Corporation Bank

Industry Profile Introduction Without a sound and effective banking system in India it cannot have a healthy economy. The banking system of India should not only be hassle free but it should be able to meet new challenges posed by the technology and any other external and internal factors. Banking in India has its origin as early as Vedic Period. It is believed that the transition from money lending to banking must have occurred even before Manu, the great Hindu Jurist who has devoted a section of his work to deposits and advances and laid down the rules relating to rates of interest. During the days of East India Company it was the turn of the agency houses to carry on the banking business.

History The banking system of India should not only be hassle free but it should be able to meet new challenges posed by the technology and any other external and internal factors. For the past three decades India's banking system has several outstanding achievements to its credit. The most striking is its extensive reach. It is no longer confined to only metropolitans or cosmopolitans in India. In fact, Indian banking system has reached even to the remote corners of the country. The first bank in India, though conservative, was established in 1786. From 1786 till today, the journey of Indian Banking System can be segregated into three distinct phases. They are as mentioned below:  Early phase from 1786 to 1969 of Indian Banks  Nationalisation of Indian Banks and up to 1991 prior to Indian banking sector Reforms.  New phase of Indian Banking System with the advent of Indian Financial & Banking Sector Reforms after 1991.

1

Phase I The General Bank of India was set up in the year 1786. Next came Bank of Hindustan and Bengal Bank. The East India Company established Bank of Bengal (1809), Bank of Bombay (1840) and Bank of Madras (1843) as independent units and called it Presidency Banks. These three banks were amalgamated in 1920 and Imperial Bank of India was established which started as private shareholders banks, mostly Europeans shareholders. In 1865 Allahabad Bank was established and first time exclusively by Indians, Punjab National Bank Ltd. was set up in 1894 with headquarters at Lahore. Between 1906 and 1913, Bank of India, Central Bank of India, Bank of Baroda, Canara Bank, Indian Bank, and Bank of Mysore were set up. Reserve Bank of India came in 1935. During the first phase the growth was very slow and banks also experienced periodic failures between 1913 and 1948. There were approximately 1100 banks, mostly small. To streamline the functioning and activities of commercial banks, the Government of India came up with The Banking Companies Act, 1949 which was later changed to Banking Regulation Act 1949 as per amending Act of 1965. Phase II Government took major steps in this Indian Banking Sector Reform after independence. In 1955, it nationalised Imperial Bank of India with extensive banking facilities on a large scale specially in rural and semi-urban areas. It formed State Bank of india to act as the principal agent of RBI and to handle banking transactions of the Union and State Governments all over the country. By the 1960s, the Indian banking industry has become an important tool to facilitate the development of the Indian economy. At the same time, it has emerged as a large employer, and a debate has ensued about the possibility to nationalise the banking industry. Indira Gandhi, thethen Prime Minister of India expressed the intention of the GOI in the annual conference of the All India Congress Meeting. Seven banks forming subsidiary of State Bank of India was nationalised in 1960 on 19th July, 1969, major process of nationalisation was carried out. 2

A second dose of nationalization of 6 more commercial banks followed in 1980. The stated reason for the nationalization was to give the government more control of credit delivery. With the second dose of nationalization, the GOI controlled around 91% of the banking business of India. Later on, in the year 1993, the government merged New Bank of India with Punjab National Bank. It was the only merger between nationalized banks and resulted in the reduction of the number of nationalised banks from 20 to 19. Phase III This phase has introduced many more products and facilities in the banking sector in its reforms measure. In 1991, under the chairmanship of M Narasimham, a committee was set up by his name which worked for the liberalisation of banking practices. The country is flooded with foreign banks and their ATM stations. Efforts are being put to give a satisfactory service to customers. Phone banking and net banking is introduced. The entire system became more convenient and swift. Time is given more importance than money. The financial system of India has shown a great deal of resilience. It is sheltered from any crisis triggered by any external macroeconomics shock as other East Asian Countries suffered. This is all due to a flexible exchange rate regime, the foreign reserves are high, the capital account is not yet fully convertible, and banks and their customers have limited foreign exchange exposure.

Liberalisation In the early 1990s, the then Narsimha Rao government embarked on a policy of liberalisation, licensing a small number of private banks. These came to be known as New Generation tech-savvy banks and included Global Trust Bank. This move, along with the rapid growth in the economy of India, revitalized the banking sector in India, which has seen rapid growth with strong contribution from all the three sectors of banks, namely, government banks, private banks and foreign banks.

3

The next stage for the Indian banking has been setup with the proposed relaxation in the norms for Foreign Direct Investment, where all Foreign Investors in banks may be given voting rights which could exceed the present cap of 10%,at present it has gone up to 49% with some restrictions. Currently, banking in India is generally fairly mature in terms of supply, product range and reach-even though reach in rural India still remains a challenge for the private sector and foreign banks. In terms of quality of assets and capital adequacy, Indian banks are considered to have clean, strong and transparent balance sheets relative to other banks in comparable economies in its region. With the growth in the Indian economy expected to be strong for quite some time-especially in its services sector-the demand for banking services, especially retail banking, mortgages and investment services are expected to be strong. One may also expect M&A, takeovers, and asset sales. In March 2006, the Reserve Bank of India allowed Warburg Pincus to increase its stake in Kotak Mahindra Bank (a private sector bank) to 10%. This is the first time an investor has been allowed to hold more than 5% in a private sector bank since the RBI announced norms in 2005 that any stake exceeding 5% in the private sector banks would need to be vetted by them.

