Crop Diversification

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SEMINAR ON

For sustainable agriculture Speaker:

KA DAM SHI VAJ I BALA BHI M M.Sc (Agri.) student Reg. No. 03M/07A

Research Guide

Seminar Incharge

Dr.A.S. Karle

Dr.A.S.JADHAV Department Of Agronomy College of Agriculture PARBHANI.

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INDI AN AG RICULTU RE SCENA RIO Net Cul tiva ted Ar ea : 141 m ha Irr ig at ed Area : 56 m ha (40 %) Ra infed/ Dr yla nd Ar ea : 85 m ha (60 %) TOTAL FOOD GRAIN PRODUCTION (219 m tonnes)

KHARIF( Area:74 m ha) 116 million tonnes

RABI (Area: 50 m ha) 103 million tonnes

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RAINFED FARMING AREA IN INDIA – (85 m ha) (68.5 m ha fully rainfed & 18.0 m ha partial rainfed) Regions

States

% Rainfed area (range)

Cold arid Northern States

Jammu & Kashmir, Uttaranchal and Himachal Pradesh,

60-81

States Arid Western

Rajasthan, Gujarat

66-68

Semi arid to arid Central & Southern States

Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu

76-82

Sub humid to humid Eastern States

Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal

33-73 5

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CONCEPT OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION A shift of a crop or cropping system to another crop or cropping system. Use of resources in best possible way by changing and modifying the degree, trend and time options of crop/cropping activities. A shift from less profitable and sustainable crop or cropping system to more profitable and sustainable crop/cropping system. 6

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NEED OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION Crop diversification has become an important option to attain several objectives Viz.  Natural resources sustainability  Ecological balance,  Output growth,  Buffer stocks,  Employment generation,  Risk coverage : Mono cropping high risk, etc.

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Thus, the necessity for crop diversification arises on account of the need forReducing risks associated with yield, market and prices, Arresting the degradation of natural resources and environment and Attaining the national goals like self-reliance in critical crop products, earning foreign exchange and employment generation. 88

DETERMINANTS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION Number of factors governs nature and speed of crop diversification.  Resource endowments: ● Agro climatic conditions ● Soil ● Labour ● Facility of irrigation  Technological factors  House hold factors  Institutional and infrastructural factors  Price factors 9

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The important facts highlighting the need of crop diversification in India: For raising farm income. Sustainable production and income. Food and nutrient security. Promotion of export. Employment generation. Poverty alleviation. Judicious use of land and water resources.

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Priorities for crop diversification in India 1) Changing of parameters.

resource

use

efficiency

2) Crop rotation effect. 3) Incorporation of crops and technologies. 4) Research on actual farm environment through farmer participatory mode. 5) Assurance against the risk to farmers under changing weather and sharp fluctuation in prices. 6) National issues like nutritional and food 11 security. 11

The important crop diversification approaches in rainfed areas of India Crop diversification under assured irrigation situations. Crop diversification under water scarce conditions. Crop diversification for nutrient management. 12 12

REQUIRED STEPS FOR DIVERSIFICATION Crop Diversification Delineate area : Scientific data base priorities and target the area. Choice of alternative crops and technology. Priority Input / credit supply for alternative crops. Share the risk of new system. Market support - Rural uplinking.

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Table 1: Issues and functions provided by diversification in dryland regions. Issues

Functions provided by diversification

Productivity and stability

Increased yield, reduce intra seasonal variation and improved stability through diverse components viz., crop, tree, plant and animal.

High risk and Risk and cost minimization through yield and high cost income from annual and perennial mixtures. Unabated land degradation

Minimization of kinds, effect and extent of land degradation by appropriate land care through alternate land use system.

Inadequate employment

Staggered employment round the year.

Low profitability

High components income generation from various area.

Poor energy Energy efficient implements. management RAU, (Bikaner)

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Hegde et al., (2003)

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Key determining factors: Farmers Angle  Profit margin of new system  Availability of market for produce  Ease of operation / cultivation / storage  Risk factor / technology available  Other compelling reasons to shift for a new system  Incentive, if any.

