Diamond Oxide 1

Corporate Strategy • Worldwide supply of Diamondoxide by regional professional distributors and sub-distributors; • Contribute to local economy = Involve local companies => labour; • Close partnership with worldwide businesses & governments; • Achieve worldwide critical mass; • Positive contribution to health and environment; • Better (drinking) water!

Corporate Mission • The premier provider of sustainable water-related disinfection solutions; • Worldwide supply, through long-term partnerships that benefit our customers, communities, employees and the environment; • With combined experience and expertise we blend the best elements of Diamondoxide water disinfection concepts and know-how with a strong social conscience and concern for the environment and health.

Facts & Figures

Facts & Figures

Global Water Stress- Source: www.unep.org

Facts & Figures • Water is the main substance of life after oxygen and scarce; • In 2002 > 1 Billion people had NO access to safe drinking water; • On the World Summit of Johannesburg of 2002 leaders called for halving these numbers by 2015 (2.87 Billion People will NOT have safe drinking water in 2013 if no action is taken); • The World Summit of Mexico 2006 published that >1.5 Billion People have NO access to safe drinking water and that hardly actions are taken since 2002 (50% growth!) • -> this means providing essential water related services to 200,000 – 400,000 NEW people per day until end of 2015!; • The worlds total water volume is 1,400 Million km3 of which only 2.5% is freshwater (=35 Million km3); • The usable portion of water is only 200,000 km3 (<1%); • If water consumption trends persist the demand for fresh water is expected to rise by 56% = more than currently available!

Market Vision • Present Disinfectants have limited capacity and capabilities; • Present Disinfectants are harmful for society (by-products, environment, health and risk); • Present Disinfectants are dangerous and are limited; • There is a general lack of real control on quality of disinfected water; • The side effects of biocidal products provide new problems to be tackled; • The innovative and revolutionary Diamondoxide concept provides complete answer to these questions.

Summary • Present Disinfectants have a proven effect on human health and the environment; • Smart (potable) water treatment concepts will be an answer to the decreasing availability of water in general; • Simplicity and Quality will provide an answer; • The decrease of the human resistance against bacteria requires more and more effectiveness of disinfectants; • Safety, Quality and Control and Health will play a continuous increasing important role in the food chain that includes clean water; • Classical disinfectants do not comply with any of the above topics; • Increased consumers awareness of water and health will require an answer from the (food) industry.

Consumer Awareness

Chlorine Heath Risk Awareness

Chlorine Heath Risk Awareness

Chlorine Heath Risk Awareness

06-01-2006

Chlorine Heath Risk Awareness

06-01-2006

Chlorine Hazardous for Human Health • “Use of Chlorine causes a tremendous range of mutagenicity in drinking water e.g. Mutagen X (MX)” • “Use of chlorine causes TriHaloMethanes (THM)” e.g. chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dbromochloromethane and bromoform; • Use of chlorine causes haloacetic acids (HAA) e.g. mono-, di, and trichloroacetic acids and mono- and dbromoacetic acids; • MX, THM and HAA are linked to cancer, miscarriages, stillbirths and birth defects; • Mutagen X cancer potency is 170 times greater than chloroform. Source: Harvard Medical Dental & Public Health School – 25 January 2002

How Chlorine disinfects • Chlorine & chlorine type disinfectants (e.g sodium hypochlorite) generate “Free Chlorine” that does the actual disinfection job; • This Free Chlorine or Hypochlorous Acid (HOCl) dissociates in Hypochlorite (OCl-) as pH is rising and thus disinfection power decreases; • This Free Chlorine becomes more corrosive as the pH-level is declining; • Overdosing of Chlorine has become a common practice; • Chlorine generates by-products that are a proven and permanent risk for human health.

How Diamondoxide disinfects •

Diamondoxide is an advanced delivery system for Chlorine Dioxide solution (ClO2) and generates NO Free Chlorine !

•

The ClO2 does the disinfection job!

•

Diamondoxide generates 99.9x % pure ClO2

•

When Diamondoxide is applied the end products are sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) and sodium chloride (NaCl). These substances are common in water;

•

No disinfectant by-products;

•

No disinfectant side-effects.