Indian Banking system The Indian Banking Industry can be categorized into non-scheduled banks and scheduled banks. Scheduled banks constitute of commercial banks and co-operative banks. There are about 67,000 branches of Scheduled banks spread across India. As far as the present scenario is concerned the banking industry in India is in a transition phase. The Public Sector Banks (Pubs), which are the foundation of the Indian Banking system account for more than 78 per cent of total banking industry assets. Unfortunately they are burdened with excessive Non Performing assets (NPAs), massive manpower and lack of modern technology. On the other hand the Private Sector Banks are witnessing immense progress. They are leaders in Internet banking, mobile banking, phone banking, ATMs. On the other hand the Public Sector Banks are still facing the problem of unhappy employees. There has been a decrease of 20 percent in the employee strength of the private sector in the wake of the Voluntary Retirement Schemes (VRS). As far as foreign banks are concerned they are likely to succeed in India Reserve Bank of India 4

Commercial Banks

Public Sector Banks

Regional Rural Banks

Private Sector Banks

Indian Banks

State Bank Group

State Bank of India

Co-operative Banks

State Co-operative Banks

Foreign Banks

Central Co-operative Banks

Nationalized Banks

Primary Credit

Associate Banks

Indusland Bank was the first private bank to be set up in India. IDBI, ING Vyasa Bank, SBI Commercial and International Bank Ltd, Dhanalakshmi Bank Ltd, Karur Vysya Bank Ltd, Bank of Rajasthan Ltd etc are some Private Sector Banks. Banks from the Public Sector include Punjab National bank, Vijaya Bank, UCO Bank, Oriental Bank, Allahabad Bank, Andhra Bank etc. ANZ Grindlays Bank, ABN-AMRO Bank, American Express Bank Ltd; Citibank etc are some foreign banks operating in India.

Commercial banks 5

Commercial banks have been in existence for many decades. Commercial Banks mobilize savings in urban areas and make them available to large and small individual and trading units mainly for Working Capital requirements. After1969, Commercial Banks are broadly classified into nationalized public sector banks and private sector banks. The State Bank of India and its associate Banks along with another 20 banks are the public sector banks. The private sector banks include a small number of Indian Scheduled banks which have not been nationalized. Public Sector Banks Public sector banks are those which are owned by the Central Government either directly or through the Reserve Bank of India. They are also known as Nationalised Banks. Eg: State Bank of India and its subsidiaries, Allahabad Bank, Corporation Bank, Vijaya Bank, Canara Bank, Bank of Baroda, Punjab National Bank, Syndicate Bank, the Oriental Bank of Commerce. Private Sector Banks Private Sector banks are those which are owned and controlled by private entrepreneurs. Private sector banks are classified as Private sector Indian Banks and Private Sector Foriegn banks. Private Sector India Banks are those which are owned and controlled by Indian Entrepreneurs. Indusland Bank was the first private bank to be set up in Inda. IDBI, ING Vyasa Bank, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, UTI Bank (Now Axis Bank), Centurion Bank. Private sector Forign Banks are those which are owned and controlled by foreign entrepreneurs. ANZ Grindlays Bank, ABN-AMRO Bank, American Express Bank Ltd; Citibank etc are some foreign banks operating in India

Regional Rural Banks

6

The Regional Rural Banks (RRB) came into existence since the middle of 1970’s with the specific objective of providing credit and deposit facilities particularly to the small and marginal farmers, agricultural laborers and artisans and small entrepreneurs. Co-operative banks In India, co-operative Banks has assigned an important role in the development of vital areas such as agriculture, rural and small-scale industry, retail distribution; housing etc. the cooperative banking sector has been developed in the country to replace the village moneylenders. They also promote savings of the farmers and meet their credit needs for cultivation. The cooperative banking sectors are not only in rural areas but now they have spread to urban areas also. Scheduled banks and non-scheduled banks Under the RBI Act, 1934, banks were classified as Scheduled banks and non-scheduled banks. the scheduled banks are those which have are included in the schedule(second)of RBI Act,1934.these banks have a paid up capital and reserves of an aggregate value of not less than Rs.5 lakhs and which satisfy RBI that their affairs are carried out in the interest of their depositors. Scheduled Banks comprise commercial banks and the cooperative banks, In terms of ownership, Commercial banks can be further grouped into nationalized banks, the State Bank of India and its group banks, Regional Rural Banks and Private sector Banks (old, new, domestic and foreign).These banks have over 67,000 branches spread across the country. Non-scheduled banks are those which have not been included in the second schedule of RBI Act, 1934.at present, there are three non-scheduled banks in India.

Company Profile 7

Corporation Bank is one of the oldest Banking Institutions in the Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka and one of the oldest banks in India. As the saying goes on “A thousand mile journey starts with small step”. A step was taken by Shri Khan Bahadur Haji Abdullha Haji Kasim Saheb Bahadur, a businessman of Udupi way back on the 12th of March 1906 with a group of philanthropist founded the ‘Canara Banking Corporation of Udupi Limited’. A handful of people representing the various interests decided to promote the ‘Canara Banking Corporation of Udupi Limited’. Eleven persons who included 4 pleaders, 2 educationist, 1 insurance agent and 1 retired sub magistrate where the first signatories of the Articles of Association and Memorandum of Association of the bank who had in all 111 shares. The need to start this bank was felt because there was no such facility at Udupi, an important trading centre next to Manglore in Dakshin Kannada district. The indigenous banking was largely in the hands of few rich private individuals and some thing had to be done to provide relief to the common man from the clutches of the money lenders who held fully swey. What inspired the founding fathers was the fervor of swadeshism, for promoting the bank, the founder president made an appeal saying, the primary object in forming the ‘Corporation Bank’ is not only to cultivate habit of thrifts amongst all classes of people, without distinction of the cast or creed, but also habit of co-operation amongst all classes. This is swadeshism, pure and simple and every lover of the country is expected to come forward and co-operate in achieving the end in view. It was called through co-operation of all, shorn of distinction of caste and creed “ The Canara Banking Corporation Limited” as the institution was called then, started functioning as a “Nidhi” with a humble beginning. The initial capital was Rs 5000. Corporation Bank which was founded in 1906 and today it is a “100 year young bank”. The bank had its origin in the temple town, Udupi which was then a part of Dakshin Kannada district. The credit of introducing the bank goes to the Canara Banking Corporation of Udupi Limeted. Corporation Bank is a public sector bank which has been silently creating waves among the domestic banks in India. It is one of the Nationalised Banks in India. The bank withstood the challenges of the financial sector reforms and has emerged as the one of the financially and fundamentally strong, well capitalised, technological sophisticated, efficient, effective and one of the most profitable bank in India. 8

In the year 1952, Corporation Bank became the third bank in the country to receive license from the Reserve Bank of India as ‘Scheduled Bank’. In the year 1961, the bank of citizens was merged with the Corporation Bank. It was nationalised in April 1980, which triggered the growth of the bank in terms of geographical reach and business volumes. The name of the bank was changed from Canara Banking Corporation of Udupi Limited to Corporation Bank in the year 1973 and the corporate office of the bank was shifted to Manglore.