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Over all strategies for crop diversification Diversion of high water requiring crops to less water intensive crops. Diversion of cotton to pulses, oilseeds and maize in light textured and shallow soils. Replacement of low yielding low value coarse cereals to high yielding high value crops like pulses. Inter cropping or mixed cropping be promoted in dry areas. Shift high risk crops with short duration pulses and drought resistant oilseeds 16 16 crops.

POSSIBLE ADDITION OF AREA TO DIFFERENT CROPS Area - mha Prod.- m t

Pulses Oilseeds

23.12 23.32

Additional area through Expected diversification Additional Production 2.5 1.57 3.00 2.50

Maize

6.87

0.5

1.00

Horticulture

15.70

2.5*

-

Other (Fodder etc)

-

1.5

Crop

Present area (2005-06)

-

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DIVERSIFIED AGRICULTURE Animal Husbandry

Horticulture

Mix farming

Low Yielding Food grain crops

Floriculture

Sericulture

Forestry

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Table 2:Crop wise area in Maharashtra state (Agronomical crops) Crop and crops component

Area in ’00 ha 98-99

01-02

04-05

06-07

Jowar (k.)

2385

2768

2383

2773

Bajri (k.)

1206

1556

1999

1701

Small millets

193

113

129

123

Total pulses (k.)

7523

7152

6789

5834

Rabi jowar

3663

3622

3741

3545

Total rabi pulses

887

1468

515

1264

Groundnut (k.)

949

1031

907

945

Groundnut (s.)

887

1277

370

605

Sesamum

907

907

796

719

Castor

1881

1483

1047

1305

Cotton

14104

16585

17498

19063

Wheat

6060

7014

4701

7274

Tobacco

318

337

255

213

Directorate of Agriculture,

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Table 3: State wise crop diversification in context to weather

State Tamil Nadu Gujarat

Weather Traditional constraints crops grown Droughts, Rice, pulses high temperature Droughts, Upland paddy, High temperature coarse cereals, Cereals

Maharashtra Droughts, Paddy, high coarse temperature cereals, cotton Gov. of India, Dept. of Agril. and Co. Office of Agril. Commissioner, July, 2003.

Proposed crops to be taken Banana, sugarcane, onion Maize, sesame, castor, intercropping sugarcane, soybean, vegetables, horticultural crops. Oilseeds, soybean, horticultural crops, medicinal plants and flowery culture. 20

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Table 4: Change in production of different oilseeds in India (Million tonnes) Oilseed crops Groundnut

1981

2005

Change in Percent production change 0.84 7.44

5.97

6.81

Rapeseed and mustard Sunflower

2.04

5.20

3.17

28.02

0.098

0.79

0.69

6.16

Soybean

0.30

6.45

6.19

54.78

Other

1.57

1.97

0.40

3.54

Total

10.0

21.31

11.31

100.0

NCAR Annual Report 2005-06 21

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Table 5: Crop diversification programme Unit : (000’ ha)

Year

Increase in Oilseed Maize area Pulses area area

Increase in Increase in

2002-03

15.92

134.96

104.04

2003-04

20.97

205.44

125.59

2004-05

27.67

226.08

151.38

2005-06

53.59

261.20

192.02

236%

94%

86%

Increase compared to 2002-03 New Delhi

Singh (2006) 22

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SHARE OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF GROWTH IN AGRICULTURE IN INDIA DURING 1980S AND 1990S. 1980s

1990s

Crop Diversification in India: Nature, Pattern and Drivers,

23 P. K. Joshi

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Ta ble 6: Ar ea chan ges from foo d g rai n t o non fo od g ra in c rops (mil li on he ctares) Crop/crops component

