLWXULL EXQXOXL

6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO FD XUPDUH D WULPLWHULL IFXW GH DFHVW SXQFW

nuPHúWH lex rei sitae

GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO VH QXPHúWH

e) YRLQ

GH OHJWXU VH

ÌQ FD]XO DSOLFULL DFHVWXL SXQFW GH OHJWXU vQ PDWHULD VXFFHVLXQLL VLVWHPXO



lex succesionis.

D S U LORU

6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO SULQ HIHFWXO DFHVWXL SXQFW GH OHJWXU VH QXPHúWH

lex

voluntatis. f) locul încheierii contractului

6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW OD FDUH DFHVW SXQFW GH OHJWXU WULPLWH VH QXPHúWH

g) ORFXO H[HFXWULL FRQWUDFWXOXL

lex loci contractus.

6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO FD XUPDUH D DF LXQLL DFHVWXL SXQFW GH OHJWXU VH QXPHúWH

loci executionis sau lex loci solutionis, h) locul întocmirii actului

GDF VH IDFH R SODW

lex

5HJXOD SULYLQG DSOLFDUHD DFHVWXL SXQFW GH OHJWXU SHQWUX IRUPD DFWXOXL MXULGLF HVWH UHGDW

prin adagiul locus regit actum. i) DXWRULWDWHD FDUH H[DPLQHD]

YDOLGLtatea

actului juridic

FRQGL LLOH GH IRUP DOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF vQ DQXPLWH FD]XUL

HVWH SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU SHQWUX

5HJXOD SULQ FDUH HVWH H[SULPDW DFHDVW OHJWXU HVWH UHGDW SULQ DGDJLXO

auctor regit

actum. j) locul unde are loc faptul juridic (ilicit)

6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO FD XUPDUH D DSOLFULL DFHVWXL SXQFW GH OHJWXU VH QXPHúWH

lex

loci delicti commissi. k) locul producerii prejudiciului

6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO SULQ LQFLGHQ D DFHVWXL SXQFW GH OHJWXU VH QXPHúWH

laesionis. l) iQVWDQ



lex loci

D VHVL]DW

6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO FD XUPDUH D DSOLFULL DFHVWXL SXQFW GH OHJWXU VH QXPHúWH

fori DGLF OHJHD IRUXOXL  ÌQ IXQF LH GH natura lor SXQFWHOH GH OHJWXU VH FODVLILF vQ GRX FDWHJRULL D SXQFWH GH OHJWXU fixe, care nu SRW IL GHSODVDWH GH VXE LQFLGHQ D XQXL VLVWHP

lex

GH GUHSW

VXE LQFLGHQ D DOWXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW ,QWU vQ DFHDVW FDWHJRULH GH H[HPSOX ORFXO VLWXULL EXQXOXL LPRELO ORFXO VYkUúLULL GHOLFWXOXL úL DO SURGXFHULL SUHMXGLFLXOXL E SXQFWH GH OHJWXU

mobile, în DFHDVW FDWHJRULH sistem de drept în altul.

OHJWXU FDUH VH SRW GHSODVD GLQWU-un

LQWUkQG WRDWH FHOHODOWH SXQFWH GH

,PSRUWDQ D DFHVWHL FODVLILFUL FRQVW vQ FRQVHFLQ HOH MXULGLFH GLIHULWH SH FDUH OH SURGXF

ILHFDUH GLQ FHOH GRX FDWHJRULL GH SXQFWH GH OHJWXU

 1RUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH VH FODVLILF vQ IXQF LH GH PDL PXOWH FULWHULL

D ÌQ IXQF LH GH FRQ LQXWXO ORU DGLF GH SULPXO HOHPHQW GH VWUXFWXU DO QRUPHL DFHVWHD VH

FODVLILF vQ QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH FX SULYLUH OD SHUVRDQH IL]LFH úL MXULGLFH  EXQXUL PRúWHQLUH VXFFHVLXQH  DFWXO MXULGLF IDSWHOH MXULGLFH HWF $FHVWD HVWH FULWHULXO GXS FDUH HVWH VWUXFWXUDW vQ

general, Legea nr. 105/1992.

E 1RUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH VH FODVLILF úL GXS

juridice care intU normei.

ramurile de drept FURUD

OH DSDU LQ UDSRUWXULOH

vQ FRQ LQXWXO ORU $FHDVWD HVWH vQ IRQG WRW R FODVLILFDUH vQ IXQF LH GH FRQ LQXWXO

3ULQ UDSRUWDUH OD DFHVW FULWHULX H[LVW QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH vQ GRPHQLXO GUHSWXOXL FLYLO IDPLOLHL

FRPHUFLDO PXQFLL WUDQVSRUWXULORU SURSULHW LL LQWHOHFWXDOe,



F 'XS IHOXO OHJ WXULL

procesual civil etc. (cel de-DO GRLOHD HOHPHQW DO QRUPHL  DFHVWHD VH FODVLILF vQ

A. QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH XQLODWHUDOH VDX FX OHJWXU GLUHFW FDUH LQGLF vQ PRG GLUHFW F într-un raport juridic cu element de extraneitate, sH DSOLF VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DO XQXL DQXPLW VWDW FDUH HVWH vQWRWGHDXQD VWDWXO LQVWDQ HL VHVL]DWH DO IRUXOXL  $FHVWH QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH DSDU LQkQG

VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW URPkQ FLUFXPVWDQ LD] VIHUD GH DSOLFDUH D GUHSWXOXL URPkQ

3

B. normele conflictuale bilDWHUDOH





FX LQGLFDUH JHQHUDO  FX DF LXQH GXEO ,

în care

OHJWXUD HVWH IRUPXODW vQ PRG DEVWUDFW SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU HVWH JHQHUDO  DVWIHO vQFkW QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO FLUFXPVWDQ LD] VIHUD GH DSOLFDUH DWkW D GUHSWXOXL IRUXOXL FkW úL D GUHSWXOXL VWULQ ÌQ

DFHVW FD] OHJWXUD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH HVWH QXPLW XQHRUL vQ OLWHUDWXUD GH VSHFLDOLWDWH IRUPXO GH

fixare".

1RUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH ELODWHUDOH IRUPHD] PDUHD PDMRULWDWH D QRUPHORU FRQIOLFWXDOH

 1RUPD FRQIOLFWXDO DSDU LQH GH SULQFLSLX VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW DO LQVWDQ HL VHVL]DWH

LQGLIHUHQW GDF DFHDVWD HVWH R LQVWDQ

 GH MXGHFDW GH DUELWUDM VDX DOW RUJDQ GH MXULVGLF LH $úDGDU

LQVWDQ D VHVL]DW DSOLF vQ SULQFLSLX SURSULD VD QRUP FRQIOLFWXDO $FHDVW UHJXO HVWH H[SULPDW

prin formula "normele conflictuale sunt ale forului", în care "legea forului" (lex fori H[SULP VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DO LQVWDQ HL VHVL]DWH

Regula de mai sus se MXVWLILF SULQ XUPWRDUHOH DUJXPHQWH a) IRU D MXULGLF D QRUPHORU FRQIOLFWXDOH care sunt, în general, imperative (cX

H[FHS LD

E LQVWDQ HOH MXGHFWRUHúWL VXQW



FHORU GLQ PDWHULD FRQWUDFWHORU GH H[HPSOX  úL GHFL LQVWDQ D WUHEXLH V OH DSOLFH FD DWDUH SURSULD ORU QRUP FRQIOLFWXDO

organe

QD LRQDOH URPkQHúWL úL GHFL HOH WUHEXLH V

DSOLFH

c) un argument logic în sprLMLQXO UHJXOLL F QRUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH VXQW DOH IRUXOXL FRQVW vQ reducerea la absurd D LSRWH]HL DSOLFULL QRUPHORU FRQIOLFWXDOH DSDU LQkQG DOWXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW úL anume a celor din sistemul de drept care constituie lex causae vQ VSH  ÌQWU-DGHYU QRUPa FRQIOLFWXDO QX SRDWH IL GHFkW D IRUXOXL GHRDUHFH QXPDL OHJHD IRUXOXL - FD OHJH D LQVWDQ HL competente - DSDUH FD GHWHUPLQDW vQ PRG ORJLF vQ PRPHQWXO vQ FDUH VH SXQH SUREOHPD DSOLFULL normei conflictuale; legea cauzei (lex causae QX HVWH VWDELOLW vQ DFHO PRPHQW FL XUPHD] D IL VWDELOLW DELD XOWHULRU úL DQXPH FD HIHFW DO DSOLFULL QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH

d) un alt argument se poate deduce din



YRLQ D WDFLW



D S U LORU

care, atunci când au

GHWHUPLQDW FRPSHWHQ D LQVWDQ HORU URPkQH SRW IL VRFRWLWH F DX DOHV WRWRGDW GUHSWXO FRQIOLFWXDO

URPkQ FD DSOLFDELO OLWLJLXOXL UHVSHFWLY vQ WHPHLXO SUH]XP LHL UHODWLYH H[SULPDW SULQ DGDJLXO FLQH DOHJH LQVWDQ D DOHJH úL GUHSWXO

6HF LXQHD D -a Normele materiale, ca izvoare ale dreptului LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYat 1. Normele materiale

VXEVWDQ LDOH GLUHFWH VXQW L]YRU DO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

DWXQFL FkQG UHJOHPHQWHD] UDSRUWXUL MXULGLFH FX HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH

Spre deosebire de normele conflictuale, cele materiale cârmuiesc în mod direct aceste raporturi juridice. 1RUPHOH PDWHULDOH VH VXEFODVLILF OD UkQGXO ORU vQ QRUPH GH GUHSW PDWHULDO VDX VXEVWDQ LDO

FLYLO IDPLOLHL FRPHUFLDO HWF úL QRUPH GH GUHSW SURFHVXDO &HOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH QRUPH PDWHULDOH DSDU LQkQG GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW Vunt

UHJOHPHQWHD] GRX LQVWLWX LL SULQFLSDOH DOH DFHVWHL UDPXUL GH GUHSW úL DQXPH

cele care

D FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL SHUVRDQ IL]LF VDX MXULGLF vQ 5RPkQLD E HIHFWHOH KRWUkULORU MXGHFWRUHúWL úL DUELWUDOH VWULQH vQ 5RPkQLD

2. În cadrul

QRUPHORU PDWHULDOH FDUH LQWHUHVHD] GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW R SR]L LH



VSHFLDO RFXS QRUPHOH GH DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW DSDU LQkQG VLVWHPXOXL

GH GUHSW

QHFHVDU  FDUH VXQW DFHOH QRUPH PDWHULDOH

LQWHUQ DO VWDWXOXL

IRUXOXL

FDUH

GDW

ILLQG JUDGXO ORU vQDOW

de

LPSHUDWLYLWDWH VH DSOLF FX SULRULWDWH LPHGLDW  XQXL UDSRUW MXULGLF LQWHUQD LRQDO FX HOHPHQW GH

H[WUDQHLWDWH  DWXQFL FkQG DFHO UDSRUW MXULGLF DUH XQ DQXPLW SXQFW GH OHJWXU FRQFUHW FX DUD IRUXOXL H[FOX]kQG vQ DFHVW IHO FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL úL GHFL DSOLFDUHD vQ FDX] D YUHXQHL QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH

ÌQ FD]XO H[LVWHQ HL XQHL QRUPH GH DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW VH DSOLF DFHDVWD IU D VH LQH VHDPD

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4

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D QRUPHORU GH DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW HVWH

gradul lor înalt de

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constituie H[FHS

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GH

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CAPITOLUL 3

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MXULGLFH FDUH IRUPHD] UDPXUD GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW úL FDUH FRQVWLWXLH LPSOLFLW SULQFLSDOHOH

materiL GH VWXGLX DOH úWLLQ HL GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

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SUHYHGHULOH DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  úL DQXPH

I. Normele pentru determinarea legii aplicabile unui raport juridic material de drept normele conflictuale FDUH VROX LRQHD] FRQIOLFWHOH GH OHJL

LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW $FHVWHD VXQW

PDWHULDOH úL UHSUH]LQW SULQFLSDOD PDWHULH GH VWXGLX D úWLLQ HL GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

II.

 în OLWLJLLOH SULYLQG UDSRUWXUL GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW FDUH VH

1RUPHOH GH SURFHGXU

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a) norme privind

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FRPSHWHQ D MXULVGLF LRQDO

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b) norme privind procedura propriu-]LV SURFHVHOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW  c) norme privind HIHFWHOH KRWUkULORU MXGHFWRUHúWL úL DUELWUDOH VWULQH vQ 5RPkQLD. 1RUPHOH GH SURFHGXU vQ OLWLJLLOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VXQW GH UHJXO norme conflictuale PDL DOHV XQLODWHUDOH GDU úL ELODWHUDOH $FHVWH QRUPH SRW IL vQV úL materiale. III 'UHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW PDL FXSULQGH R LQVWLWX LH LPSRUWDQW úL DQXPH FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL SHUVRDQ IL]LF VDX MXULGLF în România.

ÌQ PRG VSHFLILF QRUPHOH FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD] FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL vQ 5RPkQLD VXQW

norme materiale române

'HFL FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL HVWH vQWRWGHDXQD VXSXV OHJLL

PDWHULDOH URPkQH FD OHJH D IRUXOXL DGLF OHJHD ORFXOXL XQGH VWULQXO VH JVHúWH

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UHFXQRVF VWULQLORU GUHSWXUL vQ 5RPkQLD

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E DUH OHJWXU FX SURFHGXUD GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRnal

privat;

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FRQGL LHL MXULGLFH D VWULQXOXL LQVWLWX LH FDUH vQ HOHPHQWHOH HL FRPSRQHQWH SRDWH IDFH RELHFWXO GH VWXGLX úL DO DOWRU UDPXUL GH GUHSW FRQVWLWX LRQDO ILQDQFLDU DGPLQLVWUDWLY HWF 

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QXPDL vQ PVXUD vQ FDUH VXQW SULYLWH SULQ SULVPD GUHSWXULORU úL REOLJD LLORU VWULQLORU vQ DFHDVW

materie. IV

,QWHUHVHD]

GUHSWXO

LQWHUQD LRQDO

SULYDW

úL

normele juridice privind regimul

SHUVRDQHORU IL]LFH VDX MXULGLFH URPkQH vQ UDSRUWXULOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDt 'HúL

DFHVWHD DSDU LQ SULQ FRQ LQXWXO ORU DOWRU UDPXUL GH GUHSW VWXGLHUHD ORU vQ FDGUXO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VH MXVWLILF FHO SX LQ SHQWUX XUPWRDUHOH FRQVLGHUHQWH

D SULYHVF UDSRUWXUL MXULGLFH FX HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH FDUH ULGLF SUREleme

VSHFLILFH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

juridice

E úWLLQ D GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SRDWH DVLJXUD R VWXGLHUH XQLWDU D DFHVWRU QRUPH

FDUH DOWIHO VXQW GLVSHUVDWH vQ FDGUXO úWLLQ HL DOWRU GLIHULWH UDPXUL GH GUHSW

5

3. În concluzie, privit priQ

SULVPD GRPHQLXOXL VX GH UHJOHPHQWDUH GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO

SULYDW UHSUH]LQW WRWDOLWDWHD QRUPHORU MXULGLFH FRQIOLFWXDOH úL PDWHULDOH FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD] 

FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL  SURFHGXUD vQ OLWLJLLOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW  FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL vQ 5RPkQLD LQFOXVLY DVSHFWHOH OHJDWH GH GREkQGLUHD SLHUGHUHD UHWUDJHUHD FHW HQLHL URPkQH HWF

SULYLWH SULQ SULVPD GUHSWXULORU úL REOLJD LLORU VWULQLORU vQ DFHDVW PDWHULH SUHFXP úL  DVSHFWHOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SULYLQG UHJLPXO SHUVRDQHORU IL]LFH úL MXULGLFH URPkQH vQ UDSRUWXULOH FX

element de extraneitate.

CAPITOLUL 4

,=92$5(/( '5(378/8, ,17(51$,21$/ 35,9$7 ,]YRDUHOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VH FODVLILF vQ LQWHUQH úL LQWHUQD LRQDOH

I. Izvoarele interne PrincLSDOHOH L]YRDUH

LQWHUQH DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VXQW DFWHOH QRUPDWLYH FDUH VH

VXEFODVLILF vQ GRX FDWHJRULL L]YRDUH VSHFLILFH úL QHVSHFLILFH DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW $

,]YRDUHOH VSHFLILFH DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW FRQ Ln,

în marea majoritate,

QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH VDX PDWHULDOH GHVWLQDWH UHJOHPHQWULL UDSRUWXULORU MXULGLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO

privat. &HO PDL LPSRUWDQW L]YRU VSHFLILF DO DFHVWHL UDPXUL GH GUHSW FDUH FRQ LQH vQ VSHFLDO QRUPH

conflictuale, îl constituie Legea nr. 105/1992 cu privire la reglementarea raporturilor de drept LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SXEOLFDW vQ 02I QU  

Norme materiale sunt cuprinse în mai multe acte normative care constituie, în mod privat, precum: Legea nr. 123/2001 privind regimul

SUHSRQGHUHQW L]YRDUH DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO VWULQLORU vQ 5RPkQLD HWF

B. Izvoarele nespecifice

VXQW DFHOH DFWH QRUPDWLYH FDUH LQWHUHVHD] vQ SULPXO UkQG DOWH

UDPXUL GH GUHSW GDU FDUH FRQ LQ úL QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH VDX PDWHULDOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW D 'LQ FDWHJRULD DFWHORU QRUPDWLYH FDUH SUHYG

885, 1773, 1789); D.-/

QU



SULYLQG

norme conflictuale fac parte: C.civ. (art.

DXWRUL]DUHD

úL

IXQF LRQDUHD

vQ

5RPkQLD

D

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norme materiale interesând

GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

În cadrul acestora, categoria SUHSRQGHUHQW R IRUPHD] DFWHOH QRUPDWLYH FH FXSULQG norme de drept material PDL DOHV FHOH SULYLQG FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQLORU úL URPkQLORU vQ UDSRUWXULOH FX

HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH GLQWUH FDUH PHQ LRQP ' QU  FX SULYLUH OD QXPH /HJHD QU  SULYLQG VRFLHW LOH FRPHUFLDOH /HJHD FHW HQLHL URPkQH QU  HWF

Norme de drept procesual privind procesele cu element de extraneitate sunt cuprinse în special în C.proc.civ. & &RQVWLWX LD 5RPkQLHL GHRDUHFH UHJOHPHQWHD] SULQFLSLLOH fundamentale ale politicii

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'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW DFHVWH L]YRDUH VH FODVLILF GXS

FRQ LQXWXO ORU vQ GRX FDWHJRULL úL DQXPH FHOH FDUH FRQ LQ QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH úL UHVSHFWLY QRUPH

materiale (uniforme).  D &RQYHQ LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH FDUH FXSULQG

exclusiv norme conflictuale sunt mai rare. În

DFHDVW FDWHJRULH LQWU GH H[HPSOX &RQYHQ LD SHQWUX D UHJOHPHQWD FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJH vQ PDWHULH GH

FVWRULH úL &RQYHQ LD SHQWUX D UHJOHPHQWD FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJH úL MXULVGLF LH vQ PDWHULH GH GHVSU HQLH úL GH VHSDUD LXQH GH FRUS UDWLILFDWH GH 5RPkQLD SULQ '-L

nr. 873/1904.

E 5HJXOD R IRUPHD] FRQYHQ LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH FDUH FRQ LQ QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH L]RODWH,

princiSDOXO ORU FRQ LQXW IRUPkQGX-O vQV QRUPHOH PDWHULDOH vQ GRPHQLXO UHVSHFWLY GH UHJOHPHQWDUH Dintre FRQYHQ LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH PXOWLODWHUDOH FDUH FRQ LQ QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH L]RODWH

PHQ LRQP FD H[HPSOX &RQYHQ LD 1D LXQLORU 8QLWH DVXSUD FRQWUDFWHORU GH YkQ]DUH LQWHUQD LRQDO

GH PUIXUL 9LHQD   OD FDUH 5RPkQLD D DGHUDW SULQ /HJHD QU 

6

1RUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH L]RODWH VH UHJVHVF vQV FHO PDL IUHFYHQW vQ FRQYHQ LL ELODWHUDOH,

precum:

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nu

DSDU LQ vQ SULQFLSLX,

GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW FL UDPXULORU GH GUHSW VDX GLVFLSOLQHORU MXULGLFH GH FDUH VXQW OHJDWH SULQ FRQ LQXWXO ORU FLYLO IDPLOLHL PXQFLL 3ULQ H[FHS LH SRW IL L]YRDUH úL DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW FRQYHQ LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH

PXOWL úL EL-ODWHUDOH FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD] LQVWLWX LLOH MXULGLFH FDUH IRUPHD] GRPHQLXO VSHFLILF DO

GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW PDL DOHV FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL úL URPkQXOXL vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SURFHVXO FLYLO LQWHUQD LRQal

etc.), sau care sunt strâns legate de aspectele

conflictuale.  ÌQ FD] GH FRQFXUV vQ DSOLFDUH vQWUH L]YRDUHOH LQWHUQH úL FHOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH DOH GUHSWXOXL

LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SUHYDOHD] L]YRDUHOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH $FHDVW LGHH VH GHVSULQGH GLQ SUHYHGHrile

DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP FURUD GLVSR]L LLOH DFHVWHL OHJL VXQW DSOLFDELOH vQ PVXUD vQ

FDUH FRQYHQ LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH OD FDUH 5RPkQLD HVWH SDUWH QX VWDELOHVF R DOW UHJOHPHQWDUH

CAPITOLUL 5

&$/,),&$5($ ù, &21)/,&78/ '( &$/,),&5, 1

1RUPD FRQIOLFWXDO vQ DPEHOH VDOH HOHPHQWH GH VWUXFWXU FRQ LQXWXO úL OHJWXUD HVWH

H[SULPDW vQ QR LXQL MXULGLFH 'H H[HPSOX

a) FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL HVWH UHGDW SULQ QR LXQL SUHFXP - VWDUHD FDSDFLWDWHD úL UHOD LLOH GH IDPLOLH DOH SHUVRDQHL

IL]LFH SHUVRDQD MXULGLF FRQGL LLOH

GH IRQG úL GH IRUP DOH FVWRULHL VDX DOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF PRúWHQLUHD HWF

b) OHJWXUD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH HVWH H[SULPDW SULQ QR LXQL persoanei fizice; sediul social; locul încheierii contractului, etc.

SUHFXP FHW HQLD úL GRPLFLOLXO

ÌQ SURFHVXO DSOLFULL HL QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO WUHEXLH FRQIUXQWDW FX UDSRUWXO MXULGLF FRQFUHW

GLQWUH SU L FDUH FRQVWLWXLH VLWXD LD GH IDSW FX VFRSXO GH D YHGHD vQ FRQ LQXWXO VDX OHJWXUD FUHL

QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH LQWU UHVSHFWLYXO UDSRUW MXULGLF 3HQWUX D DGXFH OD DFHODúL QXPLWRU vQ VFRSXO GH D

SXWHD IL FRPSDUDWH FHOH GRX HOHPHQWH DOH UD LRQDPHQWXOXL ORJLFR-juridic úL DQXPH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO

-

DEVWUDFW úL UDSRUWXO MXULGLF

care se face în acest caz, - concret - este necesar ca acestea V ILH

calificate. Calificarea SRDWH IL GHILQLW vQ GRX PRGXUL úL DQXPH SRUQLQGX-VH GH OD QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO FWUH VLWXD LD GH IDSW VDX LQYHUV $VWIHO

D FDOLILFDUHD HVWH RSHUD LXQHD ORJLFR-MXULGLF GH GHWHUPLQDUH D VHQVXOXL H[DFW úL FRPSOHW DO

QR LXQLORU MXULGLFH FDUH H[SULP FRQ LQXWXO úL OHJWXUD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH SHQWUX D YHGHD GDF XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF R VLWXD LH GH IDSW FRQFUHW VH LQFOXGH VDX QX vQ DFHVWH QR LXQL

E FDOLILFDUHD HVWH LQWHUSUHWDUHD XQXL UDSRUW MXULGLF VLWXD LL GH IDSW FRncrete),

vQ FRQ LQXWXO úL OHJWXUD FUHL QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH LQWU

pentru a vedea

&DOLILFDUHD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH HVWH R QR LXQH VLPLODU FHOHL GH LQWHUSUHWDUH D QRUPHL

juridice, din dreptul comun.

 1R LXQLOH MXULGLFH FDUH H[SULP FRQ LQXWXO úL SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU DO QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH SRW

V QX DLE DFHODúL vQ HOHV vQ VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW FDUH VXQW vQ SUH]HQ

 FX SULYLUH OD XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF

ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH DFHHDúL QR LXQH MXULGLF DUH DFFHS LXQL GLIHULWH vQ VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW DSOLFDELOH XQXL

raport MXULGLF H[LVW XQ FRQIOLFW GH FDOLILFUL &RQIOLFWXO GH FDOLILFUL

HVWH VLWXD LD FDUH DSDUH DWXQFL FkQG QR LXQLOH GLQ FRQ LQXWXO úLVDX

OHJWXUD XQHL QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH DX vQ HOHVXUL GLIHULWH vQ VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW VXVFHSWLELOH GH D VH

aplica unui raport juridic.