Corporate Vision “To evolve into a strong, sound and globally competitive financial system, providing integrated services to customers from all segments, leveraging on technology and human resources, adopting the best accounting and ethical practices and fulfilling corporate and social responsibilities towards all stake holders.” Corporate Mission  To become a provider of World-Class financial services.  To meet customer expectations trough innovation and technological initiatives.

 To emerge as a role model with distinct culture identity, ethical values and good corporate governance.  To enhance share holder’s wealth by sustained, profitable and financially sound growth with prudent risk management systems.  To fulfill national and social obligation as responsible corporate citizen.  To create environment, intellectually satisfying and professionally rewarding to the employees.

Service Profile The Corporation Bank will provide the different services with CARE approach to the customer’s. The service profile of the Corporation Bank is as follows: 9

Personal Products a. Deposit Products i. Corp Pragathi Account: The account can be opened with an initial deposit of Rs 10/- and

will provide the account holder the basic banking facilities. No penalty will be levied even if the balance in the account drops below Rs 10. ii. Centenary Year Gold coin: It is 8gm Centenary Year Gold coin of 999.9 purity, 24 carat.

This gold coin is available at Corp Bank branches in select cities across India to individuals or retailers at a competitive price. iii. Saving Bank: Corp Bank SB account holder will get the facilities like any Branch banking.

Corp power cheque, Corp convenience card, Corp junior account, Corp senior account. iv. Kshemanidhi Cash Certificates: KCC is a money multiplier deposit. It is a reinvestment

Term Deposit scheme that can be opened for a period ranging from 6 months to 10 years. The rate of interest depends on the period of deposit. v. Money Flex: The flexible term deposit- it allows the customer to withdraw money whenever

he/she wants. The deposit can be made for a period ranging from 6 to 120 months. The minimum deposit is Rs 5000. vi. Fixed Deposit: The deposit can be made for period ranging from 15 days to 10 years. The

rate interest depends on the period of deposit. vii.

Corp classic: It is an innovative technology-based account that combines the hi-liquidity

of a savings bank account and the high-returns of a Terms deposit. The account works simply by fixing by fixing your savings from a savings bank account to a term deposit and vice versa.

viii.

Recurring Deposit: Best suite to the salaried class, the customer can save a fixed sum

every month for a period ranging from 12 months to 120 months.

10

ix. Janatha Deposit: This deposit is for a period from 1 to 5. Our collection agent will call at

customers place to collect your savings at regular intervals even daily. b. Personal Loans Products i.

Corp Plus: It is a loan facility to meet the short term financial requirement. This loan can be availed by professionals having gross income of Rs 80000 p.a. The loan amount will be limited to the extent of 25% of borrower’s net annual income.

ii. Corp Rental: The loan may be availed for any productive purpose such as taking up new

projects, business or to meet domestic/personal/any other commitments. The minimum loan amount is Rs 5 lakh. iii. Education Loan: Under this scheme the bank finances the financial requirements of the

student for higher studies. iv. Consumer Loan: This is a financial arrangement to finance the purchase of consumer

durables. This loan can be availed to any person having an income of Rs 50000 p.a. v. Home Loan + Insurance: Corp bank in association with the life insurance corporation of

India gives life insurance cover to the housing loan taken by the customers. Maximum term assure under the scheme will be 3 years. vi. Vehicle Loan: Corp Mobile offers the customer easiest motor cycle/car loans with absolutely

no hassles. vii. Corp Mortgage: Under this scheme an individual can avail a loan minimum of Rs 1 lakh

and maximum of Rs 25 lakh by mortgaging an asset as security. viii.

Other Personal loan Products: Corporation bank also offers few more personal loan

products such as Corp Mitra, Loan against shares and Corp Home etc.

c. Corporate Products

11

Corporation Bank offers several corporate banking services. The bank offers unique services tailor- made for the requirement of Corporate and large business houses as well as small and medium enterprises. i. Corp Fast: Corp fast is an innovative solution which facilities speedy realization of

outstation cheques and instruments using latest communication technology. ii. Project Finance: Corp Bank also finances the financial requirements for certain projects on

the basis of economic a technical feasibility of the project. iii. Corp Rental: This facility helps the customer to encash the rent receivable from the

commercial properties. iv. Forex: Corp Bank also offers Forex services to its customers. v. Working capital: Corp Bank also provides the short term financial facility to finance the

working capital requirements. vi. Term Finance: The bank extends term loans for capital investment being made by the

clients on account of expansion of existing enterprises for establishment of a new enterprise. d. NRI Schemes i.

Corp Express Money: The bank has entered into a tie up with UAE Exchange Center LLC for facilitating global money transfers into India from Gulf region. With a view to facilitating the NRIs in the Gulf and Middle East to transfer their earnings back home swiftly.

ii. NRI Loans: Corp bank is granting loans in rupees to NRIs against security of shares,

immovable property in India corp. It also provides housing loans to NRIs. iii. Forex Facility for Residents: Indian residents can get foreign exchange assistance from

Corporation bank for study in abroad, foreign travel, purchase of air tickets and investments.

e. Internet Banking 12

i.

Corp-E-cheque: It is an innovative product developed by Corp bank by combining the power of Corp net the bank’s Internet Banking Services with EFT scheme.

ii. Corp Net: In the niche area of collection and payment services Corp bank has a leadership

presence in the country and caters exclusively to the cash management requirements of the corporate. f. Other Services i.

