Dialogue By U O Thar Tun

f i G x f e G ;f um;vmyHkí íax&0g'omoem &ckid w 1984 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 26 &ufaeŒwGif Armjynf/ oydwftdkif oJukef;q&mawmf t&Sifnm%d\&ESifh oHCmawmfrsm;onf ajrmuf OD;odkŒ bk&m;zl;a&muf&Sd-uygonf? xdkpOf &ckdifjynfomoema&;udpPESifh &ckdif=jrefrmy¾dwf q&m}uD;OD;OD;omxGef;tm; ar;cGef;}uD;ajcmufcGef; ar;cJhygonf? xdkar;cGef;rsm;udk q&m}uD;onf wpfae&mwnf;rSae_yD; ajz-um;cJhygonf? ,if;odkŒ q&mawmfOD;nm%d\& tar;ESifh q&m}uD; .tjynfhtpHkajz-um;csufrsm;udk jyefvnfI q&m}uD;u toHoGif;ay;cJh ygonf? q&m}uD;onf &ckdifpum;jzifhtoHoGif;cJhonfudk jrefrmjynf&Sd wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tm;vHk; zwf±+Edkif&eftwGuf jrefrmpmjzifh jyefvnfa&; om;wifjyvdkuf&jcif;jzpfygonf? q&m}uD;onf t&Sifnm%d\& ar;jref;cJhaom omoema&; qkdif&matmufygar;cGef;ajcmufckudk ajz-um;cJhygonf? ar;cGe;f }uD;ajcmufck Ù ar;cGef;eHygwf (1)

&ckdifjynfomoemonf ax&0g'Ak'
Ak ' < . ygVd a wmf t Ïuxmponf wŒkd wGif r &S d b J jrwf p G m bk & m;onf "n0wD j ynf o d k Œ ºuG a &muf v mcJ h + yD ; ausmuf a wmf a wmif Y &yfwefŒcJhonf[k a&;om;ajymqdkcJhonf? Tta=umif;udk ajz &Sif;ay;yg? (1) Ù ar;cGef;eHygwf ( 3 ) Ak ' < . ygVd a wmf t Ïuxmponf w d k Œ Y ryg&S d b J jrwf p G m bk & m;onf pENmol&d,rif;}uD;ESifhawGŒqHk+yD; r[mjrwfrkedbk&m;udk oGef;vkyf cJhonf[k a&;om;ajymqdk=uonf? Tta=umif;udkvnf; ajz&Sif;ay;yg? Ù ar;cGef;eHygwf (4) o*F g,emajcmufwefY rygbJvsuf &cdkifjynf a0omvDa&$awmif}uD;Y pwkwÎo*F g,emwifcJhonf[k a&;om;ajymqdk =uonf? Tta=umif;udkvnf; ajz&Sif;ay;yg? Ù ar;cGef;eHygwf (5) &ckdifjynf&Sd "mwfawmfrsm;udk ausm±dk;awmf"mwf/ OD;&mZmfawmf"mwf/ vnf ± d k ; awmf " mwf p onf j zif h trsKd ; rsKd ; trnf a y; xm;=uonf ? Tta=umif;udkvnf; ygVdawmftÏuxmponfwdkŒwGif rawGŒ&I ajz&Sif;ay;yg? Ù ar;cGef;eHygwf (6)

&ck d i f j ynf w G i f t oH k ; jyKaeaomygVd a wmf r sm;rS m jref r mrl j zpf o avm/ rnf o nf h r l e nf ; ? o*F g,emajcmuf w ef w G i f ygaomrl jzpf o avm? Tta=umif;udkvnf; ajz&Sif;ay;yg?

bk&m;? uwdrsm;udkr,lygqdkv#if wynfhawmfwcGef;r# jyefrajzyg bk&m;? q&mawmfu bmuwdrsm;vJvdkŒ ar;aomtcg eHygwf(1) uwdrSm = wynfhawmfajymaompum;udk wpfvHk;r# r,Hkygbl;qdkaom uwdyg? tb,fa-umifh TuwdrsKd;udk awmif;&ovJqkdonfudk OyrmjyKygrnf? jrwfpGmbk&m;ocifonf ‘auorkwWd’okawWmfudk umvr ykÀm;&GmY oHo,uif;&Sif;&efa[mcJhygonf? q&m/ rdbtp&Sdaomolrsm; tpOf tqufrjywfajymaompum;rsm;udkvnf; r,HkESifh/ igbk&m;a[monf[l Ivnf; r,HkESifh/ pmtkyf}uD;Y yg&Sdonf[lIvnf;r,HkESifh tp&Sdonftm; jzifh a[m-um;cJhygonf? igbk&m;a[monf[lIvnf; r,HkESifhqdkv#if tb,fudk,Hk&ygrnfenf; ar;p&m&Sdygonf? bk&m;&Sifu usKd;=a-umif; pyfu,Hk/ a-umif;=usKd;pyfI rSefuefaompum;rSm bk&m;pum;omjzpfyg onf? bk&m;.pum;onf rSm;onf[lI r&Sdyg? ,if;twGuf wynfh awmfajymaompum;rsm;udkvnf; TOyrmv#if&Sdaom ,kwWdoHk;yg;ESifh wuG bk&m;ocifonf aemufqHk;y&dedAŠmefrpHrSD okbEN&[ef;}uD;udk a[m xm;onfhtwdkif; r[mya'ow&m;ESifhjynfhpHkv#if ,Hkygqkdaomuwdudk cHapcsifI ajym=um;jcif;jzpfygonf? xdkŒa=umifh wynfhawmfajymaompum;&yfY Tt*F g&yfESifh jynfh pHkrSom,Hkyg? rjynfhpHkygu r,HkygESifh[kqdkvdkjcif;jzpfygonf bk&m;? rudkufnD v#ifarG;cGef;xkwfyg? xdktcgwynfhawmfrSm tusKd;rjzpfbJ tjypfom jzpfygonf? tb,fa-umifhqdkaomf wynfhawmfonf bk&m; r[kwfaoma-umifhyg bk&m;? Ak'
t&Sifbk&m; ,ckxkdifaeaomae&mrS taemufodkŒaemufjyef -unfhvdkufyg? o#pfaomif;bk&m;}uD;&Sdygonf? ausmufwHk;}uD;rsm;jzifh vdk%ftxyfxyfwnfxm;ygonf? xdkbk&m;.aemufrSm xkuUefodrf bk&m;/ &wemyHkbk&m;ESifh tHawmfodrfrsm;udk jrifawGŒ&ygvdrfhrnf? ,ck tcsdefuJhodkŒrzGHŒ_zdK;ao;bJ ao;i,faeaomtcsdeftcgwGif wnfxm;cJh aom taqmufttHkrsm;r[kwfyg? TuJhodkŒ}uD;us,faomtaqmuf ttHkrsKd;udk omrefbk&ifrsm;rwnfEdkifyg? eef;awmfukef;udkwnfaqmuf xm;aomausmufwHk;rsm;udkvnf; t&Sifbk&m;jrif_yD;om;jzpfygonf? ,if;a-umifh TtaqmuftOD;rsm;udk wnfaqmufcJhaomtcsdefonf &ckdifY udk,fhrif;udk,fhcsif;/ udk,fhxD;udk,fheef;ESifh/ udk,fhbmomomoemESifh

uwdESpfckay;yg

,ck t&Sifbk&m;u wynfhawmftm; ar;xm;aomar;cGef;rsm; udk vG,fulpGmajz&Sif;Ekdifygonf bk&m;? odkŒaomf t&Sifbk&m;u wynfh awmftm; uwdESpfck ay;&ygrnf? odkŒrSom wynfhawmfajz-um; ajz-um;yg ajz-um; rnf? (2)

(4)

}uD;yGm; xGef;um;aeaomtcsdef jzpfaeonfudk t&Sifbk&m;pdwfrSm rSwfxm;&ygrnf? odkŒrSom wynfhawmfajymaompum;rsm;udk oabm ayguef m;vnfyg vdrrhf nf? xkŒd a-umifh &ckid w f Œkd onf a&S;tcgu crf;em;}uD; us,cf o hJ nfukd pdwrf mS rSwx f m;&ef uwduckd , H yl gb&k m;? q&mawmfrsm;u 'kwd,uwdudkvnf; cH,la-umif;ajymygonf? omoemn+d;cJh

wynfhawmfwdkŒ&ckdifjynf olwyg;vufatmufusa&mufonfh aeŒup_yD; omoemndK‡ ;EGr;f cJo h nfrmS ,aeŒwkid jf zpfygonf? omoema&; qkdif&mpmtkyfwpftkyfr# rxGufyg? udkvdkeDacwftcgu pmay0goem ygolrsm;onf yDpmrsm;udkwqifhul;,l_yD; pmrlwpfckudkig;apmif/ q,f apmifponfjzifh yGm;rsm;-uygonf? ,cktcg pmyHEk ydS pf ufay:vmaom tcg a[mif;EGrf;aeaompmayrsm;udkvnf; xyfrul;/ yHkESdyfpmtkyfuvnf; rxGufonfhtwGufa-umifh pmayvnf;uG,fcJhyg_yD? ta[mif;jzpfaom pmayrsm;vnf;uG,f_yD; topfpmtkyfrsm;uvnf; rxGufEdkifaom a-umifh &ckdifpmayuG,faysmufvkrwwfjzpfcJhygonf bk&m;?

rsm; ajymif;vJvmyHkudk awGŒ&Sd&ygonf? av;+rdKŒacwftpydkif;rSm a0omvD acwfu a&GŒvsm;vmaom&uQ0ÀtuQ&mrsm;udk toHk;jyKa&;om;cJh ygonf? &cdkifwdkŒ.av,lavodrf;rsm;jzifh a&;xm;ojzifh &uQ0ÀtuQ &m[kac:ygonf? a0omvDacwfrSm yxrY jA[RDyGm;tuQ&mrsm;jzifh a&; om;=uygonf? a0omvDacwfrSm ±dk;±dk;pmayrsm;udk jA[RDyGm;tuQ&mjzifh a&;om;+yD; bmoma&;qkdif&mpmayrsm;udk ouUwbmomjzifha&;om; a=umif; awGŒ&S&d ygonf? a0omvDacwfaemufyikd ;f rSp+yD; &uQ0ÀtuQ&m jzifh a&;om;vmjcif;udk awGŒ&Sd&ygonf? xdka0omvDacwfrSmvnf; bk&if rsm;onf apwDykxdk;rsm;pGm wnfaqmufcJhonfudk ,aeŒwdkifawGŒEdkifyg ao;onf? xdak cwfu a&;xd;k cJah om ausmufpm/ a=u;jym;pm/ '*F g;pmrsm; udv k nf; awGŒ&SEd ikd yf gao;onf? Ak'p< mayrsm;udk ayxuftuQ&m/ ausmuf xuftuQ&mESifh a=u;eDjym;wdkŒrSm a&;xkd; xm;cJhonfudk ,aeŒwkdifawGŒ Edkifygao;onf? ,if;a=umifh a0omvDacwfwGifvnf; Ak'
odŒk aomf &cdik t f rsK;d om;okawoDrsm;u &ckid w f Œkd .omoema&;/ bmoma&;pmayrsm;udk okawoevkyf-uygonf? okawoevkyfenf; ESpfrsKd; &Sdygonfbk&m;? wrsKd;rSm 0dZŠ…menf;jzpfI/ tjcm;wenf;rSm ody`H enf ; jzpf y gonf bk & m;? od y ` H e nf ; rS m aiG u k e f r sm;I rwwf E d k i f y g?

