Cprs Technical Databook_scientige

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Downhole Pump CPRS Downhole

CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems

Table of Contents SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ... .................................................................................................................... ...5 PATENTED PRODUCTS .................................................................................................................................... .5 OPERATION FEATURES ................................................................................................................................. ...8 OPERATION PRINCIPLE ................................................................................................................................. ...8 TOOL TYPES ... ................................................................................................................................................ .8 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION........................................................................................................................... ..9 Downhole Tools... .....................................................................................................................................9 Surface Tools ........................................................................................................................................................ ..9 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS ................................................................................................................................. .9 PERFORMANCE COMPARISON BEFORE AND AFTER INSTALLATION ... ...................................................... ...10 SCALE AND CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL ... ................................................... ..11 NATURE OF WATER... ................................................................................................................................. ...11 PERFORMANCE AND ADVANTAGES ... ........................................................................................................ ...13 COMMON TYPES OF SCALE ... .................................................................................................................... ...14 THE NATURE OF CALCIUM CARBONATE AND MAGNESIUM CARBONATE SCALE (WITH BINDERS) ........ ..14 HOW TO PREVENT LIME SCALE FORMATION AND TO DISSOLVE EXISTING SCALE... .............................. ...16 WHY CPRS ACTS AS A CATALYST ... ........................................................................................................ ...16 RELATIVE ELECTRO-NEGATIVITIES OF CPRS AND THE WATER SOLUTION ... .......................................... ..17 VERIFIABILITY OF THE RELATIVE ELECTRO-NEGATIVITIES OF CPRS AND THE WATER SOLUTION ... ........ ..17 THE ELECTROMOTIVE SERIES ... ................................................................................................................. ...17 THE ADDITION OF ELECTRONS TO THE WATER SOLUTION AND THEIR EFFECTS ON SCALE ........................ ...18 HOW RUST AND CORROSION ARE INHIBITED AND DISSOLVED ... ............................................................... ...19 CLEANING PERIOD ....................................................................................................................................... .20 SUMMARY ... ..........................................................................................................................................................21 PARAFFIN PREVENTION AND REMOVAL ... ............................................................................... ...22 NATURE OF CRUDE OIL ... .......................................................................................................................... ...22 HOW PARAFFIN BUILDS UP ........................................................................................................................... .22 HOW CPRS PREVENT THE PARAFFIN BUILDUP ......................................................................................... ...22 SUMMARY ... ..........................................................................................................................................................22 SURFACE UNIT ....................................................................................................................................... .24 STRUCTURE AND OPERATION ... ................................................................................................................. ...24 TECHNICAL DATA SHEET ........................................................................................................................... ...24 UNIT INSTALLATION.................................................................................................................................... ..25 How to Install the Unit ... ........................................................................................................................... ...25 Installation Dimension .............................................................................................................................. ...25

Scientige Sdn. Bhd, Suite 8-11, 8th Floor, Wisma UOA 2, No.21, Jalan Pinang, 50450 Kuala Lumpur Tel: +603-2161 8696 Fax: +603-2161 5696 www.scientige.com

CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems TYPICAL APPLICATION AND INSTALLATIONS ... ........................................................................................ ...27 Cooling Tower ......................................................................................................................................................27 Boilers .......................................................................................................................................................... .27 Injection Well ... .......................................................................................................................................... ..28 Production Lines ....................................................................................................................................... ...28 Oil Transfer Station .................................................................................................................................... ..29 Production Battery .................................................................................................................................... ...30 DOWNHOLE UNIT................................................................................................................................. ..31 DESCRIPTION... ............................................................................................................................................. .31 CONVENTIONAL DOWNHOLE UNIT STRUCTURE AND DIMENSIONS ... .......................................................... .31 TECHNICAL DATA ....................................................................................................................................... ..31 OPERATION BENEFITS ................................................................................................................................. ..32 HOW IT WORKS... .......................................................................................................................................... .32 APPLICATION IN OIL PRODUCTION ... ........................................................................................................... .33 APPLICATION IN HEAVY OIL ........................................................................................................................ .33 INSTALLATION OF DOWNHOLE UNIT ... ........................................................................................................ .33 Installation with Subsaver ........................................................................................................................... .33 Installation with CPRS Joint ... ................................................................................................................. ...33 APPLICATION AND INSTALLATIONS IN OIL WELLS ...................................................................................... .34 Pumping Well ... .......................................................................................................................................... ..34 Flowing Well ... .......................................................................................................................................... ...34 Gaslifting Well ......................................................................................................................................................35 ESP Well ... ............................................................................................................................................................35 MAINTENANCE AND SERVICES ..................................................................................................... ...36 SURFACE UNITS .......................................................................................................................................... ..36 DOWNHOLE UNITS ....................................................................................................................................... .36 NOTICE.......................................................................................................................................................... .36 OPERATION LIFE SPAN ... ................................................................................................................. ...37 CASE STUDIES ....................................................................................................................................... ..38 PARAFFIN PREVENTION AND REMOVAL ..................................................................................................... ..38 Changqing Oilfield/PetroChina ... .............................................................................................................. .38 Hook -State Well #1 / Touchstone Resources ... ......................................................................................40 East Texas /Exxonmobil Oil Company ..................................................................................................... ...40 Shell IMO River-59T, High Paraffin Wells ............................................................................................... ..41 HP Gas and Condensate Oil Wells / Austral Oil Company... ................................................................... ..41 Scale and Paraffin Oil Wells / Armstrong and Associates ......................................................................... ..42 Paraffin and Corrosion Wells / Austral Oil Company................................................................................ .42 SCALE PREVENTION AND REMOVAL... ........................................................................................................ ..43 Reverse Osmosis Membrane Test / Roswell Test Facility ... ...................................................................... .43 Salt Water Injection Well application / East Texas ... ............................................................................... ..43 Cooling Towers and Ice Machine / Reddy Ice Plant, Houston, Texas... .................................................... .44 Cooling Towers /Cagle’s/Keystone Poultry ............................................................................................... .44 Scientige Sdn. Bhd, Suite 8-11, 8th Floor, Wisma UOA 2, No.21, Jalan Pinang, 50450 Kuala Lumpur Tel: +603-2161 8696 Fax: +603-2161 5696 www.scientige.com

CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL ... ............................................................................................... ..45 Iron-Sulfide problems / Hugoton Gas Field ............................................................................................... .45 Sulfate Reducing Bacteria Problems in Waterflood Operation ................................................................. ..45 Main Water Line / Aramark Linen, Tyler, Texas ... ................................................................................... ...46 OTHER APPLICATIONS ... ............................................................................................................................. ..46 Peanut Farm / LaMesa, Texas..................................................................................................................... .46 CUSTOMER LIST ... ................................................................................................................................ .47 INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMERS ... ................................................................................................................. ..47 CHINA CUSTOMERS .................................................................................................................................... ...49

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CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION The Corrosion Prevention and Removal System (CPRS) is a complete series of the tools comprised of dissimilar metals in a patented process for the prevention and removal of scale, paraffin, asphaltene deposits and rust in oil and gas production and any heat water systems.

Patented Products The system design, material composition and metallurgical processing have been patented in USA, Canada, Mexico and some other countries. The USA patents include: 4,789,031US, D446,797 S, and US 473,925.

Scientige Sdn. Bhd, Suite 8-11, 8th Floor, Wisma UOA 2, No.21, Jalan Pinang, 50450 Kuala Lumpur Tel: +603-2161 8696 Fax: +603-2161 5696 www.scientige.com

CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems

Scientige Sdn. Bhd, Suite 8-11, 8th Floor, Wisma UOA 2, No.21, Jalan Pinang, 50450 Kuala Lumpur Tel: +603-2161 8696 Fax: +603-2161 5696 www.scientige.com

CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems

Scientige Sdn. Bhd, Suite 8-11, 8th Floor, Wisma UOA 2, No.21, Jalan Pinang, 50450 Kuala Lumpur Tel: +603-2161 8696 Fax: +603-2161 5696 www.scientige.com

CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems

Operation Features •

Prevention and removal of the buildup of paraffin, Scale and Corrosion

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Non-magnetic, non-electric, and no chemical required, environmental friendly

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A wide range of applications

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Reduced downtime

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Reduced chemicals cost

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Reduced hot oil treatments

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Reduced bottom sludge setting in tank batteries

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Increased equipment efficiency and life

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Easy installation and almost maintenance free

Operation Principle CPRS is comprised of nine dissimilar metals as Copper, Zinc and Nickel, etc., which can form a special catalyst to enable a change in electrostatic potential, and also polarize the liquid molecular or minerals, therefore the following performance can be achieved: •

Prevention of new paraffin, scale and rust buildup;

•

Removal of existing paraffin, scale and rust on the surface of the equipment and flowlines;

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Removal of algae, CO2, H2S gas and improvement of liquid quality.