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FDOLILFULL HVWH GLIHULW vQ IXQF LH GH HOHPHQWXO QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH FDUH VH FDOLILF DVWIHO D DWXQFL FkQG RELHFWXO FDOLILFULL vO FRQVWLWXLH

VROX LRQDUH

D

FRQIOLFWXOXL

GH

FDOLILFUL

GHWHUPLQ

FRQ inutul normei conflictuale, modul de

vQVúL

QRUPD

FRQIOLFWXDO

DSOLFDELO

GHFL

LQIOXHQ HD] FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL úL VFKLPE DVWIHO VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO úL GHFL SRVLELO VROX LD

vQ VSH



7

b) când

vQV VH FDOLILF OHJWXUD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH PRGXO GH VROX LRQDUH D FRQIOLFWXOXL GH

FDOLILFUL QX LQIOXHQ HD] DVXSUD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH GDU GHWHUPLQ VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO úL GHFL SRVLELO VROX LD vQ VSH



 /HJHD GXS FDUH VH IDFH FDOLILFDUHD OHJHD GXS FDUH VH

FDOLILFUL 

A. Ca UHJXO

VROX LRQHD] FRQIOLFWXO GH

FDOLILFDUHD VH IDFH GXS OHJHD LQVWDQ HL VHVL]DWH lex

fori  $FHDVW UHJXO VH

GHVSULQGH GLQ SUHYHGHULOH DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP FURUD DWXQFL FkQG GHWHUPLQDrea

OHJLL DSOLFDELOH GHSLQGH GH FDOLILFDUHD FH XUPHD] V ILH GDW XQHL LQVWLWX LL GH GUHSW VDX XQXL UDSRUW MXULGLF VH LD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH FDOLILFDUHD MXULGLF VWDELOLW GH OHJHD URPkQ

Argumente: a) normele conflictuale sunt cuprinse în sistemul de drepW

DO IRUXOXL DGLF VXQW QRUPH

QD LRQDOH vQ VHQVXO F LQVWDQ D DSOLF vQ SULQFLSLX SURSULXO VX VLVWHP GH QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH $úDGDU LQWHUSUHWDUHD DFHVWRU QRUPH WUHEXLH V VH IDF GXS VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW FDUH OH FRQ LQH

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lex fori causae). Astfel, nu se lex causae), deoarece determinarea acesteia

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B. ([FHS LLOH GH OD FDOLILFDUH GXS OH[ IRUL

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fori

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&HOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH DVHPHQHD H[FHS LL VXQW XUPWRDUHOH

1. FDOLILFDUHD SULQ YRLQ D SU LORU

$WXQFL FkQG SU LOH DX GHWHUPLQDW HOH vQVHOH vQ HOHVXO QR LXQLORU GLQWU-un

calificarea acestor nR LXQL SU LORU

act juridic,

VH IDFH GXS YRLQ D SU LORU vQ WHPHLXO SULQFLSLXOXL DXWRQRPLD GH YRLQ

D

2. FDOLILFDUHD OHJDO

ÌQ XQHOH FD]XUL QR LXQLOH XWLOL]DWH GH QRUPHOH MXULGLFH FXSULQVH vQWU-R OHJH LQWHUQ VDX R

FRQYHQ LH LQWHUQD LRQDO VXQW LQWHUSUHWDWH vQ FKLDU WH[WXO DFWXOXL QRUPDWLY UHVSHFWLY ÌQ VLWXD LD vQ FDUH

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3. FDOLILFDUHD VHFXQGDU Sub aspect terminologic, cDOLILFDUHD

HVWH VHFXQGDU DWXQFL FkQG HVWH VHFXQGXP DGLF

XOWHULRDU VXEVHFYHQW XQHL FDOLILFUL SULQFLSDOH SULPDUH 

&DOLILFDUHD VHFXQGDU HVWH DúDGDU FHD FDUH VH IDFH GXS FH D RSHUDW FDOLILFDUHD

SULQFLSDO vQ WHPHLXO OHJLL DSOLFDELOH IRQGXOXL

cauzei (lex causae  $VWIHO FDOLILFDUHD VHFXQGDU - QX LQIOXHQ HD] OHJHD DSOLFDELO GDU DIHFWHD] VROX LD SH IRQG 'HRDUHFH VH IDFH GXS lex causae HD DSDUH FD R SUREOHP GH GUHSW LQWHUQ &DOLILFDUHD VHFXQGDU SRDWH izvorî GLQ OHJH GLQ SUDFWLFD MXGLFLDU VDX SRDWH IL UH LQXW GH literatura de specialitate. 4. FDOLILFDUHD LQVWLWX LLORU MXULGLFH QHFXQRVFXWH GUHSWXOXL IRUXOXL ,QVWLWX LLOH MXULGLFH QHFXQRVFXWH GH OHJHD IRUXOXL VH FDOLILF vQ SULQFLSLX GXS VLVWHPXO de

VSUH GHRVHELUH GH FHD SULQFLSDO

GUHSW FDUH OH FXQRDúWH 3UDFWLFD MXGHFWRUHDVF URPkQ D RIHULW H[HPSOH vQ DFHVW VHQV FX SULYLUH OD LQVWLWX LLOH WUXVW úL DJHQF\ GLQ GUHSWXO DQJOR-saxon.

CAPITOLUL 6

&21)/,&78/ Ì1 63$,8 $/ 1250(/25 &21)/,&78$/( ù, 5(75,0,7(5($ SUH]HQ

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SUH]HQ

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FkQG VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW vQ

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A. pozitiv DWXQFL FkQG ILHFDUH QRUP FRQIOLFWXDO WULPLWH OD SURSULXO VX VLVWHP GH GUHSW

&RQIOLFWXO SR]LWLY GH QRUPH FRQIOLFWXO QX GXFH OD UHWULPLWHUH úL VH VROX LRQHD] vQ SULQFLSLX

prin aplicarea normei conflictuale a forulXL GH FWUH LQVWDQ D FRPSHWHQW vQ VROX LRQDUHD OLWLJLXOXL 8

B. negativ

vQ VLWXD LD vQ FDUH QLFL XQD GLQ QRUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH vQ SUH]HQ



QX GHFODU

DSOLFDELO SURSULXO VX VLVWHP GH GUHSW FL ILH WULPLWH ILHFDUH OD VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DO FHOXLODOW VWDW ILe WULPLWHUHD VH IDFH OD GUHSWXO XQXL VWDW WHU 

QHFHVDU GDU QX úL VXILFLHQW

$FHDVWD HVWH SULPD FRQGL LH D UHWULPLWHULL

FRQGL LH

3HQWUX D H[LVWD UHWULPLWHUH WUHEXLH vQWUXQLWH GRX FRQGL LL FXPXODWLYH ” V H[LVWH XQ FRQIOLFW QHJDWLY vQWUH QRUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH GLQ VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW vQ SUH]HQ 

cu privire la un anumit raport juridic;

” QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO D IRUXOXL D VWDWXOXL LQVWDQ HL VHVL]DWH V DGPLW UHWULPLWHUHD DGLF V

WULPLW OD vQWUHJXO VLVWHP GH GUHSW VWULQ

&D GHILQL LH, retrimiterea eVWH

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IRUXOXL WULPLWH OD XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW VWULQ vQ vQWUHJXO VX GHFL LQFOXVLY OD QRUPHOH VDOH FRQIOLFWXDOH  LDU DFHVWD GLQ XUP SULQ QRUPD VD FRQIOLFWXDO vQ PDWHULH QX SULPHúWH WULPLWHUea,

ci fie trimite înapoi

OD GUHSWXO VWDWXOXL IRUXOXL ILH WULPLWH PDL GHSDUWH OD GUHSWXO XQXL VWDW WHU 

Felurile retrimiterii: a) retrimitere de gradul I UHWULPLWHUHD VLPSO VDX WULPLWHUHD vQDSRL  FDUH H[LVW FkQG QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO VWULQ retrimite la dreptul forului; b) retrimitere de gradul al II-lea UHWULPLWHUH FRPSOH[ VDX WULPLWHUH PDL GHSDUWH  FkQG QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO VWULQ WULPLWH OD GUHSWXO XQXL VWDW WHU 

DWXQFL DWXQFL

3. Dreptul intern român admite, FD UHJXO retrimiterea de gradul I. Conform art. 4 al. 1 din

/HJHD QU  GDF OHJHD VWULQ GHWHUPLQDW SRWULYLW QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH URPkQH UHWULPLWH OD GUHSWXO URPkQ VH DSOLF OHJHD URPkQ DIDU GH FD]XO vQ FDUH VH SUHYHGH vQ PRG H[SUHV DOWIHO

Argumente: a) trimiterea de FWUH

QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO D IRUXOXL OD XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW VWULQ

RIHUW IFXW DFHVWXLD GH D VH DSOLFD

constituie o

LDU QX R REOLJD LH $úDGDU vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH GUHSWXO VWULQ

SULQ QRUPD VD FRQIOLFWXDO vQ PDWHULH QX SULPHúWH WULPLWHUHD FL UHWULPLWH OD GUHSWXO IRUXOXL DFHDVW UHWULPLWHUH WUHEXLH DFFHSWDW

b) argumentul XQLW LL VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW VWULQ

'DF QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ WULPLWH

OD XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW VWULQ DFHVWD WUHEXLH SULYLW vQ PRG XQLWDU GHFL LQkQGX-se

normele

VDOH FRQIOLFWXDOH ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH GLQ VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW VWULQ V-ar

FRQIOLFWXDOH úL V-DU DSOLFD QXPDL FHOH PDWHULDOH XQLWDWHD DFHVWXLD DU IL DIHFWDW

seama inclusiv de desprinde normele

c) retrimiterea la gradul I DVLJXU R FRRUGRQDUH D VLVWHPHORU GH GUHSW vQ SUH]HQ , în

VHQVXO F QRUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH DOH DPEHORU VLVWHPH GH GUHSW VXQW GHRSRWULY DSOLFDWH

4. Prin H[FHS LH UHWULPLWHUHD GH JUDGXO , QX HVWH DGPLV vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW român, în cazurile în care legea prevede în mod expres astfel. O asemenHD H[FHS LH HVWH UHJOHPHQWDW GH DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP FUXLD /HJHD VWULQ DSOLFDELO FRQWUDFWXOXL FXSULQGH GLVSR]L LLOH VDOH GH GUHSW PDWHULDO vQ DIDU GH

normele ei conflictuale". 5. În dreptul român, retrimiterea de gradul al II-leD

QX HVWH DGPLV SRWULYLW DUW  DO  GLQ

/HJHD QU  FRQIRUP FUXLD 5HWULPLWHUHD IFXW GH OHJHD VWULQ OD GUHSWXO DOWXL VWDW HVWH IU HIHFW

'LQ IRUPXODUHD WH[WXOXL UH]XOW F vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ WULPLWH OD XQ

sisteP

GH GUHSW VWULQ LDU DFHVWD SULQ QRUPD VD FRQIOLFWXDO vQ PDWHULH WULPLWH PDL GHSDUWH OD

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Justificarea refuzului retrimiterii de gradul al II-OHD

MXULGLF SH FDUH DFHDVW LQVWLWX LH R JHQHUHD]

vQ GUHSWXO URPkQ FRQVW vQ QHVLJXUDQ D

CAPITOLUL 7

$3/,&$5($ /(*,, 675,1( &$ LEX CAUSAE

 1RUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ SRDWH WULPLWH ILH OD VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW URPkQ ILH OD XQXO VWULQ

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MXULGLF IU HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH ÌQ VLWXD LD vQ FDUH vQV QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO WULPLWH OD XQ VLVWHP GH

drept stULQ

VH SXQ DQXPLWH SUREOHPH

VSHFLILFH úL GXS GHSúLUHD PRPHQWXOXL FRQIOLFWXDO FDUH

IDFH RELHFWXO GH UHJOHPHQWDUH DO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

$SOLFDUHD GUHSWXOXL VWULQ HVWH REOLJDWRULH GDF QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ WULPLWH OD HO vQ

caz contrDU

ILLQG vQFOFDW vQ SULPXO UkQG QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ 2EOLJDWLYLWDWHD DSOLFULL OHJLL

VWULQH DWXQFL FkQG QRUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH URPkQH vL DWULEXLH FRPSHWHQ

9

 L]YRUúWH GLQ FDUDFWHUXO GH

UHJXO LPSHUDWLY DO DFHVWRU QRUPH VDX vQ OLSVD DFHVWXL FDUDFWHU GLQ QHFHVLWDWHD UHVSHFWULL SULQFLSLXOXL DXWRQRPLHL GH YRLQ

 D SU LORU

 &RQIRUP GLVSR]L LLORU DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU 

LQGHSHQGHQW GH FRQGL LD UHFLSURFLW LL

DSOLFDUHD OHJLL VWULQH HVWH

FX H[FHS LD FD]XOXL vQ FDUH SULQ DFHDVW OHJH VDX SULQ

OHJL VSHFLDOH VH SUHYHGH DOWIHO ÌQ DFHVW FD] QR LXQHD GH UHFLSURFLWDWH HVWH SULYLW vQ VHQVXO GH LGHQWLWDWH GH UHJOHPHQWDUH vQ FHOH GRX VLVWHPH GH GUHSW vQ SUH]HQ

 URPkQ úL VWULQ 

/HJHD QU  FHUH H[SUHV FRQGL LD UHFLSURFLW LL vQ XQHOH FD]XUL

a) art. 43 alin. 2 -

FD GH SLOG

3HUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH VWULQH IU VFRS SDWULPRQLDO SRW IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQ

5RPkQLD SULQWUH DOWHOH VXE FRQGL LD UHFLSURFLW LL

b) art. 162 alin. 3 - Scutirea de supralegalizare a actelor oficiale întocmite sau legalizate de

R DXWRULWDWH VWULQ HVWH SHUPLV SULQWUH DOWHOH úL SH ED] GH UHFLSURFLWDWH

c) art. 176 alin. 1 lit. c) - +RWUkULOH MXGHFWRUHúWL VWULQH SRW IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQ 5RPkQLD VSUH a beneficia de puterea lucrului judecat, dac HVWH vQWUXQLW DOWXUL GH DOWHOH FRQGL LD FD V H[LVWH UHFLSURFLWDWH vQ FH SULYHúWH HIHFWHOH KRWUkULORU VWULQH vQWUH 5RPkQLD úL VWDWXO LQVWDQ HL FDUH D SURQXQ DW KRWUkUHD HWF

&RQGL LD UHFLSURFLW LL SRDWH IL SUHY]XW vQ OHJL VSHFLDOH De ex. aUW

 GLQ 2UGRQDQ D

*XYHUQXOXL QU  FX SULYLUH OD DVRFLD LL úL IXQGD LL SUHYHGH F SHUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH VWULQH IU VFRS SDWULPRQLDO SRW IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQ 5RPkQLD VXE FRQGL LD UHFLSURFLW LL

3. Reciprocitatea poate fi de trei feluri: a) legislDWLY DWXQFL FkQG vQ DUD VWULQ

H[LVW QRUPH MXULGLFH FDUH SUHYG DFHOHDúL

GUHSWXUL SHQWUX HQWLW LOH MXULGLFH URPkQH VLPLODUH ÌQ DFHVW FD] L]YRUXO UHFLSURFLW LL vO FRQVWLWXLH LGHQWLWDWHD GLVSR]L LLORU OHJDOH LQWHUQH GLQ VWDWHOH vQ SUH]HQ

b) diplRPDWLF



DWXQFL FkQG UHFLSURFLWDWHD L]YRUúWH GLQWU-R FRQYHQ LH LQWHUQD LRQDO OD FDUH

UHVSHFWLYHOH VWDWH VXQW SU L

c) de fapt DWXQFL FkQG HD HVWH DSOLFDW vQ SUDFWLFD DXWRULW LORU FRPSHWHQWH GLQ VWDWHOH respective. Conform art. 6 alin. 2 din Legea nU  vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH SHQWUX DSOLFDUHD OHJLL VWULQH

HVWH FHUXW FRQGL LD UHFLSURFLW LL GH IDSW vQGHSOLQLUHD HL HVWH SUH]XPDW SkQ OD GRYDGD FRQWUDU SUH]XP LH UHODWLY

juris tantum). 3. Spre deosebire de alte sisteme de drept (spre exemplu, cel englez, american), unde GUHSWXO VWULQ HVWH FRQVLGHUDW XQ element de fapt vQ FRQFHS LD MXULGLF URPkQHDVF GUHSWXO VWULQ OD FDUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ WULPLWH HVWH XQ element de drept $úDGDU GUHSWXO VWULQ HVWH DSOLFDW vQ 5RPkQLD FX DFHODúL WLWOX FD úL GUHSWXO QD LRQDO VLWXD LH GLQ FDUH UH]XOW PDL PXOWH

FRQVHFLQ H MXULGLFH LPSRUWDQWH &X WRDWH DFHVWHD GDW ILLQG QDWXUD OXL H[WUDQHH GUHSWXO VWULQ QX SRDWH IL DVLPLODW WRWDO GUHSWXOXL IRUXOXL vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH HIHFWXO OXL vQ DU FHHD UHJLPXO QD LRQDO DSOLFDELO DFHVWXLD V H[LVWH DQXPLWH H[FHS LL úL DWHQXUL  $SOLFDUHD GUHSWXOXL VWULQ vQWU-un

ce face ca de la

raport juridic cu element de extraneitate poate fi

LQYRFDW DWkW GLQ RILFLX GH FWUH LQVWDQ D GH MXGHFDW DUELWUDM  FkW úL GH SDUWHD LQWHUHVDW

5. În dreptul român VDUFLQD SUREHL OHJLL VWULQH VH vPSDUWH vQWUH MXGHFWRU DUELWUX úL SU L

$VWIHO LQVWDQ D GH MXGHFDW GDWRULW FDUDFWHUXOXL REOLJDWRULX DO DSOLFULL GUHSWXOXL VWULQ vQ

FD]XO vQ FDUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ SUHYHGH DVWIHO  SUHFXP úL vQ WHPHLXO SULQFLSLXOXL UROXOXL DFWLY DO MXGHFWRUXOXL YD WUHEXL V GHSXQ WRDWH GLOLJHQ HOH SHQWUX DIODUHD FRQ LQXWXOXL úL vQ HOHVXOXL

FRUHFWH úL FRPSOHWH DOH OHJLL VWULQH vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ

trimite la ea. În

DFHVW VFRS LQVWDQ D SRDWH GLVSXQH FKLDU úL GLQ RILFLX WRDWH PLMORDFHOH GH SURE SH FDUH OH

FRQVLGHU DGHFYDWH

6XE DFHVW DVSHFW H[LVW vQV R

GHRVHELUH LPSRUWDQW

vQWUH GUHSWXO VWULQ úL FHO QD LRQDO

FRQVWkQG vQ DFHHD F SHQWUX FHO GLQWkL QX VH DSOLF SUH]XP LD F MXGHFWRUXO FXQRDúWH OHJHD

("jura novit curia 

&D XUPDUH VDUFLQD SUREHL OHJLL VWULQH QX LQFXPE H[FOXVLY MXGHFWRUXOXL FL

DFHDVW VDUFLQ HVWH vPSU LW vQWUH DFHVWD úL SU L $FHDVW LGHH HVWH H[SULPDW vQ DUW  /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP FUXLD 3DUWHD FDUH LQYRF R OHJH VWULQ IDF GRYDGD FRQ LQXWXOXL HL

poate fi

alin. 2 din

VQ REOLJDW V

6. 0LMORDFHOH GH SURE D OHJLL VWULQH

D ÌQ GUHSWXO URPkQ IXQF LRQHD] SULQFLSLXO OLEHUW LL LQVWDQ HL úL D SU Llor

în alegerea

PLMORDFHORU GH GRYDG D OHJLL VWULQH OD FDUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ WULPLWH $FHVW SULQFLSLX HVWH

FRQVDFUDW vQ DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP FUXLD &RQ LQXWXO OHJLL VWULQH VH

VWDELOHúWH GH LQVWDQ D MXGHFWRUHDVF SULQ DWHVWUL RE LQXWH GH OD RUJDQHOH VWDWXOXL FDUH DX HGLFWDW-o,

prin avizul unui expert sau un alt mod adecvat".

(VWH GH GRULW SHQWUX YHULGLFLWDWHD GRFXPHQWULL FD OHJLOH VWULQH V ILH SUREDWH SULQ VXUVH

scrise directe, precum Monitorul Oficial, culegHUL GH OHJL GH MXULVSUXGHQ  HWF 10

ÌQ SUDFWLFD MXGLFLDU úL DUELWUDO URPkQ DX IRVW XWLOL]DWH vQV úL DOWH PLMORDFH GH SURE XQHOH

indirecte SURFXUDWH ILH GH OD DXWRULW L FRPSHWHQWH GLQ VWDWXO VWULQ ILH GH OD GLIHULWH RUJDQLVPH reprezentative ale acestuia din România. Astfel, de exemplu, ca PLMORDFH GH SURE SURYHQLWH GH OD DXWRULW LOH VWDWXOXL VWULQ, sDX XWLOL]DW FHUWLILFDWH HOLEHUDWH GH PLQLVWUXO MXVWL LHL DO VWDWXOXL VWULQ FHUWLILFDWH GH FXWXP VDX DOWH DWHVWUL SURYHQLQG GH OD QRWDULL SXEOLFL GH OD &DPHUD GH &RPHU GLQ DFHO VWDW HWF

Dintre VXUVHOH GH GRFXPHQWDUH SULYLQG OHJHD VWULQ SURFXUDWH SH SODQ LQWHUQ,

PHQ LRQP FHUWLILFDWHOH HOLEHUDWH GH DPEDVDGHOH VDX FRQVXODWHOH VWDWHORU UHVSHFWLYH vQ 5RPkQLD LQIRUPD LL GH OD RUJDQL]D LLOH GH ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH

cult corespondente din România etc.

IRU D SUREDQW

D PLMORDFHORU GH GRYDG SURYHQLQG GLQ VWULQWDWH vQ

SULQFLSLX HD WUHEXLH DVLPLODW FHOHL SUHY]XWH GH OHJHD URPkQ $VWIHO GDF SURED XWLOL]DW DUH FDUDFWHU RILFLDO HD IDFH GRYDG LUHIUDJDELO GDU GDF vL OLSVHúWH DFHVW FDUDFWHU HD YD IL FUH]XW

juris tantum SXWkQG IL FRPEWXW SULQ GRYDGD FRQWUDU

,QVWDQ HOH MXGHFWRUHúWL URPkQH QX VXQW DELOLWDWH V LD OHJWXUD GLUHFW FX LQVWDQ HOH VWDWXOXL

VWULQ úL QLFL FX DPEDVDGHOH VDX

alte organisme de reprezentare ale acestor state, din România, ci

WUHEXLH V FHDU VSULMLQXO vQ DFHVW VFRS DO 0LQLVWHUXOXL -XVWL LHL URPkQ FDUH YD FRQWDFWD GLUHFW

DFHVWH LQVWLWX LL VDX RUJDQLVPH SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO 0LQLVWHUXOXL $IDFHULORU ([WHUQH

b) PriQ

DGHUDUHD OD &RQYHQ LD (XURSHDQ vQ GRPHQLXO LQIRUPULL DVXSUD GUHSWXOXL VWULQ

VHPQDW OD /RQGUD OD  LXQLH  úL OD 3URWRFROXO DGL LRQDO OD DFHDVW FRQYHQ LH VHPQDW OD

Strasbourg la 15 martie 1978 (H.G. nr. 153/1991), România a intrat în circuitul european de LQIRUPD LH DVXSUD GUHSWXOXL DOWRU VWDWH IDFLOLWkQGX-VH DVWIHO SRVLELOLW LOH GH SURE D OHJLL VWULQH

&RQIRUP FRQYHQ LHL VWDWHOH FRQWUDFWDQWH VH DQJDMHD] V WUDQVPLW LQIRUPD LL SULYLQG GUHSWXO ORU vQ

GRPHQLXO FLYLO úL FRPHUFLDO DO SURFHGXULL FLYLOH úL FRPHUFLDOH úL DO RUJDQL]ULL MXGLFLDUH SUHFXP úL DO GUHSWXOXL SHQDO úL DO SURFHGXULL SHQDOH 2UJDQXO QD LRQDO GH OHJWXU GLQ SDUWHD 5RPkQLHL HVWH 0LQLVWHUXO -XVWL LHL &HUHUHD GH LQIRUPD LL WUHEXLH V HPDQH vQWRWGHDXQD GH OD R DXWRULWDWH MXGLFLDU úL

SRDWH IL IFXW QXPDL DWXQFL FkQG XQ SURFHV D IRVW GHMD SRUQLW 5VSXQVXO OD FHUHUH WUHEXLH V DLE

GUHSW VFRS LQIRUPDUHD DXWRULW LL VROLFLWDWH vQ PRG RELHFWLY úL LPSDU LDO DVXSUD GUHSWXOXL VWDWXOXL

VROLFLWDW 5VSXQVXO YD FXSULQGH GXS FD] WH[WH GH OHJL UHJXODPHQWH úL GHFL]LL MXGLFLDUH SXWkQG IL

vQVR LW GH OXFUUL GH GRFWULQ OXFUUL SUHJWLWRDUH úL GH FRPHQWDULL H[SOLFDWLYH 6WDWXO VROLFLWDW SRDWH UHIX]D V GHD FXUV FHUHULL GH LQIRUPD LL DWXQFL FkQG LQWHUHVHOH VDOH VXQW DIHFWDWH GH OLtigiul RFD]LRQDW IRUPXODUHD FHUHULL VDX DWXQFL

care a

FkQG FRQVLGHU F UVSXQVXO DU IL GH QDWXU V DGXF

DWLQJHUH VXYHUDQLW LL VDX VHFXULW LL VDOH 5VSXQVXO OD FHUHUHD GH LQIRUPD LL WUHEXLH

GDW FkW PDL

UHSHGH SRVLELO úL VH UHGDFWHD] vQ SULQFLSLX FD úL FHUHUHD vQ OLPED VWDWXOXL VROLFLWDW &KHOWXLHOLOH

ocazionate de cerere sunt suportate de statul solicitant. 7. În cazul LPSRVLELOLW LL GH D VWDELOL FRQ LQXWXO OHJLL VWULQH VH DSOLF OHJHD URPkQ DUW  alin. 3 din Legea nr. 105/1992). Pentru a se aplica dreptul român, ca lex fori HVWH QHFHVDU V H[LVWH UHDOPHQWH R VLWXD LH GH LPSRVLELOLWDWH GH GRYDG D OHJLL VWULQH vQ FLXGD GLOLJHQ HORU IFXWH GH LQVWDQ