a0omvD a cwf u aemuf o d k Œ wvS r f ; qk w f = unf h a omtcg "n0wDacwfudka&muf&Sdygonfbk&m;? ,if;"n0wDacwfrSmvnf; bk&if ESifhtoHk;jyKaompmayrsm;&Sda=umif;awGŒ&ygonf? TuJhodkŒ rqrajc&m aumuf (rkqdk;rajc&maumuf) enf;jzifh aemufodkŒwvSrf;pD wvSrf; pDqkwfvdkufaomtcg ,ck"n0wDacwfodkŒa&mufygonf? xkdacwfrSm vnf; ordkif;±kyfºuGif;jzpfaomausmufpmESifh ausmuf±kyfwkrsm;udkvnf;

(5)

(7)

0dZŠ…menf;jzifh okawoevkyfcJh&ygonf? wynfhawmfwdkŒ.&ckdifwGif &cdkif pum;jzifh rqrajc&maumufenf; (rkqdk;rajc&maumufenf;) [kac: ygonf? Tenf;jzifh okawoe&SmazG&ygonf bk&m;? Tenf;jzifh wynfh awmfwdkŒ&Smvkdufaomtcg &ckdifordkif;rSm ajrmufOD;+rdKŒonf aemufqHk;+rdKŒ jzpfygonf?

awGŒ&ygonf? xdkorkdif;±kyfºuGif;rsm;rSm tppftrSefrsm;jzpfaeygI wynfh awmfwŒkd ydËuwfpmrSm yHEk ydS pf mtkyv f nf;r&S/d pmayrsm;vnf;uG,f aysmuf aeygonf? odkŒaomf orkdif;±kyfºuGif;rsm;rSm ruG,fraysmufvufawGŒ jrif EdkifawGŒEdkifaomt&mrsm; jzpfaeyg.? ypfy,fI r&aumif;ygbk&m;? "n0wDacwfwGifa&;xdk;cJhaom awmifayguf}uD; ausmufpm ta=umif;udk &Sif;vif;ygOD;rnf? ,ck EdkifiHawmfuxkwfa0xm;aom pG,fpHkusrf;wGif tuQ&mqif;oufvmyHkorkdif;udka&;om;xm;ygonf? tuQ&mqif;oufvmyHkudk jA[RDtuQ&muwqifh ,ckacwf xdqif; vmyHkudk a&;om;xm;ygonf? jrefrmtuQ&mrSm tdENd,awmifydkif;-yv†0/ u'rŠ/ tvkus/ wdvuFqdkaom tuQ&mrsm;rSwqifh qif;ouf +yD;v#if jrefrmpmjzpfvmygonf? q&m}uD;OD;omjrwfa&;om;aom pmtkyfwGif jA[RD/ rm*"/ *kwW/ =uEN/ yv†0/ u'r uae+yD; &mrnwdkif;odkŒqif;ouf vma=umif; a&;om;xm;ygonf? wynfah wmfwŒkd &ckid b f ufrmS "nacwfY jA[Rt D uQ&m toH;k jyKcJah =umif; awGŒ&S&d ygonf? odŒk aomf &mpkEpS w f pfacwf +yD;wpfacwf vufa&;ajymif;vmonfhtwGuf tuQ&myHkrSmvnf; ajymif; vJr_&SdcJhygonf bk&m;? ,if;a=umifh a0omvDacwfrSmqkdv#if jA[RDtuQ &mrS qifyh mG ;vmaom jA[Rt D uQ&mjzifah &;om;xm;onfukd awGŒ&ygonf? "n0wDacwfwiG f usr;f OD;*gxmawmftjzpfjzifh ‘a[w\’*gxmawmfukd jA[RDtuQ&mjzifha&;xkd;+yD; ygVdtoHxGuftwdkif;jzpfygonf bk&m;?

okawoe (2) rsKd;

ajrmuf O D ; acwf r S o nf ,ck t&Sifbk&m;wkdŒ jrifae&aombk&m;apwDrsm;rSm ajrmufOD; acwfu rif;apmrGefvufxufup+yD; wnfxm;cJhaombk&m;apwDrsm; jzpfygonf? Tomoemonf ajrmufOD;acwfu pcJhoavm/ odkŒr[kwf rnf onfhacwfuyifpcJhonfudkod&Sd&eftwGuf aemufudkwvSrf;qkwf =unfhygonf? xdkajrmufOD;acwfrwdkifrSD av;+rdKŒacwf&SdcJha=umif; od&yg onf? ,if;a=umifh ajrmufO;D acwfonf av;+rdKŒacwfu qif;vma=umif; od&ygonf bk&m;? av;+rdKŒacwfomoemud=k unfv h u dk af omtcg xdak cwf wav#mufvHk; bk&ifrsm;wnfxm;cJhaomapwD/ bk&m;rsm;pGmudk awGŒ& ygonf? xkrd if;rsm; av;+rdKŒacwftuQ&mjzifh a&;xd;k cJah omausmufpmrsm; udk ouU&mZftwdtusESifh awGŒ&ygonf bk&m;? &uQ 0 ÀtuQ & m av;+rdKŒacwfonf rnfonfah cwfrq S if;vmoenf;qdo k nfukd aemufodkŒwvSrf;qkwfvdkufaomtcg a0omvDacwfudk awGŒ&ygonf? a0omvDacwfudka&mufaomtcg &cdkifpmayta&;tom;rSm tuQ&m (6)

&cki d y f Éuwf dÉuwfuq kd uf&ef

pmayta=umif;udkc%&yfxm;+yD; &ckdifydËuwfta=umif;udk (8)

tcg q&mawmfonf ajz=um;jcif;r&SdbJ wdwfwdwfaecJhygonf? T a,"rRm*gxmudk r[m,e*dk%f;om;rsm; toHk;jyKrnfrxifyg? r[m,e *dk%f;om;rsm;toHk;jyKonfudk awGŒzl;ygovm;[k xyfI ar;aomtcg q&mawmfrSm wdwfwdwfaecJhygonf? aemufwcsuf r[m,e*dk%f;onf qdkaom*dk%f;xJY jA[R%t,ltqa&maESm_yD;v#if r[m,e*dk%f;/ wE W&m*dk%f;/ rE W&m*dk%f;rsm; ay:aygufvmygonf? xkd*dk%f;rsm;rSw qifh wynfhawmfwdkŒ&ckdifjynfodkŒ r[m,eomoem 0ifa&mufvmyg ovm; ar;aomtcg q&mawmf r S m wpH k w &majym-um;jcif ; rjyKbJ wd w f qdwfaecJhygonf? aemufwcsuf tdENd,wjynfvHk;udk r*dkrif;rsm;wdkufcdkufodrf; ,lydkufaomtcg Ak'
qufajymygrnfbk&m;? ydËuwfudku|rf;usifaomyk*~dKvfrsm;jzpfonfh twGuf ydËuwfudpPudkajym&mwGif onf;cH+yD;em;axmifygbk&m;? Ak'< bmom0ifwdkif;od&Sd=uonfhtwkdif; om0wdÎ+rdKŒu Oywd\ESifh aum wvdw&Gmol}uD;om;ESpfOD;rSm euQwfobifudk=unfh±_aepOf yGJ=unfh y&dowfrsm;udk=unfh+yD; onfvlrsm;onf aemufESpfaygif;w&mtwGif;rSm tm;vHk;aoaysmuf=uvdrfhrnf? igwdkŒvnf; ao&vdrfhrnf? ,if;a=umifh raoaomw&m;&SmazG&eftwGuf &GmrSxGufoGm;=uavonf? r=um;zl; ao;aomoli,frsm; od&Sdap&ef tenf;i,ftus,fajymyg&ap? xdkuJhodkŒ w&m;&SmazG=uaomtcg odÍnf;y&dAdkZfxHodkŒ a&mufoGm;=uavonf? odÍnf;y&dAdkZfxH twwfynmrsm;oif=um;=uaomtcg tm;vHk;wwf od = uavonf ? q&mu oif p &muk e f + yD [ k a jymojzih f aemuf x yf odÍnf;q&mxufwwfaomq&mudk &SmazG&ef oGm;=uavonf? xkduJhodkŒc&D;qufvm=uaomtcg &mZ+*dK[f+rdKŒodkŒ a&muf&Sd cJh=uygonf? xdkpOf qGrf;cHºuGvmaom t&Sift\Zdrax&fudk jrifawGŒ cJhygonf? xdkt&Sifjrwfomra%tda¹ENudk =unfndKojzifh igh&Sif.q&mu rnfojl zpfoenf;/ tb,fw&m;udak [m=um;ygoenf;/ tu|Eyfk f wdŒk tm; wcGef;wpr#avmuf a[m=um;ygavmh ponfjzifh ar;av#mufcJhygonf? t&Sift\Zdrax&fu tu|Ekfyf.q&monf bk&m;ocif jzpfonf? tu|Ekfyfonf &[ef;jzpfonfrSm r=umao;ojzifh w&m;aumif;aumif; rajymwwfao;a=umif;/ odkŒaomf tu|Ekfyfq&mocif a[m=um;aom w&m;xJrS tu|Eyfk rf w S rf ad omw&m;jzpfonfh Tonfaom*gxmawmfukd a[m=um;ygrnf[kqdkI w&m;a[mcJhygonf? ,if;*gxmawmfrSm‘a,

awmif a yguf } uD ; ausmuf p m wynfah wmfwŒkd ajrmufO;D acwfup_yD; "n0wDacwfwikd f atmif omoemawmf q if ; ouf v myH k u d k ajc&maumuf , l o nf h e nf ; ES i f h okawoejyKvkdufaomtcg omoemonf "n0wDacwfrSm qHk;aeyg onf bk&m;? "n0wDacwfrSm ‘ermw\’*gxmawmfyg&Sdonfh jA[RD