Tool types

Bar Style

Tubing Joint Style

Low Pressure

High Pressure

Downhole Unit

Downhole Unit

Surface Unit

Surface Unit

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CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems

Technical Specification Downhole Tools Type

Bar Style Downhole Unit

Tubing Joint Style Downhole Unit

1.66”(OD) X 20.0” (L)X 1.00”

Sizes

2-3/8”

2-7/8”

10.0”(L)X0 .75” (OD)

Bar Style Downhole Tool

Bar Style Downhole Tool

90 GPM (20M3/hour)

90 GPM (20M3/hour)

90 GPM (20M3/hour)

(ID)

Cartridges Flow Capacity Installation

Nipples, adaptors or threads

Standard Tubing Threads, Box Up and Pin Down

Surface Tools Type

Low Pressure Surface Unit

High Pressure Surface Unit

Size

2”

3”

4”

6”

8”

2”

3”

4”

6”

8”

Plate Nos.

4-6

4-6

4-6

4-6

4-6

4-6

4-6

4-6

4-6

4-6

Flow Capacity Pressure Drop factors Working Pressure Installation

1.5 - 2.5 MPa

10 MPa, 20 MPa, 35 MPa Standard Flange Connections

Typical Applications Downhole Application • Flowing Wells • Pumping Wells • Gaslifting Wells Surface Application • Boiler/Any heat water facilities • Cooling Towers • Heat Water Systems • Production Facilities • Water Injection Wells • Petrochemical Plants • Oilfield Pipelines __

Scientige Sdn. Bhd, Suite 8-11, 8th Floor, Wisma UOA 2, No.21, Jalan Pinang, 50450 Kuala Lumpur Tel: +603-2161 8696 Fax: +603-2161 5696 www.scientige.com

CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems

Performance Comparison Before and After Installation

BEFORE the CPR system was installed,

30 days AFTER the installation of CPR

filters were changed every 6 days and

system, filters were changed for the first

chemicals were used everyday

time. No chemicals are being used

Scientige Sdn. Bhd, Suite 8-11, 8th Floor, Wisma UOA 2, No.21, Jalan Pinang, 50450 Kuala Lumpur Tel: +603-2161 8696 Fax: +603-2161 5696 www.scientige.com

CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems

SCALE AND CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL The CPRS consists of a special alloy that acts as a catalyst and effects colloidal dispersions in water. It is used to treat water for service in homes, buildings, air conditioning, and refrigeration units, boilers, and heat exchangers, to name a few. Since this treatment is catalytic in action, it is economical for continuous treatment. Nothing is added to the water and, other that a degassing effect, nothing is removed from the water. The most important commercial application of CPRS is that problems due to scale formation in various water systems are either eliminated or dramatically decreased. A catalyst, by definition, is an agent that allows an action, either chemical or physical, change, to occur at a high and practical rate and without the agent being consumed in the process. Such catalyzed reactions thus can be achieved advantageously at reasonable condition (temperature, etc.) whereas these reactions might not occur to even a detectable extent under non-catalyzed but otherwise extreme conditions. A colloid is an aggregate of ions or molecules that is small enough to pass through a filter paper and is easily kept as a suspension of usually undetectable particles. Colloidal suspensions may be stable for quite some time and unless they are modified, typically do not form larger aggregates or precipitates.

Nature of Water In order to understand how a catalyst affects such a stabilized colloidal suspension in water, one must understand what ingredients are present in normal water and how those ingredients might be changed. Water normally picks up certain salts and gases as it percolates through the earth, the exact content of which varies with exposure to local and regional soils, rocks, etc. Rain is close to the makeup of distilled water but has a small amount of impurities, like fine airborne dirt, etc., which are acquired on passage through the atmosphere and particularly when it contacts some collection system. Even distilled water or de-ionized water has traces of impurities that arise from their process, piping, and containers. For research purposes water can be purified through approximately a five-step process but may also cost up to $50 per gallon. However, water for consumption has to have some minerals, as these are vital to life processes. Water treatment for public use may involve chlorination for bacterial control, flocculation and filtration of objectionable sediments. Hereinafter are several technical criteria of water: Total solids (TS) is a measure of the entire gamut of things in water ranging from suspended dirt to dissolved salts. To determine TS, the liquid is simple evaporated and the residue weighed. Turbidity (TURB) is the cloudiness or muddy character of a solution. Turbidity indicates the true dispersed or suspended solids, including non-filterable colloids, but gives no value for the

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CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems truly dissolved salts. Turbidity tests are made and compared to standard cloudy solutions, usually stabilized colloids that have an opaque character. Conductivity (COND) is an electrical measurement of a solution. The greater the dissolved salt content, the greater the conductivity. In clear water, COND is proportional to TS. High conductivity water has a salt or saline hazard to soil and crops. Total Hardness(TM) is the amount of certain cations, Ca++ plus Mg++ and others such as iron. Hard water has a high scale-forming tendency, requires more soap to just counteract these hard cations (by forming soap curds), and does not taste good. High iron content not only causes unsightly staining of surfaces but also acts as a promoter for the formation of other scales. Alkalinity (ALK) & pH are terms that five information as to the amount of reactible base or acid. In normal water, these terms relate to the amounts of carbonate and bicarbonate ions. Bacteria (BACT) typically measured in drinking water as a check on its suitability. However, industrial concern is usually for an iron bacterium, which feeds upon sulfate ions in water and converts them to sulfide ions. The sulfide ions attack metallic iron directly where the bacteria are attached which physically damages the surface and results in more iron ions in the water. Reverse osmosis water conditioners remove most of the calcium and magnesium from water and replace them with sodium, which does not have hardness properties. This type of softener requires periodic recharging with sodium salts as they are consumed in the process. While chemically softened water is excellent for washing purposes, it is not good for drinking or irrigation. Softened water requires very little soap to make the initial suds, as in the “green-soap hardness test”. The CPRS is not a water softener as described above. It removes absolutely no minerals from the water, so hard water will still have exactly the same hardness elements as before treatment with the CPRS. Therefore, CPRS treated water requires exactly the same amount of soap to form the initial suds as does raw water. However, CPRS treated water is physically different. Its suspending qualities are modified by catalytic action so that a weak suds solution performs like a strong suds solution. The increased efficiency of dirt removal lowers the total soap consumption to the point where chemical softening is often found unnecessary. Furthermore, CPRS treated water provides superb rinses, and often prevents curds, scales, and scum from sticking to any other object. A simple demonstration of dispersed clay may be performed: Partially fill two containers with water, one with raw water and one with CPRS treated water Add a handful of clay dirt to each, stir briefly, and let stand for about 20 minutes. Pour off the excess water and then literally feel the difference between the two muds with your hand. Note the dispersed or disintegrated condition of the mud in the CPRS treated water and the smooth slippery feeling. The clay platelets are easily dispersed into colloidal sizes. Pitting is by far the most common variety of corrosion in hot water pipes, bailer tubes, condenser tubes, and other heated surfaces. The major cause of pitting is entrained corrosive gases. For example: water containing millions of molecules of dissolved oxygen gas will deposit these as globules at several favored spots on a metal surface when heated. The oxygen naturally oxidizes

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CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems the metal at these selective points until good size craters are formed, eventually resulting in pinhole leaks. Carbon Dioxide similarly forms at certain points due to the breakdown of the naturally occurring bicarbonates, which are also present in much higher amounts than oxygen. Globules of carbon dioxide react locally with water forming carbonic acid, which can quickly eat through an unprotected metal.

Performance and Advantages The CPRS does the following: •

Inhibits scale by retarding mechanical adhesion and subsequent collection of line particles.

•

Softens and removes old scale.

•

Softens old growths of algae and prevents new attachments. Removes entrained gases.

•

Prevents corrosion.

•

Change taste, color, and other subtle solution factors.

Since it is catalytic in action, potentially large savings are possible as most consumed chemical costs are avoided. CPRS uses an exclusive metal alloy that acts as a catalyst, which effects colloidal dispersion thereby enhancing the physical properties of the water. Nothing is added to or extracted from the water other than a degassing effect to improve its quality. This is extremely helpful since entrained gasses are the chief cause of pitting on metal surfaces. Because the effect is catalytic in action, scaling, corrosion, and pitting are prevented without the use of chemicals, electricity or magnets. CPRS is practically maintenance free. There are no messy filters to clean or replace. CPRS is completely self-contained and installs directly in your existing line. Many different models are available to satisfy your specific line size and gallon per minute requirements. Due to our unique in-line design, convenient installation may be performed virtually anywhere. CPRS is the non-chemical answer to problems of scale and corrosion in your commercial water system. It has applications for the following situations: •

Automotive Cooling Systems

•

Bottling Plants

•

Car Washes

•

Cooling Towers

•

Boilers

•

Dairies

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CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems •

Factories

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Garden Ponds

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Green Houses

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Hospitals

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Hotels

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Ice Machine/Plants

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Laundries

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Municipalities

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Offshore Drilling Rings

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Photo Labs

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Power Plants

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Reverse Osmosis Plants

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Solar Heating Units

•

Sprinklers & Irrigation

•

Swimming Pools

•

Universities

•

Water Heaters

•

Water Works

Common Types Of Scale The two most common forms of scale consist of: •

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and magnesium carbonate (MgCO3 ) (with binders). This forms in oil well rods and tubing and surface equipment.