What is Diamondoxide • Two-component Powder or Liquid kit delivering: 0.35%-0.45%Chlorine Dioxide Solution = ClO2 • A very effective and potent biocide; • A proven and patented concept; • Substantial more disinfection power and Oxidizing Power than Cl; • Reliable and safe; • Simple to use; • Easy to apply.

Diamondoxide Regulations • Chlorine Dioxide solution (ClO2) is used for Drinking water disinfection since 1944; • It is a proven and superior disinfectant; •Chlorine Dioxide has almost replaced the use of chlorine in the paper/pulp industry; • ClO2 is US EPA approved and listed in the WHO guidelines for Drinking Water disinfection; • Diamondoxide advanced delivery system for ClO2 has removed all known side effects and by-products known from classical ClO2 generation concepts; • Diamondoxide is fully approved according to European Law DIN EN12671, EC 98/8, EC 1048 and numerous (drinking) water laws in the world. • EC Notified Substance Registration # N-31612

Milestones • 8 years of development by scientists; • Test situations within D and NL; • Approved according to “European Community Regulation DIN EN12671 as approved substance and complying with quality and purity standards including “Drinking water” for all European EC Countries; • N-31612 Biocidal review program EU

What is Diamondoxide • Powerful inorganic Oxidizing Agent and free radical with residual disinfection ability; • Does not react to water to form hypochlorous acid (no “free chlorine”); • Destroys algae-related taste and odour compounds; • Higher yield (at least 10 times more oxidation output compared to chlorine) and substantial more disinfection power (10-50 times!); • Unlike chlorine, Diamondoxide does not react with ammonia, ammonium or most organic compounds; • Diamondoxide does not chlorinate organic materials and decreases THM’s and HAA’s and other organic compounds (that are causing cancer); • Effective Removal of Prophylaxis on Bio Films; • Permanent use will remove the Bio Films.

What is Diamondoxide

(continued)

• Steady bactericidal, efficacy, action within a larger pH-Level Bandwidth (4-10); • Higher action against all in Water Common Micro Organisms and spore forming bacteria (Bacteria’s, Viruses, Protozoan, Fungi and Sediment); • No Resistance Building of Micro Organisms; • Higher Material Tolerance; • Higher efficiency in the Removal of Iron and Manganese compounds; • Higher Solubility in Water and can be applied in a very short time; • In supplied Liquid form 2 years guaranteed shelf life; • In activated 0.35% - 0.45% solution a kinetic half time of >30 days! • A yield of >99% (1000 liter = 1000 liter active solution!); • No free chlorine, chlorite, chlorate or chloride; • Easy to apply (standard industrial equipment with limited cost!).

'Classical’ Generation of Chlorine Dioxide ACID-CHLORITE: (Direct Acid System)

•4HCl + 5 NaClO2 -> 4ClO2(aq) + ClO3-

AQUEOUS CHLORINE-CHLORITE:

Cl2 + H2O -> [HOCl / HCl]

Excess Cl2 or acid to neutralize NaOH.

(Cl2 gas ejectors with chemical pumps for liquids or booster pump for ejector water)

[HOCl/HCl] + NaClO2 -> ClO2(g) + H/OCl-+ NaOH + ClO3-

Production rates limited to ~1000lb/day.

• Low pH • ClO3- possible

High conversion effluent due to low pH (~2.83.5)

• Relatively slow reaction rates

Three chemical systems pump HCl, hypchlorite, chlorite, and dilution water to reaction chamber.

RECYCLED AQUEOUS CHLORINE OR “FRENCH LOOP” ™ (Saturated Cl2 solution via a recycling loop prior to mixing with chlorite solution

2HOCl + 2NaClO2 -> 2ClO2 + Cl2 + 2NaOH

Concentration of ~3 g/L required for maximum efficiency. Production rate limited to ~1000lb/day. Yield of 92-98% with ~10% excess Cl2 reported.

GASEOUS CLORINE-CHLORITE

Cl2(g) + NaClO2(aq) -> ClO2(aq)

(Gaseous Cl2 and 25% solution of sodium chlorite; pulled by ejector into the reaction column.)

• Neutral pH • Rapid reaction • Potential scaling in reactor under vacuum due to hardness of feedstock.

Source: Adapted from Gates, 1998

•Low pH •ClO3- possible •Slow reaction rates

• Excess Cl2 or HCl needed due to NaOH formed.

