Design Of An International Airport

DESIGN OF AN INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT B.TECH PROJECT 2018-19 CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, IIT ROORKEE

Geomatics Aspects of the Airport Design SITE SELECTION

GROUP - 05 Gaurav Kumar(15113042)

SUBGROUP MEMBERS Phanendra Jangid(15113078)

Aashutosh Hirnotia(15113002)

Objective of the Study The present study focuses on selection of optimum location for the planned airport on the basis of various parameter like its connectivity via roadways & railways so that it can be accessible by different mediums of transport available in this area and nearby cities, land use pattern, flood conditions etc.

Preface and Acknowledgement The report titled Geomatic Aspects of the Airport Design: Airport Site Selection is a part of the course CEN-400A B.Tech Project. The course is the major project of the final year of the undergraduate curriculum in Civil Engineering, undertaken at the Civil Engineering Department at the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. The topic of the project is Design of an Airport near Haridwar. The aspects involved in the site selection of the airport are discussed in the report. The results, corresponding attributes and the relevant arguments are mentioned in detail in the report. The softwares used are ArcGIS (ArcMAP 10.6), Google Earth Pro. The group members have contributed equally in every aspect of the process. A brief conclusion at the end of the report incorporates the all the considerations and our take on the problem. The group members would like to extend their sincere regards to Prof. Kamal Jain of Geomatics Department of the Civil Engineering Department of IIT Roorkee. We would also like to acknowledge the help we received by all the esteemed professors of the department throughout the project. The guidance and motivation from Mr. Mohd. Amir of the Geomatics Department is duly acknowledged.

Introduction All major means of transportation, as we have developed, have had an effect on the way of life of the nation. As a direct effect, they have allowed people to travel from one place to another more easily and more inexpensively; those who have lived near the terminal points or way stations have benefited from the convenience, but may also have found the transportation facility a noise-maker and a nuisance in many other ways. In addition, airport transportation saves the people time and connects the cities with each other.Indirectly, these means of transportation have had an even greater effect on our way of life; they have helped increase our standard of living, and have made visible changes on a great number of institutions, customs, and personal values.

EFFECTS OF AN AIRPORT :

a) PHYSICAL EFFECTS Physical effects can be examined in 3 sections : Residential, Commercial and Industrial Residential : Nearby residents of airports claim that the airport is a nuisance.Specifically, they complain of dust, lights and noise. The dust problem has been almost entirely solved by the use of paved runways and the planting of grass. The complaint of annoyance by airport lights is more justified. Runway landing lights are not the prime offender, since they are of steady intensity and usually hooded. Most of the objection comes from the rotating or flashing beacon which is usually of high intensity and periodically splashes nearby areas with light; as with a flashing electric sign, the intermittency of the light is more objectionable than light itself. The airplane noise that, so far, has been an inevitable heritage of every area near an airport is the most objectionable of the three nuisances. The principle source of airplane noise are the propellers, engine exhausts, the engines themselves, airstream, and vibrating parts. The noise level is greatest around large commercial fields since the air traffic is heavier, and large planes are used. Because of the noise factor, people do not want to live near the airport and it is a definite problem to airport planners. It has also been claimed that it is dangerous to live near an airport because of the possibility of a plane crashing.

Commercial: The ordinary airport is not such a revenue-producer that it alone would support even a medium-sized shopping center nearby. Like food,relaxing and shopping facilities are being incorporated in the grounds of the airport, itself and are being let out as concessions in order to take advantage of all income-producing possibilities; primarily, these include lunch rooms, news-stands, novelty shops, drug counters, and gasoline service stations.