•

Rust (in galvanized pipes) or corrosion (in/on copper, brass, aluminum, or chrome).

In order to understand the process by which CPRS inhibits scale buildup (commonly called “lime” or “rust”) and the way in which it breaks down and eliminates existing scale, it is necessary to understand the nature of scale and how it is formed.

Nature Of CaCo3 And MgCo3 Scale (With Binders) Calcium carbonate, CaCO3, exists in nature as limestone and marble; Silica (SiO2), alumni (Al2O3) and calcium sulfate (CaSO4) are principal impurities in limestone and function as binders (cementing agents). Large deposits of magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) exist in nature with

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CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems calcium carbonate in the form of dolomite, CaCO3•MgCO3, or as magnesium (MgCO3). Limestone layers even in high mountainous regions such as the Grand Canyon in Arizona, which has a depth of over one mile, were each formed over millions of years from remains of sea creatures precipitated to the bottom of the ocean where the CaCO3 contained in these remains combined with silica(SiO2), alumni(Al2O3) and/or clay(SiO2 Al2O3 12H2O)which serve as binders. In addition, limestone usually includes some MgCO3. In the case of the Grand Canyon in Arizona, scientists have identified at least seven different limestone layers, each containing shells of marine animals, indicating that the region has been covered by at least seven different oceans in its geological history.

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CaCO3 is only very slightly soluble in water, yet large amounts of calcium become dissolved in most water supplies by the action of rainwater on limestone. Rainwater is somewhat acidic because as it falls through the atmosphere, it encounter carbon dioxide (CO2) with which it reacts to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) as follows: H2O + CO2
H2CO3 When rainwater contacts limestone in the earth, limestone material is dissolved and goes into solution as calcium bicarbonate as follow: CaCO3 + 2H2CO3
Ca2+ + 2HCO3- + 2H2O + CO2 The carbonic acid ionized slightly: H2CO3
H+ + HCO3Since the ionization constant of HCO3- is very small: _ÒH+_Ó*_ÒCO32-_Ó (HCO3-) The addition of H+ ions from the carbonic acid reduces the concentration of CO32- (ions that go into solution in the water from the CaCO3 solid) because the H+ ion and the CO32- ion combine to form the slightly ionized bicarbonate ion, HCO3-. The reduction of the concentration of CO32- ion in the solution causes more CaCO3 to dissolve in the form of Ca2+ + 2HCO3- in an attempt to saturate the solution and produce product of the concentrations of Ca2+ and CO32- ions that equals the solubility product: K1=

Surface waters also dissolve carbon dioxide from soils where it is produced by the slow oxidization and decay of organic materials. As these waters contact limestone, the limestone gradually dissolves. Examples of this action are limestone caves and hard water from wells. The Ca2+ and 2HCO3- that dissolved in water very readily converts into CaCO3 when water is heated. The amount of Ca2+ and 2HCO3- ions that remain in solution decreases with increases in temperatures and precipitation as CaCO3 occurs as follows:

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CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems This is the basis reaction that forms the bulk of the “lime” in water heaters and boilers. This reaction also occurs when water containing Ca(HCO3)2 evaporates and leaves a CaCO3 residue. The above-mentioned reactions also apply magnesium and its bicarbonates and carbonates. For example:

However MgCO3 is appreciably more soluble than CaCO3:

Scientists and engineers who have investigated scale formation various industrial systems have determined that although MgCO3 and CaCO3 form most of the mass in lime type scale, they require silica (SiO2), alumna (Al2O3), or calcium sulfate (CaSO4) to act as a binder to hold them in place just as they do in nature. CaSO4 exists in ionized for when dissolved in water as the ions Ca2+ and SO4 2- The solubility of CaSO4 increases with temperature up to about 100°F and then decreases with increasing temperature. Hence precipitation of CaSO4 also occurs in water heaters and boilers. SiO2 and Al2O3 are not ions but are relatively neutral colloidal residues that are slightly soluble in water. SiO2 is found in fresh water in a range of 1-100mg/L. At high concentrations (over 50 mg/L), chemical precipitation appears to occur.

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Colloids, including SiO2 , Al2O3 and clay(SiO2 Al2O3 12H2O)when suspended in water usually carry a negative charge. If these negative charges (extra electrons) are neutralized (extra electron removed), the colloids COAGULATE, PRECIPITATE, AND COMBINE WITH (i.e., become absorbed by) CaCO3, MgCO3 and CaSO4 to form typical lime scale. The density and hardness of the scale increases with increase concentration of SiO2, Al2O3, and/or CaSO4. Approximately 87% of the earth’s solid crust consists of silicon compounds. Silica is one of the most abundant compounds of silicon. Aluminum is the most abundant metal and the third most abundant element. The most important one of aluminum is bauxite, a mixture of hydrated aluminum oxide, Al2O3•3H2O, and iron oxide. Calcium is fifth in abundance of the metals in the earth’s crust, of which it forms more than 3 %.

How To Prevent Lime Scale Formation And To Dissolve Existing Scale CPRS alloy consists of many precious and semiprecious metals that form a special electrochemical catalyst. In addition, the tool is configured to prevent flow restriction while providing a high degree of turbulence and increased physical contact between the ions and molecules in the water and the tool itself, in order to maximize catalytic efficiency.

Why CPRS Acts As a Catalyst All metals give up electrons in their outer atomic shells easily. For this reason, metals are excellent electrical conductors. Of all non-radioactive metals, cesium is the least acquisitive; it

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CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems has an Electro negativity of 0.7 on the Electro negativity Scale of the Elements. Gold is the most electron acquisitive of the metals and has an Electro negativity of 2.4 on the Electro negativity Scale. The higher the electro-negativity the more acquisitive the element (atom) is concerning electron for its outer shell to satisfy its own valance.

Relative Electro-negativities of CPRS and The Water Solution The electro negativity of the core alloy is less than the overall electro negativity of the water solution. Therefore, the core loses (gives up) more electrons than it acquires to elements such as hydrogen (H+) ions, which have an electro-negativity of 2.1 and to ionic compounds (radicals) such as SO42- and CO32-, which have higher electro negativities than the core alloy. The relatively large distances between the nucleus and the electrons of atoms have been described as follows: If an atom were as large as a house, its nucleus (which is positively charged) would be smaller than specks of dust that float in the air. When bonded with another atom(s), the outer orbital shell is pulled out into an egg shape even beyond the boundaries of the walls of the house because of the attraction of other atom(s). When water is in the form of ice, the molecules and ions in it are in a relatively rigid pattern. But in the liquid state, this structure becomes a dynamic, whirling, chaotic dance in which groups of molecules and ions in the solution take turns whirling around one another, breaking their bonds, and finding new groups to find partners with. When water rushes through the catalytic alloy conditioner, the pattern becomes even more frenetic, and electron orbits and associated bonding undergo increased perturbations and stresses, and additional electrons from the core into the water solution.

Verifiability of the relative electro-negativities of CPRS and the water solution The loss of electrons by CPRS catalytic alloy to the water solution is easily verifiable by: (1) adapting a catalytic alloy conditioner to a garden hose, (2) turning on the hose faucet, (3) connecting the positive lead of a multimeter to the conditioner core, (4) inserting the negative lead probe into the water stream and (5) observing a voltage drop (i.e. the core goes positive with respect to the water). The fact that the conditioner goes positive with respect to the outer water stream indicates that electrons are being removed from the catalytic alloy conditioner by the water solution as it flows through the core.

