Disorder Relate Of Stress
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Disorder relate of Stress Chanxin Liu
Stressor
Hypothalamus (1) Sympathetic Nervous System
(3)
(5) Adrenal Medulla
Adrenal Cortex (4)
(2)
Neural impulses activate various glands and smooth muscles
(6)
Pituitary Gland
(7) Stress hormones carried via blood stream to relevant organs and muscles
Fight-or-flight response
Fight-or-flight Response
A stressful situation activates the hypothalamus, which, in turn, controls two neuroendocrine systems:
The sympathetic system The adrenal-cortical system
Fight-or-flight Response The sympathetic nervous system (SNS), responding to neural impulses from the hypothalamus (1), activates various organs and smooth muscles under its control (2). SNS also signals the adrenal medulla (3) to release epinephrines and norepinephrine into the bloodstream (4)
Fight-or-flight Response
The adrenal-cortical system is activated when the hypothalamus secretes CRF, a chemical that acts on the pituitary gland lying just below the hypothalamus (5) The pituitary gland, in turn, secretes the hormone ACTH, which is carried via the bloodstream to the adrenal cortex (6), where it stimulates the release of a group of hormones, including cortisol, that regulate blood glucose levels (7).
Fight-or-flight Response
ACTH also signals the other endocrine glands to release some 30 hormones. The combined effect of the various stress hormones carried via the bloodstream plus the neural activity of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system constitute the fight-or-flight response
Stress and Disease
Direct effects of stress on health
Chronic overarousal (e.g. Coronary heart disease) The immune system
Diathesis-stress Paradigm
Diathesis refers most precisely to a constitutional predisposition toward illness But the term may be extended to any characteristic or set of characteristics of a person that increases his or her chance of developing a disorder. Possessing the diathesis for a disorder increases a person’s risk of developing it but does not by any means guarantee that a disorder will develop
Diathesis-stress Paradigm
Both diathesis and stress are necessary in the development of disorders The psychopathology is unlikely to result from the impact of any single factor, e.g. childhood experiences, coping strategies, culture influences, etc
High diathesis
Low diathesis
(individual X)
(individual Y)
Psychopathology
High
Low Low
High Level of stress
(a) An individual with a large dose of the diathesis requires only a moderate amount of stress to develop psychopathology, whereas an individual with a small dose of the diathesis requires a large amount of stress to precipitate a breakdown
High Diathesis Psychopathology
present
Diathesis Absent
Low Low
High Level of stress
(b) The diathesis is dichotomous; stress level has no effect on those without the diathesis
High
High loading
Psychopathology
Diathesis present (low to high loading) Minimal loading Diathesis Absent
Low Low
High Level of stress
(c) The diathesis is continuous; increasing stress increases psychopathology for all people with at least a minimal amount of the diathesis
Somatic-weakness theory
Genetic factors, prior illnesses, diet, and the like may disrupt a particular organ system, which may then become weak and vulnerable to stress E.g. a congenitally weak respiratory system might predispose the individual to asthma
Specific-reaction theory
Each person has his own patterns of automatic response to stress The bodily system that is the most responsive becomes a likely candidate for the locus of a locus of a subsequent psychophysiological disorder E.g. someone reacting to stress with elevated blood pressure may be more susceptible to essential hypertension
Stressor
Hypothalamus (1) Sympathetic Nervous System
(3)
(5) Adrenal Medulla
Adrenal Cortex (4)
(2)
Neural impulses activate various glands and smooth muscles
(6)
Pituitary Gland
(7) Stress hormones carried via blood stream to relevant organs and muscles
Fight-or-flight response
Fight-or-flight Response
A stressful situation activates the hypothalamus, which, in turn, controls two neuroendocrine systems:
The sympathetic system The adrenal-cortical system
Fight-or-flight Response The sympathetic nervous system (SNS), responding to neural impulses from the hypothalamus (1), activates various organs and smooth muscles under its control (2). SNS also signals the adrenal medulla (3) to release epinephrines and norepinephrine into the bloodstream (4)
Fight-or-flight Response
The adrenal-cortical system is activated when the hypothalamus secretes CRF, a chemical that acts on the pituitary gland lying just below the hypothalamus (5) The pituitary gland, in turn, secretes the hormone ACTH, which is carried via the bloodstream to the adrenal cortex (6), where it stimulates the release of a group of hormones, including cortisol, that regulate blood glucose levels (7).
Fight-or-flight Response
ACTH also signals the other endocrine glands to release some 30 hormones. The combined effect of the various stress hormones carried via the bloodstream plus the neural activity of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system constitute the fight-or-flight response
Stress and Disease
Direct effects of stress on health
Chronic overarousal (e.g. Coronary heart disease) The immune system
Diathesis-stress Paradigm
Diathesis refers most precisely to a constitutional predisposition toward illness But the term may be extended to any characteristic or set of characteristics of a person that increases his or her chance of developing a disorder. Possessing the diathesis for a disorder increases a person’s risk of developing it but does not by any means guarantee that a disorder will develop
Diathesis-stress Paradigm
Both diathesis and stress are necessary in the development of disorders The psychopathology is unlikely to result from the impact of any single factor, e.g. childhood experiences, coping strategies, culture influences, etc
High diathesis
Low diathesis
(individual X)
(individual Y)
Psychopathology
High
Low Low
High Level of stress
(a) An individual with a large dose of the diathesis requires only a moderate amount of stress to develop psychopathology, whereas an individual with a small dose of the diathesis requires a large amount of stress to precipitate a breakdown
High Diathesis Psychopathology
present
Diathesis Absent
Low Low
High Level of stress
(b) The diathesis is dichotomous; stress level has no effect on those without the diathesis
High
High loading
Psychopathology
Diathesis present (low to high loading) Minimal loading Diathesis Absent
Low Low
High Level of stress
(c) The diathesis is continuous; increasing stress increases psychopathology for all people with at least a minimal amount of the diathesis
Somatic-weakness theory
Genetic factors, prior illnesses, diet, and the like may disrupt a particular organ system, which may then become weak and vulnerable to stress E.g. a congenitally weak respiratory system might predispose the individual to asthma
Specific-reaction theory
Each person has his own patterns of automatic response to stress The bodily system that is the most responsive becomes a likely candidate for the locus of a locus of a subsequent psychophysiological disorder E.g. someone reacting to stress with elevated blood pressure may be more susceptible to essential hypertension
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