Online Railway Reservation: The Bank has entered into a tie up with the Indian railway catering and tourism corporation for online booking of railway tickets.

ii. Corp Mediclaim: This is a group medical claim insurance offered by the Corp Bank to its

account holders. This product has been devised to meet the medical insurance needs of banks customer. iii. Corp Junior: It enables parents whose children are studying away from them to remit

money at periodic intervals in a hassle free manner. iv. Corp Mobile Recharge: Electronic Recharge of pre-pad mobile phones is a facility which

customers having prepaid mobile phones to electronically recharge their mobile phones cards by debiting their account through Corp bank ATMs or through SMS from their mobile phones. v. Corp Bullet RTGS Facility: It is a remittance facility, which enables customer to transfer

funds to anybody anywhere within India. The facility works on the Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) platform developed by the RBI. vi. Corp Power cheque Multi city cheque Facility: Multi city cheque is a facility wherein the

customer can issue cheques drawn at the base branch and payable at selected remote centers. This cheques will thus, be treated as local cheques in the remote center selected by the customer.

Financial Results of the Bank Table No 1: Financial Results of the Bank 13

(Rs in crores) Particulars

Interest Earned

31st March

31st March

31st March

2006

2007

2008

2659.69

3367.53

4516.58

Other income

461.34

635.57

702.08

Total Income

3121.03

4003.10

5218.16

Interest Expended

1413.88

2054.46

3063.09

Operating Expenses

751.05

804.47

892.26

Total Expenditure

2164.93

2858.93

3955.35

956.10

1144.17

1263.31

Provisions (other than tax)

283.88

323.46

185.74

PBT

672.22

820.71

1077.57

Tax

229.22

304.57

327.16

PAT

443.00

516.19

750.41

Capital

143.44

143.44

143.44

Reserves

3231.45

3622.01

4139.78

Deposits

32876.53

42356.89

55424.42

Advances

23962.43

29949.65

39185.57

10651.99

14417.49

16512.38

Operating Profit before provision and contingencies

Investment Key Ratios Table No 2: Ratio analysis of Bank Particulars

31st March

Capital Adequate Ratio (%)

2006 13.92 14

31st march 2007 12.26

31st March 2008 12.09

Return on Avg Asset (%) Return on Equity (%) Earnings per Share (Rs) Book Value per Share (Rs) Yield Spread Non-interest income to total income Gross NPA to Gross Advances

1.28 13.12 30.89 235.29 3.56 14.78 2.56

1.16 13.71 35.98 262.51 3.08 15.87 2.05

1.34 17.51 52.31 294.79 2.71 13.45 1.49

Ratio Analysis 1. Capital Adequacy Ratio Capital adequacy ratio is the ratio that signifies the amount of capital on Risk Weigted Asset of the Bank. Chart No 1: Capital Adequacy Ratio

The banks should have 9% capital adequacy ratio, the corporation bank has much more than the standerd rate. Even the ratio is decreasing it is above the standerd. 2. Return on Average Asset

Return on average asset signifies that the ratio between net profit after interest and tax to the average asset utilised by the bank to earn the returns. Profit after Tax Return on Average Asset =

100 Average Asset

Chart No 2: Return on Average Asset

15

In the year 2006 the ratio was 1.28, but in the year 20 07 there was decrease in the ratio. But in the year 2008 it goes to 1.34. It clearly shows that there is increase in the returns. In the year 2008 there is only 25.5% increase in the asset but there is a 45% increase in the returns. 3. Return on Equity Return on equity shows the relationship between profit earned and equity. Chart No 3: Return on Equity

Profit after Tax Return on Equity

=

100 Equity + Reserves

Return on equity is increasing every year. The ratio is 13.12, 13.71 and 17.51 in the year of 2006, 2007 and 2008 respectively. There is increase of 45% in returns against only 13% increase in the equity.

16

4. Earnings per Share Earnings per share signify that the earnings available for the each share held by the shareholder. Profit after Tax Return on Equity

=

100 No of shares

Chart No 4: Earnings per Share

The ratio is increasing year by year. That shows the bank is earning sufficient funds to its shareholders. From 2006 – 2008 the ratio has almost increased by 70%, this is good indicator for its shareholders of the Bank. 5. Book value per Share Book value per share signifies the value of the book of each equity share of the bank. Book value consists of equity share capital and reserves of the bank. Equity Share Capital + Reserves Book Value Per Share

= No of shares

Chart No 5: Book Value per Share

17

There is increasing trend in the ratio, it because of the increase in the reserves of the bank. It is good indication from the investor’s point of view. 6. Yield Spread It is the difference between yields on advances over cost of deposits. It is useful to know the spread of yields over cost of deposit; more the spread bank is more efficient in lending and accepting deposit. Yield Spread = Yield on Advances- Cost of Deposits Chart No 6: Yield Spread

The yield spread is decreasing year on year basis. This is because the percentage increase in yield on advance is less than percentage increase in cost of deposits of the bank. The bank is inefficient in earning high yield on the advances granted by them. 7. Non Interest income to Total Income This ratio indicates the relationship between non interest income and total income. Noninterest income arises out of the activities other than the lending. Chart No 7: Non Interest Income to Total Income 18

The ratio was 14.78 in the year 2006, but there was slight increase in it in the year 2007. It shows the bank earnings are increased out of lending business. But in the year 2008 the ratio has decreased. 8. Gross NPA to Gross Advances This ratio shows the relationship between Gross NPA to Gross Advances of the bank. It states that the percentage of Non Performing Assets out of total advances granted by the bank. Chart No 8: Gross NPA to Gross Advance

The ratio is decreasing from 2006 – 2008. It means the NPAs are decreasing from year to year. It is good indication for the bank.

Research Design

19

It is the conceptual structure within which the research is conducted. It constitutes the blue print for the collection, measurement and analysis of data. The design includes an outline of what the researcher will do from writing the hypothesis and its operational implication to the final analysis of data. It constitutes the steps taken beginning with the collection of data, classifying, analyzing and interpretation, processing and finally putting in textual form. This is one important chapter of project and can be considered as skeletal of project.