 FX VSULMLQXO SU LORU  vQ GRVDUXO FDX]HL 2 VLPSO GLILFXOWDWH GH SUREDUH D OHJLL VWULQH JHQHUDW GH GHSUWDUHD JHRJUDILF D VWDWXOXL VWULQ ID  GH 5RPkQLD GH QHFXQRDúWHUHD FKLDU WRWDO D GUHSWXOXL VX vQ 5RPkQLD GH lipsa izvoareloU VFULVH vQ UHVSHFWLYXO VLVWHP GH GUHSW HWF QX MXVWLILF DSOLFDUHD LPHGLDW úL QHFRQGL LRQDW D OHJLL URPkQH Aplicarea legii forului apare ca un subsidiar, MXVWLILFDW QXPDL GH LPSRVLELOLWDWHD HYLGHQW GH SUREDUH D OHJLL VWULQH Argumente pentru aceaVW VROX LH D OLWLJLXO QX SRDWH UPkQH QHMXGHFDW SULQ UHVSLQJHUHD DF LXQLL UHFODPDQWXOXL VXE PRWLYXO F OHJHD VWULQ QX HVWH FXQRVFXW GHRDUHFH vQ DFHVW FD] MXGHFWRUXO DU IL FXOSDELO GH GHQHJDUH GH GUHSWDWH 2 DVHPHQHD VROX LH DU IL QHGUHDSW SHQWru reclamant, deoarece sarcina probei legii VWULQH QX LQFXPE vQ SULPXO UkQG úL vQ RULFH FD] QX H[FOXVLY SU LORU FL LQVWDQ HL E vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH OHJHD VWULQ QX SRDWH IL GRYHGLW VH DSOLF SUH]XP LD VLPSO H[SULPDW $FHVWH GLOLJHQ H WUHEXLH V UH]XOWH GLQ SUREDWRULLOH GLVSXVH úL GLQ GHPHUVXULOH HIHFWXDWH GH LQVWDQ

prin adagiul "cine alege inVWDQ D DOHJH úL GUHSWXO

11

CAPITOLUL 8

&$=85,/( '( Ì1/785$5( '( /$ $3/,&$5( $ /(*,, 675,1( /HJHD VWULQ VH vQOWXU GH OD DSOLFDUH FRQIRUP SUHYHGHULORU DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU

 vQ GRX FD]XUL

D GDF vQFDOF RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ E GDF D GHYHQLW FRPSHWHQW SULQ IUDXG

6HF LXQHD  2UGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ  2UGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ

HVWH IRUPDW GLQ DQVDPEOXO

principiilor fundamentale de drept ale statului român, aplicabile în raporturile juridice cu element de extraneitate. 6XE DVSHFW SURFHGXUDO RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VH PDWHULDOL]HD] SULQ

H[FHS LD GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

Elementele definitorii DOH RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW A. &RQ LQXWXO QR LXQLL GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW vO

FRQVWLWXLH SULQFLSLLOH

IXQGDPHQWDOH GH GUHSW DOH VWDWXOXL IRUXOXL DSOLFDELOH vQ UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQal SULYDW $FHVWD HVWH FRQ LQXWXO DEVWUDFW DO QR LXQLL

moduri:

a) GH UHJXO

În mod curent DFHVW FRQ LQXW HVWH VWDELOLW vQ GRX

HO VH GHWHUPLQ GH FWUH LQVWDQ D GH MXGHFDW FDUH YD VWDELOL FkQG R QRUP

GLQ VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW URPkQ FRQVDFU XQ SULQFLSLX

juridic fundamental al statului nostru, astfel încât

vQFOFDUHD OXL GH FWUH OHJHD VWULQ FRPSHWHQW vQ VSH

de la aplicare. b) în anumite cazuri

 SRDWH V MXVWLILFH vQOWXUDUHD DFHVWHL OHJL

OHJLXLWRUXO URPkQ vQVXúL VWDELOHúWH H[SOLFLW QRUPHOH MXULGLFH D FURU

vQFOFDUH FRQVWLWXLH XQ WHPHL GH LQYRFDUH D RUGLQHL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ úL GHFL GH vQOWXUDUH GH OD DSOLFDUH D OHJLL VWULQH FRQWUDUH

% ([FHS LD GH RUGLQH SXEOLF FDUH H[SULP SH SODQ SURFHGXUDO DFHDVW LQVWLWX LH MXULGLF

este o H[FHS LH GH IRQG FDUH SRDWH IL LQYRFDW GH RULFH SDUWH LQWHUHVDW VDX GH LQVWDQ  GLQ RILFLX

& ([FHS LD GH RUGLQH SXEOLF vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH HVWH DGPLV vPSLHGLF SURGXFHUHD SH

ULL

WHULWRULXO

D HIHFWHORU XQHL OHJL VWULQH GDU DFHDVWD FD DWDUH QX SRDWH IL DIHFWDW GH DFHDVW

H[FHS LH

' /HJHD VWULQ DOH FUHL HIHFWH VXQW vPSLHGLFDWH V VH SURGXF SH WHULWRULXO

ULL DU IL IRVW

QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW V VH DSOLFH UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY GHRDUHFH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ D

trimis la ea. 2. &RPSDUD LH vQWUH RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQ úL

LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

&HOH GRX LQVWLWX LL VH

DVHDPQ

RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW

SULQ IDSWXO F DPkQGRX vQOWXU GH OD DSOLFDUH R OHJH FX

SUHFL]DUHD F RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQ FHQ]XUHD] DFWHOH MXULGLFH DOH SU LORU FDUH FRQVWLWXLH OHJHD DFHVWRUD 'H DVHPHQHD DFHVWH LQVWLWX LL vúL DX L]YRUXO vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQ DO VWDWXOXL ÌQWUH FHOH GRX IHOXUL GH RUGLQH SXEOLF H[LVW vQV

deosebiri LPSRUWDQWH úL DQXPH a) DX IXQF LL GLIHULWe, astfel: - RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQ FDUH HVWH GDW GH DQVDPEOXO QRUPHORU LPSHUDWLYH DOH sistemului de drept respectiv, are ca scop împiedicarea producerii efectelor actelor juridice care VXQW FRQWUDUH DFHVWRU QRUPH HD H[SULP OLPLWHOH DXWRQRPLHL GH YRLQ



D SU LORU vQ UDSRUWXULOH

juridice interne; - RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW are scopul de a împiedica aplicarea, pe

WHULWRULXO VWDWXOXL IRUXOXL D HIHFWHORU XQHL OHJL VWULQH GHúL QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW V VH DSOLFH UDSRUWXO

juridiF UHVSHFWLY DúDGDU HD H[SULP OLPLWHOH DSOLFULL OHJLL VWULQH vQ DUD IRUXOXL b) au sfere de aplicare diferite vQ VHQVXO F RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQ HVWH PDL ODUJ

GHFkW FHD GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW ÌQ FRQVHFLQ



QX WRW FHHD FH HVWH GH RUGLQH SXEOLF vQ

GUHSWXO LQWHUQ HVWH GH RUGLQH SXEOLF úL vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW ([SOLFD LD DFHVWHL GLIHUHQ H GH VIHU UH]LG vQ DFHHD F VWDWXO UHJOHPHQWHD] FX PDL PXOW IHUPLWDWH UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW

intern decât cele de drept interQD LRQDO SULYDW 3. Prevederi legale 12

D $FWHOH QRUPDWLYH LQWHUQH DGRSW FX SULYLUH OD RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO

SULYDW XQD GLQ XUPWRDUHOH VROX LL

1. 'H UHJXO ele QX VWDELOHVF FRQ LQXWXO RUGLQLL SXEOLFH FL QXPDL SUHYG pRVLELOLWDWHD DSOLFULL DFHVWHLD vQ GRPHQLLOH PDWHULLOH SH FDUH OH UHJOHPHQWHD]

vQ DEVWUDFW

'H H[HPSOX DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  SUHYHGH F 'UHSWXULOH FkúWLJDWH vQ DU VWULQ

VXQW UHVSHFWDWH vQ 5RPkQLD DIDU QXPDL GDF VXQW FRQWUDUH RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO

privat român". 2. În unele cazuri

vQV

OHJHD VWDELOHúWH úL FRQ LQXWXO FRQFUHW DO RUGLQLL SXEOLFH, în

GRPHQLXO UHVSHFWLY GH UHJOHPHQWDUH vQ VHQVXO F LQGLF QRUPHOH MXULGLFH D FURU vQFOFDUH MXVWLILF DSOLFDUHD H[FHS LHL GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

6XQW GRX VLWXD LL $ OHJHD VWDELOHúWH QXPDL FRQ LQXWXO RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO

SULYDW URPkQ % OHJHD RFURWHúWH RUGLQHD SXEOLF D FUXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO vQ VSH $ 3HQWUX SULPD VLWXD LH SRDWH IL GDW XUPWRUXO H[HPSOX

- DUW



 DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  FDUH FRQVDFU FDUDFWHUXO GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GH GUHSW

LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW DO SULQFLSLXOXL OLEHUW LL GH D vQFKHLD R FVWRULH SHQWUX FHW HQLL URPkQL

% /HJHD URPkQ RFURWHúWH vQ DQXPLWH FD]XUL RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

D RULFUXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW QRUPDO DSOLFDELO vQ VSH

 ÌQ DFHVWH FD]XUL QH DIOP vQ ID D XQRU SUHYHGHUL

GH RUGLQH SXEOLF FX DF LXQH GXEO SHQWUX GUHSWXO URPkQ úL SHQWUX FHO VWULQ vQ FD]XO vQ FDre

este

aplicabil).

D 6H vQFDGUHD] vQ DFHDVW VLWXD LH DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU 

- testatorul poate

VXSXQH WUDQVPLWHUHD SHQWUX PRúWHQLUH D EXQXULORU VDOH DOWHL OHJL GHFkW OHJHD VD QD LRQDO GDF HVWH

YRUED GH R VXFFHVLXQH PRELOLDU VDX OHJHD ORFXOXL VLWXULL EXQXOXL GDF HVWH YRUED GH R VXFFHVLXQH LPRELOLDU 

IU D DYHD GUHSWXO V vQOWXUH GLVSR]L LLOH HL LPSHUDWLYH

$úDGDU vQ

DFHVW FD] GLVSR]L LLOH GH RUGLQH SXEOLF DOH RULFUXLD GLQWUH VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW DSOLFDELOH VXFFHVLXQLL

(român sau sWULQ WUHEXLH UHVSHFWDWH

E ÌQ FRQYHQ LL LQWHUQD LRQDOH FDUH FRQVWLWXLH L]YRDUH DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

RUGLQHD SXEOLF HVWH SUHY]XW GH UHJXO vQ

mod abstract.

'H H[HPSOX &RQYHQ LD GH OD 1HZ
DUELWUDOH VWULQH GLQ  OD FDUH 5RPkQLD D DGHUDW SULQ 'HFUHWXO QU   vQ DUW 9 DOLQ  OLW

E SUHYHGH F UHFXQRDúWHUHD úL H[HFXWDUHD XQHL VHQWLQ H DUELWUDOH VWULQH SRDWH IL UHIX]DW SULQWUH DOWHOH GDF HVWH FRQWUDU RUGLQLL SXEOLFe

a statului solicitat.

 2UGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SUH]LQW XUPWRDUHOH FDUDFWHUH HVHQ LDOH:

a)





GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH VSD LDO DUH XQ FDUDFWHU QD LRQDO vQ FRQ LQXWXO V X vQ VHQVXO F

RUGLQHD SXEOLF VH LQWHUSUHWHD] SULQ SULVPD GUHSWXOXL URPkQ 2 VLWXD LH VSHFLDO R FRQVWLWXLH WRWXúL QRUPHOH GH RUGLQH SXEOLF FX DF LXQH GXEO

b) din punct de vedere temporal

LQVWDQ D GH MXGHFDW SURQXQ

ULL

RUGLQHD SXEOLF DUH XQ FDUDFWHU

URPkQ WUHEXLH V LD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH FRQ LQXWXO RUGinii

actual, vQ VHQVXO F publice din momentul

KRWUkULL LDU QX FHO GLQ PRPHQWXO vQFKHLHULL UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF VDX GLQ PRPHQWXO vQ FDUH

VHQWLQ D VWULQ DOH FUHL HIHFWH VH FHU D IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQ 5RPkQLD D IRVW SURQXQ DW vQ

VWULQWDWH

c) din punct de vedere material (pe fond)

RUGLQHD SXEOLF DUH XQ FDUDFWHU GH H[FHS LH

GH OD UHJXOD F OHJHD VWULQ QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW WUHEXLH V VH DSOLFH UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF FX HOHPHQW

de extraneitate. &RQVHFLQ HOH DFHVWXL FDUDFWHU VXQW vQ HVHQ



 XUPWRDUHOH

- ordinea SXEOLF HVWH GH VWULFW LQWHUSUHWDUH - RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ

VWU LQH SH WHULWRULXO

române), numai vQ dreptului român.



ULL

úL SH FDOH GH FRQVHFLQ



 SURGXFHUHD HIHFWHORU OHJLL

vPSLHGLF

DWUDJH DSOLFDUHD vQ ORFXO DFHVWHLD D OHJLL

 în care aceste efecte contravin principiilor fundamentale ale

P VXUD VWULFW

 2UGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW DUH GRX

efecte: a) un efect negativ úL DQXPH vQOWXUDUHD GH OD DSOLFDUHD OHJLL VWULQH FDUH UH]XOW GLQ prevederile DUW  DOLQ  OLW D GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP FURUD $SOLFDUHD OHJLL VWULQH VH vQOWXU GDF vQFDOF RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ

Un exemplu de efect negativ este consacrat de art. 18 alin. 2 din Legea nr. 105/1992, coQIRUP FUXLD GDF XQD GLQWUH OHJLOH VWULQH DSOLFDELOH FRQGL LLORU GH IRQG DOH FVWRULHL SUHYHGH

XQ LPSHGLPHQW OD FVWRULH FDUH SRWULYLW GUHSWXOXL URPkQ HVWH LQFRPSDWLELO FX OLEHUWDWHD GH D vQFKHLD R FVWRULH DFHO LPSHGLPHQW YD IL vQOWXUDW FD LQDSlicabil

c) un efect pozitiv,

..."

SUHY]XW GH DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP FUXLD ÌQ

FD]XO vQOWXUULL OHJLL VWULQH VH DSOLF OHJHD URPkQ

13

Efectul pozitiv al ordinii publice se poate manifesta vQ GRX PRGXUL a) implicit (mai atenuat  vQ VHQVXO F OHJHD IRUXOXL HVWH DSOLFDW QXPDL

HIHFWHOH OHJLL VWULQH

SHQWUX D vQOWXUD

b) explicit (mai ferm  vQ VHQVXO F OHJHD IRUXOXL HVWH DSOLFDW úL vQ PDWHULDOLWDWHD HL vQ JROXO

OVDW SULQ vQOWXUDUHD OHJLL VWULQH

6. 6IHUHOH QR

 GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

LXQLL GH RUGLQH SXEOLF

6IHUD QR LXQLL GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW HVWH GLIHULW vQ IXQF LH GH FDGUXO

FRQIOLFWXDO vQ FDUH VH LQYRF

$VWIHO RUGLQHD SXEOLF SRDWH IL LQYRFDW ILH vQ FDGUXO FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ VSD LX  ILH DO

FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ WLPS úL VSD LX



6IHUD RUGLQLL SXEOLFH HVWH PDL ODUJ

vQ FDGUXO FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ VSD LX GHFkW D



FHOXL vQ WLPS úL VSD LX 'HFL QX WRDWH SULQFLSLLOH MXULGLFH FDUH VXQW GH RUGLQH SXEOLF

sunt invoFDWH

DWXQFL FkQG

vQ FDGUXO FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ VSD LX VXQW GH RUGLQH SXEOLF úL DWXQFL FkQG SULYHVF

GUHSWXUL GHMD GREkQGLWH vQ VWULQWDWH

7.



&RPSDUD LH vQWUH RUGLQHD SXEOLF

DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW



GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

úL QRUPHOH GH

ÌQWUH FHOH GRX LQVWLWX LL H[LVW DVHPQUL FRQVWkQG vQ DFHHD F DX FD UD LXQH

ocrotirea

XQXL SULQFLSLX LQWHUHV IXQGDPHQWDO DO OHJLL IRUXOXL úL WRWRGDW DX DFHODúL HIHFW úL DQXPH DSOLFDUHD OHJLL IRUXOXL vQ ORFXO FHOHL VWULQH

Deosebirea HVHQ LDO GLQWUH HOH UH]LG vQ PHFDQLVPXO ORJLF DO DSOLFULL úL DQXPH - QRUPD GH DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW vQOWXU GH OD vQFHSXW QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO FRPSHWHQW

úL GHFL

vQ FD]XO HL QX VH SXQH SUREOHPD DSOLFULL XQHL OHJL VWULQH QRUPD GH DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW FRQ LQkQG VROX LD MXULGLF vQ

-

chiar cuprinsul ei;

RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VH ULGLF QXPDL GXS FH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO

URPkQ D IRVW DSOLFDW SHQWUX D vQOWXUD HIHFWHOH OHJLL VWULQH QRUPDO FRPSHWHQWH FDUH FRQWUDYLQ

principiilor fundamentale ale dreptului forului.

6HF LXQHD D -a )UDXGDUHD OHJLL DSOLFDELOH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW  ([LVW IUDXG OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW DWXQFL FkQG SU LOH XQXL UDSRUW MXULGLF

IRORVLQG vQ VFRS IUDXGXORV LOLFLW XQ PLMORF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW DX IFXW DSOLFDELO DFHOXL

UDSRUW MXULGLF XQ DOW VLVWHP GH GUHSW GHFkW FHO QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW V VH DSOLFH

 )UDXGDUHD OHJLL vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VH SRDWH IDFH GH UHJXO vQ GRX

PRGDOLW

 L

a) într-un raport juridic de drept intern se introduce în mod fraudulos un element de

H[WUDQHLWDWH FDUH GHFODQúHD] DUWLILFLDO XQ FRQIOLFW GH OHJL LDU SULQ DSOLFDUHD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH

QRUPDO FRPSHWHQWH SHQWUX LSRWH]D FUHDW VH WULPLWH OD XQ DOW VLVWHP GH GUHSW GHFkW GUHSWXO LQWHUQ

(care ar fi fost în mod firesc aplicabil). b) într-XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF FDUH DUH

GHMD XQ HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH SU LOH VFKLPE vQ VFRS

IUDXGXORV SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU IFkQG DSOLFDELO DFHOXL UDSRUW MXULGLF SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO QRUPHL

conflictuale aplicabile pentru noul punct de lHJWXU

XQ DOW VLVWHP GH GUHSW GHFkW FHO QRUPDO

FRPSHWHQW FRQIRUP QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH LQL LDOH

 3HQWUX D H[LVWD IUDXG OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW WUHEXLH vQWUXQLWH FXPXODWLY

XUPWRDUHOH FRQGL LL:



D V H[LVWH XQ DFW GH YRLQ  D SU LL SU LORU vQ VHQVXO GHSODVULL SXQFWXOXL GH  SULYLWRU OD XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF E SU LOH V IRORVHDVF XQ PLMORF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW FDUH SULQ HO vQVXúL HVWH

OHJ WXU

licit.

c) VFRSXO XUPULW GH SU L V ILH LOLFLW d) UH]XOWDWXO UHDOL]DW GH SU L V ILH LOLFLW

5H]XOWDWXO UHDOL]DW GH SU L SULQ DSOLFDUHD vQ UDSRUWXO MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY D XQXL DOW VLVWHP GH

GUHSW GHFkW FHO QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW WUHEXLH V ILH RE LQXW GDF V-ar

mai favorabil acestora decât cel care s-ar fi fi aplicat sistemul de drept nRUPDO FRPSHWHQW ÌQ FD] FRQWUDU QX DU H[LVWD UD LXQHD

SHQWUX SU L GH D VYkUúL R DVHPHQHD IUDXG OD OHJH IFXW R

4. Pentru analiza VDQF LXQLL IUDXGHL OD OHJH GLVWLQF LH, în IXQF LH GH RELHFWXO IUDXGHL. 14

vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ WUHEXLH

, 6LWXD LD vQ FDUH HVWH IUDXGDW GUHSWXO URPkQ vQ IDYRDUHD XQXL GUHSW VWULQ

3HQWUX DFHDVW VLWXD LH DUW  DOLQ  OLW E úL DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  SUHYHGH H[SUHV

$SOLFDUHD OHJLL VWULQH VH vQOWXU  E GDF D GHYHQLW FRPSHWHQW SULQ IUDXG ÌQ FD]XO vQOWXUULL OHJLL VWULQH VH DSOLF OHJHD URPkQ LPSOLF

'LQ DFHVW WH[W UH]XOW F VDQF LXQHD IUDXGULL GUHSWXOXL QD LRQDO vQ IDYRDUHD XQHL OHJL VWULQH

GRX HIHFWH

A. unul negativ úL DQXPH vQOWXUDUHD GH OD DSOLFDUH D OHJLL VWULQH În mRG FRQFUHW SH SODQXO DFWXOXL MXULGLF IUDXGXORV vQFKHLDW GH

PDWHULDOL]HD] SULQ

SU L DFHVW HIHFW VH

a) fie LQRSR]DELOLWDWHD DFWXOXL vQ ID D DXWRULW LORU URPkQH

ÌQ FD]XO LQRSR]DELOLW LL DFWXO UPkQH WRWXúL YDODELO vQ VWULQWDWH

b) fie constDWDUHD GHFODUDUHD QXOLW LL DFWXOXL GH FWUH LQVWDQ HOH MXGHFWRUHúWL URPkQH

ÌQ FD]XO QXOLW LL DFWXO MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY QX PDL SRDWH SURGXFH HIHFWH vQ DU úL vQ SULQFLSLX

QLFL vQ VWULQWDWH VWULQH

B. un efect pozitiv

úL DQXPH DSOLFDUHD OHJLL URPkQH vQ JROXO UPDV SULQ vQOWXUDUHD OHJLL

,, 6LWXD LD vQ FDUH HVWH IUDXGDW GUHSWXO VWULQ QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW FRQIRUP QRUPHL

conflictuale române, în favoarea dreptului român (sau D GUHSWXOXL XQXL VWDW WHU

&X SULYLUH OD DFHVW DVSHFW QLFL /HJHD QU  úL QLFL R DOW OHJH URPkQ QX FRQ LQH

SUHYHGHUL GDU VH RSLQHD] F IUDXGD OHJLL VWULQH WUHEXLH VDQF LRQDW vQ DFHODúL PRG FD úL IUDXGD

legii române. Argumente: a) dreptul VWULQ

HVWH HOHPHQW GH GUHSW FD úL GUHSWXO IRUXOXL úL GHFL WUHEXLH V L VH DFRUGH

DFHHDúL SURWHF LH

E IUDXGDUHD GUHSWXOXL VWULQ QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW V VH DSOLFH FRQIRUP QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH

URPkQH FRQVWLWXLH GH IDSW R vQFOFDUH D QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH URPkQH FDUH GH UHJXO DUH FDUDFWHU

imperativ;

F FHHD FH VH VDQF LRQHD] vQ WRDWH FD]XULOH HVWH LQWHQ LD IUDXGXORDV D SU LORU fraus

omnia corrumpit).  &D úL vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQ IUDXGD OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SRDWH IL

RULFH PLMORF GH SURE ILLQG R VLWXD LH GH IDSW

GRYHGLW prin

3UDFWLF H[LVW GLILFXOW L vQ GRYHGLUHD IUDXGHL OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW GHRDUHFH

FHHD FH WUHEXLH GRYHGLW HVWH LQWHQ LD IUDXGXORDV D SU LORU DGLF XQ HOHPHQW VXELHFWLY

Domeniile în caUH SRDWH DSDUH IUDXG OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VXQW vQ SULQFLSDO

XUPWRDUHOH

a) VWDUHD FLYLO FDSDFLWDWHD úL UHOD LLOH GH IDPLOLH DOH SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH (statutul persoanei fizice).

)UDXGD vQ DFHDVW PDWHULH FRQVW GH UHJXO vQ IDSWXO F SHUVRDQD IL]LF vúL VFKLPE vQ

VFRS IUDXGXORV FHW HQLD GRPLFLOLXO RUL UHúHGLQ D 9 VSH D %HUWROD úL VSH D 0LKLOHVFX

ÌQ JHQHUDO IUDXGD OD OHJH vQ PDWHULD VWULL FLYLOH FDSDFLW LL úL UHOD LLORU GH IDPLOLH DOH

persoanei fizice este mult mai greu

GH UHDOL]DW DVW]L vQ FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH VFKLPEDUHD FHW HQLHL

URPkQH HVWH VWULFW UHJOHPHQWDW SULQ OHJHD FHW HQLHL URPkQH QU  LDU SUHYHGHUL vQ PDWHULH GH FHW HQLH H[LVW SUDFWLF vQ WRDWH VWDWHOH OXPLL

b) statutul organic al persoanei juridice

ÌQ DFHVW FD] IUDXGD OD OHJH FRQVW GH FHOH PDL PXOWH RUL vQ PXWDUHD VHGLXOXL VRFLDO GH SH

teritoriul statului forului pe cel al unui stat considerat "paradis fiscal" (precum Liechtenstein, Monaco, Panama, Liberia etc.), în scopul evaziunii legilor ILVFDOH DOH IRUXOXL FX SUHFL]DUHD F

SHUVRDQD MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY FRQWLQX V IXQF LRQH]H SH WHULWRULXO VWDWXOXL IRUXOXL FD SHUVRDQ

MXULGLF VRFLHWDWH FRPHUFLDO VWULQ ÌQ DFHVW FD] DúDGDU QRXO VHGLX VRFLDO QX HVWH VHULRV DGLF

are un caracter fraudulos. În prezent DUW 

DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP FURUD VHGLXO VRFLDO FDUH

GHWHUPLQ QD LRQDOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH VH VWDELOHúWH SRWULYLW DFWXOXL FRQVWLWXWLY  QX H[FOXG IUDXGD OD OHJH úL GH DOWIHO QLFL QX DU SXWHD-o face deRDUHFH SULQFLSLXO DXWRQRPLHL GH YRLQ  D fondatorilor persoanei juridice este general admis în materia stabilirii sediului social. În schimb, DFHDVW IUDXG HVWH PXOW OLPLWDW SULQ DSOLFDUHD SUHYHGHULORU DUW  DOLQ  úL  GLQ /HJHD QU

105/1992, pentru

LSRWH]D vQ FDUH SHUVRDQD MXULGLF DUH VHGLXO vQ PDL PXOWH VWDWH GHRDUHFH vQ

DFHDVW LSRWH] GHWHUPLQDQW SHQWUX D VH LGHQWLILFD QD LRQDOLWDWHD DFHVWHLD HVWH VHGLXO UHDO  SULQ

15

FDUH VH vQ HOHJH ORFXO XQGH VH DIO FHQWUXO SULQFLSDO GH FRQGXFHUH úL GH JHVWLXQH D DFWLYLW LL

statutare. c) regimul juridic al bunului mobil

ÌQ DFHDVW PDWHULH IUDXGD FRQVW vQ IDSWXO F VH VFKLPE ORFXO VLWXULL EXQXOXL PRELO vQWU-un

DOW VWDW ,QWU vQ DFHDVW VLWXD LH úL VFKLPEDUHD SDYLOLRQXOXL QDYHL VDX DHURQDYHL GH SULQFLSiu, VWDW FRQVLGHUDW SDUDGLV ILVFDO FD úL vQ FD]XO SHUVRDQHORU MXULGLFH OD FDUH QH-am

d) IRUPD H[WHULRDU D DFWHORU MXULGLFH

într-un referit mai sus).