Electromotive Series Earlier, the electro negativities of various elements were listed to indicate their relative potentials or dispositions regarding electron acquisitiveness. Electron acquisitiveness can be regarded as “reduction potential”. Reduction of an element occurs when its valence becomes more negative (or less positive); for example in the reaction

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CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems e- + Cl20 + H2O
HOCl- + Cl- + H+ One atom of Cl0 is reduced to Cl- oxidation, which is the opposite of reduction, occurs to an element when its valence become more positive (or less negative) for example, in the equation 2Cl-
Cl20 +2e2Cl- is oxidized to Cl20 to provide chlorine gas plus two electrons, which are available (or can be made available) for reduction of another substance in the solution or circuit The Electromotive series is a listing of elements and compound rank ordered according to their oxidation potentials or dispositions regarding electron relinquishment (or their tendency to lose electrons). The higher (i.e. the more positive) the oxidation potential of an element is, the better the element is as a reducing agent. The Electromotive series and Electro negativity listing provide fundamental frames of reference and some insight into (1) the many ways in which the elements can interact with each other, (2) why they interact as they do, (3) under what conditions changes or reactions will occur or will not occur, and (4) the reasons that metals can function as catalytic as catalytic water conditioning agents.

The Addition of Electrons to Water Solution and Effects on Scale Electrons are drawn into the water solution the water because the solution contains ions that are more electronegative than catalytic alloy conditioners core is. Or in terms of the electron series, catalytic alloy conditioner core contains elements, which have higher oxidation potentials than in the water solution, As the water flows through the catalytic alloy conditioner, some of the electrons drawn into the solution displace some already captured ion such as CO32-, HCO3-, SO42and OCl- during the turbulent orbiting of the various electrons. This allows the “displaced” electrons to become “free electrons” in the solution and these “free electrons” can be captured by ions or colloids with lesser electron negativities such as Ca2+, Mg2+, SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3. This allows Ca2+ and Mg2+ to free themselves of CO32- , SO42- and HCO3-, and assume their assume their atomic structures (Ca0 and Mg0)and break away from their ionic bonds while in solution or from lattice scale bonds in cases where they are in solid precipitated or scales form. The increased electron count in the water also inhibitors the breakdown of the bicarbonate ion into H+ and CO32-, when heated water in water heaters and boilers or when alkalinity reaches levels above pH 8.4. By acquiring or reacquiring a negative charge, colloidal substances such as silica, alumni, and rust particles remain in suspension instead of becoming absorbed onto calcium, magnesium and iron ions; the acquisition of the negative charge also causes these colloidal substances to be repelled from these ions in the flowing water or they were already onto them. This separation inhibits the hardness effects of these three ions; hardness in water is always due to the presence of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Fe2+ ions. The silica and alumna are also able to escape from existing scale lattices to which they have been absorbed and for which they have been functioning as binders, Thus, the scale lattices are

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CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems gradually broken down and eliminated by the escaping Ca0 and Mg0 elements and negatively charged SiO2(-) and Al2O3(-) colloids. The inhibiting effects of the catalytic alloy conditioner on scale formation can be summarized as follows: (1) Ca2+

+ 2e-
Ca0

(2) Mg2+

+

2e-
Mg0

+ xe-
xSiO2(-)

(3) xSiO2 (4) xAl2O3

+ xe-
xAl2O3(-)

(5) xFe2O3 + xe-


xFe2O3(-) Heat

(6) HCO3-

+ xe-


HCO3- + xe- (inhibition of the CO32- , H2O , CO2)

The inhibiting effects in equipment can be summarized as follows: Heat 0

(7) Ca + 2HCO3-
Ca0 + H2O + 2CO2 Heat (8) 2CO32-
2CO2 + O2 + 4eHeat (9) 2HCO3- + xe
2HCO3- + xe- ( inhibitor of breakdown to CO32- , H2O, CO2)

How Rust and Corrosion are Inhibited and Dissolved Rust is a type of corrosion involving the special case of iron. Rust formation requires three electrochemical steps: Loss of metal occurs in an anodic area (anode) of the surface. In the case of iron, iron (Fe0) is lost to the water solution and becomes oxidized to Fe2+ ion. As a result of the formation of Fe2+, two electrons are released from the Fe atom and flow through to a cathodic area (cathode). Oxygen (O2) in the water solution moves to the cathode and completes the electric circuit by using the two electrons that moved to the cathode to form hydroxyl ions (OH-) at the cathode area. The reaction is as follow: Anodic reaction: Fe0
Fe2+ + 2eCathodic reaction: 1/2 O2 + H2O + 2e-
2(HO-) Or

e- + H+
H0

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CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems If oxygen is absent, hydrogen ions (H+) participate in the reaction (equation (3)) at the cathode instead of oxygen and complete the electrical circuit. The Fe2+ and OH- ions combine to form ferrous hydroxide as follows: Fe2+ + 2OH-
Fe(OH)2 Rust is termed when Fe(OH)2 is oxidized: 2Fe(OH)2 + 1/2 O2
Fe2O3
2H2O Corrosion is inhibited if the iron is made more negative compared to its surroundings, forcing the anode areas to act as cathodes. This is accomplished by the attraction of some of the extra electron in the water solution (supplied by CPRS) onto the anodic areas, thereby preventing the ionization of the Fe atoms. The additional electrons also dissolve rust by breaking it into fine colloidal particles. In a similar manner, corrosion is also inhibited and dissolved for metal other than iron such as brass and aluminum. It is interesting to note that the addition of electrons to anodic areas in order to prevent corrosion has been accomplished by other means in the industry; this method has been called “cathodic protection”. Zinc plating is one example of this method of cathodic protection since zinc has a higher oxidation potential than iron and forces electron onto the iron. Cathodic protection has also been obtained by driving stakes of magnesium or zinc into the ground and connecting them to pipelines or stand pipes to be protected. Water scientists have found that in addition to rust formed simply by corrosion, rust can be formed and deposited by iron depositing bacteria in the water such as Sphaerotilus and Gallionella. Iron depositing bacteria prefer water high in ferrous iron, which then convert to insoluble ferric hydroxide, Fe(OH)3, which becomes part of the mucilaginous sheath around the cell. These deposits on galvanized steel pipes and accelerate corrosion rates, which produces additional soluble iron, further increasing the population of iron, further increasing the population of iron depositing bacteria in the system. The cycle sometimes continues until the whole system is plugged with oxidized iron deposits or until a pipe becomes rusted all the way through its walls. The cathodizing function of the catalytic alloy conditioner also cause the Fe(OH)3 to break up into fine colloidal particles and go into suspension.

Cleaning Period For some period of time after a CPRS is installed, especially in older systems, its action of loosening scale, sediment, and dirt may be limited. During this time the water will be overloaded with particles loosened from mostly the parts closest to CPRS. This over suspended concentration of particles may interfere with mechanical action at functional points in the system. Traps and screens may need to be checked and cleaned very often until the system is cleaned. After the system is cleaned, CPRS will accomplish the desired results for the entire system. Be advised that if the condition of the piping system is badly corroded and held together by hard scale, when CPRS removes scale, leaks may develop, and thus repairs may be anticipated.

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CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems

Summary In accordance with electro-negativities of chemical elements and the oxidation potentials of the elements listed in the Electro-negativity scale and the electromotive series, respectively. CPRS catalytic alloy provides electrons to the water solution in a catalytic manner or reduce electron deficiencies in the water. This enables electrochemical changes to occur that •

Inhibit scale and corrosion formation

•

Dissolve existing scale and corrosion

•

Break down and leach away excessive salts from soil

•

Inhibit algae fungus and mildew growth. Because of the bipolar mature of all formed metals. The conditioner also removes electrons from some negative ions. However the conditioner provides for a significant net increase of electrons for the ions and colloids in the water solution, resulting in

•

Inhibition of undesirable oxidation reaction

•

And increase of beneficial reduction reaction, and

•

Keeping/putting of scale binding particles and rust/corrosion particles in colloidal suspension by providing them with negative charges.

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CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems

PARAFFIN PREVENTION AND REMOVAL Nature of Crude Oil Petroleum crude oil consists of four factions, namely oil constituents, resin, asphaltene and preasphaltene (i.e. carbene and carboid). The chemical and physical properties of crude oils depend significantly on the relative amounts of each faction and their properties. The asphaltenes usually contain more condensed aromatic compounds than do the resin and oil factions. The resins contain aromatic or naphthenic hydrocarbons and components of oil factions may have napthenic or paraffin structures. Asphaltenes and preasphaltenes in their natural state exist in micelle form, peptized with resin molecules.

How Paraffin builds up The center of this micelle can be metal, clay, or water. The essential feature is that the polar groups (such as S-“negative” and/or N-“negative” and/or O- “negative” containing groups) are concentrated towards the center. This often is termed oil external-water internal or water-in-oil emulsion. When crude oils flow into a wellbore, its pressure and temperature decreases. Paraffin and water then would be released from the water-in-oil emulsion, with the paraffin solidifying at the reduced temperature condition.

How CPRS Prevent the Paraffin Buildup As stated above, crude oils are made up of factions, which contain paraffin and water. When crude oil flows into a wellbore, pressure and temperature are reduced. As the oil/water solution cools, the paraffin changes to a solid form. The paraffin deposits obstruct the flow of crude oil and water particles problems. CPRS can provides an electrochemical change, which stabilizes the water-in-oil emulsion structure and prevents paraffin being released from the micelle structure and forming solid states. This allows the solution to move smoothly and cleanly through the pipe without causing deposit problems.