Statement of the Problem Progressive deregulation and liberalization of the Indian financial sector have offered banks tremendous business opportunities and brought in competition. As there is growth in the economy many industry sectors like, Manufacturing and Infrastructure etc are growing up. This provides a good business opportunity of financing them. The long term or short term loan providing to the project is known as Project Financing. The banks should see the various risk related to the project before sanctioning the loan for the project. The bank should see uncertainty involved in the project. These risk and uncertainty may have an adverse impact on the Bank’s capital and earnings. The project financing involves detailed and indepth analysis of the results of the project. In this process the technical, the marketing, the organizational, the financial, the economic and the social aspects of the Projects are examined to ensure technical feasibility, market necessity, financial viability, economic strength and social desirability. The project financing is to identify measures, monitor and control various risk arising for its lending. When fierce competition is the rule, the banking sector is no exception. Banks compete with each other to attract quality borrowers. In this scenario, a hasty or adequate project appraisal will result in growth of NPA. There fore the banks should have proper appraisal methods. Objective of the study 

To understand the analytical framework of project financing and to

analyze the existing project appraisal mechanism at bank. 20



To study the project financing of Corporation Bank



To familiarize with the interrelationship among various aspects of project

finance. 

To understand the importance of project appraisal in sharpening the ability

of the bank to identify investment opportunities of the project undertaken. 

To study the assessment of the various aspects of investment proposition

to arrive at a financing decision Need for the study 

To have practical knowledge and experience towards project financing.



To sharpen the ability of identification of various attractive investment

opportunities. 

To value the options embedded in the project



To familiarize with the inter relationship among the various aspects of

project appraisal. 

To evaluate the project in order to give suggestions to the bank

Scope of the study The scope of the study is limited to Project Finance Department of Corporation Bank Head Office, to the area of project financing. It will give an indepth theoretical and practical knowledge about the project financing. This study also covers ratio analysis, cash flow from proposed project, risk involved in the project, analysis of the financial statement and the data found in the appraisal statement. Methodology of Data Collection

21

As regarded to methodology, normally both quantitative and qualitative approaches are adopted. In order to collect the data, this study brings a live analysis based on the live data collected from secondary type of data. The techniques of ratio analysis have been made use for the analysis of the financial statement of the bank. 

Interacting with executives, functional in charge of various areas and

departments discussing informally. 

Referring to the secondary that is, various project reports prepared by the

bank and desk guides available with the bank. 

Visiting official website of the bank and other related websites.



Referring to news papers and various business magazines.

Limitation of the study 

The study is limited to the Project appraisal department of Corporation

Bank. The investigator could not cover all the banks, who are providing similar services. 

The data recorded was presumed to be authentic



This study curtails comparison, as it is within the purview of only one

organization. 

The study is conducted on the data that are made available to the bank by

the concern.

22

Project Appraisal Introduction Project appraisal involves detailed and in-depth analysis of the results of the project. In this process the technical, the marketing the organizational, the financial, the economic and the social aspects of the projects are examined one by one to ensure technical feasibility, market necessity, financial viability, economic strength and social desirability. It is a process where by a lending financial institution makes an independent and objective assessment of the various aspects of investment proposition for arriving at a financial decision. Appraisal exercises are aimed at determining the viability of a project and some times helps in reshaping the project to upgrade its viability. It is most crucial stage of project cycle at which the bank makes a critical evaluation of all the parameter to determine the feasibility of the project and to make a decision whether to finance or not.

Need for Appraisal During recent times, not only have the number of projects increased, but the size of projects have gone up substantially. The lenders are also concerned about debt equity ratio and insist on promoters bringing in equity so that they have a stake in the project. Now the ratio hovers at 4:1 for the infrastructure sector and 1:1 in other projects. This is opposed to the situation in the 1990’s when the ratio used to go even as high as 15. Mega projects like Power Projects, Infrastructure are very common these days. When the project is of such size, it is easy desirable that the project Technical, Feasibility and Commercial possibility are assessed by the committee member of lending institution to ensure to lend funds for the projects. Corporation Bank is one such institution and has a vibrant and efficient team of professionals, which are most capable in appraising projects.

23

Steps in Project Appraisal The steps which are followed by the bank in appraisal of a project are as follows. 

The borrower (promoter) approaches the bank with his project report and

gives a written request to bank to appraise the project. 

Bank quotes a fee for the appraisal (usually 0.25% of the total cost of the

project). Along with it bank also gives a questionnaire to borrower. Questionnaire will cover all financial, economical and technical factors of the project. 

If the borrower agreed over fee charges, term and condition of the

payment of fees as it is indicated by bank along with the reply of questionnaire, then the bank has to study the report that is submitted by the borrower. 

The appraising staff should visit the project site to make physical

verification.

Functions of Project Appraisal Group



Undertake detailed techno-economic appraisal of large projects seeking

financial assistance from bank and preparation of appraisal report by evaluating technical, managerial, financial and commercial aspects of the project. 

Undertake regular evaluation of progress of implementation of large

projects assisted by the Bank. 

Peruse and furnish views/observations on project appraised by other

banks/reputed consultants, submitted by Cos/other groups of the wing. 

To undertake monitoring agency activity of companies going for IPO as

per SEBI guidelines. 

Upgrade project evaluation skills.



Undertake unit visits and hold discussions with the official of the

company. 

Guiding User Sections of the wing on project appraisal skills. 24



Undertake detailed techno-economic merchant appraisal of projects going

for IPO as per SEBI guidelines. Project Appraisal – An Overview Table No 3: An Overview of Project Appraisal Technical

Marketing

Appraisal Manufacturing

Appraisal Demand

Process/Technology techniques

Financial

for project

Technical Arrangements Size of plant

competition Pricing policy

economic

finance Financial

of return of organization Exchange rates Organizational

projections

of the project or setup

Life cycle of the Ratio analysis

resource cost Comparative

product

study

Selection of P/M

Brand name for Break

Plant Layout

the product Distribution

of

Point

channels the Sales promotion

Project Schedule of Project Sources Implementation

entrepreneur

appraisal of Economic rate Various forms

of

market information Publication study

to

various

aspects of mktg

Bank’s way of Appraisal: 25

Even

Management of problems

financial

and

economic

rate

of return

Location

Management

Appraisal Appraisal Appraisal Capital cost of Ratio of Qualities of an

forecasting Supply depth of Sources

Product Mix

Economic

The Branch should call for from the applicant an ‘Application’ in the prescribed format covering full particulars. The application should contain the following essential data/information. a.