(9)

(11)

"rRma[wky` b0g awoH a[wk wxm*awm tm[/ awoÌa,m eDa&ma"g/ {0H 0g'D r[momra%m’[k t&Sift\Zdrax&fu Oywd\ tm;a[m-um;cJhygonf?

tuQ&mESifha&;xkd;xm;cJhaom awmifayguf}uD;ausmufpm&SdcJhygonf? ,if ; pmud k a &;xk d ; xm;aom tuQ & mpmvH k ; rsm;ud k - unf h v #if bD pD 300=ausmfu taomurif;}uD; a&;xkd;cJhaomausmufpm wGifyg&Sd onfhtuQ&mpmvHk;rsm;rSm twlwljzpfaeaoma-umifh wacwfwnf; wGifa&;xkd;cJhaomausmufpmjzpfa-umif;vufa&;vufom;udk avhvm aomynm&Sifrsm;rS okawoejyKrSwfcsufcscJh-uygonf t&Sifbk&m;? ,if;a-umifh &ckid jf ynf"n0wDacwfrmS tdE, dN ajrmufyikd ;f u toH;k jyK onfh jA[RDtuQ&mrsm;0ifa&muf&Sd_yD; jzpfa-umif; od&Sd&ygonf bk&m;?

t"dy`g,frSm jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a&S;ujyKzl;aom ta-umif;a-umifh jzpf ay:vmaom tusKd;w&m;wdkŒudk a[mawmfrl.? xdkta-umif;tusKd; w&m;ESpyf g;wdŒk .csKyf_idr;f &mudv k nf; a[mawmfr. l [k t"dyg` ,&f yg onf? t&Sib f &k m;wdŒk od&adS wmfro l nft h wdik ;f yg bk&m;= aemufq;kH oli,fcsi;f ESpf a,mufpvHk;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifhawGŒ&Sd_yD; &[E Wmrsm; jzpf-uI &Sifom &dykwW&mESifh &Sifarm*~v†eftjzpfxif&Sm;cJhonf? Tw&m;rSm ESrf;wpfawmif;udk}udwfvdkufaomtcg qD=unf wpfykvif;/ ESpfykvif;&&SdouJhodkŒ/ ausmufp&pfig;awmif;udk}udwfaomf vnf; qD=unfwaygufwpr#r&SdouJhodkŒ/ ydËuwfoHk;yHkudk tqDxkwf vdkufaomtcg ‘edAŠme’qdkaom w&m;wpfvHk;om&&Sdygonf? ,if;w &m;wpfvHk;udk pdwfjzmvkdufaomtcg ‘"rRESifh0de,’&&Sdygonf? aemuf xyfpdwfjzmvkdufv#if ‘opPmav;yg;/ r*~if&Spfyg;/ aAm"dyuQ,w&m; oHk;q,fhckepfyg;’tp&Sdonfjzifh aemufqHk;"rRcE<maygif; &Spfaomif;av; axmifyg&Sdaom ydËuwfoHk;yHk&&Sdygonfbk&m;? odkŒjzpfygI a,"rR *gxmawmfonf ydËuwfoHk;yHk.tqDtESpfjzpfa=umif;udk q&mawmfu wynfhawmfxufodygonfbk&m;? Ta,"rR m w&m;onf r[m,ef * d k % f ; om;rsm; toH k ; jyK aom*gxmawmfjzpfygovm;/ t&Sifbk&m;awGŒzl;ygovm;[k ar;aom (10)

ol&, d rif;quf/ p _ENm;rif;quf p_EN

xkduJhodkŒ &ckdifjynf"n0wDausmufpmESih td f ENd,jynf tmaom uausmufpmESihf wnfaeyHu k akd xmuf±a_ omtcg bDpD 3-&mpkrmS ausmuf pmrsm;udak &;xk;d v#i/f xdrk a&murSD bDpD 5-&mpkavmufwiG f jrwfpmG bk&m; yGiahf wmfrcl yhJ gonf? wynfah wmfwŒkd ajc&maumufenf;jzifh xyf+yD;aumuf ,lv#if &ckdifjynfY rif;qufESpfquf&SdcJhygonf? yxrrif;qufrSm-ol&d, rif;qufjzpf+yD;/ 'kwd,rif;qufrSm p¹ENm;rif;qufjzpfygonf? ol&d,rif; qufaemufydkif;wGif a¹'Gifp¹ENm;rif;qufay:vmygonf? p¹ENm;rif;quf .yxrrif;qufrSm &ckdifordkif;wGif ac:xm;aom r[mol&d,wkdif;p¹ENm; rif;}uD;jzpfygonf? &Spfaomif;bk&m;ausmufpmwGif a¹'Gifp¹ENm;[kouUw tuQ&mjzifh a&;xkd;xm;ygonf? ol&d,wdkif;p¹ENm;ESifh a¹'Gifp¹ENm;rSm twlwljzpfygonf? (12)

t"dyg` ,fazmfEi kd c f hJ

xdkp¹ENm;rif;qufa&;xkd;cJhaomausmufpmrS r[mrkedukef;/ 'kw, d ypP,t H a&SŒajrmufbufY&Sad om t±kyYf yg&ydS gonf? vGecf ahJ om ESpf aygif;rsm;pGmu trdk;tumr&SdbJ/ yufvufvef+yD;v#if rdk;xJa&xJY &Sad ecJo h jzifh pma=umif;rsm;rSm zwfr&Edik af tmifysupf ;D cJyh g onf? odŒk aomf }udK;pm;I riful;-ul;,laomtcg pmvHk;tenf;i,fudkzwf+yD; t"dy`g,f azmfEikd cf yhJ gonf? a&;xm;aomtuQ&mpmvH;k rSm ouUwjzpf+yD; ‘r[mo#L &da,m o#ENa&m/ emraem o#AŠ'gae yum&aw’qdkaom pma-umif;yg bk&m;? ygVdbmomESifhqdkv#if ‘r[mol&da,m pENa&m emraem oAŠ 'gae yum&aw’[k &ygonfbk&m;? t"dy`g,fu-r[mol&d,wkdif; p¹ENm;rif;}uD;onf Tukef;awmfY 'ge0wÎKtpkpkawGudk vSL'gef;I _yD; jynfhpHk_yD;[kjzpfygonf? ,if;a-umifh Tpmudkxdk;xm;aom ausmufpm ygt±kyfrSm r[mwkdif;p¹ENm;rif;}uD; ukodkvfjyKpdkufxlcJhaomt±kyf jzpf a=umif; oufaoxlaeygonfbk&m;?

jyKae=ujcif;jzpfygonf t&Sifbk&m;? ,if;a=umifh r[mol&d,wdkif; p¹ENm;rif;}uD;rSpI (a0omvDacwf at'D 4-&mpk) p¹ENm;rif;tqufquf wdkŒ,Hk=unfudk;uG,fcJh=uaomomoemrSm r[m,eomoem r[kwfbJ/ ppfrSefaomax&0g'omoemjzpfa=umif; rSwf,l&ygrnf bk&m;? "n0wDodkŒbk&m;t&Sif-uGcJh

xdkt±kyf.atmufydkif;wGif pmig;a=umif;yg&Sdygonf bk&m;? xk d a usmuf p mrsm;rS m txuf u pma=umif ; rsm;ysuf j y,f a eygojzif h aumif;pGmzwfr&Ekdifyg? atmufqHk;pmwa=umif;wnf;udkom zwfI &ygonf? xkdta=umif;rSmvnf; ouUwbmomjzifh ',uQaoemywd yema'g'[k a&;xkd;xm;ygonf t&Sifbk&m;wdkŒ?

"n0wDta=umif;udk jyefvnfqufygrnf? "n0wDY bDpD 3&mpkrSm ol&d,puUrif; xD;eef;pdk;pHvsuf&Sdygonf? xdkrif;uaemufodkŒ a&wGufv#if bDpD 5-&mpkodkŒa&mufygonf? ,if;a=umifh pENmol&d,rif; onf "n0wDY bDpD 5-&mpkwGiftkyfcsKyfcJha=umif; od&ygonf bk&m;? ,ckvakd jc&maumufenf;jzifv h u dk af omtcg twdtus&&Syd gonf bk&m;? xkt d csed Yf tdE, dN wGif jrwfpmG bk&m;yGiahf ecsed jf zpfygonf? ,if;a=umifh pENm ol&d,eef;pHI ESpfaygif; 25-ESpft=umwGif Ak'<&Sifawmfonf "n0wDodkŒ ºuGa&mufcJhonf[k &ckdifordkif;tapmifapmifwGif wnDwnGwfwnf; azmfjyxm;ygonfbk&m;? ,if;a=umifh "n0wDY pENmol&d,rif; tkyf csKyfpOfwiG f jrwfpmG bk&m;ud, k af wmfwikd f ºuGa&mufcjhJ cif;jzpfygonf bk&m;? jrwfpGmbk&m;ºuGa&mufvmaomta=umif;udk "n0wD+rdKŒ. taemufbufawmifwef; ausmufaqmifY ol&d,puUrif;}uD;onf jA[RD tuQ&mjzifah &;xd;k xm;cJyh gonf? wynfah wmfi,fpOfu q&m}uD;OD;pHa&$bk ESit hf wl ul;,lcyhJ gonf? xkad usmufaqmifrmS r[mrkead usmufawmfvrf; udkvkyfaomtcg wl;+zdKojzifhysufjyKef;cJh&ygonf? xkdausmufaqmifY a&;xdk;xm;onfhpmudk ,ckacwfygVdbmomjzifhqdkv#if-

(13)