Summary The alloy composition of CPRS provides electrons to the crude in catalytic manner to reduce electron deficiencies in the crude. This enables electrochemical changes to occur that: •

inhibit scale and corrosion formation

•

dissolve existing scale and corrosion

•

increase the specific gravity of the crude

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CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems •

decrease gaseous content

•

Breakdown and leach away excessive waxes.

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CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems

SURFACE UNIT Structure and Operation As shown on the left picture, the surface unit consists of an inlet and an outlet completed with standard flanges, an outer barrel and an inner tube, a bevel plate with a center hole, cartridge and a drain hole with a threaded plug. The cartridge consists of 4-6 perforated plates (5 plates as standard design). The perforated plates has been arranged axially with a threaded bar and is inserted into the inner tube during the operation. The surface unit and plates hole pattern design will assure the fluid entering the tool will have a full contact with the surface of the perforated plates, resulting a polarization effect on the fluids and minerals and changes of the characteristics to prevent the buildup of paraffin, scale and corrosion on the surface of the flowline and downstream equipment.

Technical Data Sheet

Unit Sizes

2”

3”

4”

6”

Inlet & Outlet ID

50.8

76.2

101.6

152.4

Inner Tube ID

50.8

76.2

101.6

152.4

Outer Tube ID

114

168

205

273

Cartridge OD

50.8

76.2

101.6

152.4

Plate Nos.

5

5

5

5

Flange

Flange

Flange

Flange

8”

Pressure Drop Connections

• •

The dimension units are in millimeters Five (5) plates as standard, it can be added or reduced per the working condition

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Flange

CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems

Unit Installation How to Install the Unit The installation of the surface unit is very simply. As shown in the following schematic, the unit can be installed on the flowline through the flange connections. The only thing to be assured is that the Red Arrow on the unit should be in the same direction of flow direction (as shown in Green Arrows).

Installation Dimension The installation dimension of the surface unit is shown in the following table and schematic drawing.

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CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems

+ Q_G_

_ Sizes

A

H

D

D1

d

d1

n

2”

420

280

¶110

¶140

¶50

¶18

4

3”

500

350

¶150

¶185

¶80

¶18

4

4”

550

370

¶170

¶210

¶100

¶18

4

6”

650

493

¶225

¶257

¶150

¶18

8

8” •

The dimension units are in millimeters

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CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems

Typical Application and Installations Cooling Tower

Make Up MHD Multimedia Filter

Condenser Cooling Tower

Chiller

Facility Load

Y Strainer Pump Blowdown

Surface Tool Pump

Pump

Boilers

Surface Tool Pump Condenser

Cooling water

Gases

Load Makeup Water Boiler

Blowdown Surface Tool

Feedwater Pump

De-aerator Tank (210 deg F)

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CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems

Injection Well

Injection Well

High Pressure Pump Water tank

Surface Unit

Production Lines When surface units are used on surface flow line applications, how many units need to be installed and how far it is between every two units will depend on the working condition. Pemex in Mexico are using a surface unit at each well. A flow line extending five (5) kilometers

Producing Well

Production separator

Surface Unit

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CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems between wells is standard. This is working very nicely for Pemex with a two (2) inch flow line. For large size flowlines like six (6) and eight (8) inch lines, the distance between the units should be much shorter. It is recommended the distance between units can vary from five (5) kilometers to ten (10) kilometers depending on the size of the flow line and the viscosity of the fluid. Pipelines with a large pressure flow may need to be closer because the principle of the tool depends on contact time with the fluids. Any Surface unit that is used should take into consideration that fluid contact is important and the units should be placed in such a manner to best eliminate the paraffin or scale problems. If at all possible the flow line should be cleaned prior to installation of the surface unit. After being cleaned and the surface units installed the paraffin or scale should not adhere to pipeline line again. The fluid will flow and the pressures should maintain at a constant rate. If high-pressure surface units are to be installed on flowline, it is recommended that a bypass line with all control valves installed as shown in above picture.

Oil Transfer Station

Oil Storage tank

Surface unit

Transfer Pump Water Tank

Oil Tank

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CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems

Production Battery If there is problem with high bottoms in oil production tanks, a surface unit may be installed downstream from the oil dump of the production separator.

Oil tank

Water tank

Surface Unit Gas Oil dump line Oil Water dump line Water

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CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems

DOWNHOLE UNIT Description CPRS downhole unit is an innovative tool specially designed and developed for solution to the paraffin, scale and corrosion problems in oil wells. It can be used during the oil and natural gas production to prevent the buildup of paraffin, scale, rust and asphaltene deposits, and also to remove the existing deposits on the surface of the equipment or flowlines. When installed in a producing oil or gas well, current treatment methods such as wireline scraping, chemical and hot oil circulation, will be eliminated, resulting in reduced operating costs and stabilized production.

Conventional Downhole Unit Structure and dimensions

254mm

Ø6.35mm

+

=

508 mm If the tool will be attached to the downhole pump directly, the connection threads can be machined to meet the pump specification.

Technical Data •

Size:1.66”

•

Flow Capacity: 90 GPM (20 cubic meters/hour)

•

Applicable tubing size: 2-3/8”, 2-7/8” and 3”

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CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems

Operation Benefits •

One time installation, requiring no maintenance or external power supply, in pumping or flowing wells.

•

Clean wellbore / reservoir interface

•

No monthly hot oiling, wireline chemical treatment costs. Increases pump life and efficiency.

•

No rod or pump failures due to scale, wax or asphaltene build up.

•

No lost production time (stabilized production).

How it works When the well is flowing or the pump is operating, crude oil is sucked up through the open lower end of the downhole unit by pressure into the inner tube causing a multiplicity of steams or jets of crude oil to issue from the radically board holes in the wall of the tube to bombard the copper nickel walls of the annular chamber and the center insert. Electrons freed from the copper in the walls of the chamber combined with molecules of the crude oil itself as well as with molecules of the paraffin’s and other minerals entrained in the crude oil and produced water, if any and, of the other entrained minerals which otherwise clog the tubing and impede the upward flow of the crude. The crude oil and its entrained minerals treated in the units as described above pass through the string of tubing to the surface. The treated crude oil not only has the paraffin’s and other waxes which tend to clog the tubing in suspension but the unit breaks up the long chain hydrocarbon molecules making the oil “slicker”. On high paraffin low gravity crude’s, the treatment increases the American Petroleum Institute (API) specific gravity of the resulting crude by at least two or three points thus Increasing the marketability of the treated crude. These same results occur with

Scientige Sdn. Bhd, Suite 8-11, 8th Floor, Wisma UOA 2, No.21, Jalan Pinang, 50450 Kuala Lumpur Tel: +603-2161 8696 Fax: +603-2161 5696 www.scientige.com

CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems the surface units with the crude being pumped through the cartridge inserts.

Application in Oil Production CPRS works in virtually any well that experiences deposition, including dual completions, directional, horizontal, water source and water injection wells. CPRS downhole unit works with any pumping system, including Electrical Submersible Pumps. Each application is designed for the specific well depending upon tubing size and fluid volume. Typically, CPRS will be run either below the pump intake or above the pump discharge, or as a tail joint at the end of the tubing string. Simple to install, CPRS requires no external power source, maintenance or servicing and has no internal restrictions. CPRS downhole unit can also be installed in a flowing well without pulling the tubing. It can be set in a tubing string in a nipple using the appropriate setting tool using wireline.

Application in Heavy Oil Most heavy oil wells have problems with production because of low viscosity of the oil in the tubing. With CPRS, you get increased flow rates, less torque pressures and less stress on pumps due to changes in viscosity. Once again, cleaner, smoother running well is more efficient and easier on your equipment.

Installation of Downhole Unit Installation with Subsaver •

Select a proper size subsaver per downhole string size and threads

•

The top of the subsaver will be attached to the pump or tubing joint

•

The bottom of the subsaver will be connected to the tubing joint externally and CPR tool internally

Installation with CPRS Joint •

Short tubing joint style CPRS is available from Scientige

•

It can be used for any type of downhole operations

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CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems

Application and Installations in Oil Wells Pumping Well

Downhole Pump

CPRS Downhole

Flowing Well

CPRS Downhole

Packer

Scientige Sdn. Bhd, Suite 8-11, 8th Floor, Wisma UOA 2, No.21, Jalan Pinang, 50450 Kuala Lumpur Tel: +603-2161 8696 Fax: +603-2161 5696 www.scientige.com

CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems Gaslifting Well

Gas lifting Mandrel

CPRS Downhole

CPRS Downhole Gas lifting Mandrel Packer

Packer

ESP Well

ESP

CPRS Packer Sand Screen

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CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems

MAINTENANCE AND SERVICES Surface Units •

Unscrew the bolt of top blind flange and take off the flange.