Chemical feed pump interlocks required. Production limit ~ 50-60 kg/day. Maximum yield at ~80% efficiency.

Highly corrosive to pumps; draw-down calibration needed. Maturation tank required after mixing. Production rates 5-120,000 lb/day. Ejector-based, with no pumps. Motive water is dilution water. Near neutral pH effluent. No excess Cl2. Turndown rated at 5-10X with yield of 95-99%. Less than 2% excess Cl2. Highly calibrated flow meters with min. line pressure ~40psig needed.

'Classical’ Generation of Chlorine Dioxide (continued)

GASEOUS CHLORINE-SOLIDS CHLORITE MATRIX: (Humidified Cl2 gas is pulled or pumped through a stable matrix containing solid sodium chlorite

Cl2(g) + NaClO2(s) -> ClO2(g) + NaCl • Rapid reaction rate

ELECTROCHEMICAL:

NaClO2(aq) -> ClO2(aq) + e-

(Continuous generation of ClO2 from 25% chlorite solution recycled through electrolyte cell)

• New technology • ClO3- possible

ACID/PEROXIDE/CHLORIDE

2NaClO3 + H2O2 + H2SO4 -> 2ClO2 + O2 + NaSO4 +H2O

• Depending on controlled flow

Cl2 gas diluted with N2 or filtered air to produce ~8% gaseous stream. Infinite turndown is possible with >99% yield. Maximum rate to ~1200 lb/day per column; ganged to >10,000 lb/day Counter-current chilled water stream accepts gaseous ClO2 from production cell after it diffuses across the gas permeable membrane. Small one-pass system requires precise flow for power requirements (Coulomb laws). Uses concentrated H2O2 and H2SO4. Downscaled version; Foam binding; Low pH.

Source: Adapted from Gates, 1998

Comparison Facts

Form: Stability of Ingredients Composition of ClO2 solution

Classical Cl2-Method

Diamondoxide Method

Cl2: gas NaOCl: liquid Very Limited

Component A: Powder/Liquid Component B: Powder/Liquid

Containing Free Chlorine Containing Chlorate Containing Chloride Containing Chlorite Explosive

No Free Chlorine No Chlorate No Chloride No Chlorite Non-explosive

Kinetic Half Time >30 days

(In solution form when storage conditions are respected.)

Unlimited

By-product Facts Disinfectant

Disinfectant by-products

Chlorine/Hypochlorite

trihalomethanes (THMs) haloacetic acids haloacetonitriles haloketones chloral hydrate (trichloroacetaldehyde) chloropicrin (trichloronitromethane) cyanogen chloride chlorate chloramines Mutagen X (MX)

Ozone

bromate aldehydes ketones ketoacids carboxylic acids bromoform

“Classic” Chlorine Dioxide

chlorite chlorate chloride free chlorine

Diamondoxide 0.35%-

none

0.45%Solution

Compound

Chlorine (“Elementary Chlorine”)

Chlorine Bleach

Hypochlorite

Hydrogen Peroxide

Chemical Formula

Cl2, Gas Form

NaOCl/NaOH/Cl2

e.g. Ca(OCl)2

H2O2

ClO2

Application Form

Defined concentration in liquid solution, “Chlorine Water”

Solution

Defined concentration in liquid solution

Defined concentration in liquid solution

In liquid solution.

Minimum concentration for water disinfection

50mg “free chlorine”/ L

50mg “free chlorine”/ L

50mg “free chlorine”/ L

150mg/L

0,05mg/L (can be lower!)

Micro biocide working

Broad effect against most bacteria, Fungi and (with limits) viruses and protozoan.

See Chlorine

See Chlorine

Not always effective against bacteria, fungi and yeast.

Effective against all in water living micro organisms (including bacteria, fungi, protozoan and viruses)

Working Limitations

In low concentrations “Chlorine Resistance Building”

See Chlorine

See Chlorine

Micro organisms with peroxidessystem are extensive protected

No resistance building by targeted micro organisms.

Side Effects

Decrease of pHvalues due to building of hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Increase of pHvalues by the level of NaOH

Corrosive due to a high level of NaCl

Hardly any corrosive effect on metal. Plastics become brittle.

Very material friendly, pH-neutral etc.