(15)

ydÉuwfawmfokwWef

,ck jref r mEd k i f i H a wmf Y e,k e f v jynf h a eŒud k r[mor,aeŒtjzpf owfrSwf_yD; ESpfpOfusif;yae-uygonf? r[mor,aeŒY jrwfpGmbk&m; udk,fawmfwdkifa[m-um;cJhaom r[mor,okawWmfudk oHCmawmfrsm; on oH _ yd K if & G w f z wf o nf u d k xd k a eŒa&muf w d k i f ; a&'D , d k r S - um;emon onf t&Sifbk&m;? xkdr[mor,okwfxJY ewfrsm;.trnfudkazmfusL;xm; aom pum;rsm;pGm&&Sdygonfbk&m;? ‘yema'g =oyranmp/ a'0olawmp rmwvd’[laom *gxmESifh awGŒ&ygonfbk&m;? xdkewfrsm;xJY yema'gewfrif;udk azmfusL; xm;aom*gxmawmfrSm tydk'f-22 wGifawGŒ&SdEdkifygonfbk&m;? Tr[m or,okawWmfrSm ax&0g'Ak'
aemufwcsufrSm a0omvDacwfwGiftkyfpdk;cJh=uaomrif;rsm; jzpf = uonf h ed w d p¹EN m ;/ 0D & p¹EN m ;tp&S d a omrif ; rsm;onf ol w d k Œ . ukodkvfjyKwnfxm;cJhaomapwDrsm;wGif ‘a,"rRm’*gxmawmfudk a&; xd;k xm;onfh ausmufw;kH rsm;/ pwlygrsm;udk Ïmyemwnfxm;cJ-h uyg onf bk & m;? xk d a usmuf w H k ; ES i f h p wl y grsm;Y a&;xk d ; xm;aompmrsm;ud k ,ckajrmufOD;jywdkufwGif odrf;qnf;xm;&Sdygonf bk&m;? wynfhawmf txufuwifjycJhonfhtwkdif; Ak'<w&m;awmf.tqDtESpfjzpf-uaom ed A Š m ef u d k v uf c H , H k = unf o nf h ax&0g'omoemud k v uf c H , H k = unf aomrif;rsm;jzpf=uI Ta,"rRm*gxmawmfudk a0omvDrif;rsm;toHk; (14)

‘txacgb*0g bduQKoHCH ygom'H tm±kaywGm/ yOPygom' owy&d0kawm/ "n0wD&Ï tmumora*~e? pm&duH p&rmaem "n0wDr[me*&\ yp>fdr'dombma*? up>ye'd,m yk&wWdrwda& aovm*d&D yAŠwAk'<ed=oa&m [dwGm ywdÏmwd’ jzpfygonf? t"d y ` g ,f t wd k a umuf r S m ? ? jrwfpGmbk&m;onf aumif;uifc&D;jzifh jyom'f&SifysHig;&mESifhºuGa&muf+yD;v#if "n0wD+rdKŒ.taemufbufjzpf aom up>ye'Dukvm;wefjrpf}uD;. ta&SŒbufurf;ajc&Sdaom aovm *d&Darm&yAŠwtrnf&SdaomawmifxdyfY &yfwefŒawmfrl.? &yfwefŒawmf rl+yD;v#if jrwfpGmbk&m;onf Asm'dwfawmfay;rnfjzpfygonf? Tausmufpmudkaxmuf±_jcif;tm;jzifh &ckdifjynfudk jrwfpGmbk&m; ºuGa&mufco hJ nfrmS xif&mS ;aeygonfb&k m;? ,if;a=umifh wynfh awmfwŒkd rSm ajc&maumufenf;jzifh aemufodkŒwvSrf;pDqkwf+yD;vdkufaomtcg Ak'< omoemonf uGif;qufrjywfbJESifh "n0wDacwfodkŒa&muf&Sdygonf bk&m;? orkdif;±kyf_uGif;u oufaocH

,if;uJhodkŒ ausmufpm/ ausmuf±kyf/ aypmrsm;twdtvif; &Sd aomfvnf;/ ,ckacwf±u kd Ef ydS af omyHEk ydS pf mtkyw f iG rf ygI r,Hrk mS ;,Gi;f onf qdkv#ifvnf; rwwfEdkifygbk&m;? wynfhawmfwdkŒrSm ordkif;±kyfºuGif;jzpf aomausmufpm/ a=u;jym;/ a&$jym;pm/ aiGjym;pmwdkŒuom oufaocH (16)

aeygojzifh ,if;pmrsm;u rSm;+yD; ,ckyHkESdyfwdkufrS±dkufESdyfaom puULrSm a&;om;xm;onfph muom rSeo f nf[q k v dk #iv f nf; wynfah wmfwŒkd ajym p&mrvkdawmhygbk&m;? ,if;a=umifh wynfhawmfwdkŒrSm ygVdtÏuxmrSm yg&ef vdktyfrnf rxifygbk&m;? oufaocHorkdif;±kyfºuGif;taxmuft xm;u ckdifrmaeyg+yDbk&m;? r[m,epum;wpfvHk;r# rawGŒ

r[mwdkif;p¹ENm;rif;}uD;onf oleef;wufptcsdefY a0omvD bk&m;}uD;udkwnf+yD; ausmufpma&;xkd;cJhygonf? tuQ&mpmvHk;rSm jA[RD yGm;jzpfygonf? ta=umif;t&mrSm ‘a,"rRm a[wk y b0g’*gxmawmf jzpfygonf? ouUwtoHrxGufbJ ygVdoufoufjzpfygonf? xkdpm. aemufydkif;Y a&;xkd;xm;aomausmufpmrsm;rSm ouUwtoHESifh a&;xdk; xm;onfukd awGŒ&ygonf? a,"rRmpmvH;k rsm;Y ‘r’txuf wGif ‘a&z’ ac:aom ‘&-aumuf’udkwifxm;ygonf? a,"rRm(a,"&rRm)vdkŒ zwf& ygonf? ‘a[wkyb0g’pmwrf;Yvnf; ‘y’apmuft xufwiG f ‘a&z’wif xm;ygonf? a[wkyb0g (a[wkjyb0g) vdkŒzwf&ygonfbk&m;? ,if;uJh odkŒ tqifhtqifhokawoejyKvkdufaomtcg r[m,e*dk%f;u pum; wpfvHk;vnf;rawGŒ&yg bk&m;? oD[dkVf V(f oD&dvuFm)ESifh 0g'csif;wl

wynfah wmfyxrcsjycJah om Oywd\ESihf aumvdwta=umif; wGif t&Sift\Zdrax&fa[m=um;cJhaom ‘a,"rRm’*gxmawmf onf (17) a0omvDodkŒa&muf&SdcJhygonf? ,if;+yD;aemuf a0omvDrif;rsm;onf oD[kdVf(oD&dvuFm)ESifh omoema&;udpPrsm;udk tjyeftvSefoGm;a&muf aqmif&Gufa=umif;ESifh tmeENp¹ENm;rif;}uD;onf oD[dkVf(oD&dvuFm)odkŒ tvSLypPnf;rsm;ydkŒonf[k ausmufpmwGifawGŒ&Sd&ygonf? oD[dkVf(oD&d vuFm)omoemrSm ax&0g'jzpfI/ wynfhawmfwdkŒa0omvDwGifvnf; ax&0g'omoemxGef;um;a=umif; odEdkifygonfbk&m;? ,if;a=umifh wynfhawmfwdkŒ&ckdifjynfomoemonf r[m,e*dk%f;rS oufqif;vm aom r[m,e*dk%f;r[kwfbJ "n0wDacwf bk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif ºuG a&muf c J h p Of u p+yD ; jzpf a y:ouf q if ; vmaom ax&0g'Ak ' < b mom jzpfa=umif; wynfhawmfav#mufxm;ygonf bk&m;? Ù ar;cG e f ; eH y gwf (2)

Ak'<.ygVdawmftÏuxmponfwdkŒwGifryg&SdbJ jrwfpGm bk&m;onf "n0wDjynfodkŒºuGa&muf+yD; ausmufawmfawmifY &yfwefŒ cJhonf[k a&;om;ajymqdk=uonf? Tta=umif;udkvnf; ajz&Sif;ay;yg? Ù ar;cG e f ; eH y gwf (3)

Ak'<.ygVdawmftÏuxmponfwdkŒY ryg&SdbJ jrwfpGm bk&m;onf pENmol&d,rif;}uD;ESifhawGŒqHk_yD; r[mrkedbk&m;udk oGef;vkyf cJhonf[k a&;om;ajymqdk-uonf? Tta-umif;udkvnf; ajz&Sif;ay;yg? t&Sifbk&m;.ar;cGef;eHygwf(2) ESifh (3)udk waygif;wnf;ajz -um;vdyk gonf? ar;cGe;f rsm;rSm woabmwnf;jzpfaejcif;a-umifyh g bk&m;? wynfhawmfonf &ckdifjynfodkŒ Ak'
ar;cGef;tay: tao;pdwf&Sif;vif;xm;_yD;jzpfygonfbk&m;? aemufxyf av#mufxm;ygrnfbk&m;? wynfhawmfwdkŒ&ckdifjynfwGif ,ckudk;uG,fae aomAk'o < moemrSm ajrmufO;D acwfb&k ifrsm;tkypf ;kd cJah omumvrS qufcH ,lcJhaom Ak'
TuJo h Œkd r[mwdik ;f p¹ENm;rif;onf r[mrkeo d rd af wmfukd topf (19) wzefjyefvnfwnfaqmufcJhonf[kqdkojzifh r[mwdkif;p¹ENm;rif;}uD; rwdkifrSDuyif odrfawmfta[mif;ESifh r[mrked±kyf&SifawmfrSm&SdESifhae+yD; jzpf a=umif; od&Sd&ygonf? ,if;odkŒjzpfv#if a0omvDacwfrwkdifrSD rnfonfh acwf&o dS nfukd ajc&maumuftwkid ;f vku d yf gv#if "n0wDacwfuakd wGŒ&yg onfbk&m;? "n0wD+rdKŒawmfrSm pdwful;,Of+yD;a&;omcJhaom+rdKŒawmf r[kwfa=umif; av,mOfrS&kduful;xm;aom"gwfyHkudk=unfhjcif;tm;jzifh od&SdEdkifygonfbk&m;? trSefwu,f&SdcJhaom+rdKŒjzpfa=umif; jynfwGif;jynfy ordkif;ynm&Sifrsm; vufcH=uygonfbk&m;? oA oAŠŠ'gey`um&eusrf;rSm&Sd

wynfhawmfwdkŒordkif;rsm;wGifvnf; wwd,"n0wD+rdKŒawmf udk pENmol&d,rif;}uD;wnfcJha=umif; zwf±_&ygonf? TpENmol&d, bk&if "n0wDYtkyfpdk;pOfumvrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif taemufrZÆdra'o Y&Sdaecsdefjzpfygonf? wynfhawmfvufxJwGif&Sdaeaom ‘oAŠ'gey`um &e’usrf;wGif pENmol&,rif;}uD;vufxuf bk&m;&Sifudk,fawmfwdkif ºuG a&muf+yD; r[mrked±kyf&SifawmfudkoGef;vkyfcJha=umif; tao;pdwfa&;om; xm;ygonf? ausmuf p muouf a ocH