•

Take out the plate insert out of the inner tube, flush the plates with clean water or clean them with other materials.

•

Unscrew the bottom plug from the drain hole, flush inside of the unit with clean water.

•

Put back the inserts and the drain hole plug. Bolt the top flange on. The interval between maintenances will depend on the working condition of unit. It is recommended to check it on monthly bases.

•

Maintenance must be performed to ensure proper function of the surface units

•

Vent the pressure before open the top flange when the pressure is trapped.

Downhole Units Downhole units are almost maintenance free. Flush it with clean water when the tool is pulled out of the hole while downhole pumps is pulled out for inspection or maintenance.

Notice Once installed, CPRS my cause old scale and corrosion particles to separate from inside of the pipe and equipment, which can cause leaks and accumulation of old scale particles, especially in older systems. Cautions should be taken by the users.

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CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems

OPERATION LIFE SPAN The CPRS can last for a very long time. It acts only as a catalyst during the whole function process to change the property of the fluids and the minerals entrained in the fluids through electrochemical ways and polarization. The process is a non-sacrificing process, and it will not change the characteristics of the unit itself. CPRS, including surface units and downhole units, has no moving parts, and has no wearing problems. However, how long the units can last still depend on the working conditions. During the working process, the abrasive solids in the fluids may cause wearing or damage to the units because the solids will pass through the unit at high speed and certain pressure. Depending on the working conditions and the property of the fluids, it can be estimated that from our tool history that CPRS can run for 5 to 10 years without any problem. The first few tools are still in good condition after being used for more than six years. A leach test was run at the same test facility in Roswell of New Mexico from July 20, 1988 to January 13, 1989. Well water was used for the test having a TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) of about 111.000 ppm (parts per million). A flow meter was installed after the surface unit plate to measure the amount of water through the plate. The plate was removed, cleaned with a 2% citric acid, dried and weighed. Then the plate was reinstalled in line. This was performed once a week for the first month, then once again after two months and the last time three months later. The initial weight of the plate (after 75,143 gallons had flowed through the stabilizer) was 76.3834 grams. The final weight of the plate was 71.5665 grams. The plate lost 4.8169 grams. This is an average of 0.0009 ppm total plate material added to the water. (One part per million corresponds to one minute in two years or a single penny in $10.000) The abrasive solids in high-speed flow may cause premature wear or damage to the units, as shown in the following pictures. However the damage will not influence the working performance of the unit.

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CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems

CASE STUDIES Paraffin Prevention and Removal Changqing Oilfield/PetroChina •

Well H16-7, Wangnan Operation Base

•

Serious paraffin problems, one hot oil treatment every month.

•

A downhole tool was installed In July 2003.

•

September 15, 2002: No hot oil treatment was done and no pump repair job. The maximum rod load and maximum current of the motor were obviously dropped than before the installation

•

July 2004: One-year downhole operation without any problems, no hot oil treatment, no chemicals and no pump repair.

The following is the date sheet, which shows there are no workover jobs, no pump repair and no hot oil treatment after the installation.

Well H16-7 STATISTICS Well Production Date

Installation Depth

Installation Date

Nov. 02, 2000

993.73m

July 5, 2003

Before the Installation Date

Well

Daily

Daily Oil

Production

Fluid

Rate (t)

Days

Rate

Water Dynamic Horsepower

Max

Min

Up

Down

ratio

Fluid

schematic

Rod

Rod

stroke

stroke

(%)

Level

analysis

Load

load

Max

Max

(KN)

(KN)

Amps

Amps

(A)

(A)

3

(m )

(m)

Notes

2002.8.6

31

12.16

2.19

80.1

547/441

OK

_

_

_

_

W/O

2002.9.8

29.9

11.60

2.07

78.7

420/568

OK

_

_

_

_

H/O

2002.10.14

30.7

11.99

2.12

79.1

402/586

OK

_

_

_

_

W/O

2002.11.16

29.8

11.74

2.32

76.6

518/470

OK

_

_

_

_

H/O

2002.12.10

31

10.77

2.35

74.3

532/456

OK

_

_

_

_

H/O

2003.1.17

31

10.75

1.9

79

523/465

OK

_

_

_

_

H/O

2003.2

28

10.93

1.86

79.7

498/490

OK

_

_

_

_

_

2003.3.5

31

11.12

1.84

80.3

440/524

OK

_

_

_

_

H/O

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CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems 2003.4.17

29.7

11.43

2.02

79.0

389/575

OK

_

_

_

_

H/O

2003.5.22

31

11.34

1.94

79.7

470/494

OK

_

_

_

_

H/O

2003.6

30

11.33

1.57

83.5

488/476

OK

_

_

_

_

_

2003.7.18

30.7

10.54

2.57

71.0

505/458

OK

7.91

17

14

W/O

26.29

Average Pumps Repairing interval: 237 days; Average Hot oil treatment Interval: 30 days_

Paraffin Severity

After the Installation Date

Well Production

Daily Fluid 3

Rate (m )

Days

Daily

Water

Oil

ratio

Fluid

schematic

Rate

(%)

Level

analysis

(t)

Dynamic Horsepower

(m)

Max

Min

Up

Down

Rod

Rod

stroke

stroke

Load

load

Max

Max

(KN)

(KN)

Amps

Amps

(A)

(A)

Notes

2003.8.12

_

10.38

2.08

76.2

480/483

OK

28.30

10.49

14

13

_

2003.8.25

_

10.25

2.14

75.1

451/512

OK

28.16

10.12

13

12

_

2003.9.2

_

13.94

3.10

73.5

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

2003.9.3

_

12.54

1.99

81.1

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

2003.9.12

_

10.54

2.23

74.8

10.21

13

11

_

2003.9.13

_

10.54

2.57

71.0

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

2003.9.19

_

11.66

2.78

71.6

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

2003.9.22

_

14.33

2.77

77.0

9.51

14

12

_

2003.9.23

_

14.79

3.27

73.7

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

2003.9.25

_

12.86

2.84

73.7

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

2003.9.28

_

12.80

2.61

75.7

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

2003.9.29

_

12.26

1.43

86.1

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

2003.10.3

_

12.54

1.71

83.8

9.22

14

13

_

2003.10.9

_

12.54

1.58

85.0

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

2003.10.12

_

12.06

1.52

85.0

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

2003.10.13

_

12.06

1.30

87.2

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

2003.10.18

_

12.06

1.21

88.1

12.86

13

9

_

2003.10.25

_

11.66

1.95

80.1

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

2003.10.3

_

9.45

1.21

84.8

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

2003.11.3

_

9.45

1.11

86.0

10.04

13

10

_

2003.11.8

_

9.45

1.20

84.9

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

2003.11.12

_

11.37

1.44

84.9

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

2003.11.15

_

13.13

1.31

88.1

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

2003.11.18

_

13.13

1.62

85.3

_

_

11.04

13

11

_

455/508

424/539

416/547

447/516

464/499

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

27.45

27.07

26.52

29.12

28.46

28.46

Scientige Sdn. Bhd, Suite 8-11, 8th Floor, Wisma UOA 2, No.21, Jalan Pinang, 50450 Kuala Lumpur Tel: +603-2161 8696 Fax: +603-2161 5696 www.scientige.com

CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems 2003.12.4

_

10.67

1.67

81.4

2003.12.8

_

10.67

1.85

79.4

_

_

2003.12.13

_

11.35

1.81

81.0

_

_

2003.12.18

_

11.35

1.44

84.9

466/497

OK

2004.1.8

_

11.42

1.46

84.8

419/553

OK

2004.1.9

_

11.18

1.43

84.8

_

_

2004.1.10

_

11.26

1.44

84.8

_

_

2004.1.12

_

11.61

2.24

77.0

_

_

2004.1.18

_

11.61

1.59

83.7

_

_

2004.1.23

_

11.61

1.41

85.5

2004.1.25

_

11.55

1.41

85.5

2004.1.28

_

11.55

1.43

85.3

2004.2.4

_

_

_

_

2004.2.12

_

11.4

1.22

87.3

2004.2.19

_

_

_

_

462/501

OK

9.57

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

10.79

18

15

_

_

17

15

_

11.04

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

11.12

_

_

_

28.96

27.00 _ 28.60

28.81

OK

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

OK

_

_

_

_

_

27.11

10.76

_

_

_

26.95

8.87

_

_

_

438/534

394/578

378/594

_

Note: W/O: workover job; H/O: hot oil treatment

Hook -State Well #1 / Touchstone Resources Touchstone Resources installed a CPRS downhole unit in Hooks-State Well #1 in Jefferson County, Texas in June of 2002. The tool was hung off in an "X" nipple below a 2" Otis "X" Lock mandrel at a depth of 10,090 feet. Prior to installing the downhole tool, the Hooks-State Well #1 was producing at 5000 psig flowing tubing pressure at a rate of approximately 200 barrels of condensate per day with a paraffin content of 13.5%. Due to paraffin buildup in the 2-3/8" tubing string, it was requested to cut paraffin each month at a cost of approximately $1500. In addition, downtime for cutting the paraffin was causing loss of production revenue amounting to approximately $2000 per month. After installing the tool, no more paraffin cutting was needed for the next year, which has resulted in a savings to Touchstone Resources of approximately $42,000.00. In addition, the well recently began producing a large quantity of sand, which resulted in the tubing plugging with sand and the necessity of performing a coiled tubing cleanout of the well. After cleaning out the tubing string, the downhole unit was easily removed with a slickline and showed no effects from either erosion or corrosion.