Application Limitations

Not suitable for installation systems with corrosion sensitive materials

See Chlorine

See Chlorine

By catalytic decomposition in water and oxygen no depot effect

No material Limitations

Diamondoxide (Chlorine Dioxide)

Disinfectant

Disinfectant Effective Component / Level in ppm

Requested Disinfectant Concentration / ppm P. aerugionsoa

S. aureus

S. cerevisae

1.300

310

640

Sodium Chlorite Solution

Chlorite -Ions / 20.000

Sodium Hypochlorite Solution (Chlorine Bleach)

Hypochlorite & Chlorine / 85.000

820

820

1.600

“Iodophor

Complex bounded Iodine / 17.500

440

440

450

Glutaric Aldehyde (contains Tensides)

Glutaric Aldehyde / 20.000

2.300

1.200

620

Hydrogen Peroxide

Hydrogen Peroxide / 300.000

36.000

68.000

270.000

“Quat”

Various quartile Ammonium compounds / 75.000

580

140

74

Diamondoxide

Chlorine Dioxide / 5.000

48

93

85

Germicidal Efficiency of Disinfectants – required Biocide-concentration for Germ Reduction of (RF 5) in 60 Seconds application time for Plactonic Species

(source: R.S. Tanner in J. of Ind. Microbiology 1989 (4), 145 – 154.)

Legionella

Diamondoxide Performance

Plate count 100,000KBE • Escherichia coli (200 µl Diamondoxide solution / litre tested water; time: 2 min.; reduction: 99,99%); • Enterokokken (200 µl Diamondoxide solution / litre tested water; time: 10 min.; reduction: 99,99%); • Coliform germs (200 µl Diamondoxide solution / litre tested water; time: 2 min.; reduction: 99,99%); • Legionella pneumophilia (200 µl Diamondoxide solution / litre tested water; time: 15 min.; reduction: 99,99%); • Fec. colif. (200 µl Diamondoxide solution / litre tested water; time: 10 min.; reduction: 99,99%); • Fecal strep. (200 µl Diamondoxide solution / litre tested water; time: 10 min.; reduction: 99,99%); Special tests: • Polio 1 (1000 µl Diamondoxide solution / litre tested water; time: 10 min.; reduction: 99,99%) • Hepatitis A (100 µl Diamondoxide solution / litre tested water; time: 0,5 min.; reduction: 99,99%)

Simple Production • Simple instructions • Water volume to be mixed • A component first • B component second • Waiting time depends on temperature as indicated • Diamondoxide ready for application

Shrink-fit dosing

• Dosage rates according to your requirement (“less is more” principle); • Simple (standard) dosing equipment and a tank; • Residual is measured by DPD Colorimetric Method (DPD 1); • Residual is measured by ORP equipment; • Residual is measured by Chlorine Dioxide Sensor (even in ppb); • Thick PE-HD storage tank (black colored).

The Dosing Pump

Overview: Common disinfection applications for Diamondoxide Market

Applications

Municipal Water Treatment

• • • • •

Drinking Water Disinfection THM Control Taste and Odor Control Iron and Manganese removal Wastewater Disinfection

Industrial Water Treatment

• • • • • • •

Cooling and process water microbiological control Mollusk Control Odour Control Iron and Manganese removal Phenol Oxidation Cyanide destruction Wastewater Disinfection

Pulp & Paper

• • •

White water slimicide Iron Control Bleaching of specialty papers

Electronics

•

Circuit board preparation

Food & Beverage

• • • • •

Disinfection THM Control Odour Control (amines, ptomaines) Sanitation (Cleaning In Place) Microbiological Control

Overview: Common disinfection applications for Diamondoxide (continued) Market

Applications

Oil & Gas field

• • • • • • •

Microbiological Control of Oil Wells and Bores Sulfide Destruction Pipeline and Tank Cleaning THM Control Taste and Odor Control Iron and Manganese removal Wastewater Disinfection

Environmental

• • •

Odour Control Organic Destruction NOx / SOx scrubbing

Textiles

•

Bleaching

Hospitals

• • • •

Microbiological Control < risk of MRSA Cleaning In Place Iodine Control

Future?

• •

Air Treatment in Airplanes ? Risk decrease of Malaria ?

Thank you for your interest. For additional information contact your local exclusive Agent/Distributor

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