1952-53

1964-65

1985-86

2004-05

11.20

15.14

17.42

26.23

Cotton

6.27

8.00

8.02

9.11

Jute+Mesta

0.76

1.24

1.26

1.08

Sugarcane

1.79

2.36

2.79

4.05

Tobacco

0.34

0.42

0.43

0.471

Coconut

0.65

0.82

1.07

1.831

Potato

0.25

0.42

0.74

1.261

Others

14.24

11.39

13.67

22.67

Total

35.50

39.90

45.40

66.70

Oilseeds

Gov t. of Ind ia (2005)24

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Tab le 7: Ar ea u nder other non-food gra in cr ops (mil lio n hect ar es) Crops/ Crop groups

198586 1.47

200405 2.90

Plantation crops

0.88

1.30

Other vegetables

3.38

4.61

Fruits

2.83

3.37

Guar seed

2.27

2.12

Other including fodder crops Total

2.84

8.01

13.67

22.67

Spices

Gov t. of Ind ia (2005)25

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Table 8: Food grain production: Targets and achievement (Million Tonnes) 2001-2002 Item

Target

2007-2008

Achieve- % of Target achievement ment

Achieve- % of ment achieve ment

Rice

92

92

100

93

94

101

Wheat

78

71

91

78

74.81

95.9

Coarse cereal

33

35

106

33

36.07

109.3

Pulses

15

14

93.3

16

14.44

90.95

Total Food grains

218

211

96.7

220

219.3

99

Pooled Source: Ministry of agriculture

96.8

99 26

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Table 9: Certain applications of biotechnology for crop diversification Species Zizyphus

Characters need modification Anti digestion factors, dwarf, seedless, ploidy level, fruit borer

Pomegranate Soft seeded, dwarf, fruit cracking, virus free material Amblica Dwarf, Vit. C, fruit officinalis drop, frost resistance. Cucumis Alkaloid, more pulp and keeping quality Citrullus Seedless Prickly pear

Toxins, spines

Strategies to improve traits Metabolic pathway, wide hybridization, embryo rescue, mutation and micro propagation. Mutation, micro propagation shoot tip culture. Regeneration, mutation, gene transformation ACC gene Polyploid Mutation

ICAR W inter School , (2004)

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CASTOR, A SUBSTITUTE OF PEARL MILLET IN 28 GUJARAT

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CASTOR IN CROP DIVERSIFICATION SCENARIO It is an important non edible oil seed crop, earns valuable foreign exchange. High yield potential under irrigated conditions (30- 35q/ha). Also higher yield potentials under dry lands. Economically remunerative crop as compare to existing crop sequences. Suitable for crop rotation and maintenance of fertility as castor posses long tap root system. 29 29

Table 10: Yield, monetary returns and benefit:cost ratio of castor- based intercropping systems under dryland conditions. Treatment

Mean yield (kg/ha) (1995 to 2002)

Mean Monetary Main crop Inter crop Returns (Rs/ha)

Benefit: cost ratio

Sole castor

653

-

8496

1.60

Castor+Mothbean(1:2)

580

48

7960

1.81

Castor+Ridgegourd

581

1918

13312

2.13

Castor+Bittergourd

536

229

7426

1.76

Castor+Smoothgourd

531

242

7877

1.73

Castor+Clusterbean

546

1171

15308

1.97

Castor+Dolichos lablab

524

-

6809

1.52

CD (P= 0.05)

Solapur (Maharashtra)

3552

Koli et al.,

Prices (Rs/q): castor seed, 1300; moth bean, 1500; ridge gourd, 400; bitter gourd, 400;30 (2004) smooth gourd, 400; cluster bean, 700

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Table 11: Impact of HYVs of pearl millet on area, production and productivity in India Table

Area (Million ha) PreHYV

Production (Mill. t)

Productivity(kg/ha)

