Direct And Indirect Speech
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DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Ravi said, “I am very busy”. 1.We have given the exact words used by the speaker. This way of quoting is called direct speech. Such words are placed between inverted commas (‘…..’ or “…….”)
Ravi said that he was very busy. 2. We have reported the idea, indirectly, without quoting the actual words of the speaker. This method is called indirect speech (or reported speech)
3. When the reporting verb (e.g. the verb said in the example above) is in the past tense, the tenses of the verb in direct speech usually change as follows: The simple Present changes to the Simple Past. Direct : He said, “I am unwell”. Indirect : He said that he was unwell.
4. The Present Continuous changes to the Past Continuous. Direct : He Said, “I’m waiting for my sister”. Indirect : He said that he was waiting for his sister.
5. The Present Perfect changes to the Past Perfect. Direct : She said, “I’ve done my homework”. Indirect : She said that she had done her homework.
6. The Simple Past changes to the Past Perfect.
Direct : “Padma took my pen, “said Rekha. Indirect : Rekha said that Padma had taken her pen.
7. The will-can-may forms change to the wouldcould-might forms. Direct : “My father will be back on Sunday. “he said. Indirect : He said that his father would be back on Sunday. Direct : “You may go home, “said the boss. Indirect: The boss said I might go home.
8.
The
Past
Continuous
normally
remains
unchanged. When the reporting verb is in the present tense, the tenses do not change. Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
He says. “I am unwell”.
He says that he is unwell.
He has just said, “My father
He has just said that his father Will
be back on Sunday”.
Will be back on Sunday.
9. Words or phrases expressing nearness in time generally change to those expressing distance: Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
Now
then / at that time
Today
that day
Tonight
that night
Last (week, month, etc.)
the previous (week, month, etc.,)
Next (month, year, etc.)
the following (month, year, etc.)
Yesterday
the previous day
Tomorrow
the next day
10. Statements The conjunction that is put after the reporting verb.
Eg. He said to me “I have got a first class” He told me that he had got a first class.
11. Imperatives (ie. Commands and Requests) In indirect imperatives, a verb such as ask, tell, order, command, request is followed by a personal object and the to-infinitive. Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
2. “Open the gate, “he said to
He ordered the servant to
the servant. 2. “Please help me with my
open the gate. She requested her brother
Homework”, she said to her to help her with her homework brother. 3. “Read this book”, said the teacher.
The teacher advised me to read that book.
12.Questions Indirect questions do not have the same word order as direct questions often have. In indirect questions the verb comes after the subject as in statements.
13. In wh-questions (i.e. question which begin with a question word like what, who, when,
where) Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
1.He said, “What are you doing?”
He asked what I was doing.
2.“Where do you live?” he said.He asked where I lived. 3.“When did she visit you?” said Mohan,
Mohan wanted to know when she had visited me.
14. In yes-no questions (i.e. questions which do not begin with a question word), the conjunction if or
whether is placed before the indirect question. Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
1. “Has your brother gone
He wanted to know
to Delhi?” he said.
Whether my brother had gone to Delhi.
2.Shankar said, “Can you swim, Shankar asked Kishore Kishore?”
whether he could swim.
15. Exclamations Exclamations normally become statements in indirect speech. They are often introduced by verbs like exclaim, remark, say, etc. Direct Speech 1. She said, “How lovely the
Indirect Speech She remarked that the house
house is!” 2. “What a strange idea!” he said.
was very lovely. He said that it was a very strange idea.
3. Mary said, “How dreadful!”. Mary exclaimed that it was very dreadful.
16. Below are sentences of the type which you may find it difficult to turn into indirect speech. Direct Speech 1. “Thank you”, he said 2. She said, “Welcome”.
Indirect Speech He thanked me. She welcomed me.
3. He said, “Happy Christmas!” He wished me a happy Christmas. 4. “Let’s go for a walk”. I said.
I proposed (or : suggested) that we should go for a walk.
17.The
Past
Continuous
normally
remains
unchanged. When the reporting verb is in the present tense, the tenses do not change. Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
He says. “I am unwell”.
He says that he is unwell.
He has just said, “My father
He has just said that his father Will
be back on Sunday”.
Will be back on Sunday.
18. Words or phrases expressing nearness in time generally change to those expressing distance: Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
Now
then / at that time
Today
that day
Tonight
that night
Last (week, month, etc.)
the previous (week, month, etc.,)
Next (month, year, etc.)
the following (month, year, etc.)
Yesterday
the previous day
Tomorrow
the next day
19.Changing
From direct to indirect we may change said to into “that”.
20.omition
From direct to indirect we may omit the question marks and exclamatory marks.