4if;tjyif awmifaygu}f uD;ausmufpmuvnf; oufaocHaeyg onfbk&m;? jrwfpGmbk&m;onf pENmol&d,rif;}uD;tm; "rRp}uFmw&m; awmfEiS hf ±kyw f /k qif;wkawmfrsm;udk wnfxm;ud;k uG,jf cif;jzifh &&St d yfaom (20)

tusKd;w&m;rsm;udk ‘owWKAdrRylZed,edaoookwWef’[lI rl&if;aypm vnf;&Sdygao;onfbk&m;? *k%fjyKxm;onfh±kyfwk

pENmol&d,rif;}uD;tm; jrwfpGmbk&m; "rRp}uFmw&m; a[m =um;ae[ef xkvkyfxm;aomausmufjym;wpfcsyfudkvnf; awGŒ&Sd&yg onf? a0omvDr[mwdik ;f p¹ENm;rif;}uD;u pENmol&d,rif;}uD;tm; *k%fjyK xkvkyfxm;aom±kyfwkjzpf[ef&Sdygonf? jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifonf &ckdifjynf"n0wDodkŒ ºuGa&mufcJhpOfu aovm*D&ad wmifay: Y&yfwefŒcJ+h yD; Asm'dwcf srw S cf ahJ =umif; ‘oAŠ'gey`um &e’usrf ; wG i f taotcsmazmf j yxm;ygonf ? ‘cspf o m;tmeEN m igonfbk&m;jzpf&eftwGuf q,fyg;aomyg&rDawmf}uD;ESifh oHk;q,faom yg&rDawmfi,frsm;udk jznfhqnf;aomumvY T"n0wDjynfwGif tvD vDvltjzpf usifvnfcJhzl;onf? ,ck ig&yfwefŒaeaom aovm*D&dawmif .teD;tyg;ywf0ef;usifwGif yef;yGwform;tjzpfESifh ig aexdkifcJhonf? igy&dedAŠmefpHvGef+yD;aemufumvY ig.ausm±dk;awmf"gwfudk XmyemI apwDwnfvwWHŒ? ausm±dk;awmf"gwfapwDwGifvwWHŒ’[k Asm'dwfay;cJhyg onf? xkd"gwfawmfudk aemufumvwGif ausmufawmf"gwfapwD[kac: wGicf yhJ gonf? xdt k rnfut kd pGjJ yKI jrpfwbuf&_dS rdKŒudv k nf; ausmufawmf _rdKŒ[kac:wGifcJhygonf? xdkemrnfudfktpGJjyKI jrpfwbuf&Sd_rdKŒudkvnf; ausmufawmf_rdKŒ[kac:wGifcJhygonf?

Ù ar;cGef;eHygwf (4) o*F g,emajcmufwefYrygbJvsuf &ckdifjynfa0omvD a&$awmif}uD;Y pwkwo Î *F g,emudw k ifco hJ nf[k a&;om;ajym qd-k uonf? Tta-umif; udkvnf; ajz&Sif;ay;yg? Tar;cGef;ESifhywfoufI wynfhawmft&Snfajz-um;&rnf jzpfygonf bk&m;? bk&m;y&dedAŠmefpHvGef+yD;r=umrDSumvwGiftZmw owfrif;}uD;onf yxrt}udro f *F g,emwifcyhJ gonf bk&m;? wif&aom ta=umif;t&if;/ wifcJhaomae&mESifh wdkif;jynf/ wif&mYtm;ay;tm; ajr‡mufay;aombk&if/ wif&mYyg0ifaom&[E Wmrsm;/ OD;aqmifaom &[E Wm/ &nf!$ef;aom*gxmyk'f/ ygËdponftm;jzifh t*F gq,fwefESifh +yD; atmifwifcJha=umif;zwf±_&ygonf? yOP r o*F g ,em

wynf h a wmf w d k Œ &ck d i f j ynf z uf r S p maywd k Œ rS m o*F g,em ta=umif;ESiyhf wfoufI o*F g,em}uD;/ o*F g,emacs(i,f)[lI ESprf sK;d ESpf pm;awGŒ&Sd&ygonf? o*F g,em}uD;rsm;udk eHygwfpOftwdkif;a&wGuf+yD;v#if o*F g,emi,frsm;udkawmh rdrdwkdŒ.wkdif;jynfrsm;twGif;Y eHygwfpOfwyf xm;cJh=uygonf? av;+rdKŒacwf yOPm+rdKŒY bk&ifrif;&ifjzLonf {u'or ajrmufo*F g,emudkwifcJhonf[lI a&;om;xm;csufawGŒ&+yD;v#if yOPr ajrmufo*F g,emudkvnf;wif.[kvnf; a&;omxm;ygonf? bk&if wpfyg;wnf; o*F g,emESpf}udrfwifa=umif;od&Sd&ygonf? TodkŒjzpfv#if rif;&ifjzLonf o*F g,em}uD;udk yOPrt}udrfwif+yD;v#if/ o*F g,emi,fudk

(21) (23) ±kyf&SifawmfoGef;vkyfa-umif;,Hk-unf

TuJhodkŒ bk&m;Asm'dwf0if"gwfawmfapwD 248=ql &SdcJhygonf? T"gwfawmfapwDrsm;udk a0omvDjynf&Sif r[mwdkif;p¹ENm;rif;}uD;onf jyefvnfjyKjyifcJha=umif; ordkif;rSwfwrf;rsm;t& od&Sd&ygonf? T ta=umif;udkaxmuf±_Ivnf; xdk"gwfawmfapwDrsm;rSm a0omvDacwf rwdkifrSDuyif &SdESifhcJh_yDjzpfa-umif; od&SdEdkifygonf? &ckdifordkif;pmay taxmuftxm;t&vnf;aumif;/ ±kyf0wWKoufaojzifhvnf;aumif; udkufnDaeygI pENmol&d,rif;}uD;vufxuf jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif "n0wD odkŒºuGa&muf+yD; r[mrked±kyf&Sifawmfudk oGef;vkyfcJha=umif;,Hk=unfyg onf?

wpfq,fhwpf}udrfajrmufwifrnf[krSwfom;&ygonf bk&m;? ordkif;rSwfwrf;rSmawGŒ

aemufwpfcsufu q&mawmfwdkŒrE Wav;+rdKŒwGif&Sdaeaom r[mrkedbk&m;udk b,fu&,lcJhygovJbk&m;? Tr[mrkedbk&m;udk bd;kf awmfb&k m;.om;awmf Oy&mZmonf &ckid jf ynfuyif, h cl jhJ cif; r[kwyf g vm;bk&m;? Tbk&m;}uD;ordik ;f rSmvnf; &ckid jf ynf"n0wDjynf&h iS f pENmol&d ,rif;oGe;f vkycf ahJ =umif;udo k m orkid ;f pmaytapmifapmifY wnDwnGwf wnf; azmfjyxm;=uygonfbk&m;? jrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwkdif &ckdifjynf odŒk ºuGa&mufcI hJ aovm*D&ad wmifay: Y waxmuf&yfwefŒcJh+yD; pENmol&d ,rif;}uD;av#mufxm;ojzifh eef;awmfodkŒºuGa&muf oDwif;oHk;+yD; r[mrked±kyf&SifawmfudkoGef;vkyfcJhonfrSm rSefuefa=umif;ajz=um; vdkyg onf bk&m;?

wynfah wmfwŒkd o*F g,emwifjcif;qkdif&m &ckdkifjynfodkŒpD;qif; vmaoma&pD;a=umif;udo k m av#mufxm;ygonfb&k m;? wynfah wmf a&SŒ u av#mufxm;cJhonfhtwkdif; wynfhawmfwdkŒ&ckdifjynfwGif rdrdwdkŒ. omoemqdik &f mqif;oufvmyHo k nfvnf;aumif;/ rdrv d rl sK;d wdŒk qif;ouf vmyHkudkvnf;aumif;/ +rdKŒjytkyfcsKyfa&;/ &Sifbk&ifqufrsm;pOfqufqif; oufvmyHkudkvnf;aumif; oD;jcm;awGŒ&Sd&ygonf? Tta=umif;rsm;udk rdrdwdkŒ.ordkif;rSwfwrf;rsm;rSmom awGŒ&Sd&rnfjzpfygonfbk&m;? jrwfpGmbk&m;y&dedAŠmefpHvGef+yD;aemuf r=umjrifhrSDumvwGif yxrt}udrfo*F g,emudk &mZ+*dK[fY usif;yjyKvkyfcJh=uygonf? tZmw owfrif;}uD;u taxmuftuljyK+yD; t&Sifr[mu\yu OD;aqmifcJh ygonf? t&Sirf [mu\yar;or# t&Sit f meENmuajz=um;+yD; E_ww f u kd f &GwfI o*F g,emwifcJh=uygonf? tb,fa=umifh o*Fg,emwifcJhonf qdak omf jrwfpmG bk&m;y&deAd mŠ efpv H eG af omtcg avmif;awmfukd eHŒomxif; rsm;pkyHk+yD; rD;o+*dK[f&eftwGuf rD;±d_Œaomfvnf; xif;rsm;rSm rD;ravmifyg bk&m;? tb,fha=umihfqdkaomf bk&m;&Sif.wynfh}uD;jzpfaom r[m u\yra&mufao;aoma=umifhygbk&m;? wynfhig;&mjzifh c&D;vrf;rSm &Sd aeygao;onf? t&Sifr[mu\y.wynfh&[ef;rsm;rSm ykxkZOfrsm; jzpf=uonfhtwGuf bk&m;&Sify&dedAŠmefpHvGef+yD; ºuGif;usef&pfaom "gwf

(22)