East Texas /Exxonmobil Oil Company •

Operator: Exxonmobil Oil Company

Scientige Sdn. Bhd, Suite 8-11, 8th Floor, Wisma UOA 2, No.21, Jalan Pinang, 50450 Kuala Lumpur Tel: +603-2161 8696 Fax: +603-2161 5696 www.scientige.com

CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems •

Location: East Texas Oilfield, 2 worst paraffin producing wells

•

Installation time: 2001

•

Before installation, the wells were being hot oiled (tubing and flowline) in the winter months on a weekly basis.

•

Two years after installation, the wells have not required hot oiling since

Shell IMO River-59T, High Paraffin Wells Before the installation • The well was put into production since 1999 •

The potential production rate: 4000 BOPD

•

Serious paraffin problems and the production rate was less than1000BOPD

•

The well has not produced for more than 2 months at single stretch A number of remedial actions were not successful

•

Traditional chemical treatment required a pump at wellhead and brought up disposal and environmental challenges.

After the installation • De-waxing efficacy was proved a few days after •

The production rate increased to 3800BOPD without any other treatment

•

The well produced for 90 days non-stop.

•

Over 50% in cost savings in comparison with traditional treatments

•

15 systems were to installed after the success

•

Senior Production Technologist Mr.Chiji Onwuzurike call it “a significant breakthrough in de-waxing operations in our wells”

HP Gas and Condensate Oil Wells / Austral Oil Company Operator: Austral Oil Company •

Location: Gooch #2 and #3,Vermillion Parish, LA

•

Installation Date: May, 2001

•

Installation Depth: 3000 ft Prior to installation:

•

Cut paraffin every 30 days at a cost of US$10,500 for each well.

•

Paraffin content in the condensate was 14.7%.

•

High pressure with flowing tubing pressure of 8,000 psi Scientige Sdn. Bhd, Suite 8-11, 8th Floor, Wisma UOA 2, No.21, Jalan Pinang, 50450 Kuala Lumpur Tel: +603-2161 8696 Fax: +603-2161 5696 www.scientige.com

CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems After installation: • No need to cut paraffin. •

Within two years, approximately US$120,000 was saved for each well

•

No loss of production in either well

Scale and Paraffin Oil Wells / Armstrong and Associates Operator: Armstrong and Associates •

Location: Kilgore, Texas

•

Two of the leases with the worst scale and paraffin problems

• •

Before CPRS units was installed, hot oiling on flow lines and downhole every thirty days.

•

Running heater treaters at 135 degrees, rolling tanks just before the hauls and selling oil at a BS &W count of 2. That is the maximum number allowed for Scurlock to pick up the oil. Paraffin and scale existed throughout the entire system.

•

May 1, 2000: installed surface units on two different leases south of Kilgore. These wells produce from the Travis Peak and Pettit formations, 7300 to 7500 feet.

•

June 1,2000: Surface equipment had cleaned up. The separators could be put back into service. Prior to this time the separators had to be bypassed because of paraffin. Flow lines were clean. The BS&W fell to 0.50 and sometimes to as low of 0.10. No hot oil treatments. No rolling the tanks to sell the oil.

•

By June 15: all shakeouts were showing no paraffin, only corrosion. The corrosion was from the inside of the walls of the lank battery …… further proof that the unit was removing old scale.

•

July 7,2000: Company man came to location to see for himself. The flow lines were cleaned up. All surface equipment was clean. Noted that the site glass on the separators was clean… had never been able to read it before.

• •

July 28,2000- Had to hot oil one lease to pull the pump. A downhole unit was installed on both leases.

•

No tank bottoms have developed in either battery since June1.

•

No chemicals have been used at all on either of the above leases.

Paraffin and Corrosion Wells / Austral Oil Company Operator: Austral Oil Company Location: Danielle-Quinn, Jefferson County, Texas Installation Date: Dec. 2001, downhole unit

Scientige Sdn. Bhd, Suite 8-11, 8th Floor, Wisma UOA 2, No.21, Jalan Pinang, 50450 Kuala Lumpur Tel: +603-2161 8696 Fax: +603-2161 5696 www.scientige.com

CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems Prior to installation: •

Have to pull this well every 3 months for corrosion and paraffin problems

•

Had to hot oil and change out the pump

From installation to Jan. 2003 •

Never pull the well.

•

No hot oil treatment had been done because the rods were paraffin free.

•

No pump change out because there was no pump corrosion and the only thing did was to change the ball and seat.

•

Savings from replacing pumps and rods, hot oil treatment, workover time totaled at approximately US$29,540.20

Scale Prevention and Removal Reverse Osmosis Membrane Test / Roswell Test Facility Starting from August 10, 1987, a reverse osmosis membrane test with a CPRS surface unit was made by Roswell Test Facility in Roswell, New Mexico. This test involves using a surface unit, in place of an antiscalant being pumped into the feed water, to prevent scaling up of the reverse osmosis membrane. This test is running on water with total dissolved solids of 10,400 mg/L at 50% recovery. This can be compared to the water from the City of Roswell that has total dissolved solids of 840 mg/L. This means there are more than ten times the dissolved solids in the test water than the water from the City of Roswell. The water used for this test has a total hardness of 166 grains/ gallon. The test membrane with the surface unit in the feed line was run for 2,193 hours with an only slight decrease on the percentage rejection and percentage recovery during this period of time. It is not unusual for an untreated feed on the same membranes to plug the membrane in 100 hours or less. The membrane did not show any signs of scaling up. The only pre-treatment of the water used in the test was to run it through and A.G. and Magnesium green sand filters to remove iron. When the product flow dropped to this unit it was flushed for 30 minutes with City water. This was done 3 times and it brought the product flow back up. It can be inferred from the data that the surface unit is keeping the reverse osmosis membrane from scaling up.

Salt Water Injection Well application / East Texas •

Location: East Texas, Salt Water - Abney #3 Injection Well, Christian Pit - Gladewater, Texas

•

One 8” surface unit with five 8” plates

•

Installation Date: March 5, 2001

Scientige Sdn. Bhd, Suite 8-11, 8th Floor, Wisma UOA 2, No.21, Jalan Pinang, 50450 Kuala Lumpur Tel: +603-2161 8696 Fax: +603-2161 5696 www.scientige.com

CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems •

Before installation: Severe Calcium Carbonate scale, using 4 gallons of BAKER SCW0026R chemical treatment per day. Injection pressure was 425 psi with injecting rate of 22,000 bbls/day

•

71 days after installation on May 15, 2001 (no chemicals had been used), the system inspection indicated that:

•

Pressure at injection well has maintained at 400psi, down from 425-430 psi prior to installation

•

Transfer line pressure dropped from 70 psi to 55 psi

•

Side wall of Clear Tank began to clear up

•

Suction cap on Gardner Denver injection pump had no additional scale buildup

•

Only maintenance was a one time cleaning of the interior plates

Cooling Towers and Ice Machine / Reddy Ice Plant, Houston, Texas Location: Reddy Ice Plant, Houston, Texas Prior to installation: •

Spend US$20,000.00 to US$25,000.00 for chemicals to treat scale

•

Repaint equipment twice each year due to chemical leakage from towers

•

Enormous expenses to dispose of chemical laden water into city sewer system

•

Even with use of chemicals, scale still formed on towers

After installation: •

No chemicals were used for scale treatment

•

Scale was almost non-existent in the towers

•

Permission was obtained from the city to dispose water at no extra expense

•

After the cooling tower application, a stainless steel 4” unit was installed on the ice machines. Within 2 weeks, the lines had to be shut down because the old scale had broken loose and clogged up the lines. After going back on lines, all salt was eliminated, the efficiency increased 2%, producing 6 to 9 more tons of ice a day.