ÌQ DFHVW FD] IUDXGD OD OHJH FRQVW GH UHJXO vQ IDSWXO F VH vQFKHLH DFWXO vQWU-XQ DOW VWDW úL

pULQ

HIHFWXO QRUPHL FRQILFWXDOH H[SULPDW SULQ SULQFLSLXO locus

regit actum

VH DSOLF DFHOXL DFW R

OHJH PDL IDYRUDELO SHQWUX SU L GHFkW FHD QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW V VH DSOLFH vQ FDX] GH H[HPSOX

SU LOH EHQHILFLD] GH FRQGL LL PDL XúRDUH OD vQFKHLHUHD FVWRULHL vQFKHLHUHD DFWXOXL VH IDFH VXE VHPQWXU SULYDW vQ ORF GH DFW DXWHQWLF HWF 

În prezent, DFHDVW IRUP GH IUDXG HVWH H[FOXV vQ OXPLQD SUHYHGHULORU DUW  GLQ /HJHD nr. 105/1992. e) FRQ LQXWXO FRQWUDFWHORU IRQGXO REOLJD LLORU FRQWUDFWXDOe) Acesta este unul dintre domeniile cele mai predispuse fraudei la lege în dreptul

LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW vQWUXFkW vQ DFHDVW PDWHULH IXQF LRQHD] SULQFLSLXO FRQIRUP FUXLD FRQWUDFWXO

HVWH VXSXV OHJLL DOHVH SULQ FRQVHQV GH SU L lex

voluntatis), consacrat de art. 73 din Legea nr.

 FHHD FH IDYRUL]HD] IUDXGD OD OHJH FX DWkW PDL PXOW FX FkW OHJHD DGRSW FRQFHS LD

VXELHFWLYLVW SULYLQG OLPLWHOH OLEHUW LL SU LORU vQ DOHJHUHD OHJLL DSOLFDELOH vQ VHQVXO F QX LPSXQH FD OHJHD DOHDV GH SU L V DLE R OHJWXU PDWHULDO RELHFWLY FX FRQWUDFWXO &X WRDWH DFHVWHD

VLPSOXO IDSW F SU LOH DOHJ R OHJH DSOLFDELO FRQWUDFWXOXL FDUH QX DUH QLFL R OHJWXU RELHFWLY FX DFHVWD QX WUHEXLH FRQVLGHUDW GH SODQR FD ILLQG R IUDXG OD OHJH DWkWD WLPS FkW SU LOH YHGHUH DQXPLWH DYDQWDMH OLFLWH SH FDUH OHJHD DOHDV OH SUH]LQW SHQWUX HOH

au avut în

6. &RPSDUD LH vQWUH IUDXGD OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW úL XQHOH LQVWLWX LL juridice apropiate

 &RPSDUD LH FX IUDXGD OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQ

ExiVW

IUDXG OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQ DWXQFL FkQG SU LOH OD XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF IU HOHPHQW

VWULQ DSOLF R GLVSR]L LH OHJDO SULQ GHWXUQDUHD HL GH OD VFRSXO ILUHVF SHQWUX FDUH D IRVW HGLFWDW GH

legiuitor, eludând, astfel, prevederile unei alte legi internH GHIDYRUDELO

ÌQWUH FHOH GRX LQVWLWX LL MXULGLFH H[LVW

DVHPQUL

vQ DEVWUDFW DFHOHDúL vQ DPEHOH FD]XUL XQ DFW GH YRLQ

LPSHUDWLYH

FDUH

OH

HVWH

vQV

úL DQXPH FRQGL LLOH IUDXGHL OD OHJH VXQW

 DO SU LORU XQ PLMORF OLFLW

rezuOWDW LOLFLW $PkQGRX VXQW vQFOFUL LQGLUHFWH DOH OHJLL

XQ VFRS LOLFLW XQ

ÌQWUH HOH H[LVW vQV LPSRUWDQWH GHRVHELUL FDUH VH PDQLIHVW vQ SULQFLSDO VXE XUPWRDUHOH

aspecte: a) obiectul fraudei

$VWIHO vQ WLPS FH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQ VH IUDXGHD] R OHJH LQWHUQ vQ IDYRDrea

alte legi interne,

GHFL VH UPkQH vQ FDGUXO DFHOXLDúL VLVWHP GH GUHSW vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VH IUDXGHD]

QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO D IRUXOXL úL SULQ DFHDVWD XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW vQ IDYRDUHD DOWXLD

b) PHFDQLVPXO IUDXGULL La frauda la lege în dreptul intern

VH VFKLPE FRQ LQXWXO IDSWLF DO UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF FDUH

GXFH OD DSOLFDUHD vQ PRG IUDXGXORV D XQHL DOWH OHJL GHFkW FHD FRUHFW DSOLFDELO ÌQ FD]XO IUDXGHL OD

lege vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

VH VFKLPE FRQ LQXWXO IDSWLF FRQIOLFWXDO FHHD

ce duce la

IUDXGDUHD VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW SULQ XQD GLQ FHOH GRX PRGDOLW L GH IUDXGDUH

analizate mai sus. 2. &RPSDUD LH FX RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW $VHPQDUHD HVHQ LDO FRQVW

vQ IDSWXO F vQ DPEHOH FD]XUL QX VH DSOLF VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW

QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW GHFL DPEHOH FRQVWLWXLH H[FHS LL GH OD DSOLFDUHD OHJLL ILUHVF DSOLFDELOH vQ UDSRUWXO

juridic respectiv. Deosebirile GLQWUH HOH SRDUW vQ SULQFLSDO DVXSUD XUPWRDUHORU DVSHFWH a) FDX]D QHDSOLFULL OHJLL QRUPDO Fompetente Astfel: - OD RUGLQHD SXEOLF FDX]D HVWH GH QDWXU RELHFWLY úL DQXPH OHJHD VWULQ VX vQFDOF SULQFLSLLOH IXQGDPHQWDOH GH GUHSW DOH VWDWXOXL IRUXOXL

-

SULQ FRQ LQXWXO

OD IUDXGD OD OHJH FDX]D HVWH GH QDWXU VXELHFWLY úL DQXPH OHJHD IRUului

VWULQ HVWH vQOWXUDW GH OD DSOLFDUH SULQ DFWLYLWDWHD IUDXGXORDV D SU LORU

b) VDQF LXQHD DSOLFDELO

16

(sau legea

- OD RUGLQHD SXEOLF VDQF LXQHD FRQVW vQ vQOWXUDUHD HIHFWHORU OHJLL VWULQH úL DSOLFDUHD vQ locul acesteia, a legii forului; - OD IUDXGD OD OHJH VDQF LXQHD UH]LG vQ IDSWXO F VH vQOWXU OHJHD URPkQ VDX VWULQ SH FDUH SU LOH DX IFXW-R DSOLFDELO SULQ IUDXG úL vQ ORFXO HL VH DSOLF OHJHD FRUHFW FRPSHWHQW 3H

SODQXO DFWXOXL MXULGLF IUDXGXORV VDQF LXQHD FRQVW vQ LPSR]DELOLWDWHD DFWXOXL vQ ID D DXWRULW LORU URPkQH VDX QXOLWDWHD DFWXOXL GXS FD]

c) UROXO LQVWDQ HL GH MXGHFDW

ÌQ FD]XO LQYRFULL H[FHS LHL GH RUGLQH SXEOLF vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW LQVWDQ D WUHEXLH

V FXQRDVF FRQ LQXWXO OHJLL VWULQH QRUPDO FRPSHWHQWH SHQWUX F QXPDL DVWIHO SRDWH V-úL GHD

VHDPD GDF HD vQFDOF VDX QX SULQFLSLLOH IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH GUHSWXOXL IRUXOXL

ÌQ VFKLPE OD IUDXGD OD OHJH QX HVWH QHDSUDW QHFHVDU DFHVW OXFUX GHRDUHFH FHHD FH VH

VDQF LRQHD] HVWH vQVúL DFWLYLWDWHD IUDXGXORDV D SU LORU

7. &RPSDUD LH FX VLPXOD LD $VHPQUL

D DPEHOH LPSOLF XQ DFW GH YRLQ E SULQ DFHVW DFW GH YRLQ



 FRPXQ D SU LORU

vQ DPkQGRX FD]XULOH VH FUHHD] VDX VH PRGLILF vQ PRG

artificial, un conflict de legi; c) mijloacele folosite sunt, prin ele însele, licite; G FRQVHFLQ D ID



GH WHU L HVWH vQ SULQFLSLX DFHHDúL úL DQXPH LQRSR]DELOLWDWHD DFWXOXL

IUDXGXORV UHVSHFWLY D FRQWUDvQVFULVXOXL ID

 GH DFHúWLD

Deosebiri: D IUDXGD OD OHJH SUHVXSXQH H[LVWHQ D XQXL VLQJXU DFW MXUidic

(cel fraudulos), în timp ce

VLPXOD LD LPSOLF SULQ GHILQL LH GRX DFWH MXULGLFH úL DQXPH DFWXO DVFXQV GDU UHDO FRQWUDvQVFULVXO úL DFWXO DSDUHQW GDU PLQFLQRV

E IUDXGD OD OHJH LPSOLF R RSHUD LXQH HIHFWLY PDWHULDO GH GHSODVDUH D SXQFWXOXL

de

OHJWXU GLQWU-XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW XQ VWDW vQ DOWXO ÌQ VFKLPE OD VLPXOD LH RSHUD LXQHD HVWH ILFWLY

DGLF HVWH H[SULPDW SULQ DFWXO DSDUHQW GDU FRQWUD]LV SULQ FRQWUDvQVFULV

F IUDXGD OD OHJH SUHVXSXQH H[LVWHQ D XQXL VFRS LOLFLW úL D XQXL UH]XOWDW LOLFLW /D VLPXOD LH VFRSXO SRDWH IL úL OLFLW

G FHOH GRX LQVWLWX LL MXULGLFH LPSOLF XQHRUL FRQVHFLQ H GLIHULWH ID

GH IUDXG GDF VH SURQXQ



 GH SU L $VWIHO vQ FD]

QXOLWDWHD DFWXOXL MXULGLF IUDXGXORV DFHVWD QX SURGXFH HIHFWH QLFL vQWUH

SU L /D VLPXOD LH vQV FRQWUDvQVFULVXO HVWH YDODELO vQWUH SU L úL ID

 GH VXFFHVRULL ORU XQLYHUVDOL úL FX

WLWOX XQLYHUVDO GDF QX V-DX IUDXGDW GUHSWXUL QVFXWH GH OHJH GLUHFW SH FDSXO ORU GH H[ UH]HUYD VXFFHVRUDO 

CAPITOLUL 9 CONFLICTUL DE LEGI ÎN 7,03 ù, 63$,8 5(63(&7$5($ '5(3785,/25 &Æù7,*$7( Ì1

$5 675,1

 ([LVW FRQIOLFW GH OHJL vQ WLPS úL VSD LX vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH HIHFWHOH XQXL UDSRUW MXULGLF QVFXW VXE LQFLGHQ D VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW DO XQXL VWDW VH FHU XOWHULRU D IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQWU-un

alt stat.

3ULYLW SULQ SULVPD GUHSWXOXL URPkQ FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL vQ WLPS úL VSD LX SXQH SUREOHPD

UHVSHFWULL vQ 5RPkQLD D GUHSWXULORU GREkQGLWH FkúWLJDWH vQWU-R DU VWULQ

Acest conflict este "vQ VSD LX

GHRDUHFH FHOH GRX VLVWHPH GH GUHSW vQ SUH]HQ

 - respectiv

FHO VWULQ VXE LQFLGHQ D FUXLD V-D QVFXW GUHSWXO úL FHO URPkQ vQ FDGUXO FUXLD GUHSWXO VH FHUH D IL

recunoscut - FRH[LVW GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH VSD LDO &RQIOLFWXO HVWH WRWRGDW úL în timp GHRDUHFH

vQWUH PRPHQWXO QDúWHULL UDSRUWXOXi

juridic

GHFL D GUHSWXOXL  VXE LQFLGHQ D OHJLL VWULQH úL PRPHQWXO FkQG HIHFWHOH DFHVWXLD VH FHU D IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQ 5RPkQLD H[LVW XQ LQWHUYDO GH WLPS

2. &RPSDUD LH FX FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL vQ VSD LX

&RQIOLFWXO GH OHJL vQ VSD LX HVWH FHO FDUH DSDUH vQ PRPHQWXO QDúWHULL PRGLILFULL VDX VWLQJHULL

XQXL UDSRUW MXULGLF DWXQFL FkQG GDWRULW HOHPHQWXOXL GH H[WUDQHLWDWH SH FDUH UHVSHFWLYXO UDSRUW vO FRQ LQH DVXSUD OXL VXQW VXVFHSWLELOH GH DSOLFDUH GUHSW DSDU

inând unor state diferite.

&HOH GRX IRUPH GH FRQIOLFW GH OHJL VH

vQ VHQVXO F VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW vQ SUH]HQ



vQ DFHODúL WLPS

DVHDPQ

GRX VDX PDL PXOWH VLVWHPH GH

SULQ IDSWXO F DPkQGRX VXQW vQ VSD LX

FRH[LVW VSD LDO (OH VH

deosebesc

vQV SHQWUX IDSWXO

F SH FkQG OD FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL vQ VSD LX FHOH GRX VLVWHPH VXQW GHRSRWULY SDVLELOH GH DSOLFDUH

simultan

DVXSUD UHVSHFWLYXOXL UDSRUW MXULGLF OD FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL vQ WLPS úL VSD LX HOH VH DSOLF

17

succesiv,

vQ VHQVXO F GUHSWXO QVFXW vQWU-un

stat este apoi recunoscut în alt stat. Conflictul de legi

vQ WLPS úL VSD LX VH VROX LRQHD] vQ SULQFLSLX SULQ DSOLFDUHD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH D IRUXOXL

3. Formele FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ WLPS úL VSD LX

$ UDSRUWXO MXULGLF GUHSWXO VH QDúWH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQ DO XQXL VWDW VWULQ úL DSRL VH LQYRF vQ

RoPkQLD

ÌQ DFHVW FD] OD PRPHQWXO QDúWHULL OXL vQ VWULQWDWH GUHSWXO QX DYHD QLFL R OHJWXU FX

DUD IRUXOXL vQ VSH

 FX GUHSWXO URPkQ 

'H H[HPSOX GRL FHW HQL JUHFL VH FVWRUHVF vQ *UHFLD LDU DSRL YLQ vQ 5RPkQLD úL FHU V OL

VH UHFXQRDVF HIHFWHOH DFHVWHL FVWRULL

% UDSRUWXO MXULGLF GUHSWXO VH QDúWH

LDU XOWHULRU VH LQYRF vQ 5RPkQLD

vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW vQ FDGUX LQWHUQD LRQDO 

ÌQ DFHVW FD] FX SULYLUH OD UHVSHFWLYXO UDSRUW MXULGLF H[LVW VXFFHVLY XQ FRQIOLFW GH OHJL vQ

VSD LX vQ PRPHQWXO QDúWHULL VDOH úL XQ FRQIOLFW GH OHJL vQ WLPS úL VSD LX DWXQFL FkQG HIHFWHOH VDOH VH

cer a fi recunoscute în România.

$FHDVW IRUP D FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ WLPS úL VSD LX SUH]LQW OD UkQGXO HL GRX

VXEVLWXD LL:

D vQ PRPHQWXO QDúWHULL VDOH UDSRUWXO MXULGLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW QX DYHD QLFL R

OHJWXU vQ DUD IRUXOXL 5RPkQLD 

'H H[HPSOX XQ FHW HDQ JUHF úL XQXO IUDQFH] VH FVWRUHVF vQ *UHFLD LDU DSRL YLQ vQ

5RPkQLD úL FHU V OL VH UHFXQRDVF HIHFWHOH DFHVWHL FVWRULL

b

FKLDU GLQ PRPHQWXO QDúWHULL VDOH UDSRUWXO MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY DYHD OHJWXU FX DUD IRUXOXL

SULQ IDSWXO F FHO SX LQ XQXO GLQWUH HOHPHQWHOH VDOH GH H[WUDQHLWDWH SULYHDX GUHSWXO URPkQ 'H H[HPSOX VH SURQXQ

 R KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF vQ VWULQWDWH SULYLQG GLYRU XO GLQWUH XQ

FHW HDQ URPkQ úL XQXO VWULQ LDU DSRL VH FHUH UHFXQRDúWHUHD VDX H[HFXWDUHD DFHVWHL KRWUkUL vQ

România.

'LIHULWHOH IRUPH DOH FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ WLPS úL VSD LX SUH]LQW DQXPLWH FRQVHFLQ H MXULGLFH

vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH FRQGL LLOH UHFXQRDúWHULL vQ 5RPkQLD D GUHSWXULORU GREkQGLWH vQ VWULQWDWH  'UHSWXULOH GREkQGLWH vQ VWULQWDWH VXQW

recunoscute, în principiu, în România.

7HPHLXO MXULGLF DO DFHVWHL UHFXQRDúWHUL vO FRQVWLWXLH DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP

FURUD 'UHSWXULOH FkúWLJDWH vQ DU VWULQ VXQW UHVSHFWDWH vQ 5RPkQLD

'LQ DFHVWH SUHYHGHUL UH]XOW LGHHD F XQ GUHSW GREkQGLW vQ VWULQWDWH HVWH UHFXQRVFXW vQ

5RPkQLD GHRDUHFH OHJHD URPkQ SHUPLWH DFHVW OXFUX

 3HQWUX FD XQ GUHSW GREkQGLW vQ VWULQWDWH V ILH UHFXQRVFXW vQ 5RPkQLD VH FHU D IL

întrunite GRX FRQGL LL FXPXODWLYH

$ 'UHSWXO V ILH FRUHFW QVFXW VXE LQFLGHQ D OHJLL VWULQH FDUH vL HVWH DSOLFDELO

$FHDVW FRQGL LH VH PDQLIHVW DWkW vQ GRPHQLXO GUHSWXOXL PDWHULDO FkW úL DO FHOXL SURFHVXal.

a) Astfel, pe planul dreptului material,

GUHSWXO VXELHFWLY QVFXW vQ VWULQWDWH YD IL

UHFXQRVFXW vQ 5RPkQLD GDF V-D QVFXW YDODELO GXS OHJHD VWULQ FRPSHWHQW V L VH DSOLFH

FRQIRUP QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH D VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW VWULQ $FHDVW LGHH FX FDUDFWHU GH UHJXO VH GHGXFH GLQ SUHYHGHULOH DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  FDUH GHúL VH vQFDGUHD] vQ

categoria normelor cu caracter procedural ale legii, privesc un aspect de drept material. Astfel,

FRQIRUP WH[WXOXL UHFXQRDúWHUHD XQHL KRWUkUL VWULQH QX SRDWH IL UHIX]DW SHQWUX VLQJXUXO PRWLY F

LQVWDQ D FDUH D SURQXQ DW KRWUkUHD VWULQ D DSOLFDW R DOW OHJH GHFkW FHD GHWHUPLQDW GH GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ

b) Pe planul dreptului procesual,

R KRWUkUH VWULQ YD IL UHFXQRVFXW vQ 5RPkQLD GDF

HVWH YDODELO SRWULYLW OHJLL VWDWXOXL XQGH D IRVW SURQXQ DW

$FHDVW FRQGL LH UH]XOW H[SOLFLW GLQ PDL PXOWH SUHYHGHUL DOH /HJLL QU  úL DQXPH vQ

VSHFLDO GLQ DUW  DOLQ  OLW D úL E  FRQIRUP FUXLD KRWUkULOH VWULQH SRW IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQ 5RPkQLD GDF KRWUkUHD HVWH GHILQLWLY SRWULYLW OHJLL VWDWXOXL XQGH D IRVW SURQXQ DW OLW D úL LQVWDQ D FDUH D SURQXQ DW-R D DYXW SRWULYLW OHJLL PHQ LRQDWH FRPSHWHQ D V MXGHFH SURFHVXO OLW E 

&RQGL LD OD FDUH QH UHIHULP $ LPSOLF FHO SX LQ GRX FRQVHFLQ H MXULGLFH, care au caracter de UHJXOL DSOLFDELOH HIHFWHORU XQXL GUHSW GREkQGLW SRWULYLW OHJLL VWULQH - XQ GUHSW YDODELO GREkQGLW SRWULYLW OHJLL VWULQH FDUH vL HVWH DSOLFDELO SURGXFH vQ 5RPkQLD (de principiu WRDWH HIHFWHOH DGPLVH GH OHJHD VWULQ UHVSHFWLY 'H H[HPSOX R FVWRULH UHOLJLRDV vQWUH GRL FHW HQL VWULQL YDODELO vQFKHLDW vQWU-R DU vQ FDUH DFHVWHLD L VH UHFXQRVF HIHFWHOH MXULGLFH va produce în România toate efectele juridice pe care legea VWULQ L OH UHFXQRDúWH - XQ GUHSW GREkQGLW vQ VWULQWDWH QX SRDWH SURGXFH vQ 5RPkQLD PDL PXOWH HIHFWH GHFkW vQ DUD VWULQ vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX D FUHL OHJH D IRVW FUHDW

B. 'UHSWXO GREkQGLW vQ VWULQWDWH V QX ILH FRQWUDU RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW inWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ (art. 9 din Legea nr. 105/1992). 18

&RQGL LD VH DSOLF LQGLIHUHQW GH IRUPD FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ WLPS úL VSD LX DGLF DWkW DWXQFL

când dreptul s-D QVFXW vQ FDGUXO LQWHUQ DO XQXL VWDW FkW úL DWXQFL FkQG HO V-D QVFXW vQ FDGUXO inWHUQD LRQDO LDU DSRL HVWH LQYRFDW vQ 5RPkQLD 'H H[HPSOX R KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ SULQ FDUH VH IDFH R GLVFULPLQDUH vQWUH VR L SH FULWHULL GH UDV QD LRQDOLWDWH HWF QX SRDWH IL UHFXQRVFXW vQ 5RPkQLD LQGLIHUHQW GDF SULYHúWH VDX QX XQ FHW Han

român.

/HJHD URPkQ UHJOHPHQWHD] vQV vQ PRG VSHFLDO DQXPLWH FD]XUL GH vQFOFDUH D RUGLQLL

SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ vQ LSRWH]D vQ FDUH UDSRUWXO MXULGLF GUHSWXO V-D QVFXW vQ VWULQWDWH vQ FDGUX LQWHUQD LRQDO

FKLDU GLQ PRPHQWXO QDúWHULL VDOH DYHD OHJWXU FX GUHSWXO URPkQ

SULQ IDSWXO F FHO SX LQ XQXO GLQWUH HOHPHQWHOH VDOH GH H[WUDQHLWDWH SULYDX GUHSWXO URPkQ

CAPITOLUL 10 CONFLICTUL MOBIL DE LEGI  ([LVW

conflict mobil de legi atunci când un raport juridic este supus

VXFFHVLY OD GRX

VLVWHPH GH GUHSW GLIHULWH FD XUPDUH D GHSODVULL SXQFWXOXL GH OHJWXU DO QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH

aplicabile.