Industrial: ​The advantages of an industrial location near an airport are great enough to be significant. A nearby airport would provide an accessible transportation outlet for executive and sales personal travel and would necessitate only a short haul for air freight; however, for most industries, these factors would not be important enough to seriously influence the location of the industry unless other industrial location factors compare favorably with alternative areas. On the other hand, the airport would not appreciably benefit from nearby industries from an economic viewpoint since it would usually got the industries air cargo business in any event. b) SOCIAL EFFECTS The mixture of land uses, train noise, and dirt adjacent to railroad rights of way often have caused a blighting effect on land near the railroad. When the blight was far enough advanced to depress the values and the rents of the adjacent properties those people who could only afford to pay low rentals gravitated to the district.Since a high proportion of these people were socially less than desirable, a stigma was attached to the area in general; and most people who lived “​down by the Rail-Road tracks​” were socially unacceptable in many branches of society. In considering commercial airports, it will be shown later that an airport has the effect of slightly decreasing the value of nearby residential land. However, the value of the land has not been lowered to such an extent that it has been stamped as a low-rental area. Therefore, the blight has not been progressive, and an individual’s residence near an airport does not have any social significance.On the other hand, if personal-plane airports become feasible, it may be highly fashionable to live near such an airport, or airpark; the airparks will be the located near high-income families who will be the largest users of personal planes in the near future, and the more fact that a wealthy group is using the small airport will attract other members of the socialite class so that the airpark may take on a country club atmosphere. However, the possibility of such a condition comingabout would be entirely dependent upon the construction of airparks in or near residential areas. C) ECONOMIC EFFECTS Like any transportation terminal, the airport affects the value of nearby land.Residential area is influenced the noise and pollution of the airport. People do not prefer to live near the airport. In addition, there are some restriction for the residential area which is near the airport. Because of these reasons, the value of business properties will decrease near the airport.On the other hand, the value of business properties are not so likely to be affected by the noise and light nuisances of the airport since people in business establishments are generally indoors and do not occupy the buildings after working hours. Those businesses located immediately adjacent to airports were found to have benefited from airport, and therefore, showed a slight increase in property value. The selection of a suitable site for an airport depends upon the class of airport under consideration. However if such factors as required for the selection of the largest facility are considered the development of the airport by stages will be made easier and economical.

The factors listed below are for the selection of a suitable site for a major airport installation: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Regional plan Airport use Proximity to other airport Ground accessibility Topography Obstructions Visibility Wind characteristics Noise nuisance Grading , Drainage and Soil characteristics Future development Availability of utilities from town Economic consideration

Regional plan: The site selected should fit well into the regional plan there by forming it an integral part of the national network of airport. Airport use: The selection of site depends upon the use of an airport. Whether for civilian or for military operations. However during the emergency civilian airports are taken over by the defense. Therefore the airport site selected should be such that it provides natural protection to the area from air roads. This consideration is of prime importance for the airfields to be located in combat zones. If the site provides thick bushes. Proximity to other airport: The site should be selected at a considerable distance from the existing airports so that the aircraft landing in one airport does not interfere with the movement of aircraft at other airport. The required separation between the airports mainly depends upon the volume of air traffic. Ground accessibility: The site should be so selected that it is readily accessible to the users. The airline passenger is more concerned with his door to door time rather than the actual time in air travel. The time to reach the airport is therefore an important consideration especially for short haul operations. Topography: this includes natural features like ground contours trees streams etc. A raised ground a hill top is usually considered to be an ideal site for an airport. Obstructions: When aircraft is landing or taking off it loses or gains altitude very slowly as compared to the forward speed. For this reason long clearance areas are provided on either side of runway known as approach areas over which the aircraft can safely gain or loose altitude.

Visibility: Poor visibility lowers the traffic capacity of the airport. The site selected should therefore be free from visibility reducing conditions such as fog smoke and haze. Fog generally settles in the area where wind blows minimum in a valley. Wind: Runway is so oriented that landing and take off is done by heading into the wind should be collected over a minimum period of about five years. Noise nuisance: The extent of noise nuisance depends upon the climb out path of aircraft type of engine propulsion and the gross weight of aircraft. The problem becomes more acute with jet engine aircrafts. Therefore the site should be so selected that the landing and take off paths of the aircrafts pass over the land which is free from residential or industrial developments. Grading, drainage and soil characteristics: Grading and drainage play an important role in the construction and maintenance of airport which in turn influences the site selection. The original ground profile of a site together with any grading operations determines the shape of an airport area and the general pattern of the drainage system. The possibility of floods at the valley sites should be investigated. Sites with high water tables which may require costly subsoil drainage should be avoided. Future development: Considering that the air traffic volume will continue to increase in future more member of runways may have to be provided for an increased traffic.

Software Used : ● ●

ArcMAP 10.6 Google Earth

ArcGIS ArcGIS is a ​GIS for working with maps and geographic information. It is used for creating and using maps, compiling geographic data, analyzing mapped information, sharing and discovering geographic information, using maps and geographic information in a range of applications, and managing geographic information in a database. The system provides an infrastructure for making maps and geographic information available throughout an organization, across a community, and openly on the Web. ArcGIS Desktop (featuring ArcGIS Pro) allows you to analyze your data and author geographic knowledge to examine relationships, test predictions, and ultimately make better decisions. ArcGIS Desktop is available in three license levels: Basic, Standard, or Advanced. These license levels share the same core applications, user interface, and development environment.