Particulars of the project along with the copy of project report furnishing

details of the Technology, Manufacturing Process, Availability of Raw Material, Construction, Production facilities etc. b.

Estimate of costs of the project detailing assets acquired, to be acquired

inclusive preliminary expenses and working capital. c.

Details of the proposed means of financing, indicating the extent of

promoter’s contribution, the share capital is to be raised from public and borrowings. d.

Working capital requirement at the initial year

e.

Project implementation schedule

f.

Organization setup with list of Board of Directors, Qualification,

Experience and Competencies. g.

Demand projection based on the overall market prospectus together with

copy of market survey report if any. h.

Estimate of sales, cost of production, profitability.

i.

Projected profit and loss a/c, balance sheet for the operating years during

banks assistance. j.

Proposed amortization schedule (repayment program)

k.

Projected fund flow statement

l.

Details of the nature and value of securities of fund.

Due deligence report shall be submitted in the prescribed format. Consent from the authorities of the Pollution Control Board and any other information. Brief History 26

In case of already existing company the bank will collect following information, 

Essential particulars about its promoters and background



Its incorporation



Its subsequent corporate growth to the date



Major developments/changes in its management

If the borrowing unit is new to the bank a credit report will be obtained by bank to ascertain the credit worthiness of the company. The banks will carefully scrutiny the MOA and AOA to ensure there is no limitations have been placed on the companies borrowing power and operations. Past Performance A summery of company’s past performance in terms of operating capacity, sales, operating profit and net profit for the past 3 year will be analyzed by the bank. The bank will analyze the sales and profitability for last 3 years. If the trend is in ascending order the performance can be consider satisfactory. Capacity Utilisation If the actual production is less than the rated capacity, the reason for the underutilisation of the capacity should be examined. The bank will examine the steps taken by the company to improve the capacity utilization. The bank will examine the special important aspects relates to company’s management labour relation. Whether there was any strike, lockouts or shut down during the past 3 years and how the labour disputes were settled. Present financial position The bank will analyze the company’s Audited Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss a/c for the last 3 years. A careful analyze and interpretation of the financial statement would provide a reasonable clear picture of the company’s financial history, present position and future trend. The bank will look into Debt/Equity ratio and Current Ratio. The bank also collects the information regarding the following, 27



The method of Depreciation



Record of major defaults by the company



The position regarding the company’s tax assessment



Pending suits by or against the company and their financial implication



Qualification/adverse remarks if any, made by the statutory auditors on the

company’s accounts. Technical Feasibility If the project involve a new process or new technology, a technical feasibility report by a competent agent will experienced in the line will be essential. The bank will examine the technical feasibility of new project from the following angle. i.

The suitability of the Technology The bank will examine whether the proposed technology can be successfully employed in local condition with regard to the availability of resources, men and materials.

ii.

The size of the Plant The bank will examine the size of the plant in relation to the optimum size warranted be technical factors, economies of scale and production cost factor.

iii.

The location of the plant The bank will examine that whether it has ready accessibility to critical inputs and utilities like raw materials, supplies, fuel, water etc.

iv.

Technical arrangements The arrangement made for obtaining the technical know how, design and detailed engineering of plant and selection of suppliers of machinery/equipment will be examined by the bank.

v.

The bank will also examine the manufacturing process of the product.

Financial feasibility 28

a. Cost of the Project Correct estimation of the total cost of the project is an important fact of appraisal as it has bearing on the means of financing and profitability. The bank will scrutinize the estimated cost with a view to ensuring that they have been arrived at realistically after taking into account all relevant cost factors. b. Total cost of the project The various components of the total cost of given below will be studied by the bank. i. Land The bank has to examine the suitability of the site. Topographical features, Availability of Transport and the sources like water, power, labour, raw materials and market for finished goods. Bank will examine that the land will be sufficient to take care of present needs. The bank has to satisfy itself that the price paid/payable for the land is comparable. ii.

Building The bank will examine whether the building will be sufficient having regard to the layout and it will permit and it will permit further addition if needed.

iii.

Plant and Machinery The bank will examine the stated plant and machinery is required or not according to the recommendations made in the technical feasibility report in the project report and will see they will be suitable and adequate for the production programme. The cost of the plant and machinery will be examined by bank to ensure that the price paid is reasonable.

iv.

Technical know-how The bank will examine the basis of selection of technical consultants. It should ensure that the promoters will not get any benefit out of it by selecting subsidiary concern of the promoter as technical consultants. The bank will ensure that the fees paid are reasonable to the service.

v. Preliminary Expenses

29

These are the expenses incurred before the incorporation of the company. Expenditure incurred on project report, market survey in the initial stage. The bank will examine the cost estimated are reasonable to the organization. vi.

Working Capital The bank has to estimate the working capital requirement of the company during the 1st year operations and the provision has to be made to meet the requirements.

Means of Financing The bank will examine the mean proportion of debt and equity components of means of financing of the project. The bank will comment on the project debt/equity ratio is satisfactory and acceptable. As per group credit policy the debt/equity ratio shall not exceed 2:1. i. Share Capital The bank will ensure that the promoter’s of the company have invested atleast 25% of the total cost. The investment should be made in share capital. ii. Internal cash accruals The bank will examine whether the company will be able to meet its expenses and working capital requirements. It will ensure that the remaining part of the profit(cash accrual) will be possible to use it as part of financing for project. iii. Debenture The bank will examine the terms of proposed issue of debentures such as the nature of debenture, rate of interest, date of redemption and security offered. iv. Term Loans The power of public company to borrow by way of term loans is restricted to the amount of its paid-up capital and free reserves. The bank has to ensure that the loan taken by the company under those limits only. If the loan is provided by many lenders the information regarding that to be collected. v. Deferred payment facilities The bank has to get the details of the deferred payment guarantee. 30

vi. Any other(Central/state sales tax loans, development loans) Bank has to specify whether it is central/state sales tax loan and will examine the term and conditions of granting the loan.