'H H[HPSOX GRL VR L FHW HQL IUDQFH]L vúL VFKLPE FHW HQLD GHYHQLQG FHW HQL URPkQL

Problema care se pune este, pentru efeFWHOH FVWRULHL URPkQ"

ORU VH YD DSOLFD OHJHD IUDQFH] VDX OHJHD

&RPSDUD LH FX LQVWLWX LLOH MXULGLFH DSURSLDWH

a) &RPSDUD LH FX FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL vQ WLPS úL VSD LX

ÌQWUH FHOH GRX IHOXUL GH FRQIOLFWH H[LVW

coH[LVWHQ D

DVHPQDUH

vQ VHQVXO F DPEHOH SUHVXSXQ

vQ VSD LX D GRX VLVWHPH GH GUHSW SUHFXP úL LQFLGHQ D VXFFHVLY vQ WLPS D DFHVWRUD

FX SULYLUH OD DFHODúL UDSRUW MXULGLF

Deosebirea HVHQ LDO UH]LG vQ DFHHD F vQ WLPS FH FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL vQ WLPS úL VSD LX nu - úL GHFL QLFL D OHJLL DSOLFDELOH -, ci numai se cer a fi recunoscute într-R DU GUHSWXULOH GREkQGLWH vQ VWULQWDWH conflictul mobil de legi presupune o GHSODVDUH D HOHPHQWXOXL GH H[WUDQHLWDWH FDUH FRQVWLWXLD SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU DO Qormei conflictuale LPSOLF R VFKLPEDUH D SXQFWXOXL GH OHJWXU

DSOLFDELOH vQ VSH

 úL GHFL LPSOLF R VFKLPEDUH D vQVúL OHJLL DSOLFDELOH UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY

b) &RPSDUD LH FX FRQIOLFWXO vQ WLPS DO OHJLORU LQWHUQH DOH XQXL VWDW $VHPQDUHD FRQVW vQ IDSWXO F DPEHOH FRQIOLFWH LPSOLF DSOLFarea, cu privire la un raport

MXULGLF D GRX OHJL vQ PRG VXFFHVLY

Deosebiri:

D FRQIOLFWXO PRELO H[LVW vQWUH GRX VLVWHPH GH GUHSW DSDU LQkQG XQRU VWDWH GLIHULWH SH FkQG

FRQIOLFWXO vQ WLPS OD FDUH QH UHIHULP VH SRDUW vQWUH GRX OHJL GLQ FDGUXO DFHOXLDúL VLVWHP GH GUHSW

E OD FRQIOLFWXO PRELO DPEHOH VLVWHPH GH GUHSW UPkQ vQ YLJRDUH VXQW VLPXOWDQH  FKLDU GDF

HOH VH DSOLF vQ PRG VXFFHVLY FX SULYLUH OD DFHO UDSRUW MXULGLF OD FRQIOLFWXO vQ WLPS DO OHJLORU LQWHUQH

FHOH GRX OHJL QX VXQW vQ YLJRDUH VLPXOWDQ FL OHJHD DQWHULRDU HVWH DEURJDW úL vQORFXLW FX R OHJH QRX

3. Domeniile în care poate interveni conflictul mobil de legi

&RQIOLFWXO PRELO SRDWH LQWHUYHQL QXPDL vQ OHJWXU FX UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH OD FDUH VXQW

aplicabile norme conflictuale FX SXQFWH GH OHJWXU PRELOH YDULDELOH  FDUH SRW IL GHSODVDWH vQ WLPSXO H[LVWHQ HL UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY

$VWIHO FRQIOLFWXO PRELO SRDWH DSDUH vQ FD]XO XUPWRDUHORU SXQFWH GH OHJWXU vQ SULQFLSDO 

D FHW HQLD úL GRPLFLOLXO UHúHGLQ D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH $úDGDU FRQIOLFWXO PRELO SRDWH DSDUH vQ

WRDWH UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH vQ FDUH DFHVWHD VXQW SXQFWH GH OHJWXU úL DQXPH VWDUHD FLYLO FDSDFLWDWHD úL UHOD LLOH GH IDPLOLH DOH SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH PRúWHQLUHD EXQXULORU PRELOH HWF

b) sediul persoaQHL

MXULGLFH $VWIHO DSDUH FRQIOLFW PRELO DWXQFL FkQG SHUVRDQD MXULGLF vúL

PXW VHGLXO GLQWU-XQ VWDW vQ DOWXO SH GXUDWD H[LVWHQ HL VDOH

F ORFXO VLWXULL EXQXOXL PRELO $SDUH FRQIOLFW PRELO vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH EXQXO PRELO DVXSUD

FUXLD V-au

constituit, WUDQVPLV VDX VWLQV GUHSWXUL UHDOH vúL VFKLPE DúH]DUHD 4. 6ROX LRQDUHD FRQIOLFWXOXL PRELO GH OHJL VH IDFH vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX GLVSR]L LLOH QRUPHORU conflictuale sau ale altor norme juridice din sistemul de drept al statului forului. Din analiza normeloU MXULGLFH URPkQH DSOLFDELOH vQ PDWHULD FRQIOLFWXOXL PRELO GH OHJL UH]XOW XUPWRDUHOH LGHL XQHOH GLQ HOH DYkQG YDORDUH GH UHJXO: A. 6ROX LD conflictului mobil de legi GLIHU GH OD FD] OD FD] QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ SXWkQG IDFH DSOLFDELO UDSRUWXOXL juridic ILH OHJHD DQWHULRDU YHFKH  ILH OHJHD QRX fie putând indica SkQ FkQG VH vQWLQG HIHFWHOH OHJLL YHFKL úL GH FkQG vQFHS V VH DSOLFH FHOH DOH OHJLL QRL, asupra raportului juridic respectiv. 19

Principalele prevederi ale dreptului românesc în materie sunt cuprinse în Legea nr.  úL DQXPH

a) art. 16 -

&RQGL LLOH HIHFWHOH úL DQXODUHD XQHL KRWUkUL SULQ FDUH VH FRQVWDW PRDUWHD

SUH]XPDW DEVHQ D VDX GLVSDUL LD SUHFXP úL SUH]XP LLOH GH VXSUDYLH XLUH VDX GH PRDUWH VXQW

cârmuite de ultima legH QD LRQDO D SHUVRDQHL GLVSUXWH VQ  QRX

ÌQ DFHVW FD] VH DSOLF

legea

UHVSHFWLY OHJHD XOWLPHL FHW HQLL D SHUVRDQHL GLVSUXWH ILLQG vQOWXUDWH GH OD DSOLFDUH OHJLOH

HYHQWXDOHORU FHW HQLL DQWHULRDUH DOH DFHOHL SHUVRDQH

b) art. 20 alin. 2 - în dRPHQLXO

UHOD LLORU SHUVRQDOH úL SDWULPRQLDOH GLQWUH VR L /HJHD

QD LRQDO FRPXQ VDX OHJHD GRPLFLOLXOXL FRPXQ DO VR LORU FRQWLQX V UHJOHPHQWH]H HIHFWHOH

FVWRULHL vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH

unul dintre ei vúL VFKLPE GXS FD] FHW HQLD VDX GRPLFLOLXO În acest caz, legea veche FRQWLQX V UHJOHPHQWH]H UDSRUWXO MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY úL

VFKLPEULL SXQFWXOXL GH OHJWXU vQ PDWHULH

c) art. 22 alin. 2 -

'DF OHJHD VWULQ DVWIHO GHWHUPLQDW FRQIRUP DUW  DOLQ 

vQ FD]XO

- n.n.), nu

SHUPLWH GLYRU XO RUL vO DGPLWH vQ FRQGL LL GHRVHELW GH UHVWULFWLYH VH DSOLF OHJHD URPkQ vQ FD]XO vQ

OD GDWD FHUHULL GH GLYRU VQ  FHW HDQ URPkQ /HJHD GH OD GDWD FHUHULL OHJHD YHFKH VDX FHD QRX GXS FXP VR XO vQ FDX] D DYXW anterior sau a

FDUH XQXO GLQWUH VR L HVWH GH GLYRU

SRDWH IL

GREkQGLW XOWHULRU DFHVWHL GDWH R DOW FHW HQLH

B. În unele cazuri, dreptul român DSOLF SULQFLSLXO OHJLL PDL IDYRUDELOH PHOLRU OH[ 

&HOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH H[HPSOH SUHY]XWH GH /HJHD QU 

a) art. 15 -

$SDUWHQHQ D XQHL SHUVRDQH OD R QRX OHJH QD LRQDO QX DGXFH DWLQJHUHD

PDMRUDWXOXL GREkQGLW SRWULYLW OHJLL FDUH vL HUD DQWHULRU DSOLFDELO

b) art. 28 -

ILOLD LD FRSLOXOXL GLQ DIDUD FVWRULHL VH VWDELOHúWH SRWULYLW OHJLL QD LRQDOH D FRSLOXOXL

GH OD GDWD QDúWHULL VDOH GDU ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH FRSLOXO FHW HDQ VWULQ DUH úL R DOW FHW HQLH VWULQ VH DSOLF OHJHD FDUH vL HVWH PDL IDYRUDELO

,, 3$57($ 63(&,$/

NORME CONFLICTUALE ÎN UNELE DOMENII ALE DREPTULUI PRIVAT

CAPITOLUL 1 1250( &21)/,&78$/( 35,9,1' 67$5($ ù, &$3$&ITATEA

PERSOANEI FIZICE

 6WDUHD úL FDSDFLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH FDUH vPSUHXQ FX UHOD LLOH GH IDPLOLH IRUPHD]

statutul persoanei fizice VXQW FkUPXLWH GH OHJHD VD QD LRQDO

DUW GLQ /HJHD QU  

,QWHUSUHWDUHD QR LXQLL GH OHJH QD LRQDO HVWH IFXW GH DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU 

&RQIRUP WH[WXOXL OHJHD QD LRQDO HVWH OHJHD VWDWXOXL D FUXL FHW HQLH R DUH SHUVRDQD vQ FDX] lex

patriae 

&HW HQLD FRQVWLWXLH DúDGDU SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU SHQWUX QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO vQ DO FUHL

FRQ LQXW LQWU VWDUHD úL FDSDFLWDWHD SUHFXP úL UHOD LLOH GH IDPLOLH DOH SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH $SOLFDUHD OHJLL QD LRQDOH

FRQVWLWXLH

regula

vQ PDWHULH GH OD FDUH vQV SULQ GLVSR]L LL

$FHVWH H[FHS LL VXQW GDWH GH FD]XULOH vQ FDUH VH DSOLF OHJHD

speciale, se pot stabili H[FHS LL GRPLFLOLXOXL VDX D UHúHGLQ HL

Argumente vQ VSULMLQXO DSOLFULL OHJLL QD LRQDOH vQ PDWHULD VWDWXWXOXL SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH a) caracterul de stabilitate DO FHW HQLHL FDUH FD OHJWXU SROLWLFR-MXULGLF GLQWUH XQ

FHW HQLL VL VH GREkQGHúWH úL VH SLHUGH vQ FRQGL LL VWULFW UHJOHPHQWDWH GH OHJH

b) caracterul de certitudine

VWDW úL

DO FHW HQLHL FDUH VH GRYHGHúWH FX GRFXPHQWH RILFLDOH HPLVH

GH DXWRULW LOH VWDWXOXL GHVSUH D FUXL FHW HQLH HVWH YRUED 'LQ DFHVW SXQFW GH YHGHUH FHW HQLD

fiinG R VWDUH GH GUHSW

SUH]LQW PDL PXOW VLJXUDQ

úL SHUPLWH PDL SX LQ IUDXGD OD OHJH F IDSWXO F

OHJLOH VWDWXOXL GH FHW HQLH

 GHFkW GRPLFLOLXO FDUH HVWH R VLPSO VWDUH GH IDSW

VXQW SULQ LSRWH] FHO PDL ELQH

adaptate vQ IXQF LH

GH SDUWLFXODULW LOH SHUVRDQHORU IL]LFH QD LRQDOH RELFHLXUL QHYRL WHPSHUDPHQW DO DFHVWRUD HWF 

'DWRULW DFHVWXL FDUDFWHU OHJLOH VWDWXOXL GH FHW HQLH DVLJXU vQ SULQFLSLX FHD PDL EXQ RFURWLUH D

intereselor persoanelor fizice resortisante, indiferent unde acestea s-ar afOD $FHDVW H[SULPDW SULQWU-R IRUPXODUH GH PD[LP JHQHUDOLWDWH vQ DUW  GLQ &RQVWLWX LD 5RPkQLHL

LGHH HVWH SUHFXP úL

vQ DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD FHW HQLHL URPkQH QU  FRQIRUP FURUD FHW HQLL URPkQL VH EXFXU vQ VWULQWDWH GH SURWHF LD VWDtului

român. 20

Elementul determinant vQ DOHJHUHD OHJLL FHW HQLHL FD OHJH SULPRUGLDO DSOLFDELO VWDWXWXOXL persoanei fizice este interesul statului GH D DVLJXUD R FkW PDL ODUJ úL FRPSOHW H[WLQGHUH D OHJLORU sale asupra persoanelor fizice resortisante, oriunde s-ar afla acestea. Astfel, în principiu, statele de HPLJUDUH DGRSW QRUPD FRQIOLFWXO DYkQG FD SXQFW GH OHJWXU FHW HQLD vQ WLPS FH VWDWHOH GH

LPLJUDUH úL FHOH IHGHUDOH RSWHD] SHQWUX OHJHD GRPLFLOLXOXL 'DWRULW

DFHVWHL

VLWXD LL

QRUPD

FRQIOLFWXDO

lex patriae

HVWH

WUDGL LRQDO

vQ

GUHSWXO

LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ HD ILLQG SUHY]XW úL vQ DUW  DOLQ  &FLY DEURJDW SULQ /HJHD QU

  ILLQG vQ SUH]HQW vQVFULV vQ DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  /HJLOH UHODWLYH OD VWDUHD FLYLO úL OD FDSDFLWDWHD SHUVRDQHORU XUPUHVF SH URPkQL FKLDU FkQG HL vúL DX UHúHGLQ D vQ VWULQWDWH

'HWHUPLQDUHD úL SURED FHW HQLHL VH IDF vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX OHJHD VWDWXOXL D FUXL FHW HQLH

VH LQYRF DUW  DOLQ  WH]D  GLQ /HJHD QU   $FHDVW SUHYHGHUH FRQVDFU R H[FHS LH

GH OD UHJXOD FDOLILFULL LQVWLWX LLORU MXULGLFH GXS OHJHD IRUXOXL

/HJHD QD LRQDO D FHW HDQXOXL URPkQ FDUH SRWULYLW OHJLL VWULQH HVWH FRQVLGHUDW F DUH R

DOW FHW HQLH HVWH OHJHD URPkQ DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU   $úDGDU OHJHD URPkQ VH

DSOLF SHQWUX FHW HQLL URPkQL FKLDU GDF DFHúWLD DX GREkQGLW úL R DOW FHW HQLH VLWXD LD GXEOHL VDX PXOWLSOHL FHW HQLL  DWkWD WLPS FkW HL QX DX SLHUGXW FHW HQLD URPkQ vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX GUHSWXO

român. 2. Conform prevederilor art. 11 din Legea nr. 105/1992, VWDUHD úL FDSDFLWDWHD SUHFXP úL VXSXVH OHJLL QD LRQDOH (OHJLL FHW HQLHL QXPDL GDF

UHOD LLOH GH IDPLOLH DOH SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH VXQW

SULQ GLVSR]L LL VSHFLDOH QX VH SUHYHGH DOWIHO 2 DVHPHQHD GLVSR]L LH VSHFLDO HVWH FXSULQV vQ DUW

 DOLQ  FRQIRUP FUXLD GDF R SHUVRDQ QX DUH QLFL R FHW HQLH DSDWULG VH DSOLF OHJHD

GRPLFLOLXOXL VDX vQ OLSV OHJHD UHúHGLQ HL

/HJHD QD LRQDO lex patriae úL OHJHD GRPLFLOLXOXL lex domicilii VDX D UHúHGLQ HL VH suEVXPHD] QR LXQLL PDL JHQHUDOH GH OHJH SHUVRQDO lex personalis) a persoanei fizice. 3. Normele conflictuale privind statutul persoanei fizice au un caracter imperativ, în sensul

F SU LOH QX SRW GHURJD GH OD HOH SULQ PDQLIHVWDUHD DFRUGXO ORU GH YRLQ



0DL PXOW QRUPD

FRQIOLFWXDO SULYLQG VWDUHD úL FDSDFLWDWHD FHW HQLORU URPkQL HVWH GH RUGLQH SXEOLF úL vQ GUHSWXO

LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ FRQFOX]LH GHVSULQV GLQ SUHYHGHULOH DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU

105/1992. 4. Domeniul de aplicare al legii statutului persoanei fizice

'HWHUPLQDUHD GRPHQLXOXL GH DSOLFDUH D OHJLL VWDWXWXOXL SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH LPSOLF VWDELOLUHD

PDWHULLORU MXULGLFH LQVWLWX LLOH GH GUHSW úL UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH FDUH LQWU vQ FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL

conflictuale privind statutul persoanei fizice. Determinarea acestor materii constituie o SUREOHP GH calificare D QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH UHVSHFWLYH úL DQXPH D SULPXOXL HOHPHQW GLQ VWUXFWXUD DFHVWHLD FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL 

/HJHD SULYLQG VWDWXWXO SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH FkUPXLHúWH vQ PDWHULD GUHSWXOXL FLYLO XUPWRDUHOH

LQVWLWX LL MXULGLFH

A. 6WDUHD FLYLO D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH

úL DQXPH DQVDPEOXO GH FDOLW L HOHPHQWH SHUVRQDOH

FDUH L]YRUVF GLQ DFWH úL IDSWH GH VWDUH FLYLO GH FDUH OHJHD OHDJ DQXPLWH HIHFWH MXULGLFH VSHFLILFH úL FDUH VHUYHVF SHQWUX LGHQWLILFDUHD SHUVRDQHL vQ IDPLOLH úL VRFLHWDWH

$VWIHO VXQW VXSXVH QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH SULYLQG VWDWXWXO SHUVRQDO vQ SULQFLSDO XUPWRDUHOH

FDOLW L FDUH LQWU vQ FRQ LQXWXO VULL FLYLOH ILOLD LD FVWRULD DGRS LD UXGHQLD DILQLWDWHD HWF

B. &DSDFLWDWHD FLYLO D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH

/HJHD QD LRQDO VH DSOLF DWkW FDSDFLW LL GH IRORVLQ

fizice.



a) &DSDFLWDWHD GH IRORVLQ  D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH HVWH determinând atât "începuWXO úL vQFHWDUHD SHUVRQDOLW LL FkW

FDSDFLW LL GH IRORVLQ



FkW úL FHOHL GH H[HUFL LX D SHUVRDQHL VXSXV OHJLL QD LRQDOH DFHDVW OHJH

úL FRQ LQXWXO DFHVWHLD ÌQ FRQ LQXWXO

D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH LQWU FD XQ HOHPHQW HVHQ LDO FDSDFLWDWHD DFHVWHLD GH D

încheia acte juridice. În cazul în care este vorba de determinarea drepturilor

úL REOLJD LLORU XQHL SHUVRDQH IL]LFH

VWULQH vQ 5RPkQLD OHJHD QD LRQDO D VWULQXOXL FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD] FRQ LQXWXO FDSDFLW LL VDOH GH IRORVLQ

 VH DSOLF FXPXODWLY FX OHJHD PDWHULDO URPkQ FDUH VWDELOHúWH FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL

SHUVRDQ IL]LF vQ 5RPkQLD &kW SULYHúWH

LQFDSDFLW LOH GH IRORVLQ 

DFHVWHD VXQW VSHFLDOH vQ VHQVXO F OLSVHVF

SHUVRDQD IL]LF GH DSWLWXGLQHD GH D DYHD QXPDL DQXPLWH GUHSWXUL úL REOLJD LL FLYLOH LDU SH SODQXO

GUHSWXOXL LQWHUDQD LRQDO SULYDW HOH VXQW VXSXVH XQRU QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH GLIHULWH vQ IXQF LH GH FDOLILFDUHD FDUH OL VH DFRUG GH OD FD] OD FD]

Astfel, LQFDSDFLW LOH FX FDUDFWHU GH VDQF LXQH FLYLO -

FD GH H[HPSOX GHFGHUHD GLQ

GUHSWXULOH SULQWHúWL DUW  &IDP VXQW VXSXVH OHJLL QD LRQDOH D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH vQ FDX]

21

,QFDSDFLW LOH FX FDUDFWHU GH PVXUL GH RFURWLUH sunt, în principiu, calificate în mod

GLIHULW vQ IXQF LH GH VIHUD SHUVRDQHORU vQWUH FDUH DF LRQHD] $VWIHO LQFDSDFLW LOH GH IRORVLQ

 absolute

FDUH RSHUHD]

FDSDFLWDWH HVWH vQJUGLW úL WRDWH FHOHODOWH SHUVRDQH QHGHWHUPLQDWH vQ SULQFLSLX OHJLL QD LRQDOH D SHUVRDQHL

vQWUH SHUVRDQD D FUHi - erga omnes - ), sunt supuse,

vQJUGLWH ILLQG GLVSXVH GH OHJH vQ FRQVLGHUDUHD FDOLW LORU

SDUWLFXODULW LORU DFHVWHLD ,QWU vQ DFHDVW FDtegorie,

de exemplu incapacitatrea minorului mai mic

GH  DQL GH D GLVSXQH SULQ GRQD LH VDX SULQ WHVWDPHQW ÌQ VFKLPE LQFDSDFLW LOH GH IRORVLQ

 relative

FDSDFLWDWH HVWH vQJUGLW úL R DOW VDX DOWH SHUVRDQH

FDUH RSHUHD] QXPDL vQWUH SHUVRDQD D FUHL

determinate), fiind legate strict de un anumit act juridic - SH FDUH OHJHD vO SURKLEHúWH -, sunt supuse, în principiu, legii actului prohibit (lex contractus GDF HVWH YRUED GH XQ FRQWUDFW VDX lex succesionis GDF HVWH YRUED GH WHVWDPHQW  Se include în DFHDVW FDWHJRULH GH SLOG LQFDSDFLWDWHD PLQRUXOXL GH D GLVSXQH SULQ WHVWDPHQW VDX

GRQD LH vQ IDYRDUHD WXWRUHOXL VX DUW  &FLY úL DUW  &IDP 

5HJLPXO GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SULYLQG VIkUúLWXO FDSDFLW LL GH IRORVLQ



D SHUVRDQHL

fizicH HVWH VWDELOLW GH DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  &RQIRUP WH[WXOXL FRQGL LLOH HIHFWHOH úL DQXODUHD XQHL KRWUkUL SULQ FDUH VH FRQVWDW PRDUWH SUH]XPDW DEVHQ D VDX GLVSDUL LD  SUHFXP úL SUH]XP LLOH

GH VXSUDYLH XLUH VDX GH PRDUWH VXQW FkUPXLWH GH XOWLPD OHJH QD LRQDO D SHUVRDQHL GLVSUXWH 'DF DFHDVW OHJH QX SRDWH IL LGHQWLILFDW VH DSOLF OHJHD URPkQ

b) &DSDFLWDWHD GH H[HUFL LX D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH HVWH VXSXV OHJLL QD LRQDOH DúD FXP UH]XOW din prevederile art. 11 din Legea nr. 105/1992, care voUEHúWH vQ JHQHUDO GH FDSDFLWDWHD  persoanei fizice".

ÌQ FRQ LQXWXO FDSDFLW LL GH H[HUFL LX D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH LQWU FDSDFLWDWHD DFHVWHLD GH D

încheia personal acte juridice.

,QFDSDFLW LOH GH H[HUFL LX FDUH VXQW

JHQHUDOH vQ VHQVXO F VH UHIHU Oa

toate sau la

FDWHJRULL GH DFWH MXULGLFH DOH LQFDSDELOXOXL VXQW VXSXVH OHJLL QD LRQDOH D DFHVWXLD PLQRU VDX LQWHU]LV

MXGHFWRUHVF  /HJHD QD LRQDO D LQFDSDELOXOXL YD GHWHUPLQD vQ VSHFLDO FDWHJRULLOH GH DFWH MXULGLFH

pe care acesta

nu le poate face (VDX

SULQ H[FHS LH OH SRDWH IDFH  VDQF LXQHD vQFOFULL

LQFDSDFLW LL úL DQXPH QXOLWDWHD DFWXOXL FD]XULOH GH QXOLWDWH úL IHOXULOH DFHVWHLD SHUVRDQHOH FDUH R SRW LQYRFD úL vQ FH FRQGL LL HWF ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH PDMRUDWXO DSOLFkQG SULQFLSLXO OHJLL PDi

favorabile în materia conflictului

PRELO GH OHJL DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  SUHYHGH F DSDUWHQHQ D XQHL SHUVRDQH OD R QRX OHJH QD LRQDO QX DGXFH DWLQJHUH PDMRUDWXOXL GREkQGLW SRWULYLW OHJLL FDUH vL HUD DQWHULRU DSOLFDELO

5. ([FHS LD GH OD DSOLFarea legii personale normal competente, cu privire la capacitatea interesului QD LRQDO HVWH UHJOHPHQWDW vQ DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  &RQIRUP SULPXOXL DOLQHDW DO DFHVtui SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH FXQRVFXW vQ OLWHUDWXUD GH VSHFLDOLWDWH VXE GHQXPLUHD GH teoria

DUWLFRO SHUVRDQD FDUH SRWULYLW OHJLL QD LRQDOH VDX OHJLL GRPLFLOLXOXL VX HVWH OLSVLW GH FDSDFLWDWH VDX DUH FDSDFLWDWH GH H[HUFL LX UHVWUkQV QX SRDWH V RSXQ DFHDVW FDX] GH QHYDOLGLWDWH FHOHL

care l-D VRFRWLW a fost întocmit".

FX EXQ FUHGLQ

9 VSH D

 FD ILLQG GHSOLn capabil în conformitate cu legea locului unde actul

Lizardi)

3HQWUX D VH DSOLFD WHRULD LQWHUHVXOXL QD LRQDO WUHEXLH vQWUXQLWH FXPXODWLY XUPWRDUHOH

FRQGL LL

D SHUVRDQD V ILH OLSVLW GH FDSDFLWDWH GH H[HUFL LX VDX V DLE FDSDFLWDWH GH H[HUFL LX

UHVWUkQV SRWULYLW OHJLL VDOH SHUVRQDOH lex

patriae sau lex domicilii 

GDU V ILH SH GHSOLQ FDSDELO

potrivit legii forului;

E DFWXO V IL IRVW vQWRFPLW vQ DUD IRUXOXL

F FRFRQWUDFWDQWXO ORFDO V ILH GH EXQ FUHGLQ

 3ULQ DFHDVWD VH vQ HOHJH F DFHVWD WUHEXLH

V QX IL FXQRVFXW úL vQ PRG UH]RQDELO QLFL V QX IL SXWXW FXQRDúWH FDX]D GH QHYDODELOLWDWH D DFWXOXL

MXULGLF DGLF LQFDSDFLWDWHD VWULQXOXL SRWULYLW OHJLL VDOH QD LRQDOH 3HQWUX FD DFHDVW FRQGL LH V ILH

întrunit

HVWH QHFHVDU FD FHW HDQXO QD LRQDO V IL vQFKHLDW XQ DFW FXUHQW DO SURIHVLXQLL VDOH SHQWUX

FDUH SULQ QDWXUD RSHUD LXQLL UHVSHFWLYH QX VH FHU D IL IFXWH YHULILFUL VSHFLDOH G DQXODUHD DFWXOXL V ILH GH QDWXU D SURGXFH XQ

prejudiciu nejustificat cocontractantului

QD LRQDO

efectul juridic al teoriei úL DQXPH patriae sau lex domicilii HVWH vQORFXLW FX OHJHD ORFDO D ORFXOXL vQFKHLHULL actului (lex loci actus). ConIRUP SUHYHGHULORU DUW  DOLQ  GLQ OHJH UHJXOD H[SULPDW GH WHRULD LQWHUHVXOXL ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH DFHVWH FRQGL LL VXQW vQWUXQLWH VH SURGXFH

OHJHD SHUVRQDO lex

QD LRQDO QX VH DSOLF DFWHORU MXULGLFH UHIHULWRDUH OD IDPLOLH PRúWHQLUH úL WUDQVPLWHUHD LPRELOHORU

22

În literatura de specialitate s-au invocat mai multe temeiuri pentrX IXQGDPHQWDUHD WHRUHWLF D WHRULHL LQWHUHVXOXL QD LRQDO úL DQXPH D RFURWLUHD RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW D

IRUXOXL WHPHL VXJHUDW GH DOWIHO GH vQVúL GHQXPLUHD DFHVWHL WHRULL FDUH XUPUHúWH SURWHMDUHD

LQWHUHVXOXL QD LRQDO E QHFXQRDúWHUHD VFX]DELO D OHJLL VWULQH GH FWUH FHW HDQXO QD LRQDO F

vPERJ LUHD IU MXVW WHPHL D VWULQXOXL vQ GHWULPHQWXO FRFRQWUDFWDQWXOXL QD LRQDO G HURDUHD

FRPXQ úL LQYLQFLELO D QD LRQDOLORU error

communis facit jus).