Each license level provides additional GIS functionality as you move from Basic to Standard to Advanced. ArcGIS includes the following Windows desktop software: • ArcReader, which allows one to view and query maps created with the other ArcGIS products • ArcGIS for Desktop, which is licensed under three functionality levels • ArcGIS for Desktop Basic (formerly known as ArcView), which allows one to view spatial data, create layered maps, and perform basic spatial analysis • ArcGIS for Desktop Standard (formerly known as ArcEditor), which in addition to the functionality of ArcView, includes more advanced tools for manipulation of shapefiles and geodatabases • ArcGIS for Desktop Advanced (formerly known as ArcInfo), which includes capabilities for data manipulation, editing, and analysis.

Google Earth Google Earth is a geobrowser that accesses satellite and aerial imagery, ocean bathymetry, and other geographic data over the internet to represent the Earth as a three-dimensional globe. Geo-browsers are alternatively known as virtual globes or Earth browsers. Google also refers to Google Earth as a "geographic browser." In addition to Earth navigation, Google Earth provides a series of other tools through the desktop application. Additional globes for the Moon and Mars are available, as well as a tool for viewing the night sky. A flight simulator game is also included. Other features allow users to view photos from various places uploaded to Panoramio, information provided by Wikipedia on some locations, and Street View imagery. The web-based version of Google Earth also includes Voyager, a feature that periodically adds in-program tours, often presented by scientists and documentarians. Google Earth has been viewed by some as a threat to privacy and national security, leading to the program being banned in multiple countries. Some countries have requested that certain areas be obscured in Google's satellite images, usually areas containing military facilities.

DATA USED ●

DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL (DEM) : ​To create contour lines of our study area, we downloaded the DEM of the required area from Bhuvan website (http://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in/data)​. The image is taken from Cartosat-1 satellite with a spatial resolution of 2.5m and 10 bit quantization. After importing DEM on ArcGIS, and processing we obtain the below image of DEM. This DEM is further used to extract contour lines on ArcGIS.

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SOIL MAP : The soil map is the topographical data of types of soil in raster format which is found in the study area. There are various types of soil fund in this region and those have been shown in different colours indicated by the index. This data has been provided by government agencies and play an important role in determining the location of airport.

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RAIL NETWORK : ​The study of accessibility or proximity of rail network for different locations in the study area. The location are decided on the basis of Euclidian distance which is processed in ArcGIS.

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ROAD NETWORK : ​The study of accessibility or proximity of road network for different locations in the study area. The location are decided on the basis of Euclidian distance which is processed in ArcGIS.

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LAND USE LAND COVER : Land Use Land Cover, as the name suggests is a topographical data of land use in raster form provided by government agencies. It categories the land use in different uses such as agricultural land, forest, river, wasteland etc. This parameter has most significant contribution in deciding the location of airport

Methodology ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a structured technique for organizing and analyzing complex decisions, based on mathematics and psychology. It was developed by Thomas L. Saaty in the 1970s and has been extensively studied and refined since then. Rather than prescribing a "correct" decision, the AHP helps decision makers find one that best suits their goal and their understanding of the problem. It provides a comprehensive and rational framework for structuring a decision problem, for representing and quantifying its elements, for relating those elements to overall goals, and for evaluating alternative solutions. Users of the AHP first decompose their decision problem into a hierarchy of more easily comprehended subproblems, each of which can be analyzed independently. The elements of the hierarchy can relate to any aspect of the decision problem—tangible or intangible, carefully measured or roughly estimated, well or poorly understood—anything at all that applies to the decision at hand. Once the hierarchy is built, the decision makers systematically evaluate its various elements by comparing them to each other two at a time, with respect to their impact on an element above them in the hierarchy. In making the comparisons, the decision makers can use concrete data about the elements, but they typically use their judgments about the elements' relative meaning and importance. It is the essence of the AHP that human judgments, and not just the underlying information, can be used in performing the evaluations. The AHP converts these evaluations to numerical values that can be processed and compared over the entire range of the problem. A numerical weight or priority is derived for each element of the hierarchy, allowing diverse and often incommensurable elements to be compared to one another in a rational and consistent way. This capability distinguishes the AHP from other decision making techniques. In the final step of the process, numerical priorities are calculated for each of the decision alternatives. These numbers represent the alternatives' relative ability to achieve the decision goal, so they allow a straightforward consideration of the various courses of action. Information and communication technology, which has been incorporated and provided in the Geographic Information System (GIS), is valuable and effective geospatial information for the decision makers in improving their decisions in planning and development. The integration of this GIS using the multi criteria decision analysis approach provides an environment to the decision makers in citing areas using land suitability analysis procedures.