Project Implementation Schedule The bank will examine the project implementation schedule with reference to Bar chart or PERT/CPM chart by referring to actual implementation of similar projects. The bank has to ensure that the t5ime schedule for construction of building, installation of plant and machinery and commencement of commercial production is reasonable and acceptable.

Production Factors i. Manufacturing Process The bank has to examine the basis of selection of the process in relation to the other alternative process. If the technology is new to the country, the appraiser has to ensure about the suitability of the manufacturing process. ii. Raw Material The bank will list out the major raw materials required for the company production programme. The bank will examine the continuity of supply of the raw materials. The bank also examines the prices of the raw material to ascertain whether the fluctuations in the past years have taken into account while projecting the cost of production and profitability. iii. Utilities and Essentials The bank will examine the requirements of power, fuel, water, transport and the arrangement made by the company.

Market and Demand Analysis

31

This constitutes a crucial aspect of project appraisal as the basic viability of the project and consequently the repayment of the Bank’s loan depends on the marketability of its product. The bank will study this aspect under following heads. i. Sales Prospectus The bank will examine the company sales projections and the underlying assumption with reference to the demand forecast made in the publications and through market survey. It will examine also through past consumption from imported sources and likely future trend. The bank will examine the nature and extent of competition likely to be faced by the project from the principal competitors. Bank also examines the competitive ability of the company to penetrate the market and earn market share based on price, quality etc. ii. Selling price The bank will examine the industry’s general price trend to see that the prices were stable in the past and will continue to be same in the future. iii. Prospectus for export The bank has to comment on the prospectus for export. The bank should state how the company would meet the export commitments. The bank should state whether any subsidy/cash incentives will be available to company. iv. Marketing organization The appraiser has to give brief description of the company’s marketing organization. If the company selling its products through distributors and selling agents bank has to examine the term of arrangement. Commercial Viability and Profitability Appraising profitability is the most crucial exercise in project appraisal. The bank will examine estimated sales, cost of production and net profit furnished for the project. Inter firm comparison 32

The reasonableness of the financial projection may be cross checked by the comparing the key financial parameters of the project with those of a similar project or with the industry average.

Debt Service Coverage Ratio The Debt Service Coverage Ratio is the ‘core test’ ratio in project financing. This ratio indicates the degree of viability of project and influence in fixing the repayment period and the quantum of annual installments. Here ‘Debt’ means installments payable during the year and ‘Service’ means cash accruals comparing net profit plus depreciation and non cash write-off. It measures the extent of cash accruals(service) available to cover the maturing term obligation(debt) during each year. Interest due and chargeable can be fully paid even in a year where the project undergoes in loss. The bank will ensure that the profitability the project does not fall to that extent where the interest can not be paid by the company. The bank will ensure because of any genuine or valid reason the installment can be post-phoned, but the project should be able to pay the interest as and when falls due. The Bank Group Credit Policy is that the project shall give an average debt service coverage ratio of 1.5:1.

Break Even Analysis Fixed + Semi Fixed Expenses Break Even Sales

Production value

= Contribution Fixed + Semi Fixed Expenses

Capacity Utilisation

Break Even Installed Capacity = Contribution

Fund Flow and Cash Flow Statement

33

100

The statement which shows various sources of funds and their uses is called fund flow statement and it’s different from revenue statement of balance sheet. The FFS can be based on two concepts, those are as follows. i.

Change in Working Capital concept It is derived from the need for availability of liquidity and need for the liquid

funds. That is current assets and current liability. ii.

Change in Financial Position A promoter/banker concerned with funds not only for the working capital but for the entire funding needs. Their concern is to adding fixed asset/repayment of long term loans as per their pre-fixed repayment schedule. Movement of all the funds in the business has to be considered. The fund flow statement should be carefully examined and reasonableness of the various assumptions underlying the project should be ascertained. On the long term side, it should be ensure that fund outflow for essential expenditure on fixed asset, repayment obligation, taxes and dividends are fully provided for that the cash generation will be adequate. On the short term side, the projected increase in current liabilities/bank borrowings should be matched by projected increase in the inventories/receivables. Cash flow estimates It is prepared to ensure that the unit will have necessary cash with it and it will not face liquidity problem. It is necessary for the construction period also to ensure availability of cash according to the requirement of the project. Projected Balance Sheet In the case of cost of production and profitability estimates and fund flow projection, the projected balance sheet should be furnished by the company for the entire period. While appraising the following points will be checked by the bank. The cost of the project, means of financing, the profitability estimates and the fund flow projection. Others (Brief Comment) 34

i. Quality of Management Appraiser will briefly comment on the company’s management setup, the composition of the board and the chief executive in-charge of the day-to-day operations. ii. Credit Rating The bank will do the overall assessment of the company and rate the company according to the assessment. Disbursement: Execution of loan agreement and other necessary legal documents is not sufficient for disbursing the amount. Branch will ensure that the amount disbursed is utilised for the purpose for which it has been sanctioned. Supervision and Follow-up Projected supervision and follow-up of assisted project during and after implementation is indeed a important exercise to performed periodically by bank. It not only safeguard the interest of the bank but also to ensure optimum returns on the total investment in project. Even a project well accepted at the appraisal stage may go bad due to lack of adequate care. There fore supervision and control during implementation is necessary during and after project implementation it will be done by the bank by following methods. 