CAPITOLUL II NORME CONFLICTUALE PRIVIND PERSOANELE JURIDICE  1RUPD FRQIOLFWXDO DSOLFDELO vQ PDWHULD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH HVWH SUHY]XW vQ DUW  DOLQ

1 din Legea nr. 105/1992: "Statutul organic al persoanei juridice este cârmuit de legea sa QD LRQDO...". Statutul orJDQLF DO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH FRQVWLWXLH FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH LDU OHJWXUD DFHVWXLD FX XQ DQXPLW VLVWHP GH GUHSW HVWH GDW GH QD LRQDOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH UHVSHFWLYH 6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH IRUPHD] OHJHD SHUVRQDO

D DFHVWHLD FDUH HVWH GHVHPQDW úL SULQ QR LXQHD GH

(lex personalis)

lex societatis.

1RUPD FRQIOLFWXDO SULYLQG VWDWXWXO RUJDQLF DO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH HVWH LPSHUDWLY GHRDUHFH

SU LOH vQ SULQFLSLX QX SRW GHURJD GH OD HD )RQGDWRULL SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH SRt

determina liber sediul

SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH GDU QX SRW IDFH DSOLFDELO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH SHVWH YRLQ D ORU R DOW OHJH GHFkW

cea a sediului social.

 )LLQG HOHPHQWXO FDUH SODVHD] SHUVRDQD MXULGLF vQ VIHUD XQXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW

QD LRQDOLWDWHD

este cea

FDUH H[SULP DSDUWHQHQ D DFHVWHLD OD XQ DQXPLW VWDW 1D LRQDOLWDWHD MRDF

SHQWUX SHUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH UROXO SH FDUH vO MRDF FHW HQLD SHQWUX SHUVRDQHOH IL]LFH

 LL

'HWHUPLQDUHD QD LRQDOLW

intHUQD LRQDO



SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH SUH]LQW

LPSRUWDQ



SH SODQXO GUHSWXOXL

SULYDW vQ VSHFLDO GHRDUHFH FX DMXWRUXO QD LRQDOLW LL VH VWDELOHúWH GDF R SHUVRDQ

 HVWH QD LRQDO URPkQ VDX VWULQ 'H FDUDFWHUXO QD LRQDO VDX VWULQ D D SHUVRDQD MXULGLF VWULQ vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH IXQF LRQDUHD VD SH WHULWoriul României, este VXSXV QRUPHORU PDWHULDOH URPkQH SULYLQG FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL SHUVRDQ MXULGLF E vQ IXQF LH GH QD LRQDOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH VH VWDELOHúWH vQ FH PVXU L VH DSOLF

MXULGLF

SUHYHGHULOH FRQYHQ LLORU LQWHUQD LRQDOH OD FDUH 5RPânia

este parte;

F vQ IXQF LH GH QD LRQDOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH VH VWDELOHúWH FH VWDW DUH FDOLWDWHD V-i

RFURWHDVF GUHSWXULOH SH FDOH GLSORPDWLF úL FRQVXODU 'H DVHPHQHD QD LRQDOLWDWHD GHWHUPLQ

GDF R SHUVRDQ MXULGLF XUPHD] V EHQHILFLH]H GH PVXULOH GH SURWHF LH VSHFLDO vQ DQXPLWH

GRPHQLL GH DFWLYLWDWH SH FDUH XQ VWDW OH DGRSW FX SULYLUH OD SHUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH FDUH vL DSDU LQ VDX

GLPSRWULY V VXSRUWH FRQVHFLQ HOH XQXL UHJLP UHVWULFWLY SH FDUH VWDWXO vO LQVWLWXLH FX SULYLUH OD

persoanele MXULGLFH VWULQH

 1D LRQDOLWDWHD XQHL SHUVRDQH MXULGLFH HVWH GHWHUPLQDW GXS

criterii ce pot fi diferite în

VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW DOH VWDWHORU 'H DFHHD VH SXQH SUREOHPD GXS FDUH VLVWHP GH GUHSW VH YRU VWDELOL FULWHULLOH QD LRQDOLW LL )LLQG R SUREOHP GH FDOLILFDUH QD LRQDOLWDWHD FULWHULLOH QD LRQDOLW LL XQHL

SHUVRDQH MXULGLFH VXQW GHWHUPLQDWH GXS

regula SULYLQG OHJHD DSOLFDELO FDOLILFULL

lex fori.

3ULQ DFHDVWD QD LRQDOLWDWHD VH vQFDGUHD] vQ

XQHL LQVWLWX LL MXULGLFH úL VH GHRVHEHúWH LPSOLFLW GH FHW HQLH

FD SXQFW GH OHJWXU SHQWUX VWDWXWXO SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH FDUH FRQVWLWXLH R H[FHS LH GH OD FDOLILFDUHD GXS

lex fori.

&ULWHULXO GH GHWHUPLQDUH D QD LRQDOLW LL HVWH SH SODQXO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SXQFWXO

GH OHJWXU DO QRUPHL FRQIOLFXWDOH SULYLQG SHUVRDQD MXULGLF  ÌQ GUHSWXO URPkQ H[LVW XQ

SHUVRDQHORU MXULGLFH SUHFXP úL

criteriu de drept comun SHQWUX criterii speciale SUHFL]DWH vQ GLIHULWH

materie. A. Criteriul de drept comun

GHWHUPLQDUHD QD LRQDOLW LL

UHJOHPHQWUL DSOLFDELOH vQ

HVWH VWDELOLW GH /HJHD QU  &RQIRUP GLVSR]L LLORU DUW

 DOLQ  GLQ OHJH VWDWXWXO RUJDQLF DO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH HVWH FkUPXLW GH OHJHD VD QD LRQDO

GHWHUPLQDW vQ PRGXO SUHY]XW GH DUW  LDU DFHVW GLQ XUP DUWLFRO vQ DOLQ  SUHYHGH F 3HUVRDQD MXULGLF DUH QD LRQDOLWDWHD VWDWXOXL SH DO FUXL WHULWRULX úL-a

constitutiv, sediul social

stabilit, potrivit actului

ÌQ IXQF LH GH DFHVW FULWHULX DO VHGLXOXL VRFLDO SHUVRDQD MXULGLF YD IL

URPkQ VDX VWULQ GXS FXP DUH VHGLXO vQ DU VDX vQ VWULQWDWH

23

Sediul social este stabilit, "potrivit actului constitutiv" - astfel spus, este sediul statutar -,

FHHD FH GHQRW F vQ GHWHUPLQDUHD VHGLXOXL SULPRUGLDO HVWH YRLQ D IRQGDWRULORU SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH UHVSHFWLYH 3ULQ DFHDVW VROX LH OHJHD URPkQ IDFH R DSOLFDUH D SULQFLSLXOXL DXWRQRPLHL GH YRLQ SU LORU vQ IL[DUHD VHGLXOXL SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH SULQFLSLX JHQHUDO DGPLV vQ DFHDVW PDWHULH 6HGLXO VRFLDO WUHEXLH V ILH

pUREOHPD

serios

DGLF V QX ILH IUDXGXORV vQ DFHVW XOWLP FD] SXQkQGX-se

IUDXGHL OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW 'H DVHPHQHD VHGLXO WUHEXLH V ILH

FD] FRQWUDU HO DYkQG FDUDFWHU ILFWLY DGLF H[LVW VLPXOD LH SULQ ILFWLYLWDWH

&ULWHULXO GH GUHSW FRPXQ SHQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD QD LRQDOLW LL SHUVRDQHL MXULGice

RUL GH FkWH RUL QX H[LVW R UHJOHPHQWDUH FDUH V SUHYDG XQ FULWHULX VSHFLDO vQ PDWHULH

B. Criterii speciale

D

real, în

este aplicabil

SHQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD QD LRQDOLW LL XQHL SHUVRDQH MXULGLFH VXQW vQWkOQLWH

vQ UDUH FD]XUL vQ GUHSWXO URPkQ úL DFHDVWD PDL DOHV vQ FRQYHQ LL LQWHUQD LRQDOH SHQWUX VLWXD LL GHRVHELWH &HO PDL DGHVHD vQ FD]XULOH vQ FDUH DSDU DVHPHQHD FULWHULL QX SULYHVF QD LRQDOLWDWHD vQ

DQVDPEOX D SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH FL QXPDL DSDUWHQHQ D HL OD XQ DQXPLW VWDW SULYLW SULQ SULVPD XQRU

efecte jurLGLFH VSHFLDOH SH FDUH UHVSHFWLYD FRQYHQ LH LQWHUQD LRQDO OH UHJOHPHQWHD] Astfel, unul din aceste criterii speciale este cel al controlului. Conform acestui criteriu, o SHUVRDQ MXULGLF SRDWH IL VRFRWLW FD DSDU LQkQG XQXL VWDW VWULQ GDWRULW controlului care se

H[HUFLW DVXSUD HL GH FWUH LQWHUHVH VWULQH 'H UHJXO FRQWUROXO VH DSUHFLD] GXS FHW HQLD QD LRQDOLWDWHD DVRFLD LORU GXS SURYHQLHQ D FDSLWDOXOXL VRFLDO úLVDX GXS FHW HQLD SHUVRDQHORU

FDUH IRUPHD] RUJDQHOH GH FRQGXFHUH DOH UHVSHFWivei

persoane juridice.

 /HJHD QU  FRQ LQH SUHYHGHUL VSHFLDOH SHQWUX VLWXD LD vQ FDUH SHUVRDQD MXULGLF

DUH VHGLL vQ PDL PXOWH VWDWH &RQIRUP DUW  DOLQ  vQ DFHDVW VLWXD LH GHWHUPLQDQW SHQWUX D LGHQWLILFD QD LRQDOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFe

este sediul real".

6HGLXO UHDO HVWH GHILQLW vQ DUW  DOLQ  FD ILLQG ORFXO XQGH VH DIO FHQWUXO SULQFLSDO GH

FRQGXFHUH úL GH JHVWLXQH D DFWLYLW LL VWDWXWDUH FKLDU GDF KRWUkULOH RUJDQXOXL UHVSHFWLY VXQW

adoptate potrivit directivelor transmise de

DF LRQDUL VDX DVRFLD L GLQ DOWH VWDWH $FHVW DOLQHDW QH

RIHU XQ H[HPSOX GH FDOLILFDUH OHJDO D XQHL LQVWLWX LL MXULGLFH

 6WDWXWXO RUJDQLF GHQXPLW XQHRUL úL VWDWXWXO SHUVRQDO DO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH FDUH HVWH

FkUPXLW GH OHJHD QD LRQDO D DFHVWHLD FRQVWLWXLH R LQVWLWX LH MXULGLF FRPSOH[ FDUH VXEVXPHD] WRWDOLWDWHD HOHPHQWHORU

FDUH FRQILJXUHD] UHJLPXO MXULGLF DO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH 'HWHUPLQDUHD

VHQVXOXL úL vQWLQGHULL DFHVWHL LQVWLWX LL FRQVWLWXLH R SUREOHP GH FDOLILFDUH

- statutul organic constituind lex fori. Legea nr. 105/1992, în art. 42, stabilind domeniul de aplicare a legii statutului organic al SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH SURFHGHD] LPSOLFLW OD FDOLILFDUHD QR LXQLL de statut organic, stabilind elementele FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH SULYLQG SHUVRDQD MXULGLF - VXSXV OHJLL URPkQH FD

SULQFLSDOH FDUH LQWU vQ VIHUD DFHVWHLD úL DQXPH

D FDSDFLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH 'HRDUHFH OHJHD QX GLVWLQJH YRU IL VXSXVH OHJLL QD LRQDOH D SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH DWkW FDSDFLWDWHD GH IRORVLQ

 FkW úL FHD GH H[HUFL LX D DFHVWHLD  OHJHD QD LRQDO

$VWIHO vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH FDSDFLWDWHD GH IRORVLQ

YD GHWHUPLQD vQ

special: - elementele constitutive ale persoanelor juridice; - PRGDOLW LOH GH FRQVWLWXLUH vQILLQ DUH D DFHVWRUD vQFHSXWXO FDSDFLW LL GH IRORVLQ   - FDSDFLWDWHD GH D vQFKHLD DFWH MXULGLFH GH D FRQWUDFWD  SUHFXP úL OLPLWHOH DFHVWHL FDSDFLW L

GH H[HPSOX SULQFLSLXO VSHFLDOLW LL FDSDFLW LL GH IRORVLQ



D SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH SUHY]XW GH DUW

din Decretul nr.31/1954); - UHRUJDQL]DUHD úL vQFHWDUHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH D FDSDFLW LL HL GH IRORVLQ  HWF

ÌQ OHJWXU FX FDSDFLWDWHD GH H[HUFL LX D SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH OHJHD VD QD LRQDO FkUPXLHúWH

vQ VSHFLDO FRQVWLWXLUHD úL DWULEX LLOH RUJDQHORU GH FRQGXFHUH DOH SHUVRDQHORU MXULGLFH UHOD LD Gintre

RUJDQHOH GH FRQGXFHUH úL SHUVRDQD MXULGLF vQVúL SUHFXP úL GLQWUH DFHVWH RUJDQH úL WHU LL FX FDUH SHUVRDQD MXULGLF vQFKHLH DFWH MXULGLFH HWF

E PRGXO GH GREkQGLUH úL GH SLHUGHUH D FDOLW LL GH DVRFLDW

F GUHSWXULOH úL REOLJD LLOH FH GHFXUJ GLn

calitatea de asociat;

G PRGXO GH DOHJHUH FRPSHWHQ HOH úL IXQF LRQDUHD RUJDQHORU GH FRQGXFHUH DOH SHUVRDQHL

juridice; e) reprezentarea acesteia prin intermediul organelor proprii;

I UVSXQGHUHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH úL D RUJDQHORU HL ID

g) modificarea actelor constitutive; K GL]ROYDUHD úL OLFKLGDUHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH

24

 GH WHU L

CAPITOLUL 3 UNELE NORME CONFLICTUALE ÎN MATERIA DREPTULUI FAMILIEI 1. 5HOD LLOH GH IDPLOLH FDUH vPSUHXQ FX VWDUHD FLYLO úL FDSDFLWDWHD IRUPHD] VWDWXWXO persoanei fizice sunt cârmuite, în principal, de OHJHD QD LRQDO OHJHD FHW HQLHL  LDU GDF SHUVRDQD QX DUH QLFL FHW HQLH GH OHJHD GRPLFLOLXOXL VDX vQ OLSV GH FHD D UHúHGLQ HL SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH FRQIRUP SUHYHGHULORU DUW úL  GLQ /HJHD QU

Sec LXQHD  /HJHD DSOLFDELO FVWRULHL 1. &RQGL

 

LLOH GH IRQG úL LPSHGLPHQWHOH OD F V WRULH

&DOLILFDUHD FRQGL LLORU SULYLQG vQFKHLHUHD FVWRULHL FD ILLQG GH IRQG LQFOXVLY LPSHGLPHQWH OD

FVWRULH VDX GH IRUP VH IDFH GXS OHJHD IRUXOXL lex

alin. 1 din Legea nr.105/1992).

fori), confRUP

UHJXOLL SUHY]XWH GH DUW 

 



&RQGL LLOH GH IRQG FHUXWH SHQWUX vQFKHLHUHD F V WRULHL VXQW GHWHUPLQDWH GH OHJHD QD LRQDO

D ILHFUXLD GLQWUH YLLWRULL VR L DUW DOLQ   'HFL SHQWUX YDODELOLWDWHD vQFKHLHULL FVWRULHL WUHEXLH V

ILH vQGHSOLQLWH vQ PRG FXPXODWLY FRQGL LLOH GH IRQG SUHY]XWH GH OHJLOH QD LRQDOH DOH DPELORU VR L

 

,PSHGLPHQWHOH OD F V WRULH ILLQG FRQGL LL GH IRQG QHJDWLYH VXQW VXSXVH DFHOHLDúL FRQGL LL D

FXPXOXOXL GH OHJL QD LRQDOH DOH FHORU GRL YLLWRUL VR L

ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH LPSHGLPHQWHOH OD FVWRULH DUW DOLQ FRQ LQH R SUHYHGHUH GH RFURWLUH

D RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ &RQIRUP WH[WXOXL GDF OHJHD QD LRQDO D

RULFUXLD GLQWUH YLLWRULL VR L HVWH R OHJH VWULQ LDU DFHDVWD SUHYHGH XQ LPSHGLPHQW OD FVWRULH FDUH

SRWULYLW GUHSWXOXL URPkQ HVWH LQFRPSDWLELO FX OLEHUWDWHD GH D vQFKHLD R FVWRULH DFHO LPSHGLPHQW YD IL vQOWXUDW FD LQDSOLFDELO vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH XQXO GLQWUH YLLWRULL VR L HVWH FHW HDQ URPkQ úL FVWRULD VH

încheie pe teritoriul României.

 DOH FVWRULHL

 &RQGL LLOH GH IRUP

)RUPD vQFKHLHULL FVWRULHL HVWH VXSXV OHJLL VWDWXOXL SH WHULWRULXO FUXLD VH FHOHEUHD] DUW DOLQ  (VWH DSOLFDELO DúDGDU SULQFLSLXO

locus regit actum.

&VWRULD XQXL FHW HDQ URPkQ DIODW vQ VWULQWDWH SRDWH IL vQFKHLDW vQ ID D DXWRULW LORU

ORFDOH GH VWDW FRPSHWHQWH RUL vQ ID D DJHQWXOXL GLSORPDWLF VDX IXQF LRQDUXOXL FRQVXODU ILH DO 5RPkQLHL ILH DO VWDWXOXL FHOXLODOW YLLWRU VR DUW DOLQ  'HRDUHFH WH[WXO SUHYHGH SRVLbilitatea

unui

FHW HDQ URPkQ vQ VWULQWDWH GH D VH FVWRUL QXPDL vQ ID D DXWRULW LL GH VWDW VDX D DJHQWXOXL GLSORPDWLF RUL FRQVXODU FDUH HVWH WRW XQ IXQF LRQDU GH VWDW  UH]XOW

per a contrario F

R FVWRULH

vQFKHLDW vQ ID D XQXL RUJDQ ORFDO FRQIHVLRQDO UHOLJLRV QX YD IL UHFXQRVFXW FD YDODELO vQ

DU

'LVSR]L LLOH DUW DOLQ  FRQVWLWXLH R QRUP GH DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW FDUH vQOWXU GH OD DSOLFDUH QRUPD

FRQIOLFWXDO GLQ DUW DOLQ

'HRDUHFH DUW DOLQ  QX GLVWLQJH R FVWRULH UHOLJLRDV D XQXL FHW HDQ URPkQ DIODW vQ

VWULQWDWH QX HVWH VRFRWLW YDODELO vQ

DU úL QLFL vQ LSRWH]D vQ FDUH OHJHD ORFDO DFRUG HIHFWH

MXULGLFH FVWRULHL UHOLJLRDVH úL FKLDU GDF DFHDVW OHJH DU IL OHJHD QD LRQDO D FHOXLODOW VR 

ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH FVWRULD VH vQFKHLH vQ ID D DJHQWXOXL GLSORPDWLF VDX IXQF LRQDUXOXL FRQVXODU

DO 5RPkQLHL HD HVWH VXSXV FRQGL LLORU GH IRUP DOH OHJLL URPkQH DUW DOLQ 

3. 5HOD

LLOH SHUVRQDOH úL SDWULPRQLDOH GLQWUH VR L

$UW DOLQ úL  GLQ /HJHD QU SUHYHGH F UHOD LLOH SHUVRQDOH úL SDWULPRQLDOH GLQWUH

VR L VXQW VXSXVH PDL PXOWRU OHJL FDUH VH DSOLF vQ PRG

succesiv úL DQXPH

D OHJLL QD LRQDOH FRPXQH D VR LORU 3HQWUX D VH DSOLFD DFHDVW OHJH HVWH QHFHVDU FD DPELL

VR L V ILH FHW HQL URPkQL VDX FHW HQL VWULQL DL DFHOXLDúL VWDW

E OHJLL GRPLFLOLXOXL FRPXQ DO VR LORU vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH HL DX FHW HQLL GHRVHELWH 'HRDUHFH

OHJHD DGRSW FD SXQFW GH OHJWXU GRPLFLOLXO FRPXQ HVWH LQGLIHUHQW GDF VR LL ORFXLHVF vQ IDSW vPSUHXQ VDX VHSDUDW

F vQ OLSV GH FHW HQLH FRPXQ VDX GH GRPLFLOLX FRPXQ OHJLL VWDWXOXL SH WHULWRULXO FUHLD

VR LL DX RUL DX DYXW UHúHGLQ D FRPXQ VDX FX FDUH vQWUH LQ vQ FRPXQ FHOH PDL VWUkQVH OHJWXUL

4. 'LYRU

XO

'XS FXP UH]XOW GLQ SUHYHGHULOH DUW  GLYRU XO HVWH FkUPXLW GH OHJHD DSOLFDELO HIHFWHORU

FVWRULHL UHOD LLORU SHUVRQDOH úL SDWULPRQLDOH GLQWUH VR L  GXS GLVWLQF LLOH GLQ DUW  DOLQ  úL  $úDGDU GLYRU XO YD IL VXSXV OHJLL QD LRQDOH FRPXQH D VR LORU VDX vQ VXEVLGLDU OHJLL GRPLFLOLXOXL ORU

25

comun sau, într-un al dRLOHD

VXEVLGLDU OHJLL UHúHGLQ HL ORU FRPXQH RUL D VWDWXOXL FX FDUH vQWUH LQ vQ

FRPXQ OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH

ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH GLYRU XO SULYLQG XQ VR

FHW HDQ URPkQ HVWH SURQXQ DW vQ VWULQWDWH

GHRDUHFH HVWH YRUED GH XQ SURFHV FH SULYHúWH VWDUHD FLYLO D XQXL FHW HDQ URPkQ LQVWDQ D VWULQ

WUHEXLH V UHVSHFWH GH SULQFLSLX QRUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH GLQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ DGLF

FHOH GLQ DUW   vQ FD] FRQWUDU KRWUkUHD GH GLYRU VWULQ QHSXWkQG IL UHFXQRVFXW vQ 5RPkQLD

conform diVSR]L LLORU DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU 

$UW  DOLQ  FRQIHU FDUDFWHU GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GLVSR]L LLORU OHJLL URPkQH SULYLQG

DGPLVLELOLWDWHD GLYRU XOXL SH ED]D XQRU PRWLYH WHPHLQLFH FDUH QX VXQW vQV H[FHVLY GH UHVWULFWLYH

Astfel, textul SUHYHGH F GDF OHJHD VWULQ GHWHUPLQDW FRQIRUP DUW  DOLQ  QX SHUPLWH GLYRU XO

RUL vO DGPLWH vQ FRQGL LL GHRVHELW GH UHVWULFWLYH VH DSOLF OHJHD URPkQ vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH XQXO GLQWUH VR L HVWH OD GDWD FHUHULL GH GLYRU  FHW HDQ URPkQ

5. NulitDWHD FVWRULHL

&RQIRUP DUW  DOLQ  OHJHD FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD] FHULQ HOH OHJDOH SHQWUX vQFKHLHUHD

FVWRULHL VH DSOLF QXOLW LL FVWRULHL SUHFXP úL HIHFWHORU DFHVWHL QXOLW L

$úDGDU vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH FDX]HOH GH QXOLWDWH OHJHD DSOLFDELO VH VWDELOHúWH GXS

XUPWRDUHOH GLVWLQF LL

D QXOLWDWHD FVWRULHL SHQWUX QHUHVSHFWDUHD FRQGL LLORU GH IRQG

FVWRULHL VH SURQXQ

1);



E QXOLWDWHD FVtoriei



cerute pentru încheierea

vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX OHJHD QD LRQDO D ILHFUXLD GLQWUH YLLWRULL VR L DUW  DOLQ

pentru nerespectarea

 la încheierea ei se

FRQGL LLORU GH IRUP

vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX OHJHD VWDWXOXL SH WHULWRULXO FUXLD V-D FHOHEUDW FVWRULD locus

regit actum) sau cu legea agentului diplomatic ori consular care a instrumenta-o (auctor regit actum).

SURQXQ

ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH FVWRULD D IRVW vQFKHLDW vQ VWULQWDWH QXOLWDWHD HL SHQWUX vQFOFDUHD

FRQGL LLORU GH IRUP SRDWH IL DGPLV vQ 5RPkQLD QXPDL GDF VDQF LXQHD QXOLW LL HVWH SUHY]XW úL GH OHJHD URPkQ DUW  DOLQ   2EVHUYD LL

a) textXO QX SXQH FRQGL LD FD FHO SX LQ XQXO GLQWUH VR L V ILH FHW HDQ URPkQ

E vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH FRQGL LD QXOLW LL GH IRUP QX HVWH SUHY]XW úL GH OHJHD URPkQ

QXOLWDWHD SURQXQ DW SULQ KRWUkUHD VWULQ QX VH UHFXQRDúWH vQ 5RPkQLD GHúL vQ VWULQWDWH FVWRULD HVWH OHJDO DQXODW

F WH[WXO QX VH DSOLF vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH FVWRULD D IRVW DQXODW SHQWUX QHUHVSHFWDUHD

FRQGL LLORU GH IRQG SUHY]XWH GH OHJHD VWULQ FKLDU GDF DFHVWH FRQGL LL QX VXQW DGPLVH úL GH OHJHD URPkQ

(IHFWHOH QXOLW LL FVWRULHL VXQW VXSXVH FD úL FD]XULOH GH QXOLWDWH OHJLL FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD]

FHULQ HOH OHJDOH SHQWUX vQFKHLHUHD FVWRULHL GXS FXP SUHYHGH DUW  DOLQ 

CAPITOLUL 4

1250(/( &21)/,&78$/( 35,9,1' &21',,,/( DE FOND ALE ACTULUI JURIDIC

1.

