Dosage Form1

Leonita Lolita M. Gamboa

SN #15

1D-PH Seatwork #1 DOSAGE FORMS

Powders – powders are dry mixtures of finely divided medicinal and nonmedicinal agents intended for internal or external use. Powders may be dispensed in bulk form, or they may be divided into single-dosage units and packaged in folded papers or unit-of-use envelopes.

Capsules – capsules are solid dosage forms in which one or more medicinal and/or inert substances are enclosed within small shells of gelatin. Capsule shells are produced in varying sizes, shapes,color, and hardness. Hard-shell capsules, which have two telescoping parts, are used in the manufacture of most commercial capsule products and in the extemporaneous filling of prescriptions. They are filled with powder mixtures or granules. Soft-shell gelatin capsules are formed, filled and sealed in a continuous process by specialized large-scale equipment. They may be filled with powders, semisolids, or liquids.

Tablets – tablets are solid dosage forms containing one or more medicinal substances. Most tablets also contain added pharmaceutical ingredients, as diluents, disintegrants, colorants, binders, solubilizers, and coatings. Tablets may be coated for appearance, for stability, to mask the taste of the medication, or to provide controlled drug release.

Lozenges – lozenges are solid preparations containing one or more medicinal agents in a flavored, sweetened base intended to dissolve or disintegrate slowly in the mouth, releasing medication generally for localized effects.

Ointments – ointments are semisolid reparations intended for topical application to the skin, eye, ear, or various mucous membranes. With some exceptions, ointments are applied for their local effects on the tissue membrane rather than for systematic effects.

Creams – creams are semisolid preparations containing one or more drug substances dissloved or dispersed in a suitable base. Many creams are either oil-in-water emulsions or aqueous microcrystalline dispersions in a water-washable base.

Suppositiories – suppositioires are solid dosage forms intended for insertion into body orifices. They are used rectally, vaginally, and, occasionally, urethrally. Suppositories are of various weights, sizes, and shapes, depending on their intended use.

Patch - A transdermal patch or skin patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstream. Often, this promotes healing to an injured area of the body.

Syrups – syrups are concentrated aqueous solutions of a sugar or sugar substitute. Syrups may be medicated or nonmedicated. In addition to the sugar or sweetener, syrups also contain flavoring agents, colorants, cosolvents, and antimicrobial preservatives to prevent microbial growth. Syrups are administered orally for the therapeutic value of the medicinal agent(s).

Solutions – solutions are liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances (solutes) dissolved in a solvent or mixture of solvents. The most common solvent used in pharmaceuticals is water, however, alcohol, glycerin, and propylene glycol also are widely used as solvents or co-solvents. Solutions are formualted for use by various routes, including oral, topical, ophthalmic, otic, nasal, rectal, urethral, and parenteral.

Elixirs – elixirs are sweetened, flavored, hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral administration. They may be medicated or nonmedicated. Compared to syrups, elixirs are usually less sweet and less viscous because they contain a lesses amount of sugar. Because of their hydroalcoholic character, elixirs are better able than are syrups to maintain both watersoluble and alcohol-soluble components in solution.

Tincture – tictures are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of either pure chemical substances or of plant extractives. Most chemical tintures are applied topically (e.g. iodine tincture). Plant extractives are used for their content of active pharmacologic agents.

Emulsion – an emulsion is a type of dispersal system in which one liquid is dispersed throughout another liquid in the form of fine droplets. The two liquids, generally oil and water, are immiscible and constitute two phases that would separate into layers without th presence of a third agent, an emulsifier or emulsifying agent. The latter facilitates the emulsification process and provides physical stability to the system.

Suspensions – suspension are preparations containing finely divided, undissolved drug particles dispersed throughout a liquid vehicle. Because the drug particels are not dissolved, suspensions assume a degree of opacity depending on the concentration and size of the suspended particles. Depending on their formulation, suspensions are administered orally, by intramuscular injection, and topically to the eye.

Gels – gels are semisolid systems consisting of either suspensions of small inorganic particles or large organic molecules interpenetrated by a liquid.