(24)

rEW a v;r[mrk e d b ,f u &

awmfrsm;udkrjrif&v#if bk&m;.udk,fcE<mrSjzpfaom"gwfawmfrsm;udk ,HkrSm;oHo,jzpfzG,f&Sdygonfbk&m;? rdrdrsufjrifudk,fawGŒrSom jrwfpGm bk&m;.udk,fum,awmfrS "gwfawmfrsm;ºuGif;onfudk ,Hk=unfrnf jzpfygonfbk&m;? aemufwpfcsufu &[ef;awmfrsm;onf jrwfpGm bk&m;udk touf&SifpOfuzl;ajr‡mf&aomfvnf; y&dedAŠmefpHvGefaom tavmif;awmfudkzl;jrif&v#if bk&m;&Siftay: =unfndKo'
xkdokb'N&[ef;.pum;udk-um;rdaom t&Sifr[mu\y onf rsm;pGmwkefv+yfrdcJhygonf? jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sify&dedAŠmefpHvGefonf (25) rS m ck e pf & uf w ywf o m&S d a o;onf ? bk & m;a[mw&m;awmf r sm;ES i f h 0denf;awmfrsm;udk rsuu f , G jf yKrnft h &dyt f a&mifay:ae+yD/ omoemawmf qk w f , k w f & ef t a=umif ; rsm;jzpf a y:vmEk d i f o nf [ k pd w f Y rS w f o m;rd cJhygonf? ,if;a=umifh bk&m;&Sifa[mor#udk &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;rSm pkaygif;I jyefvnf&Gwfqdko*F g,emwif&ef ta=umif;jzpfcJhygonf bk&m;? ,if;a=umifh t&Sirf [mu\ytrSL;jyKaom &[E mW ig;&mwdŒk onf yxr o*F g,emudkwifcJh=ujcif; r[kwfygvm; bk&m;? 'k w d , o*F g ,em

jrwfpmG bk&m;y&deAd mŠ efpv H eG I f ESpaf ygi;f w&m=umaomtcg 0dZD…Š wdik ;f om;&[ef;wdŒk onf 0denf;odumQ yk'af wmfrsm;Y jyifqifcsuf 10-csuf udkjyKvkyfcJhygonf? bk&m;&Sif.0denf;awmfudk zDqefIvmcJh=uonf? ,if; a=umifh a0omvDjynfwGif umvaomurif;}uD;u wumjyKI t&Sif r[mu\ytrSL;jyKaom &[E Wmckepf&mwdkŒonf 'kwd,o*F g,emudk wifcJhygonfbk&m;? wwd,o *F g ,em o*F

wwd , t}ud r f o *F g,emud k ygËvd y k w f j ynf & S i f t aomu rif;}uD;u wumjyKI &[E Wmt&Sifarm*~vdykwWwd\rax&f}uD;trSL; jyKvsuf &[E WmwaxmifwdkŒwifcJhygonf? TonfwdkŒrSm rZÆdra'oY wifcJhaom o*F g,emoHk;wefjzpfygonfbk&m;? (26)

pwkw o*Fg,em w

wynfhawmfwdkŒ&ckdifa0omvDwGif pwkwÎo*F g,emwifcJh a-umif; av#mufxm;ygrnfb&k m;? a0omvDacwf at'D 4=&mpkrS 9=&mpk xd xG e f ; um;cJ h a omacwf j zpf y gonf ? xd k a 0omvD r if ; rsm;wd k Œ onf ax&0g'Ak'
t}uD ; trS L ;jyKaomyk * ~ d K vf r S m cl V a&0&[E W m rax&f } uD ; jzpfygonf? oHk;ESpf=umatmif a=u;jym;ig;axmifay:wGifa&;om;+yD; o*F g ,em wifcahJ =umif; ar"ynmarmfueG ;f pmwGif awGŒ&ygonfb&k m;? oHCm awmfrsm;oDwif;oHk;aeEkdif&ef a&$awmif}uD;udknDpGmn‡d+yD; ausmif;awmf }uD;ig;aqmif aqmufvkyfcJha=umif; xdkarmfuGef;t&od&Sd&ygonfbk&m;? ,aeŒwdkif ausmif;awmf&mrsm;udk awGŒEkdifygao;onfbk&m;? rZÆdra'o wGif taomurif;}uD;wifcJhaom o*F g,emonf wwd,t}udrfjzpf ojzifh xdw k wd,t}udrrf q S ufvufa&wGucf ahJ oma=umifh a0omvDwiG f wifcJhaomo*F g,emrSm pwkwÎt}udrfjzpfygonfbk&m;?

ºuGi;f taxmuftxm;t&vnf;aumif; awGŒ&S&d ygonf? wynfah wmfwŒkd ESifhwuG EdkifiHjcm;okawoDwdkŒuyg vufcHxm;ygonfbk&m;? Ù ar;cG e f ; eH y gwf (5)

&ckdifjynf&Sd"gwfawmfrsm;udk ausm±dk;awmf"gwf/ OD;&mZfawmf"gwf/ vnf±dk; awmf"gwfponfjzifh trsKd;rsKd;trnfay;xm;=uonf? Tta=umif;udk vnf; ygVdawmftÏuxmrSm rawGŒ&I ajz&Sif; ay;yg? bk & m;ocif y &d e d A Š m ef p H v G e f I rD ; avmif u |rf ; aomtcg/ "gwfarGawmfESpfrsKd; ºuGif;usef&pfcJhygonf? wpfrsKd;rSm torŠdEM"gwfawmf ESifh orŠdEM"gwfawmfrsm;jzpf=uygonfbk&m;? torŠdEM"gwfawmfrsm;rSm ezl;oif;uspfawmfwpfql/ n‡yf±dk;awmfESpfql/ pG,fawmfav;qljzpfyg onf? orŠdEM"gwfawmfrsm;rSm ta&mifoHk;rsKd;ESifh t&G,ftpm;oHk;rsKd; ºuG i f ; a=umif ; &ck d i f " gwk 0 if u srf ; Y a&;om;xm;ygonf ? jrwf p G m bk&m;.wudk,fvHk; rS"gwfawmfaygif; &Spfp&GwfºuGif;ygonf? uGrf;pm; tm;jzifh wq,fh ajcmufuGrf;pm;jzpfygonf? ta&miftqif;tm;jzifh a&$a&m/ yGwo f pfpc±koif;a&mif/ cs&m;apha&mifwŒkd jzpf=uygonf? bk&m;&Sif .ºuG i f ; usef v d k u f a om"gwf a wmf r sm;ud k ES p f j ynf a xmif r if ; wd k Œ tm; a'geykÀm;u a0ay;&.? rdrdt&yfa'owdkŒwGif udk;uG,fcJh=uygonf? xdk"gwfawmfrsm;udk r=umrSD tZmwowfrif;onf wdkufcdkuf,l+yD; &mZ+*dK[fjynfrSm ajrxJapwDwnfIxm;cJhygonf? "gwfawmfta=umif; Tae&mwGifqHk;aeyg+yD? Tonfum; aygifawmf"gwf/ rsufvHk;awmf"gwf/

(27) (29) o*Fg,em}uD;

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vnf±dk;awmf"gwfponfjzifh tÏuxmrSmryg&Sdyg? "gwfawmfrsm;&&SdyHk

od k Œ aomf "gwf a wmf r sm;rS m ,aeŒ&ck d i f j ynf Y trnf e mr ESihfwuGwnf&Sdaeao;onf? T"gwfawmfrsm; &ckdifjynfodkŒ b,fyHk b,fenf; a&muf&Sdvmonfudk &Sif;vif;av#mufxm;ygonf? jrwfpGm bk&m; y&dedAŠmefpHvGef+yD; ESpfaygif; 218-ESpft=umwGif ygËvdykwfjynfY oD&"d rRmaomurif;}uD; xD;eef;pd;k pHcyhJ gonf? xdrk if;}uD;onf "rRcE<maygi;f &Spaf omif;av;axmifu&kd nfp;l +yD; apwDwnfvo kd jzifh jrwfpmG bk&m;."gwf awmfarGawmfrsm;udk &SmazGcJhygonf? tZmwowfrif;jr‡Kyfxm;cJhaom "gwfawmfrsm;udk wl;azmf,lcJhygonf? xkd"gwfawmfrsm;rSm a&$yef;uef;wGif wvH k ; wpk w aygif ; wnf ; jzpf a eygonf ? xk d " gwf a wmf r sm;ud k t&S i f arm*~vduykwWwd\rax&fonf tom;rSjzpfaom"gwf/ t±dk;rSjzpfaom "gw/f taoG;rSjzpfaom"gwf ponfjzifch jJG cm;cJyh gonf? tao;pdwt f m;jzifh OD;acgif;awmf"gwf/ OD;aESmufawmf"gwf/ rsufvHk;awmf"gwfponfjzifh jrwfpmG bk&m;.t*F g}uD;i,frjS zpfaom "gwaf wmfrsm;udk wpfcck si;f cGjJ crf;+yD; oD&d"rRmaomurif;}uD;tm;ay;cJhygonf? oD&d"rRmaomurif;}uD;onf "gwfawmfrsm;udk&&Sdaomtcg ye mav Ïmye yemav mavonf? TapwDwnf&rnfhae&ma'orsm;udk to#ifarm*vd ykwWwd\rax&ftm; ar;av#mufcJhygonf? xdktcg to#ifarm*~vd ykwWwd\rax&fu ‘wumawmfrif;}uD; T"gwfawmfrsm;udkÏmyem_yD; apwDwnf&efa'orsm;rSm jrwfpGmbk&m;oufawmfxif&Sm;&SdpOfuyif (30)

Asm'dwfcsrSwfcJhaomae&mwdkif;wGif apwDwnf&rnf[kajymcJhygonf? xdkae&mrsm;odkŒ apwDwnf&eftwGuf "gwfawmfrsm;udkydkŒaqmif&rnf’ jzpfa-umif; rdefŒ¹rGufcJhygonf? xdktcg t&Sifarm*~vdykwWd\rax&f onf to#ifAmulvrax&fESifh to#ifwd\rax&fwdkŒtm; jrwfpGmbk&m; Asm'd w f c srS w f c J h o nf h &ck d i f j ynf & S d a e&mrsm;wG i f apwD w nf x m;&ef "gwfawmfrsm;udkydkŒapcJhonf?