&RQGL LLOH GH IRQG

ale DFWXOXL

MXULGLF QR LXQH vQ FDUH VH LQFOXG vQ SULQFLSDO DVSHFWHOH GH

IRQG SULYLQG vQFKHLHUHD IRUPDUHD DFWXOXL MXULGLF HIHFWHOH H[HFXWDUHD WUDQVPLWHUHD úL VWLQJHUHD REOLJD LLORU UH]XOWDWH GLQ DFWXO MXULGLF VXQW VXSXVH OHJLL DFWXOXL lex

actus), respectiv, în cazul

contractelor, legii contractului (lex contractus).

'H UHJXO OHJHD DFWXOXL FRQWUDFWXOXL HVWH DOHDV GH SU L SULQ YRLQ D ORU FD] vQ FDUH HVWH

GHVHPQDW SULQ QR LXQHD GH

lex voluntatis

ÌQ OLSVD PDQLIHVWULL GH YRLQ



D SU LL SU LOor)

privind

OHJHD DSOLFDELO IRQGXOXL DFWXOXL MXULGLF FRQWUDFWXOXL  DFHVWD HVWH ORFDOL]DW vQ VIHUD XQXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW vQ IXQF LH GH FULWHULL RELHFWLYH VWDELOLWH GH OHJH

2. Lex voluntatis

HVWH H[SUHVLD SH SODQXO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW D SULncipiului

 D SU LORU VDX SULQFLSLXOXL OLEHUW LL FRQWUDFWXDOH FDUH JXYHUQHD] FRQGL LLOH GH IRQG DOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF vQ JHQHUDO DUW  &FLY  ÌQ WHPHLXO DFHVWXL SULQFLSLX DúD FXP SU LOH VXQW OLEHUH V SUHFL]H]H FRQ LQXWXO DFWXOXL MXULGLF HOH SRW WRWRGDW V GHWHUPLQH VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW FDUH DXWRQRPLHL GH YRLQ

se va aplica actului lor, ca lex causae.

/HJHD YRLQ HL SU LL SU LORU VH DSOLF WXWXURU DFWHORU MXULGLFH DWkW XQLODWHUDOH FkW úL ELODWHUDOH

FRQWUDFWHORU  $VWIHO FRQIRUP GLVSR]L LLORU DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  &RQGL LLOH GH IRQG

DOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF XQLODWHUDO VXQW VWDELOLWH GH OHJHD DOHDV GH FWUH DXWRUXO VX LDU vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX FHOH DOH DUW  &RQWUDFWXO HVWH VXSXV OHJLL DOHVH SULQ FRQVHQV GH SU L

26

În ceea

FH SULYHúWH FRQWUDFWHOH

lex voluntatis

HVWH SUHY]XW FD DSOLFDELO vQ PRG

SULPRUGLDO WXWXURU FRQWUDFWHORU VSHFLDOH OD FDUH VH UHIHU /HJHD QU  $VWIHO vQ FD]XO

DFHVWRU GLQ XUP FRQWUDFWH VH SUHYHGH F FHOHODOWH OHJL

LQkQG GH ORFDOL]DUHD RELHFWLY D

FRQWUDFWXOXL VH DSOLF QXPDL vQ OLSVD XQHL OHJL FRQYHQLWH GH SU L VDX R DOW IRUPXO HFKLYDOHQW

 3RVLELOLWDWHD SU LORU GH D GHVHPQD SULQ YRLQ D ORU OHJHD DSOLFDELO DFWXOXL MXULGLF

izvorul

FRQWUDFWXOXL vúL DUH

vQ GLVSR]L LLOH OHJLi

române, ca lex fori,

úL DQXPH vQ QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO

SUHY]XW GH DUW  DOLQ  úL  GLQ /HJHD QU  FDUH SHUPLWH FD YRLQ D SU LORU V FRQVWLWXLH SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU vQ PDWHULD FRQGL LLORU GH IRQG DOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF ,PSOLFLW

úL OLPLWHOH vQ FDGUXO FURUD YRLQ D SU LORU GH SRDWH PDQLIHVWD vQ PRG YDODELO





lex fori

LQGLF



2ELHFWXO YRLQ HL S U LORU vO FRQVWLWXLH vQV úL OHJHD DSOLFDELO  UHVSHFWLY VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DO

XQXL VWDW 'LQ DFHDVW DILUPD LH GHFXUJ FHO SX LQ GRX FRQVHFLQ H:

D SU LOH SULQ DFRUGXO ORU QX SRW WULPLWH GHFkW OD XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW QD LRQDO SHQWUX D IL

aplicabil contractului lor, cu titlul de lex voluntatis.

E GHRDUHFH RELHFWXO YRLQ HL SU LORU vO FRQVWLWXLH vQVúL OHJHD DSOLFDELO DFWXOXL LQVWDQ D

WUHEXLH V UHVSHFWH DOHJHUHD SU LORU GDF GHVLJXU QX H[LVW DOWH PRWLYH OHJDOH GH D R FHQ]XUD vQFOFDUHD RUGLQLL SXEOLFH IUDXGD OD OHJH HWF  'HFL ORFDOL]DUHD FRQWUDFWXOXL SH FULWHULL RELHFWLYH QX SRDWH RSHUD GHFkW vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH QX H[LVW

4. ModalLW

lex voluntatis.



LOH GH H[SULPDUH D YRLQ HL S U LORU

D ÌQ DFHDVW PDWHULH VXQW DSOLFDELOH GLVSR]L LLOH DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP

FURUD $OHJHUHD OHJLL DSOLFDELOH FRQWUDFWXOXL WUHEXLH V ILH H[SUHV RUL V UH]XOWH QHvQGRLHOQLF GLQ

GLQ FLUFXPVWDQ H 5H]XOW F GUHSWXO URPkQ DGPLWH GRX PRGDOLW L GH

cuprinsul acestuia sau

H[SULPDUH D YRLQ HL SU LORU SULYLQG DOHJHUHD OHJLL DSOLFDELOH úL DQXPH DOHJHUHD H[SUHV úL WDFLW

b)

 FRQVW

$OHJHUHD H[SUHV

ILH vQ LQVHUDUHD vQ FRQWUDFWXO SULQFLSDO D XQHL FODX]H vn

sensul

DOHJHULL OHJLL DSOLFDELOH FRQWUDFWXOXL DFHDVWD ILLQG VLWXD LD UHJXO vQ SUDFWLF ILH vQ vQFKHLHUHD GH

FWUH SU L D XQXL FRQWUDFW VHSDUDW DYkQG DFHVW RELHFW

&ODX]D FRQWUDFWXDO FXSULQV vQ FRQWUDFWXO SULQFLSDO VDX FRQYHQ LD VHSDUDW SULQ FDUH SU LOH

DOHJ OHJHD DSOLFDELO FRQWUDFWXOXL ORU SULQFLSDO VH QXPHúWH DOHJHUH VDX FODX] FRQYHQ LH GH



/HJHD DSOLFDELO

Conform dispo]L LLORU

electio juris.

pactum de lege utenda



FODX]HL GH DOHJHUH HVWH PHQ LRQDW

FODX] GH

vQ DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU 

DOLQ  GLQ DFHVW DUWLFRO ([LVWHQ D úL YDOLGLWDWHD GH IRQG D FRQVLP

PkQWXOXL

SU LORU UHIHULWRU OD OHJHD DSOLFDELO FRQWUDFWXOXL VXQW GHWHUPLQDWH GH vQVúL OHJHD SH FDUH DX DOHV-o".

2 H[FHS LH GH OD DFHDVW UHJXO HVWH SUHY]XW vQ DOLQ  GLQ DUW  GDF OHJHD DOHDV GH

SU L GHFODU QHYDODELO DOHJHUHD DVWIHO FRQYHQLW FRQWUDFWXO YD IL FkUPXLW GH OHJHD FDUH UH]XOW GLQ

ORFDOL]DUHD RELHFWLY D DFHVWXLD $FHDVW H[FHS LH HVWH R DSOLFDUH D SULQFLSLXOXL IXQGDPHQWDO GH

interpretare a actelor juULGLFH FRQVDFUDW GH DUW  &FLY FRQIRUP FUXLD DFWXO VH LQWHUSUHWHD] vQ sensul de a produce efecte juridice, iar nu în acela de a nu produce. $OHJHUHD H[SUHV GH FWUH SU L D OHJLL DSOLFDELOH FRQWUDFWXOXL ORU poate fi, la rândul ei, de GRX IHOXUL GLUHFW DWXQFL FkQG SU LOH úL-DX H[SULPDW YRLQ D H[SOLFLW vQ FKLDU FRQWUDFWXO SULQFLSDO

VDX VHSDUDW úL LQGLUHFW vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH SU LOH DX IFXW UHIHULUH vQ FRQWUDFWXO ORU OD XQ FRQWUDFW WLS FRQGL LL JHQHUDOH X]DQ H FRGLILFDWH HWF SH FDUH FODX] GH DOHJHUH D OHJLL DSOLFDELOH

c) Alegerea

le-DX

UHFHS LRQDW FRQWUDFWXDO

-

úL FDUH FXSULQG R

GH FWUH SU L D OHJLL DSOLFDELOH FRQWUDFWXOXL SRDWH IL úL WDFLW,

în cazul în care

DFHDVW DOHJHUH UH]XOW QHvQGRLHOQLF ILH GLQ FXSULQVXO FRQWUDFWXOXL ILH GLQ FLUFXPVWDQ H DUW   'LQ

DFHVW WH[W VH GHGXFH LGHHD F RUJDQXO GH MXULVGLF LH SRDWH DSUHFLD YRLQ D WDFLW D

SU LORU GXS HOHPHQWH VXELHFWLYH ILH LQWULQVHFL FRQWUDFWXOXL ILH H[WHULRDUH DFHVWXLD FX R VLQJXU

FRQGL LH JHQHUDO FD GLQ DFHVWHD V UH]XOWH QHvQGRLHOQLF YRLQ D SU LORU GH GHVHPQDUH D XQXL DQXPLW

sistem de drept ca aplicabil contractului lor, cu titlul de lex causae. Pot fi indicii intrinseci FRQWUDFWXOXL GH DSUHFLHUH D YRLQ HL WDFLWH D SU LORU GH H[HPSOX - XWLOL]DUHD GH FWUH SU L vQ FRQWUDFW D XQRU LQVWLWX LL MXULGLFH VDX QR LXQL FXQRVFXWH VDX specifice (numai) unui anumit sistem de drept; - UHIHULUHD SU LORU vQ FRQWUDFWXO ORU OD R X]DQ  FRQWUDFW WLS FRQGL LL JHQHUDOH HWF DSOLFDELOH numai într-R DQXPLW DU - în anumite cazuri, limba în care este redactat contractul (de exemplu, încheierea unui FRQWUDFW GH WUDQVSRUW PDULWLP vQ OLPED HQJOH] 

- LQVHUDUHD GH FWUH SU L vQ FRQWUDFW D XQHL FODX]H GH DOHJHUH GH MXULVGLF LH FODX] compromisorie) în favoarea orgaQHORU GH MXULVGLF LH DOH XQXL DQXPLW VWDW Ca indicii extrinseci contractului pot fi socotite : - DWLWXGLQHD SU LORU GXS vQFKHLHUHD FRQWUDFWXOXL FRQVWkQG GH SLOG vQ UHIHULUHD SH FDUH DFHVWHD R IDF OD OHJHD XQXL DQXPLW VWDW vQ FXSULQVXO XQXL DFW DGL ional la contract; 27

- LQYRFDUHD GH FWUH R SDUWH UHFODPDQW  FD WHPHL MXULGLF DO DF LXQLL VDOH D OHJLL XQXL DQXPLW

VWDW úL DFFHSWDUHD LPSOLFLW D DFHVWXLD GH FWUH FHDODOW SDUWH SkUkW FDUH ILH F QX VH RSXQH ILH F LQYRF HD vQVúL vQ DSUDUH SUHYHGHULOH DFHOHLDúL OHJL

5. /LPLWHOH OLEHUW





LL GH DOHJHUH GH F WUH S U L D OHJLL DSOLFDELOH

'LQ DUW  DO /HJLL QU  FDUH SUHYHGH IU QLFL R GLVWLQF LH F DVSHFWHOH GH IRQG DOH

FRQWUDFWXOXL VXQW VXSXVH OHJLL DOHVH GH SU L SULQ FRQVHQV UH]XOW F vQ SULQFLSLX DFHVWHD DX GHSOLQ OLEHUWDWH vQ DOHJHUHD OHJLL FDUH V OH JXYHUQH]H FRQWUDFWXO $VWIHO SU LOH SRW VWDELOL FD DSOLFDELO QX QXPDL XQD GLQWUH OHJLOH FDUH DX R OHJWXU RELHFWLY PDWHULDO UHDO FX FRQWUDFWXO FL úL RULFH DOW OHJe.

/LEHUWDWHD SU LORU vQ DOHJHUHD OHJLL DSOLFDELOH FRQWUDFWXOXL QX HVWH WRWXúL QHOLPLWDW /LPLWHOH

YRLQ HL SU LORU VXQW GH GRX IHOXUL D

DWXQFL FkQG FRQVWLWXLH FDX]H GH vQOWXUDUH GH OD

generale

DSOLFDUH D RULFUHL OHJL FRPSHWHQWH GH D JXYHUQD XQ UDport

juridic în temeiul unei norme conflictuale speciale,

úL DQXPH vQFOFDUHD RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW úL IUDXGD OD OHJH úL E FDUH FRQVWDX vQ H[FHS LL GH OD SULQFLSLXO OLEHUW LL GH YRLQ

În ceHD

limitele generale

FH SULYHúWH

 D SU LORU vQ PDWHULD FRQWUDFWHORU

vQ SULQFLSLX QX H[LVW SDUWLFXODULW L SHQWUX LSRWH]D OD

FDUH QH UHIHULP úL DQXPH DFHHD FkQG OHJHD DSOLFDELO HVWH H[SUHVLD YRLQ HL SU LORU lex voluntatis). Cu toate acestea, Legea nr. 105/1992, în art. 101, prevede un caz special de limitare a YRLQ HL SU LORU vQ PDWHULD FRQWUDFWXOXL GH PXQF FDUH FRQVWLWXLH R H[SUHVLH D DSOLFULL H[FHS LHL GH

RUGLQH SXEOLF vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW &RQIRUP WH[WXOXL PHQ LRQDW OHJHD FRQYHQLW GH SU L

spre a cârmui contractul

GH PXQF HVWH DSOLFDELO QXPDL vQ PVXUD vQ FDUH QX DGXFH UHVWUkQJHUL

RFURWLULL SH FDUH R DVLJXU VDODULDWXOXL GLVSR]L LLOH LPSHUDWLYH DOH OHJLL DSOLFDELOH vQ OLSVD XQHL DWDUH

alegeri.

DOH OLEHUW LL GH YRLQ

Limitele speciale contractului sunt:

D FkQG OHJHD DOHDV GH SU L lex



D SU LORU vQ DOHJHUHD OHJii

voluntatis

aplicabile fondului

GHFODU vQVXúL FRQWUDFWXO SULQFLSDO FD ILLQG

QHYDODELO DFHDVW OHJH YD IL vQOWXUDW GH OD DSOLFDUH LDU FRQWUDFWXO YD IL ORFDOL]DW GXS FULWHULL

obiective în sfera XQXL DOW VLVWHP GH GUHSW FDUH vO YDOLGHD]

E R OLPLWDUH FRQVDFUDW GH SUDFWLFD MXULVGLF LRQDO FDUH RSHUHD] vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH VLVWHPXO

GH GUHSW DOHV GH SU L HVWH DEVROXW LPSURSULX GH D UHJOHPHQWD FRQWUDFWXO GHRDUHFH QX FRQ LQH UHJOHPHQWUL DGHFYDWH

6.

nici la nivelul analogiei legii sau a analogiei dreptului.



'HWHUPLQDUHD OHJLL DSOLFDELOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF GXS

 D DFWXOXL MXULGLF

FULWHULL RELHFWLYH ORFDOL]DUHD

RELHFWLY

D 2UJDQXO GH MXULVGLF LH SRDWH SURFHGD OD ORFDOL]DUHD XQXL DFW MXULGLF GXS FUiterii

obiective,

vQ VIHUD XQXL DQXPLW VLVWHP GH GUHSW QXPDL vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH SU LOH QX DX GHVHPQDW HOH vQVHOH OHJHD DSOLFDELO DFWXOXL MXULGLF FD

lex voluntatis

$úDGDU ORFDOL]DUHD RELHFWLY D DFWXOXL MXULGLF SUH]LQW XQ

 GH DSOLFDUHD OHJLL YRLQ HL SU LORU

FDUDFWHU VXEVLGLDU ID

ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH FRQWUDFWHOH DUW  DOLQ  SUHYHGH F DFHVWHD VXQW VXSXVH ORFDOL]ULL

obiective "în lipsa unei legi alese conform art. 73".

E &ULWHULLOH GH ORFDOL]DUH RELHFWLY D DFWHORU MXULGLFH VXQW DFHOH HOHPHQWH

stabilite de lege, lex voluntatis

vQ IXQF LH GH FDUH DFWXO MXULGLF HVWH SODVDW vQ VIHUD XQXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW vQ OLSVD XQHL

DOHVH GH SU L

/HJHD QU  UHJOHPHQWHD] XQ FULWHULX SULQFLSDO GH ORFDOL]DUH D DFWHORU MXULGLFH

-

úL

DQXPH H[LVWHQ D OHJWXULORU FHOH PDL VWUkQVH vQWUH DFWXO MXULGLF úL XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW - SUHFXP úL PDL

PXOWH FULWHULL VXEVLGLDUH FDUH VXQW ORFXO vQFKHLHULL DFWXOXL ORFXO H[HFXWULL FRQWUDFWXOXL DúD FXP YRP

vedea imediat mai jos. c) Criteriul principal de localizare obiectLY

D DFWHORU MXULGLFH GXFH OD DSOLFDUHD OHJLL VWDWXOXL

FX FDUH DFWXO MXULGLF SUH]LQW OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH $FHDVW OHJH HVWH DSOLFDELO vQ OLSVD XQHL OHJL DOHVH GH SU L DWkW vQ FD]XO DFWHORU MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH FkW úL DO FRQWUDFWHORU

d) No LXQHD

GH OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH HVWH FDOLILFDW vQ GRX DOLQHDWH FDUH H[SULP

GRX PRGXUL GLIHULWH GH FDOLILFDUH GLQ DUW  GLQ OHJH

A. În primul rând

FRQIRUP DOLQ  GLQ DUW  VH FRQVLGHU

F XQ FRQWUDFW SUH]LQW

OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH FX OHJHD VWDWXOXL vQ FDUH GHELWRUXO SUHVWD LHL FDUDFWHULVWLFH DUH OD GDWD vQFKHLHULL FRQWUDFWXOXL GXS FD] GRPLFLOLXO VDX vQ OLSV UHúHGLQ D RUL IRQGXO GH FRPHU VDX VHGLXO

statutar".

ÌQ OHJWXU FX DFHVWH SUHYHGHUL VH LPSXQ FkWHYD REVHUYD LL

 OHJHD GHILQHúWH QR LXQHD GH OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH QXPDL SHQWUX FRQWUDFWH DUW 

alin. 2 referindu-VH unilaterale;

OD DFHVWHD GDU DFHHDúL FDOLILFDUH WUHEXLH DSOLFDW úL vQ FD]XO DFWHORU MXULGLFH

28

 SXQFWHOH GH OHJWXU UHOHYDQWH SHQWUX GHELWRUXO SUHVWD LHL FDUDFWHULVWLFH VXQW  GXS FD]

GRPLFLOLXO VDX vQ OLSV UHúHGLQ D SHQWUX SHUVRDQHOH IL]LFH VHGLXO SHQWUX SHUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH úL ORFXO XQGH VH DIO IRQGXO GH FRPHU  SHQWUX FRPHUFLDQ L SHUVRDQH IL]LFH VDX MXULGLFH  ÌQ VLWXD LD vQ FDUH

SHQWUX DFHODúL GHELWRU VXQW LQFLGHQWH PDL PXOWH SXQFWH GH OHJWXU DFHVWHD VXQW DOWHUQDWLYH

RUJDQXO GH MXULVGLF LH XUPULQG V VWDELOHDVF FX FDUH GLQWUH HOH FRQWUDFWXO DUH vQ FRQFUHW OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH

 QR LXQHD GH SUHVWD LH FDUDFWHULVWLF HVWH GHILQLW vQ DUW  SH ED]D XQHL SUH]XP LL

legale relative. B. În al doilea rând,

vQ DUW  DOLQ  QR LXQHD GH OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH HVWH

FDOLILFDW DVWIHO &RQWUDFWXO UHIHULWRU OD XQ GUHSW LPRELOLDU VDX OD XQ GUHSW GH IRORVLQ



WHPSRUDU

DVXSUD XQXL LPRELO DUH OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH FX OHJHD VWDWXOXL XQGH DFHVWD VH DIO VLWXDW $úDGDU SHQWUX WRDWH DVSHFWHOH SULYLQG FRQGL LLOH GH IRQG úL HIHFWHOH XQXL DVHPHQHD FRQWUDFW

numai pentru regimul juridic al imobilului care IDFH RELHFWXO VX - VH YD DSOLFD OHJHD ORFXOXL bunului (lex rei sitae). În acest caz, legea instituie o SUH]XP LH OHJDO DEVROXW vQ VHQVXO F XQ FRQWUDFW

- iar nu VLWXULL

SULYLQG

XQ GUHSW UHDO LPRELOLDU HVWH FHO PDL VWUkQV OHJDW SULQ QDWXUD RELHFWXOXL VX FX OHJHD VLWXD LHL

bunului.

H 6H FRQVLGHU F XQ FRQWUDFW DUH OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH FX OHJHD VWDWXOXL vQ FDUH

debitorul SUHVWD

LHL FDUDFWHULVWLFH vúL DUH ORFDOL]DWH DWULEXWHOH GH LGHQWLILFDUH

1R LXQHD GH SUHVWD LH FDUDFWHULVWLF HVWH FDOLILFDW vn

WH[WXOXL SULQ SUHVWD LH FDUDFWHULVWLF VH vQ HOHJH SULQWUH DOWHOH

art. 78 alin. 1 din lege. Conform

-

3UHVWD LD SU LL FDUH vQ WHPHLXO XQXL FRQWUDFW WUDQVODWLY SUHFXP YkQ]DUHD VDX DOWHOH

-

3UHVWD LD SU LL FDUH,

VLPLODUH vQVWULQHD] XQ EXQ PRELO

în temeiul unui contract de închiriere sau altele similare, pune la

GLVSR]L LD XQHL SHUVRDQH SH R GXUDW GH WLPS GHWHUPLQDW IRORVLQ D XQXL EXQ HWF

I 3UHYHGHULOH DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  FDUH FDOLILF QR LXQHD GH SUHVWD LH

caracteriVWLF

DX FDUDFWHUXO XQHL SUH]XP LL OHJDOH UHODWLYH FDUDFWHU FH UH]XOW GLQ DUW  DOLQ 

FRQIRUP FUXLD 3UH]XP LLOH VWDELOLWH vQ DOLQHDWXO SUHFHGHQW SRW IL vQOWXUDWH GDF SDUWHD LQWHUHVDW IDFH GRYDGD F GLQ FLUFXPVWDQ H UH]XOW F H[LVW OHJWXUL Pai

stat". ÌQ FRQVHFLQ

strânse ale contractului cu legea altui

 SDUWHD LQWHUHVDW SRDWH SURED F GDWH ILLQG vPSUHMXUULOH FRQFUHWH DOH VSH HL

FRQWUDFWXO SUH]LQW OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH FX OHJHD DOWXL VWDW GHFkW FHO LQGLFDW OD DUW  DOLQ 

"CiUFXPVWDQ HOH

OD FDUH VH UHIHU DUW  DOLQ  FDUH V MXVWLILFH ORFDOL]DUHD RELHFWLY D

FRQWUDFWXOXL vQ VIHUD DOWXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW GHFkW FHO UH]XOWDW SULQ DSOLFDUHD DUW  DOLQ  XUPHD] D IL VWDELOLWH GH FWUH RUJDQXO GH MXULVGLF LH vQ IXQF LH GH

contractului. Aceste indicii pot fi: a) intrinseci contractului

indiciile obiective de localizare a

FRQVWkQG GH H[HPSOX vQ IDSWXO F SU LOH FRQWUDFWDQWH vúL DX

GRPLFLOLXO RUL UHúHGLQ D IRQGXO GH FRPHU VDX VHGLXO VRFLDO vQ DFHODúL VWDW FHHD FH SRDWH

determina

RUJDQXO GH MXULVGLF LH V ORFDOL]H]H FRQWUDFWXO vQ VIHUD VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW DO DFHOXL VWDW ÌQ DFHVW FD]

GHVLJXU FDUDFWHUXO LQWHUQD LRQDO DO FRQWUDFWXOXL WUHEXLH V UH]XOWH GLQ DOWH HOHPHQWH GH H[WUDQHLWDWH

b) extrinseci contractului ca, de pLOG

GLQWUH

OHJLOH

vQ

FRQIOLFW

XQD

FXQRDúWH

UHJOHPHQWHD] WLSXO UHVSHFWLY GH FRQWUDFW LDU FHDODOW QX VDX XQD YDOLGHD] FRQWUDFWXO vQ vQWUHJXO

VX  LDU FHDODOW QX ÌQ DFHVW FD] RUJDQXO GH MXULVGLF LH SRDWH DSUHFLD F H[LVW XQ LQGLFLX VHULRV GH

locDOL]DUH RELHFWLY D FRQWUDFWXOXL vQ VIHUD VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW FDUH FXQRDúWH UHVSHFWLY YDOLGHD] contractul. Între indiciile de localizare a contractului nu se poate face a priori o ierarhie de valoare (sau de prioritate). Aplicarea unuia sau altuia dintrH DFHVWH LQGLFLL WUHEXLH OVDW H[FOXVLY OD OXPLQLOH úL vQ HOHSFLXQHD MXGHFWRUXOXL VDX DUELWUXOXL DUW  &FLY  J /HJHD ORFXOXL vQFKHLHULL DFWXOXL VH DSOLF

D DFWHORU MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH FkW úL

h) &RQGL

a contractelor.