Thank you
Ravi said, “I am very busy”. 1.We have given the exact words used by the speaker. This way of quoting is called direct speech. Such words are placed between inverted commas (‘…..’ or “…….”)
Ravi said that he was very busy. 2. We have reported the idea, indirectly, without quoting the actual words of the speaker. This method is called indirect speech (or reported speech)
3. When the reporting verb (e.g. the verb said in the example above) is in the past tense, the tenses of the verb in direct speech usually change as follows: The simple Present changes to the Simple Past. Direct : He said, “I am unwell”. Indirect : He said that he was unwell.
4. The Present Continuous changes to the Past Continuous. Direct : He Said, “I’m waiting for my sister”. Indirect : He said that he was waiting for his sister.
5. The Present Perfect changes to the Past Perfect. Direct : She said, “I’ve done my homework”. Indirect : She said that she had done her homework.
6. The Simple Past changes to the Past Perfect.
Direct : “Padma took my pen, “said Rekha. Indirect : Rekha said that Padma had taken her pen.
7. The will-can-may forms change to the wouldcould-might forms. Direct : “My father will be back on Sunday. “he said. Indirect : He said that his father would be back on Sunday. Direct : “You may go home, “said the boss. Indirect: The boss said I might go home.
8.
The
Past
Continuous
normally
remains
unchanged. When the reporting verb is in the present tense, the tenses do not change. Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
He says. “I am unwell”.
He says that he is unwell.
He has just said, “My father
He has just said that his father Will
be back on Sunday”.
Will be back on Sunday.
9. Words or phrases expressing nearness in time generally change to those expressing distance: Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
Now
then / at that time
Today
that day
Tonight
that night
Last (week, month, etc.)
the previous (week, month, etc.,)
Next (month, year, etc.)
the following (month, year, etc.)
Yesterday
the previous day
Tomorrow
the next day
10. Statements The conjunction that is put after the reporting verb.
Eg. He said to me “I have got a first class” He told me that he had got a first class.
11. Imperatives (ie. Commands and Requests) In indirect imperatives, a verb such as ask, tell, order, command, request is followed by a personal object and the to-infinitive. Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
2. “Open the gate, “he said to
He ordered the servant to
the servant. 2. “Please help me with my
open the gate. She requested her brother
Homework”, she said to her to help her with her homework brother. 3. “Read this book”, said the teacher.
The teacher advised me to read that book.
12.Questions Indirect questions do not have the same word order as direct questions often have. In indirect questions the verb comes after the subject as in statements.
13. In wh-questions (i.e. question which begin with a question word like what, who, when,
where) Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
1.He said, “What are you doing?”
He asked what I was doing.
2.“Where do you live?” he said.He asked where I lived. 3.“When did she visit you?” said Mohan,
Mohan wanted to know when she had visited me.
14. In yes-no questions (i.e. questions which do not begin with a question word), the conjunction if or
whether is placed before the indirect question. Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
1. “Has your brother gone
He wanted to know
to Delhi?” he said.
Whether my brother had gone to Delhi.
2.Shankar said, “Can you swim, Shankar asked Kishore Kishore?”
whether he could swim.
15. Exclamations Exclamations normally become statements in indirect speech. They are often introduced by verbs like exclaim, remark, say, etc. Direct Speech 1. She said, “How lovely the
Indirect Speech She remarked that the house
house is!” 2. “What a strange idea!” he said.
was very lovely. He said that it was a very strange idea.
3. Mary said, “How dreadful!”. Mary exclaimed that it was very dreadful.
16. Below are sentences of the type which you may find it difficult to turn into indirect speech. Direct Speech 1. “Thank you”, he said 2. She said, “Welcome”.
Indirect Speech He thanked me. She welcomed me.
3. He said, “Happy Christmas!” He wished me a happy Christmas. 4. “Let’s go for a walk”. I said.
I proposed (or : suggested) that we should go for a walk.
17.The
Past
Continuous
normally
remains
unchanged. When the reporting verb is in the present tense, the tenses do not change. Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
He says. “I am unwell”.
He says that he is unwell.
He has just said, “My father
He has just said that his father Will
be back on Sunday”.
Will be back on Sunday.
18. Words or phrases expressing nearness in time generally change to those expressing distance: Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
Now
then / at that time
Today
that day
Tonight
that night
Last (week, month, etc.)
the previous (week, month, etc.,)
Next (month, year, etc.)
the following (month, year, etc.)
Yesterday
the previous day
Tomorrow
the next day
19.Changing
From direct to indirect we may change said to into “that”.
20.omition
From direct to indirect we may omit the question marks and exclamatory marks.
Thank you
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