"gwfawmfrsm;onf wnf&SdcJhyg.? Ak'<."gwfawmfEdkifiH[kvnf; ac:oifh ygonf? Ù ar;cG e f ; eH y gwf (6)

&cdkifjynfwGiftoHk;jyKaom ydËuwfawmfrsm;rSm jrefrmrljzpfoavm/ rnfonfhrljzpfoenf;/ o*F g,emajcmufwefwGif ygaomrljzpfoavm/ ajz&Sif;ay;yg?

ol&d,puUrif;vufxuf

xkdt&SifwdkŒonf aumif;uifc&D;jzifh &ckdifjynfodkŒºuGa&mufcJh ygonf? ,if;tcsdefwGif &ckdifjynf"n0wDwGif ol&d,puUrif;}uD;rif;jyK v#uf&Sdygonf? xdk"gwfawmfrsm;udk to#ifESpfyg;onf ol&d,puUrif; }uD;tm;ay;tyf+yD; apwDwnf&rnfht&yfa'orsm;udkvnf; ajymcJhyg onf? ol&d,puUrif;}uD;onf "gwfawmfrsm;udkvufcH+yD; rSL;}uD;/ rwf}uD;/ ppfo}l uD;rsm;udak pwDwnf&eftwGuf "gwaf wmfrsm;udak y;tyf+yD; jrwfpmG bk & m;Asm'd w f ¹ rG u f q d k c J h o nf h a e&mwd k i f ; od k Œ oG m ;a&muf I apwD r sm; udw k nfapygonfb&k m;? jrwfpmG bk&m; &ckid jf ynfoŒkd ºuGa&mufcahJ om tcg &yfwefŒawmfrl+yD; Asm'dwfay;cJhaomaovm*D&dawmifawmfY ausmuf±dk; awmf"gwu f Xkd myem+yD; apwDwnfcyhJ gonf? rÍLyAŠwawmifwiG f csuaf wmf "gwfudkXmyem+yD; apwDwnfcJhygonf? rd*yAŠwawmifY oif;uspfawmf "gwfudk XmyemIapwDwnfcJhygonfbk&m;? (31) wjynf v H k ; rS m

TodkŒ&ckdifjynfwjynfvHk;wGif Asm'dwfawmf0ifapwD 248-ql udkwnfcJhygonf? "gwfawmfapwDrsm;udk jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAŠmefpHvGef +yD;rSom vmwnfjcif;jzpfaoma=umifh jrwfpmG bk&m;onf "gwaf wmfrsm;udk Tonfum; OD;acgif;awmf"gwf/ Tonf OD;aESmufawmf"gwf/ aygifawmf "gwf/ ajcovHk;awmf"gwfponfjzifh cGJjcrf;a[mxm;jcif;udk rjyKEdkifawmh ygbk&m;? ,if;a=umifh bk&m;a[mygVdawmftÏuxmponfwdkŒrSm ryg&Sd jcif;jzpfygonfbk&m;? trSefwnfaom"gwfawmfrsm;

tÏuxmygVdawmfponfwdkŒrSmryg&Sdaomfvnf; ,aeŒxuf wdkif ausm±dk;awmf"gwf/ csufawmf"gwf/ v#mawmf"gwfponfjzifh wnf &Sdaeygonf? T"gwfawmftrnfrsm;udkvnf; "n0wDacwfrSp+yD;/ acwf tqufquf.bk&ifrsm; jyefvnfjyKjyifcJhonfudk uAŠnf;ausmufpmxdk; xm;cJ h y gonf b k & m;? ,if ; a=umif h bk & m;a[mygVd a wmf t Ïuxm ponfwdkŒrSm rygaomfvnf; trSefpifppfwnf&Sdaom"gwfarGawmfrsm;jzpf a-umif; av#mufxm;ygonfbk&m;? "gwfarGawmfapwDrsm;rSm up>y e'D(ac: )ukvm;wefjrpf. 0J=,m wav#mufYvnf;aumif;/ tOPe e'D(ac: )av;_rdKŒ jrpf. 0J=,m wav#mufYvnf;aumif;/ o&D&e'D (ac: ) o&Dacsmif;. 0J=,m wav#mufYvnf;aumif;/ &E<e'D (ac: ) &ef;acsmif; jrpf. 0J=,m wav#mufYvnf;aumif;/ &rf;_AJu|ef;/ z±Hkumu|ef;/ oHwGJ paomae&m/ a'otESHŒ &ckdifwjynfvHk;wGif jrwfpGmbk&m;wudk,fvHk;&Sd (32)

wynfah wmfwŒkd &ckid jf ynfwiG t f oH;k jyKaom ydËuwfukd }udK;wef; ydËuwfawmf[kac:ygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHudka&muf&Sdaom ydËuwfawmfrSm oxHkuwqifh taemf&xmrif;,lcJhaomydËuwfawmfjzpfa=umif; od&Sd &ygonf? oxHkydËuwfawmfrSmvnf; oD[dkVfrSwqifha&mufvmaom ydËuwfawmfjzpfI oD[dkVfydËuwfac:a=umif; od&ygonfbk&m;? oD[dkVf rSmvnf; &SifAk'
wynfhawmfwdkŒ&ckdifydËuwfudk tb,fa=umifh }udK;wef; ydËuwf[kac:&jcif;udk &Sif;ygrnfbk&m;? yxrt}udrf o*F g,emrltwdkif; 'kwd,t}udrfo*Fg,emwifcJhygonf? 'kwd,t}udrfo*F g,emrltwdkif; wwd , t}ud r f o *F g,emwif c J h y gonf ? &ck d i f j ynf w G i f v nf ; pwkwW t}udrfo*F g,emwGif wwd,t}udrftwkdif; o*F g,emwifcJhygonf (33) bk&m;? TuJhodkŒ rl&if;twdkif; tqifhqifhpwkwÎt}udrfxdqif;oufvm aomfvnf; ydËuwfawmfrsm;udk jznfhpGufjcif;/ jyifqifjcif;/ E_wfy,fjcif; vHk;0rjyKbJ woa0rwdrf; (&ckdiftac: ) pmrsOf;tc|wfyifv#ifrSefuef aomydËuwfawmf jzpfygonf? pmrsOf;qdkonfrSm rsOf;a=umif;udkac:yg onf? a&S;pum;rSm rsOf;a=umif;udk }udK;wef;[kac:ygonf? Oyrmtm; jzifh opfwHk;wpfwHk;udk v$q&mu A[dkcGJvdkv#if opfwHk;.acgif;rSae rD;aoG;okwfvdrf;xm;aom}udK;udk tv,fusatmifxm;+yD; tjcm;w bufu vlwpfOD;u }udK;udkwif;aeatmifudkifI }udK;udkqGJ±dkuf&ygonf? xdktcg rD;aoG;okwfvdrf;xm;aom}udK;.ta=umif;onf opfwHk;ay: Y xif&Sm; pGmay:aeygonf? vHk;0aumufauGŒjcif;r&Sdyg? xdkenf;wlpGm &ckdifjynf&SdydËuwfawmfrsm;rSmvnf; }udK;wef;onftaumuftauGŒ r&SdouJhodkŒ jyKjyifjcif;/ jyifqifjcif;/ E_wfy,fjcif;wnf;[laom csKdŒ,Gif; csuftaumuftauGŒr&Sdygojzifh }udK;wef;ydËuwf[k trnfay;xm; ygonfbk&m;? yd É uwf w d k u f a v;q,f h & S p f c k

a&S;&ckdifbk&ifrsm;tkyfpdk;aomacwfu ajrmufOD;+rdKŒ.ywf0ef; usifwGif oHCmwaxmifqefŒaom ausmif;awmf}uD; 36-ausmif;&SdcJh a=umif; rSwo f m;&ygonf? xdak usmif;wdu k }f uD;rsm;Y Ak'p< mayudo k if=um; ae=uaom oHCmawmfrsm;wdŒk onf }udK;wef;ydËuwfupkd x H m;I avhvm =uygonf? xdkydËuwfawmfrsm;udkxm;&Sd&eftwGuf ydËuwfwdkufac: ykxkd;rsm;udk ajrmufOD;+rdKŒae&mtESHŒwGif awGŒ&Sd&ygonf? ordkif;tqdkt& (34)

ydËuwfwdkufaygif;av;q,fh&Spfck &SdcJha=umif;od&Sd&ygonf? ,cktcg +yd K ysuf o G m ;ojzif h wcsKd Œ w0uf u d k o mawG Œ &ygonf ? ,ck x uf w d k i f taumif;yuwdawGŒ&aom ydËuwfwkdufrSm csdefudkufydËuwf/ bawmf ydËuwfwdkuf/ r,fawmfulydËuwfwdkufwdkŒjzpf=uygonf? ,if;a=umifh a&S;acwfua&;om;=uaompmayrsm;Y a0omvD wGifo*F g,emwGifcJhpOfu rltjzpfxm;cJhaom}udK;wef;ydËuwfwdkuf awmfrSwqifh a&;ul;jcif;jzpfa=umif;udk aypm.tqHk;Y }udK;wef;ydË uwfawmftwdkif;a&;ul;jcif;jzpfygonf[k a&;om;xm;onfudk ,aeŒ wdkif aypmrsm;wGifawGŒ&SdEdkifygao;onf bk&m;? wynfhawmfonf t&Sifbk&m;.ar;cGef;rsm;udk &Sif;vif;ajzqdkcJh onfrSm 4-em&D=umjrifhcJhyg+yD? wynfhawmf.&Sif;vif;ajzqdkcsufrsm;udk vnf;oabmayguf vufcHvdrfhrnfxifygonf? t&Sifbk&m;wdkŒrSmvnf; bk&m;zl;&ef&Sdaeygao;I wynfhawmf.&Sif;vif;ajzqdkcsufrsm;udk tqHk; owfcGifhjyKygbk&m;? q&m}uD ; .ajz=um;av#muf x m;csuf t ay: t&S i f n m%d o&q&mawmfrSm aemufxyfar;jref;jcif;rjyKEkdifawmhbJ bk&m;zl;&ef twGuf nae 5-em&DcefŒwGif o#pfaomif;ykxdk;awmf}uD;rS jyefºuGoGm; cJhygonf?