în subsidiar

SHQWUX ORFDOL]DUHD RELHFWLY DWkW

 D FRQWUDFWXOXL

LLOH GH IRQG SHQWUX vQFKHLHUHD YDODELO

ÌQ SULQFLSLX OHJHD FRQWUDFWXOXL HVWH FHD FDUH VWDELOHúWH FRQGL LLOH GH IRQG SHQWUX vQFKHLHUHD

YDODELO D XQXL FRQWUDFW DGLF HQXPHU DFHVWH FRQGL LL HOHPHQWH úL LQGLF GDF UHVSHFWLYXO FRQWUDFW VH FRQVLGHU vQFKHLDW úL HVWH YDODELO

Lex contractus

HVWH DSOLFDELO úL vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH H[LVW OLWLJLX FX SULYLUH OD DFHVWH FRQGL LL

VDX OD H[LVWHQ D YDODELO D FRQWUDFWXOXL $VWIHO FRQIRUP DUW  ([LVWHQ D úL YDODELOLWDWHD Ge

fond a fi

FRQWUDFWXOXL FRQWHVWDW GH FWUH XQD GLQWUH SU L VH GHWHUPLQ vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX OHJHD FDUH L V-ar

DSOLFDW GDF HUD VRFRWLW FD YDODELO $FHVW DUWLFRO VH UHIHU OD H[LVWHQ D úL YDODELOLWDWHD GH IRQG D

29

contractului principal, spre deosebire de aUW

 FDUH SULYHúWH H[LVWHQ D úL YDODELOLWDWHD GH IRQG D

FODX]HL GH DOHJHUH GH FWUH SU L D OHJLL DSOLFDELOH FRQWUDFWXOXL

&RQGL LLOH GH IRQG DOH FRQWUDFWXOXL SRW IL VXSXVH VDX QX OHJLL FRQWUDFWXOXL vQ IXQF LH GH

FDOLILFDUHD FDUH OL VH DFRUG FD XUPDUH D QDWXULL úL SDUWLFXODULW LORU ORU 

A. Capacitatea de a contracta

ILLQG R IRUP D FDSDFLW LL FLYLOH D SHUVRDQHL QX FDGH VXE

LQFLGHQ D OHJLL FRQWUDFWXOXL FL D OHJLL SHUVRQDOH D SU LL vQ FDX] vQ WHPHLXO DUW  SHQWUX SHUVRDQHOH

fizice , respectiv art. 42 lit. a) pentru cele juridice. B. &RQVLP PkQWXO HVWH VXSXV vQ JHQHUDO

OHJLL FRQWUDFWXOXL FDUH YD JXYHUQD XUPWRDUHOH

HOHPHQWH UDSRUWXO GLQWUH YRLQ D LQWHUQ UHDO úL FHD GHFODUDW FRQGL LLOH úL YLFLLOH FRQVLP PHFDQLVPXO IRUPULL FRQVLP

PkQWXOXL

PkQWXOXL

FRQGL LLOH RIHUWHL úL DFFHSWULL SRVLELOLWDWHD LQFOXGHULL vQ

FRQWUDFW D XQRU FODX]H VSHFLILFH SUHFXP FHOH GH HYLWDUH D ULVFXULORU YDOXWDUH úL QHYDOXWDUH D FODX]HL GH LPSUHYL]LXQH KDUGVKLS HWF úL UHJLPXO DFHVWRUD & &RQGL LLOH de validitate ale obiectului FRQWUDFWXOXL úL DOH cauzei acestuia sunt supuse legii contractului. Regimul juridic al bunului (care constituie "obiectul derivat" sau "obiectul obiectului" FRQWUDFWXOXL HVWH vQV VXSXV OHJLL ORFXOXL VLWXULL EXQXOXL FRQIRUP art. 49 din Legea nr. 105/1992. i) Executarea contractului FDGH GH UHJXO VXE LQFLGHQ D OHJLL IRQGXOXL FRQWUDFWXOXL 3ULQ H[FHS LH SHQWUX DQXPLWH DVSHFWH SULYLQG H[HFXWDUHD VH DSOLF R DOW OHJH

M 5VSXQGHUHD FRQWUDFWXDO HVWH VXSXV vQ SULQFLSLX OHJLL FRQWUDFWXOXL $FHDVW FRQFOX]LH

GH GHVSULQGHUH GLQ SUHYHGHULOH DUW  DOLQ  OLW F  FRQIRUP FURUD OHJHD DSOLFDELO IRQGXOXL OLWLJLXOXL

VH DSOLF FRQVHFLQ HORU QHH[HFXWULL WRWDOH VDX SDU LDOH D REOLJD LLORU L]YRUkWH GLQ FRQWUDFW SUHFXP úL

evalXULL SUHMXGLFLXOXL SH FDUH DFHDVW QHH[HFXWDUH O-a cauzat.

CAPITOLUL V NORMELE CONFLICTUALE PRIVIND FORMA ACTULUI JURIDIC  /HJHD QU  vQ DUW  UHJOHPHQWHD] R QRUP FRQIOLFWXDO SULQFLSDO úL PDL

multe norme conflictuale subsidiare în materia formei actelor juridice. Astfel, în principal, FRQGL LLOH GH IRUP ale unui act juridic sunt stabilite de legea care îi FkUPXLHúWH IRQGXO (art. 71 alin. 1). $UW  DOLQ  DGDXJ F DFWXO MXULGLF VH FRQVLGHU WRWXúL YDODELO GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH al

IRUPHL GDF vQGHSOLQHúWH FRQGL LLOH SUHY]XWH GH XQD GLQ XUPWRDUHOH OHJL

a) legea locului unde a fost întocmit. În acest caz, se face aplicarea regulii locus regit actum;

E OHJHD QD LRQDO lex

patriae) sau legea domiciliului (lex domicilii) persoanei care l-a

FRQVLP LW $FHDVW OHJH VH DSOLF QXPDL SHQWUX DFWHOH MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH

F OHJHD DSOLFDELO SRWULYLW GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW DO DXWRULW LL FDUH H[DPLQHD]

YDOLGLWDWHD DFWXOXL MXULGLF 6H DSOLF vQ DFHVW FD] UHJXOD

auctor regit actum.

$WkW GLVSR]L LLOH DUW  DOLQ  OD FDUH WULPLWH DUW  DOLQ  FDUH VH UHIHU H[SUHV OD

FRQWUDFWH  FkW úL FHOH DOH DUW  DOLQ  FX H[FHS LD SUHYHGHULL GH OD OLW E FDUH VXQW FRPSDWLELOH

QXPDL FX DFWHOH MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH VH DSOLF DWkW DFWHORU MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH FkW úL FHORU ELODWHUDOH

FRQWUDFWHORU  GHRDUHFH OHJHD YRUEHúWH GH FRQGL LLOH GH IRUP

ale unui act juridic - VQ IU YUHR

DOW SUHFL]DUH RU XQGH OHJHD QX GLVWLQJH QLFL FHO FDUH R LQWHUSUHWHD] QX WUHEXLH V GLVWLQJ

 $UW  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQ LQH SUHYHGHUL VSHFLDOH FX SULYLUH OD OHJHD DSOLFDELO

FRQGL LLORU GH IRUP DOH FRQWUDFWHORU DFWH MXULGLFH ELODWHUDOH úL vQ DFHVW FD] OHJHD FRQVDFU R QRUP

FRQIOLFWXDO FX DSOLFDUH SULPRUGLDO úL QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH

subsidiare, în domeniul formei contractelor.

&RQIRUP GLVSR]L LLORU DUW  DOLQ  FRQWUDFWXO HVWH VXSXV FRQGL LLORU GH IRUP VWDELOLWH GH

OHJHD SUHY]XW GH DUW  DOLQ  FDUH VH DSOLF vQ PRG FRUHVSXQ]WRU $úDGDU vQ SULQFLSDO

FRQGL LLOH GH IRUP DOH FRQWUDFWXOXL VXQW JXYHUQDWH GH DFHHDúL OHJH FD úL DFWHOH MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH úL DQXPH FHD FDUH FkUPXLHúWH úL IRQGXO DFWXOXL

&D VXEVLGLDU DUW  DOLQ  SUHYHGH F XQ FRQWUDFW VH FRQVLGHU YDODELO GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH

DO IRUPHL GDF

D SU LOH FDUH VH JVHVF OD GDWD FkQG O-DX vQFKHLDW vQ VWDWH GLIHULWH DX vQGHSOLQLW FRQGL LLOH

GH IRUP SUHY]XWH GH OHJHD XQXLD GLQWUH DFHVWH VWDWH

E UHSUH]HQWDQWXO SU LL D vQGHSOLQLW FRQGL LLOH GH IRUP DOH VWDWXOXL XQGH V-a

momentul încheierii actului. 30

aflat în

Ca o



UHPDUF



JHQHUDO  YDODELO



DWkW SHQWUX DFWHOH MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH FkW úL SHQWUX

FRQWUDFWH FRQVWDWP F GHúL /HJHD QU  DFRUG SULRULWDWH vQ DSOLFDUH FX SULYLUH OD IRUP OHJLL FDUH JXYHUQHD] IRQGXO DFWXOXL

- GH FDUH OHDJ HIHFWHOH VSHFLILFH SUHY]XWH GH DUW  -  WRWXúL

FD UHJXO DFWXO YD IL YDODELO GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH IRUPDO GDF vQGHSOLQHúWH FRQGL LLOH RULFUHLD GLQ OHJLOH PHQ LRQDWH GH DUW  UHVSHFWLY  ÌQ DFHVW IHO VH IDFH DSOLFDUHD

principiului legii mai

favorabile în materia formei actului juridic.

CAPITOLUL VI

()(&7(/( +275Æ5,/25 -8'(&725(ù7, 675,1( 1. 3UHFL]UL SUHDODELOH. Principalele efecte SH FDUH OH SURGXFH R KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF sunt: puterea doveditoare a actului autentic; autoritatea de lucru judecDW IRU D H[HFXWRULH O

KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ QX SRDWH DYHD vQV HILFDFLWDWH vQ DFHOHDúL FRQGL LL FD úL R KRWUkUH GDW GH R LQVWDQ



SURSULH 2 KRWUkUH VWULQ QX SRDWH DYHD GH SOLQ GUHSW IRU

autoritate de lucru judecat, deoarecH



H[HFXWRULH úL

VH RSXQH VXYHUDQLWDWHD VWDWXOXL SH DO FUXL WHULWRULX VH LQYRF

DFHD KRWUkUH ÌQ JHQHUDO vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH FHO FDUH D SLHUGXW SURFHVXO QX H[HFXW GH EXQYRLH REOLJD LD KRWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF HVWH LQYHVWLW FX IRUPXO H[HFXWRULH úL VH SURFHGHD] OD

exHFXWDUHD

VLOLW )RU D H[HFXWRULH D XQHL KRWUkUL MXGHFWRUHúWL DUH XQ FDUDFWHU VWULFW WHULWRULDO

QHSXWkQG RSHUD GH SOLQ GUHSW SH WHULWRULXO DOWXL VWDW GHFkW DFHOD D FUXL LQVWDQ

 D LQYHVWLW KRWUkUHD  H[HFXWRULH H[HFXWDUHD GDF VH RE LQH

FX IRUPXO H[HFXWRULH +RWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ GREkQGHúWH vQ JHQHUDO IRU vQWRFPDL FD úL R KRWUkUH SURSULH D VWDWXOXL SH WHULWRULXO FUXLD VH FHUH

exequatur-ul.

+RWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ SURGXFH HIHFWH vQ DOW DU GDF VH vQGHSOLQHVF FHULQ HOH

stabLOLWH

GH OHJHD VWDWXOXL XQGH VH LQYRF DFHOH HIHFWH $FHVWH FHULQ H OHJDOH FRQVWDX GH UHJXO vQ

UHFXQRDúWHUHD KRWUkULL MXGHFWRUHúWL VWULQH VDX vQ RE LQHUHD

exequatur-XOXL SHQWUX DFHD KRWUkUH

ÌQ DQXPLWH FRQGL LL R KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ SRDWH V SURGXF XQHOH HIHFWH úL

LQGHSHQGHQW GH vQGHSOLQLUHD FHULQ HORU OHJDOH PHQ LRQDWH

2. 1R

LXQHD GH UHFXQRDúWHUH.

/HJHD QU  GHRVHEHúWH vQWUH UHFXQRDúWHUHD KRWUkULORU MXGHFWRUHúWL VWULQH úL

executarea acestora.

3H GH DOW SDUWH H[LVW GRX IHOXUL GH UHFXQRDúWHUH D GH SOLQ GUHSW E SULQ KRWUkUH

MXGHFWRUHDVF D LQVWDQ HL URPkQH

3ULQ UHFXQRDúWHUH KRWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ EHQHILFLD] OD QRL vQ DU GH DXWRULWDWH

GH OXFUX MXGHFDW vQWRFPDL FD R KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF URPkQ Ìn

acest sens, art. 167 din Legea

QU  SUHYHGH F KRWUkULOH MXGHFWRUHúWL VWULQH SRW IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQ 5RPkQLD VSUH D EHQHILFLD GH SXWHUHD OXFUXOXL MXGHFDW ÌQ DFHVW FD] HVWH YRUED GH UHFXQRDúWHUHD SULQ KRWUkUH

MXGHFWRUHDVF URPkQ GDU DFHODúL HIHFW vO SURGXFH úL UHFXQRDúWHUHD GH SOLQ GUHSW

3.







5HFXQRDúWHUHD GH GUHSW 5HFXQRDúWHUHD KRW UkULORU MXGHF WRUHúWL VWU LQH LQWHUYLQH GH

SOLQ GUHSW vQ XUPWRDUHOH FRQGL LL DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  

D VH UHIHU OD VWDWXWXO FLYLO DO FHW HQLORU VWDWXOXL XQGH DX IRVW SURQXQ DWH

E VDX KRWUkULOH MXGHFWRUHúWL VWULQH UHIHULWRDUH OD VWDWXWXO FLYLO DO FHW HQLORU VWDWXOXL GH

FHW HQLH ILLQG SURQXQ DWH vQWU-XQ VWDW WHU  DX IRVW UHFXQRVFXWH PDL vQWkL vQ VWDWXO GH FHW HQLH DO ILHFUHL SU L

ÎQ

FD]XO vQ FDUH KRWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ VH UHIHU OD VWDWXWXO FLYLO DO SHUVRDQHL FX

GRPLFLOLXO vQ VWDWXO FDUH D SURQXQ DW-R SULQ DSOLFDUHD OHJLL GRPLFLOLXOXL DFHDVWD EHQHILFLD] GH UHFXQRDúWHUHD GH SOLQ GUHSW GDF HVWH PDL vQWkL UHFXQRVFXW GH VWDWXO FHW HQLHL DFHOHL SHUVRDQH

4. 5HFXQRDúWHUHD SULQ KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF A. &RQGL LL &HOHODOWH KRWUkUL MXGHFWRUHúWL VWULQH

GHFkW DFHOHD FDUH EHQHILFLD] GH

UHFXQRDúWHUH GH GUHSW SRW IL UHFXQRVFXWH SULQ KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF URPkQ GDF VXQW FXPXODWLY XUPWRDUHOH FRQGL LL

îndeplinite

(art. 167 din Legea nr. 105/1992):

D KRWUkUHD HVWH GHILQLWLY SRWULYLW OHJLL VWDWXOXL XQGH D IRVW SURQXQ DW E LQVWDQ D FDUH D SURQXQ DW-R D DYXW SRWULYLW OHJLL

EVWH

ULL VDOH FRPSHWHQ D V MXGHFH SURFHVXO

YRUED DWkW GH FRPSHWHQ D GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW D LQVWDQ HL UHVSHFWLYH FkW úL GH

FRPSHWHQ D GH GUHSW LQWHU D DFHOHLDúL LQVWDQ H GHRDUHFH OHJHD QX GLVWLQJH UHIHULQGX-se FRPSHWHQ D GH D MXGHFD SURFHVXO FHHD FH vQVHDPQ FRPSHWHQ D VXE DPEHOH

aspecte;

la

F H[LVW UHFLSURFLWDWH vQ FH SULYHúWH HIHFWHOH KRWUkULORU VWULQH vQWUH 5RPkQLD úL VWDWXO

LQVWDQ HL FDUH D SURQXQ DW KRWUkUHD

31

B.

5HIX]XO

$UW  GLQ /HJHD QU  DUDW FD]XULOH vQ FDUH

UHFXQRDúWHULL

UHFXQRDúWHUHD KRWUkULL MXGHFWRUHúWL VWULQH SRDWH IL UHIX]DW úL DQXPH

D KRWUkUHD HVWH UH]XOWDWXO XQHL IUDXGH FRPLV vQ SURFHGXUD XUPDW vQ VWULQWDWH

E KRWUkUHD VWULQ vQFDOF RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ XQ

DVHPHQHD WHPHL GH UHIX] vO FRQVWLWXLH úL vQFOFDUHD GLVSR]L LLORU OHJDOH SULYLWRDUH OD FRPSHWHQ D H[FOXVLY D MXULVGLF LHL URPkQH

F SURFHVXO D IRVW VROX LRQDW vQWUH DFHOHDúL SU L SULQWU-R KRWUkUH FKLDU QHGHILQLWLY D

LQVWDQ HORU URPkQH VDX VH DIO vQ FXUV GH MXGHFDW vQ ID D DFHVWRUD OD GDWD VHVL]ULL LQVWDQ HL VWULQH

/HJHD SUHFL]HD] F UHFXQRDúWHUHD QX SRDWH IL UHIX]DW SHQWUX PRWLYXO F LQVWDQ D D DSOLFDW

R DOW OHJH GHFkW DFHD DUWDW GH GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ DIDU QXPDL GDF SURFHVXO

SULYHúWH VWDUHD FLYLO úL FDSDFLWDWHD XQXL FHW HDQ URPkQ LDU VROX LD DGRSWDW GLIHU GH FHD OD FDUH

s-ar fi ajuns potrivit legii române (art. 168 alin. ultim). 5. ([HFXWDUHD KRWUkULORU MXGHFWRUHúWL VWULQH A. Exequatur-ul $FHVWH KRWUkUL GREkQGHVF vQ JHQHUDO

IRU

 H[HFXWRULH vQWRFPDL FD úL

KRWUkUH SURSULH D VWDWXOXL SH WHULWRULXO FUXLD VH FHUH H[HFXWDUHD GDF VH RE LQH

Exequatur-XO

R

exequatur-ul.

HVWH SURFHGXUD MXGLFLDU vQ FDGUXO FUHLD vQ XUPD FRQWUROXOXL H[HUFLWDW DVXSUD

KRWUkULL MXGHFWRUHúWL VWULQH GH LQVWDQ HOH VWDWXOXL SH WHULWRULXO FUXLD VH FHUH H[HFXWDUHD KRWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ HVWH GHFODUDW H[HFXWRULH /HJHD QU  IDFH YRUELUH DUW  DOLQ  GH

H[HFXWDUHD

KRWUkULL

VWULQH

SH

WHULWRULXO

URPkQ

SH

ED]D

vQFXYLLQ

ULL

GDWH

GH

LQVWDQ D

MXGHFWRUHDVF URPkQ FRPSHWHQW $FHDVW vQFXYLLQ DUH exequatur-XO LQWHUYLQH GDF KRWUkUHD

VWULQ QX VH H[HFXW GH FHL REOLJD L vQ DFHVW VHQV GH EXQYRLH

3H WHULWRULXO URPkQ QX SRW IL SXVH vQ H[HFXWDUH XUPWRDUHOH KRWUkUL VWULQH DUW  DOLQ  

a) cele prin care s-DX OXDW PVXUL DVLJXUWRULL b) cele date cu executare provizorie. B. Obiectul exequatur-ului. 'LQ UHGDFWDUHD WH[WXOXL DUW  úL  GLQ /HJHD QU  UH]XOW F RELHFWXO exequatur-XOXL HVWH GH D DFRUGD vQ DUD QRDVWU IRU D H[HFXWRULH XQHL KRWUkUL MXGHFWRUHúWL VWULQH ÌQ UHDOLWDWH HO HVWH PDL ODUJ SULQ exequatur, KRWUkUHD VWULQ GREkQGHúWH úL DXWRULWDWHD GH OXFUX MXGHFDW vQ DUD QRDVWU ÌQ DIDUD XQRU H[FHS LL KRWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ

exequatur-XO

QX SRDWH DYHD vQDLQWH GH D RE LQH

RUL UHFXQRDúWHUHD DXWRULWDWH GH OXFUX MXGHFDW

5D LXQHD DFHVWHL VROX LL VH JVHúWH vQ SULQFLSLXO VXYHUDQLW LL VWDWHORU úL vQ RUJDQL]DUHD MXGLFLDU D ILHFUXL VWDW

C. &RQGL LLOH FHUXWH exequatur-XOXL VXQW VWDELOLWH

SHQWUX RE LQHUHD

exequatur-ului.

&RQGL LLOH FHUXWH SHQtru

acordarea

GH OHJHD ORFXOXL XQGH XUPHD] V LQWHUYLQ H[HFXWDUHD KRWUkULL

MXGHFWRUHúWL VWULQH 3RWULYLW DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQGL LLOH SHQWUX DFRUGDUHD IRU HL H[HFXWRULL XQHL KRWUkUL MXGHFWRUHúWL VWULQH vQ DUD QRDVWU VXQW D

KRWUkUHD

HVWH

GDW

GH

R

LQVWDQ



MXGHFWRUHDVF

FRPSHWHQW

2

KRWUkUH

MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ SURQXQ DW FX vQFOFDUHD FRPSHWHQ HL H[FOXVLYH D MXULVGLF LHL URPkQH QX SRDWH IL H[HFXWDW vQ 5RPkQLD 6ROX LD HVWH H[SUHV SUHY]XW GH

art. 174, alin. ultim, art. 167 alin. 1

OLW E úL DUW  DOLQ  SFW  GLQ /HJHD QU 

E KRWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF HVWH H[HFXWRULH SRWULYLW OHJLL FDUH VH DSOLF SH WHULWRULXO XQGH D

IRVW SURQXQ DW 1X SRW IL H[HFXWDWH SH WHULWRULXO 5RPkQLHL KRWUkULOH VWULQH SULQ FDUH V-DX OXDW PVXUL DVLJXUDWRULL úL FHOH GDWH FX H[HFXWDUH SURYL]RULH DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  

F KRWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF D IRVW GDW FX DSOLFDUHD OHJLL PDWHULDOH FRPSHWHQWH SRWULYLW

QRUPHORU GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRnal

privat;

G KRWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF V QX DGXF DWLQJHUH RUGLQLL SXEOLFH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO

SULYDW URPkQ ILH SULQ GLVSR]L LLOH HL ILH SULQ H[HFXWDUHD HL H vQWUH

DUD QRDVWU úL

DUD D FUHL LQVWDQ



D GDW KRWUkUHD V H[LVWH UHFLSURFLWDWH Ge

executare;

I GUHSWXO GH D FHUH H[HFXWDUHD VLOLW V QX ILH SUHVFULV SRWULYLW OHJLL URPkQH DUW  

J KRWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ V QX ILH UH]XOWDWXO XQHL IUDXGH FRPLV vQ SURFHGXUD

XUPDW vQ VWULQWDWH  ÌQ DFHVW VHQV DUW  úL DUW 

din Legea nr. 105/1992;

K V QX H[LVWH R KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF URPkQ vQ DFHD PDWHULH DQWHULRDU KRWUkULL

VWULQH RUL R VHVL]DUH DQWHULRDU D XQHL LQVWDQ H URPkQH DUW  úL DUW   L V QX ILH YRUED GH R KRWUkUH vQ PDWHULH GH VWDUH FLYLO úi

capacitate privind pe un

FHW HDQ URPkQ  LDU VROX LD GDW SRWULYLW OHJLL GHWHUPLQDW GH GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW DO

s-D

ULL XQGH

SURQXQ DW KRWUkUHD GLIHU GH FHD OD FDUH V-DU IL DMXQV SRWULYLW OHJLL URPkQH DUW  úL DUW  

'DF VROX LD QX GLIHU GH DFHHD SRWULYLW OHJLL URPkQH KRWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ VH SRDWH

executa în România. 32

D.







(IHFWHOH KRW UkULORU MXGHF WRUHúWL VWU LQH LQGHSHQGHQW GH

MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ DUH YDORDUH SULQ HD vQVúL

exequatur.

Ea produce unele efecte independent de procedura exequatur-XOXL anume: a)

+RWUkUHD

VDX UHFXQRDúWHUH úL

    HVWH XQ DFW instrumentum) emanat de la o autoritate locus regit actum, ea va avea puterea doveditoare pe care i-o confeU OHJHD

)RU D SUREDQW  +RW UkUHD VWU LQ

VWULQ 3RWULYLW UHJXOLL

VXE LPSHULXO FUHLD D IRVW SURQXQ DW ÌQ DFHVW VHQV DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  SUHYHGH F KRWUkUHD VWULQ GDW GH FWUH R LQVWDQ



FRPSHWHQW DUH IRU

URPkQH FX SULYLUH OD VLWXD LLOH GH IDSW SH FDUH OH FRQVWDW

b)





SUREDQW vQ ID D LQVWDQ HORU

  GHFODUDWLY GH IDOLPHQW SURGXFH HIHFWH IU SURFHGXUD exequatur-

+RW UkUHD VWU LQ

XOXL RUL UHFXQRDúWHULL vQ PVXUD vQ FDUH QX FRPSRUW DFWH GH XUPULUH DVXSUD EXQXULORU VDX GH

constrângere asupra persoanelor, F

+RWUkUHD

VWULQ

FRQVLGHUDW

ca

R



MXVW



FDX] 

ÌQ

XQHOH

FD]XUL

MXGHFWRUHDVF GDW vQWU-XQ VWDW IU D FRQGXFH OD H[HFXWDUHD VLOLW vQ DOW VWDW DWUDJH

XUP

-

KRWUkUHD

- în acesta din

PRGLILFDUHD XQXL UDSRUW MXULGLF FDUH GDF Q-DU IL IRVW KRWUkUHD VWULQ DU IL IRVW DOWIHO

VROX LRQDW $VWIHO GH H[HPSOX GHELWRUXO FKHPDW vQ MXGHFDW SHQWUX QHSODW VH SRDWH DSUD DUWkQG

F D SOWLW XQHL DOWH SHUVRDQH GHFkW FUHGLWRUXOXL VX vQWUXFkW D IRVW REOLJDW OD DFHDVWD SULQ KRWUkUHD

VWULQ

33