Process Flow Diagram

Satellite view of the overall area

Abstract The investigation of alternative sites for the construction of a new airport is a complex task that involves the cooperation of the multiple disciplines. A typical investigation comprises a thorough examination of all pertinent factors: existing and foreseen land use planning, characteristics of wind and weather conditions, operational and safety aspects, interference with the existing road network, earthworks, construction and expropriation costs as well as environmental and socio-economic impacts. The preliminary analysis of the above aspects usually results in more than one alternative solution that satisfies the above criteria in different ways. The next step is the selection of the most appropriate solution, where the use of multi-criteria techniques can be of great value. The scope of this work is to describe such a multicriteria approach, performed within the decision making process concerning the site selection for the development of a new airport near Haridwar district.

Keywords:​​ ​Airport site selection, multicriteria decision-making

Screenshots of various steps throughout the determination of the Site suitable for Airport : STEP 1 : From Google Earth Pro, We create a shapefile containing a polygon shaped area nearby Roorkee and Laksar and imported it to ArcGIS and convert it to kml format using Conversion tools using ​“Layer to KML”​​. And we also create a shapefile with larger polygon area which is utilized to cut exact shape as former polygon when we would work on Euclid distance of road and rail data.

STEP 2 :​​Then we add LULC data provided to us in ArcGIS and cut out the data of only that

area which is same shape and location as our polygon shape taken from Google Earth ArcGIS, using tool “​Extract using Mask​​” provided under ​“Extraction​​” of “​Spatial Analyst​​” tools.

STEP 3 :​​ ​ ​Similarly crop the Soil data using ​“Extract using Mask”

STEP 4 : ​Then we add road and rail data and clip it using ​“Clip”​​ of ​“Extract” ​of ​“Analysis” tool with keeping cellsize to 30​.

STEP 5 : “​​Euclidean Distance​​” tool is used for​ ​Road and Rail data and then extracted using ”​Extract by Mask​​”

STEP 6:​​ ​Get DEM data from Bhuvan website of the focus area and extract it similarly.

STEP 7 : ​Getting the slope from the DEM data.

STEP 8. ​Prepare the preference matrix by deciding the value of one attribute over the other for the site selection, for eg. we will prefer wasteland as our first choice while water bodies are totally rejected and hence respective weightages are decided and preference matrix are filled a/t weightages. Our CR values comes to be ​0.046 ​which is less than 0.1 and hence a good data.

STEP 9. ​Reclassification of each and every attribute is done and then run the program​. ​AHP is used for reclassification.

EUCLIDIAN DISTANCE CALCULATIONS STEP 10. ​Weighted overlay of the attributes can be seen in this screenshot. DEM values and

roads and rails values are reversed in order since we will prefer now an area with nearest road and rail connectivity and lesser slope​.

STEP 11 : ​Then finally we create a new shape file and draw polygons on it which have best suited area for Airport.

The best suited site comes to be like the image below. The representing legend 3 i.e. light green is the most suitable area for the airport location. The dark greenish area is the most suitable one,however due to less such area, we will consider the light green colored areas. The runway and runway length can be determined across the selected site area.

The above legends shows the different elements of an airport i.e. terminals, aprons, taxiways, runways etc. and their possible locations within the selected site area. Different types of runways are marked with the red lines as diagonal runways, V shaped runways, Diverging runways etc.

RESULTS & CONCLUSION After processing the data through model and weighted overlay function following result was obtained which divide the area into three classes, in the priority Dark Green > Light Green > Faded Red.

The selection of an optimum site for the controlled discharge in Haridwar region is a complex procedure. It has been performed by the coupling of Analysis Multi-criteria AHP method and standardization of discontinuous functions. This multi-criteria analysis is based on mapping treatments using geomatics tools especially GIS. Six criteria of exclusion were applied to obtain a map of constraints that allows excluding areas unfit for site choice. This treatment has allowed us to obtain the free surfaces that represent more than 12% of the total exploration area. The evaluation factors were applied to evaluate the free areas resulting from the first step, by the use of the Euclidean distance to standardize the factors. The analysis AHP was used for weighting and the linear combination weighted and aggregated. In addition, the volume of solid waste can be calculated to ensure that the selected site can occupy this volume. In conclusion, the present study the used methodology gives accurate results for site selection. Therefore, an integration of GIS and AHP methods showed a satisfactory mechanism to thoroughly explore complicated problems and provide immediate feedback for decision makers.

REFERENCES 1. Methodology for identifying urban growth potential using land use and population data: A case study of Islamabad Zone IV Muhammad Adeel* 2. GIS-based analytic hierarchy process as a multicriteria decision analysis instrument: A review 3. AIR TRANSPORTATION AND ITS IMPACT UPON THE TOURISM INDUSTRY OF NEPAL Case Study: Tribhuvan International Airport 4. Role of airlines in tourism industry Mohamed Mamduh