Cooling Towers /Cagle’s/Keystone Poultry •

Location: Cagle’s/Keystone Poultry, Albany, Kentucky

•

Installed a surface unit on one of four cooling towers in April, 2000

•

Four weeks after installation, all of the towers had to be cleaned manually because of swarm of ants, it was noticed that the old scale on the tower with the surface unit

Scientige Sdn. Bhd, Suite 8-11, 8th Floor, Wisma UOA 2, No.21, Jalan Pinang, 50450 Kuala Lumpur Tel: +603-2161 8696 Fax: +603-2161 5696 www.scientige.com

CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems literally fell off whereas the scale on the other towers has to be forcibly removed by hand.

Corrosion Prevention and Removal Iron-Sulfide problems / Hugoton Gas Field Operator: T. M. Hopkins Operating Company The Stratford #1 is located in the Texas Panhandle (Hugoton Field) and produces from the Brown Dolomite Formation at approximately 3200’. The. Majority of these Dolomite wells have extremely low bottomhole pressures and have to rod pumped in order to produce the gas. Very small amounts of formation water (1/4 - 1 BBL) will load these wells up. There is a serious Iron-Sulfide problem that exists with the production of the Dolomite gas. The Iron-Sulfide precipitates out of solution as the gas and small amounts of water are produced. The Iron-Sulfide can and will over time plug the perforations and corrode the downhole pumps. As previously mentioned these wells pump about _ -1BBL/water/day and produce from 10 - 100 MCF/Day. These wells normally pump using a time clock due to the small amounts of water production. With Iron-Sulfide problems, as time goes on the downhole pump efficiency decreases due the sulfide problems therefore it is necessary to lengthen pump time. To increase pump time the more wear and tear is encountered on the pump thus reducing the length between pulling the well and doing the necessary repairs. It is known that the longer run times without costly workovers the more profitable the well. Since installing the CPRS tool on the bottom of the downhole pump in November 2000, not any problems have happened with pump efficiency and the amount of on time has not been increased. This accounts for less wear and tear and obviously without having to increase the on time. Pump efficiency was excellent, which saved the on time by at least 50% in comparison to the time before the installation of CPRS. The well pumps 15 minutes out of every 3 hours and produces 46 MCF/Day and 0.5 BBL Water. Without the CPRS tool the pumping time will approximately be 1HR on and 2HR off. In conclusion, CPRS tool has eliminated the majority of the Iron-Sulfide problems experienced in the Hugoton Field.

Sulfate Reducing Bacteria Problems in Waterflood Operation Operator: Newbourne Oil Company •

Location: Lea County, New Mexico

•

CPRS was installed in a waterflood unit with a total daily injection of 2,900 barrels made up of 75% produced water and 25% purchased potable water. A surface unit was installed to reduce precipitations of sulfate reducing bacteria. The surface unit was located between parallel booster pumps and sock-type filter canisters prior to injection pumps. Typical filter changes were occurring on ten-day intervals. Normal operating

Scientige Sdn. Bhd, Suite 8-11, 8th Floor, Wisma UOA 2, No.21, Jalan Pinang, 50450 Kuala Lumpur Tel: +603-2161 8696 Fax: +603-2161 5696 www.scientige.com

CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems booster pump pressure is 88 psig. Filters were being changed when pressure downstream of the filters reached approximately 10 psig due to filter plugging. •

After installing the stabilizer, two failures occurred in the PVC basket due to the seal-support ring breaking. This problem has been resolved. Run times, disregarding failure periods when flow could bypass the stabilizer plates and oil upsets allowing oil carryover into the injection system, have ranged from 17 to 30 days. Recent filter changes have been made prior to the downstream pressure reaching 20 psig.

•

Considering all data, including basket failures and oil in the system, CPRS surface unit resulted in extending filter changes by a factor of two or better.

•

No Chemicals were used after the installation.

Main Water Line / Aramark Linen, Tyler, Texas Prior to the installation of the surface unit, the water was cloudy, and made coffee taste bad. A 3” surface unit was installed on main water line at Aramark Linen, Tyler, Texas The surface unit cleaned up rust and corrosion inside the water lines, and reduced the chemical use by 30%. Much improved water quality and coffee taste was reported after the installation.

Other Applications Peanut Farm / LaMesa, Texas A 8” surface unit was installed in later watering season, but had enough time to see that less water was used, leaves were greener and the peanut had filled their shells quicker.

Scientige Sdn. Bhd, Suite 8-11, 8th Floor, Wisma UOA 2, No.21, Jalan Pinang, 50450 Kuala Lumpur Tel: +603-2161 8696 Fax: +603-2161 5696 www.scientige.com

CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems

CUSTOMER LIST International Customers •

Armstrong & Associates / Kilgore, Texas

•

Aramark Linen / Tyler, Texas

•

Austral Oil & Gas / Sulphur, Louisiana

•

Advanced Oil Tools / Scott, Louisiana

•

Bailey Petroleum / Crosby, Texas

•

Bolivar Sanclemente/Geoproduction Oil and Gas Company of Columbia

•

Buffco Operating / Longview, Texas

•

Byrd Operating Co. / Midland,Texas

•

Brower Oil / Tulsa, Oklahoma

•

BPR Energy / Lafayette, Louisiana

•

Chevron Texaco / New Orleans, Louisiana

•

CNS / Kilgore, Texas

•

Cordell Energy / Como, Texas

•

Christensen Roder / Brazil

•

Cagle-Keystone Poultry Plant / Albany, Kentucky

•

Carrizo Springs ISD / Carrizo Springs, Texas

•

Caprock Exploration / Odessa, Texas

•

Exxon Mobil / Kilgore, Texas (Kilgore Field Office)

•

East Texas Salt Water Disposal / Kilgore, Texas

•

Ecopetrol / Equador

•

Geoproduction Oil and Gas Company / Brazil

•

Choctaw Resources / Houston, Texas

•

Glenn Stephens / Kilgore, Texas

•

Hilcorp Energy/ Jeanerette, Louisiana

•

Henry Oil and Gas / Midland, Texas

Scientige Sdn. Bhd, Suite 8-11, 8th Floor, Wisma UOA 2, No.21, Jalan Pinang, 50450 Kuala Lumpur Tel: +603-2161 8696 Fax: +603-2161 5696 www.scientige.com

CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems •

Inland Resources / Denver, Colorado

•

ISA International / Broussard, Louisiana

•

J.M. Huber Company / Houston, Texas

•

J Tech Energy Corp / Houston, Texas

•

J.I.L. Oil Corporation / Laporte, Louisiana

•

Jim Marzoula / Venezuela

•

KOR / Kazakhstan

•

Kerr McGee / Big Springs, Texas

•

King Resources / Midland, Texas

•

Laredo Housing Authority / Laredo, Texas

•

Mewbourne Oil Company / Tyler, Texas

•

Mark Carpenter Plumbing / Clovis, New Mexico __North Tower Systems / California

•

PDVSA / Venezuela

•

Petro Alliance / Houston, Texas

•

Products Plus / Florida

•

Phillips Service Company / Houston, Texas

•

Pappas Restaurant / Houston, Texas

•

Ross - Rippy Company / Tyler, Texas

•

Ray Oil Tools / Lafayette, Louisiana

•

Reddy Ice / Houston, Texas

•

Shell / Nigeria

•

Scott Hart / Canada

•

T.M. Hopkins Operating / Kilgore, Texas

•

Texas Petroleum Corp. / Midland, Texas

•

TRJ Refrigeration / California

•

Touchstone Resources / Houston, Texas

•

Tema Oil and Gas / Houston, Texas

•

United Independent School District / Laredo, Texas

•

Walter Exploration / Dallas, Texas

Scientige Sdn. Bhd, Suite 8-11, 8th Floor, Wisma UOA 2, No.21, Jalan Pinang, 50450 Kuala Lumpur Tel: +603-2161 8696 Fax: +603-2161 5696 www.scientige.com

CORROSION PREVENTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM Best Solution to Paraffin, Scale and Corrosion Problems

China Customers •

Changqing Oilfield, CNPC

•

Dagang Oilfield, CNPC/PetroChina

•

Daqing Oilfield, CNPC/ PetroChina

•

Liaohe Oilfield, CNPC/PetroChina

•

Zhongyuan Oilfield, Sinopec

•

Sichuan Oilfield, CNPC/PetroChina

•

Shengli Oilfield, Sinopec

•

Tuha Oilfield, CNPC/PetroChina

•

Beijing Zuoweida Sci-tech Company

Scientige Sdn. Bhd, Suite 8-11, 8th Floor, Wisma UOA 2, No.21, Jalan Pinang, 50450 Kuala Lumpur Tel: +603-2161 8696 Fax: +603-2161 5696 www.scientige.com