Post-HYV Pre-HYV Post-HYV

Pre-HYV Post-HYV

Rajasthan

4.13

4.28

0.87

2.54

188

470

Maharashtra

1.73

1.58

0.47

1.02

270

646

Gujarat

1.57

0.99

0.58

1.09

370

1125

U. P.

1.07

0.82

0.57

1.03

534

1240

Haryana

0.78

0.56

0.25

0.59

315

1131

Karnataka

0.62

0.32

0.31

0.17

505

516

A. P.

0.51

0.10

0.29

0.10

593

1047

T. N.

0.51

0.16

0.12

0.23

234

1448

M. P.

0.19

0.15

0.11

0.16

597

1091

India

11.32

9.03

3.67

6.67

324

730

Pre-HYV=1955-66, Post-HYV=2000-03

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ICA R Win te r School, 2004

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Ta ble 12: Ex amp le of p artial cro p divers ifi ca ti on in ri ce -wheat system (rice equi valent yield , q/ha)

Pooled Cropping system 1995-96

2000Rainy Winter Summer 01

Total

Rice-wheat

78.3

81.2

46.3

33.5

--

79.8

Rice-wheatgreengram

86.3

89.7

48.7

48.3

34.3

5.4

Rice-berseem

110.0

113.8

48.2

63.6

--

112.3

Rice-potatogreengram

126.3

135.9

55.9

61.9

19.4

131.1

Rice-Indian mustard

94.4

100.9

47.9

30.9

18.8

97.6

CD (p=0.05)

6.63

9.89

1.56

6.58

2.67

7.50

Price (Rs/q): rice grain 800, rice straw 20, wheat grain 550, wheat straw 50, berseem 32 40,potato tuber 200, Indian mustard grain 1200, Indian mustard stover 20, green gram 32 1200. Sharma and Sharm a (2 002)

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES It is always desirable to change the crops and cropping system in certain years. The choice of crops or cropping system depending upon price, soil fertility and pest build up will be desirable. Synthesize or decide the most suitable system on considering productivity. Choice of suitable variety is very important to fit in the system with high productivity. Under the diversified intensive system of cropping, contingent planning is also important. Therefore, suitable adjustments should to be made as per emerging needs and prospects. 33 33

CONSTRAINTS IN CROP DIVERSIFICATION 1) Over 117 m.ha (63 percent) of the cropped area in the country is completely dependent on rainfall. 2) Sub-optimal and over-use of resources. 3) Inadequate supply of seeds and plants of improved cultivars. 4) Fragmentation of land holding less favoring modernization and mechanization of agriculture. 5) Poor basic infrastructure like rural roads, power, transport, communication etc. 6) Inadequate post-harvest technologies . 7) Very weak agro-based industry. 8) Weak research - extension - farmer linkages. 9) Decreased investments in the agricultural sector over the 34

years.

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GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGIES FOR CROP DIVERSIFICATION

Implementing National Agriculture Insurance Scheme.  Operationalzing Technology Mission on Cotton.  Provision of Capital Subsidy of 25 percent for Construction / Modernization / Expansion of Cold Storages and Storages for Horticultural Produce.  Creation of Watershed Development Fund.  Strengthening Agricultural Marketing.  Seed Crop Insurance.  Seed Bank Scheme.  Cooperative Sector Reforms.

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CONCLUSION Crop diversification or crop shift is a new paradigm of sustainable agriculture. Crop diversification is not only a shift from traditional and less remunerative crop (s) to more remunerative crop (s) but it is a demand driven, need based situation specific and national goal seeking continuous and dynamic concept and involves spatial, temporal, value addition and resource complementary approaches. However, crop substitution and addition of more crops in existing cropping system has been the major approach of diversification in India. The nature of crop diversification is has been mainly from low value coarse cereals to high value oilseeds and other food grains. 36 36

FUTURE THRUST:  Inclusion of high value crops through horizontal and vertical diversification approach.  Need to synthesize high potential cropping systems and evaluate both on station and on farm in farmers participatory approach.  The crop varieties short in duration with high potential yield and most suited for the synthesized systems needs to be identified.  The location specific approaches and full packages need to be prepared.  For arid and semi arid areas the crops and cropping systems for long term sustainability should be preferred.

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