(35) =1990) Ù Ù q&m}uD;OD;OD;omxGef; (1917 (1917=

q&m=uD; OD;OD;omxGef;ukd &ckdifjynfe,f/ ajrmufOD;jrdKŒ/ anmif yifaps;&Gmae/ tz OD;aumif;pH&GD/ trd a':atmif=uGZHwkdŒrS 1917/ Ekd0if bmv 23 &uf aom=umaeŒwGif zGm;jrifcJhonf? wpfOD;wnf;aomom; jzpfonf? i,f&G,fpOfrSpI tbkd;jzpfol&mZ0ifq&m=uD; OD;omxGef; atmifu &ckdif&mZ0if/ aq;usrf;/ euQwfusrf;/ yl&m%fusrf;rsm;ukd E_wf wkduf tm*kHoif=um;ay;cJhonf? e0rwef;wGif ynmoif=um;aepOf zcif uG,fvGefoGm;ojzifh ausmif;rS EkwfxGufvkduf&jyD;aemuf &[ef;yk*~KdvfwkdŒ xHY ouUË/ ygVd/ orkdif;/ tif;/ aA'ifESifh tjcm;avmuDynm&yfrsm;ukd oif=um;avhvm qnf;yl;cJhonf? 1950 ckESpfESifh 1955 ckESpftxd rlvwef;ausmif;q&mtjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfukdifcJhonf? 1955 ckESpfrS 1977 ckESpftxd ajrmufOD;jrdKŒ a&S;a[mif;okawoeÏmecGJwGif &ckdif-jrefrm¾d tjzpfwm0efxrf; aqmifcJhonf? ,ck vuf&SdajrmufOD; a&S;a[mif;okawoejywkduf}uD; rSm q&m=uD;pkaqmif;wnfaqmufcJhaom jywkduf=uD;jzpfonf? 1977 ckESpfrS 1983 ckESpftxd ajrmufOD;+rdKŒa&S;a[mif;okawoeÏmecGJwGif t=uH ay;yk*d~Kvftjzpf qufvufwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? 1980 ckESpf rS 1983 ckESpftxd wl;azmfcJhaom &ckdifa0omvDjrdKŒa[mif; wl;azmfr_ vkyfief;wGif ukd,fwkdifukd,fus yg0ifwl;azmfcJhonf? ajrmufO;D jrdKŒbk&m;orkid ;f (1301-ckEpS )f OD;&mZfawmifb&k m;=uD; orkdif; (ykHESdyf)/ ajrmufOD;jrdKŒbk&m;orkdif;usrf;jyifqifjznfhpGufcsuf (ykHESdyf) (36)

(1952-53) &uQKdiftrsKd;orD;ol&Jaumif; twˆKy`wWd (1953-(1952-53) &uQKid t f rsK;d orD;ol&aJ umif; twˆKy`wdW (1953-54) (ykEH ydS )f / &uQKid &f mZm0if tacFyusrf; (1954-55) ykHESdyf/ 0oJbk&m; orkdif; (ykHESdyf)/ &Sifowfbk&m; orkdif; (ykHESdyf) wkdŒukd xkwfa0cJhonf? &uQKdifuAsmaygif;csKyf/ &uQKdif&mZ0ifvuFmbmomjyef/ &uQKdif '*F g;rsm;bmomjyef/ &uQKdifjynf "mwfawmfbk&m;apwDrsm;ESifh ajrmufOD; jrdKŒwefckd;=uD;bk&m;rsm; orkdif;pmrlrsm;ukd a&;om;jyKpk+yD; b¾a&;0ef}uD; qmOD;xGefatmifausmfokdŒ ay;tyffcJhonf? tHhawmfodrf;bk&m;orkdif;usrf;/ oJxufbk&m;orkdif;usrf;/ xD; awmfr;dk bk&m;orkid ;f / abmif;'Gwef wfawmif bk&m;orkid ;f / a0omvDb&k m; }uD;orkid ;f / odraf wmf}uD;bk&m;orkid ;f / r[mxD;bk&m;orkid ;f / yg;awmfb&k m; orkid ;f / r*Fvm"mwfa&$ub l &k m;orkid ;f wkŒd ukd &wkvuFmpum;ajyarmfueG ;f ponfwkdŒjzifh a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf? "n0wDr*~Zif;ukd pmwnf;ESifh t,f'Dwmtjzpf wm0ef,l xkwfa0cJhonf? "n0wDpmapmif/ "n0wDr*~Zif;/ &ckdifwefaqmifr*~Zif;/ rE Wav;jynfolŒ*sme,f/ &efukef r*~Zif;/ pkHaxmuf r*~Zif;/ ,Ofaus;r_pm apmif/ &ckdifr*~Zif;/ ppfawGr*~Zif;/ &ckdifjynfe,fpmapmif/ 0&mZfajrr*~Zif; wkdŒwGif OD;OD;omxGef;/ OD;ol&d,ponfh uavmiftrnfrsm;jzifh aqmif;yg; rsm;a&;om;cJhonf? jrdKŒapmifhewfa'0wmAvD ylaZmfusrf;/ tOPeed'gef;aq;usrf;/ &ckdifpnfjyKvkyfykHESifh wD;uGufwD;vkH;rsm; uAsmrsm;/ pkaygif;pmwrf;/ &ckdif xdrf;jrm;r*Fvmyef;/ wsm;wD;vkH;wD;uGufESifh jyKvkyfykHtwkdif;twm pm wrf;/ &ckdifowfykHowfn$ef;cGJxm;jcif; t"dy`m,fxGufykHpmwrf;/ &ckdifyk (37) avG(+rGD) trsKd;rsKd;ukdjyKvkyfykHtwkdif;twmpmwrf;/ Ak'
&ckid af w;oHpmtkyf (1965) &ckid w f idk ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;jzpfpOfEiS hf "avhx;Hk pHrsm;pmtkyf/ wkdif;&if;om;,Ofaus;r_ &kd;&m"avhxkH;pHrsm;/ &ckdifjynfe,f b¾mwku d =f uD;rsm;usr;f / &ckid &f ;dk &mpnfEiS hf wl&, d mwD; uGurf sm; pmwrf;/ jrefrma0g[m& tbd"mefusrf; jyKpk&mwGif a0g[m& pmvkH;rsm;jyKpkay;ykdŒ jcif;/ &ckid af 0g[m& tbd"mefjyKpk&mwGif a0g[m& pmvk;H ESihf t"dym` ,fziG q hf dk csu/f usr;f uk;d um;csurf sm; pmtkyjf yKpkjcif;/ 1976-77 ck &ckid jf ynfe,faeŒ/ &ckdifjynfe,fatmifvH/ &ckdifjynfe,fwHqdyf/ &ckdif&kd;&m usm;§r 0wfpkH pm wrf;/ &ckid jf ynfe,fjzpfpOforkid ;f / ajrmufO;D jrdKŒjzpfpOforkid ;f / ajrmufO;D vrf; n$ef ponfwkdŒukd yg0ifulnDa&;om; jyKpkcJhonf? txufwef;ynmOD;pD;Ïmen$efcsKyf (jidrf;) ygarmuQ OD;pHom atmiftm;vnf; 1972 ck/ tbd"rRm aumufEkwfcsuf yk&ykdufukd rkdufc&kd zvif&kdufESdyf&efvnf;aumif;/ *0du¾ygo%usrf;ayrlukd rkdufc&dkzvif &kdufEkdif&efvnf;aumif;/ vSsKdŒ0Sufausmufpm *%ef;a&;enf;ayrlukd rkdufc &kdzvif&kduf&efvnf;aumif;/ at'D 6 &mpkESifh ,if;rwkdifrD &ckdifjynfokH; tuQ&mpmtkyjf yKpk&mwGiv f nf;aumif;/ teENpjENm;&Sp&f mpk &ckid af 0omvD pmtkyfjyKpk&mwGif vnf;aumif;/ Ak'
Ö 39

Ak'o < moem ESihf &cki d jf ynf

“&ckdifY udk,fhrif;udk,fhcsif;/ udk,fhxD;udk,fheef;ESifh/ udk,fhbmomomoem ESifh }uD;yGm;xGef;um;aeaomtcsdef jzpfaeonfudk t&Sifbk&m;pdwfrSm rSwfxm;&ygrnf? ” “wynf h a wmf w d k Œ &ck d i f j ynf ol w yg;vuf a tmuf u sa&muf o nf h aeŒup_yD; omoemnd‡K;EGrf;cJhonfrSm ,aeŒwkdifjzpfygonf?”

Ak'o < moem ESihf &cki d jf ynf yk H E S d y f r S w f w rf ; tjyif t qif

&ckdifpmay/ &ckdif&kd;&m"avhxkH;wrf;pOfvmwkdŒukd &SmazGpkaqmif; avhvm azmfxkwf xdef;odrf;umuG,fapmifha&Smuf=u&ef tjrJ aqmf=o cJhonf? q&m=u;D um; &ckid , f Ofaus;r_tarGtESp/f &ckid o f rkid ;f / &ckid f pmay/ &ckid &f ;dk &m"avh xk;H wrf;pOfvmrsm;ukd topfwpfzefjyefvnf arG;xkwaf y; cJhaom zcif=uD;wpfOD;jzpfonf? q&m=uD;onf 1990 a&G;aumufyGJtwGuf &ckdiftrsKd;om; 'Drkdua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf (ALD) twGuf rJqG,fpnf;&kH;ay;cJhonf? xkdtcsdef wGif Armppftpkd;&. wkdif;jynftay: tEkdifusifhapmfum;r_ESifh ywfowfI q&m=uD;. tcsufusus a0zefxkd;ESufcsufrsm;onf Armppftpkd;& twGuf temay:wkwu f s t&Su&f apcJo h nf? xkt d wGuaf =umifh q&m=uD; tm; rif;jym;jrdKŒ jym;acsmif;aus;&GmY trsKd;om;a&; w&m;a[monf ponfjzifh trsKd;rsdK;pGJcsufwifjyD; zrf;qD;cJhonf? xkdŒaemuf etzppfckH&kH; u axmif'%f (3)ESpf jypf'%fcsrSwfjyD; ppfawGtusOf;axmifY csKyf aESmifxm;cJhonf? axmifxJwGif q&m=uD;tm; xrif;auGs;&mwGif pdef tp&Sdaom tqdyfygaom tpm;tpm;rsm;tm; aeŒpOfvkdvkd tenf;i,f xnfhauGs;I vkyf=uHcJh&m axmifusjyD; wpfESpfavmuft=um 1990 =o*kwfv 14 &ufaeŒwGif ppfawG tusOf;axmifY uG,fvGefoGm;cJh onf? ArmwkdŒonf &ckdifom;wkdŒtwGuf rm;rm;rwfrwf wkdufyGJ0ifcJhaom q&m=uD;tm; owfjzwfjcif;jzifh &ckdifwkdŒ tm;csKd;ESdyfcJhonf? q&m=uD;Y ZeD; a':pdefomESifhom;ukdausmfxGef;atmif tjyif orD; v;OD;usef&SdaecJhygonf? ?

Ö 40

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owif;ESihf okawoeXme &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;uGef*&uf (&-u-v-u) tk y f a &

1000/ yxrt}ud r f xkwa f 0onfa h eŒpGJ

=o*k w f v 14 &uf / 2007 wG i f u sa&muf r nf h q&m}uD ; uG , f v G e f j cif ; (17 ) ES p f jynf h 0rf ; enf ; jcif ; txd r f ; trS w f tjzpf x k w f a 0onf ?

Email: @gmail.com Phone: qufoG,f&efvdyfpm P.O Box - 178 Tak, Province Mae Sod, 63110 Thailand (41)