Scrutiny of progress chart



Analysis of annual financial results



Visit/Inspection, regulatory control



Discussion with management

Murali Industries Limited 35

The Murali Industries Limited, a Nagpur based company was initially established on 2 nd December 1991, in the name of Murali Agro Products Pvt Ltd to process soyabean in a Solvent Extraction Plant to produce vegetable Oil and De-oiled cakes with an installed capacity of 150 tonnes per day. On 5th January 1993 the company was renamed as Murali Industries Limited when it raised funds from capital market through its public offer. The company entered capital market in the year 1993 through IPO and expand the capacity of Solvent Extraction Plant to 250 tonnes per day. In the same year the company acquired another soya plant to strengthen its stake in the industry. In the year 1997 MIL diversified into paper manufacturing by setting up 40 tonnes per day. Kraft paper manufacturing plant, which was sold in the year 2004 to SBM industries pvt ltd. In the year 2000 the company established Duplex paper manufacturing unit with an established capacity of 60 tonnes per day. In the year 2002 the company also set up a 70 tonne per day new print paper manufacturing unit, along captive power plant with 3 MW capacity to meet the power requirements of its paper units. In the year 2004-05 the company set up 150 tonne per day writing and printing paper unit along with 15 MW co-generation units. The company is also setting up a 2.14 million tonnes per annum cement manufacturing plant together with 30 MW captive power plant at Chandapur in Maharastra with capital outlay of Rs 578 cr, this plant is reportedly in the advanced stage of implementation and the commercial production is expected in the current financial year (2008-09). MIL is has already into cement industry by setting up a 2.14 million tonnes per annum cement manufacturing plant together with 30 MW captive power plant at Candapur in Maharastra. In addition to this, company is also going in for setting up of three more cement plants of 3 million tonnes per annum capacity each, along with these 50 MW captive power plant in the state of Rajastan (village Barana), Karnataka (Aloora) and Gujarath (Jujarpur). The Rajastan plant shal have out lay of Rs 862.55 cr, Karnataka Rs 837.98 cr and Gujarath 865.73 cr. The project will be financed by banks at these plants shall be 575.04 cr, 558.65 cr and 577.15 cr respectively. 36

Present proposal The credit sanctioned by the bank as under: Sl No 1

Nature of Facility

Limit Sanctioned Existing Proposed

Fund Based

Rate of Interest Existing Proposed

150

13%

Banking Arrangements The following Banks financed for the project. Table No 4: Banks arrangements for Financing Name of Banks Corporation Bank

Loan Amt Interest Rate % 150 8.76

State Bank of India

300

17.54

State Bank of Mysore

90

5.26

State Bank of Patiala

150

8.76

90

5.26

300

17.54

50.84

2.92

Bank of Baroda

300

17.54

Allahabad Bank

150

8.76

State Bank of Travancare

130

7.66

State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur Punjab National Bank Dena Bank

Security Coverage Bank will change on the project specific factory Land & Building and Plant & Machinery. The Corporation Bank share is 183.36 cr out of the total cost 2139.51 cr. The finance made by bank, interest there on and all amounts in respect there of shall be secured inter alia by,

37



A first mortgage/hypothecation and charge on all the project immovable

and movable properties both present and future infavour of Bank 

Security interest by way of first mortgage/hypothecation, performance

bonds and any letter of credit in relation to the project that may be provided by any party. 

A first mortgage/hypothecation of all insurance policies taken in respect of

the project asset. 

A first mortgage/hypothecation and charge in favour of the bank on all the

bank account in relation to the project.

Key Indicators Table No 5: Key indicators (Rs in Crores) Particular

31/3/2007

31/3/2008

Audited Provisional Net Sales 523.93 646.47 % of Growth -23.39 Operating Profit 46.13 70.82 Operating Profit to Net Sales % 7.84 8.61 Cash Accruals 59.5 77.17 Share Capital 9.61 10.24 Tangible Net Worth 129.53 221.63 Net Owned Funds 129.53 224.71 Debt/Equity Ratio 1.3 2.81 Current Ratio 1.78 2.79 NOF/ TFD % 29.27 23.61 Share Holding Pattern: The company has Paid-up Capital of Rs10.24 crores. Table No 6: Share Holding Pattern of the company Share Holder Category Promoters Bodies, Corporate and Public Individuals Others Compliance with Group Credit Policy Guidelines Table No 7: Compliance with Group Credit Policy 38

% Holdings 51.77 33.58 9.82 4.83

31/3/2009 Projected 931.15 44.04 156.02 14.89 169.47 21.40 911.90 821.74 1.81 1.79 30.39

Parameters Entry Level per Borrower Exposure for FB and NFB

Banks Norms 200 cr

Actual Position 150 cr

547 cr

151.80

10% of NBC

2.6% of NBC

1.25

2.79

1.1

--

2

2.81

1.5

1.66

4

3.28

25%

19.66%

Facilities Maximum per Borrower Exposure (corporate) Exposure to Industry/Sector Current Ratio Current Ratio for Export Orient Units Debt/Equity Ratio DSCR TOL/TNW Promoters Contribution to Project cost

In this the company current position of Debt/Equity ratio is 2.81, where as the banks norms are 2. It is less than the standard, which is not acceptable. But for the project taken up by the company the Debt/Equity ratio will be below the norms. So the project can be acceptable.

Summary of Financials a. Financials Table No 8: Financial Results of the company Particulars

2007 523.93 -371.22 85.10 441.51 84.27 46.13 8.80 1.13 47.26 41.1 7.84 59.50

Net Sales % growth in net sales Raw Material RM consumed as % of COP Cost of Sales Cost of Sales as % of Net Sales Operating Profit Operating Profit % Other Income PBT PAT Net Profit Margin % Cash Profit 39

2008 646.47 23.39 457.59 85.35 527.77 81.56 70.82 10.95 0.61 71.43 55.63 8.61 77.17

2009 931.25 44.04 555.72 81.71 673.12 72.29 156.02 16.76 0.82 156.84 138.61 14.89 169.47

2010 1688.69 81.36 764.17 72.12 1059.03 62.71 355.28 21.04 -355.28 312.57 18.51 372.17

Retained Profit Paid-up Equity capital Tangible Net Worth TOL/TNW

41.1 9.61 129.53 2.42

55.63 10.24 221.63 3.28

138.61 21.40 911.90 2.04

312.57 21.40 1228.38 2.14

The company has achieved a sales growth of 23.39% during the year ended 31/3/2008, operating profit margin has improved from 8.80% to 10.95%, and net profit margin has also improved from 7.84% to 8.61% as on 31/3/2008. Cash accruals has improved substantially from Rs 59.50 cr to 77.17 cr. Total Net worth of the company improved substantially from Rs 129.53 cr to 221.63 cr. Liquidity position of the company is comfortable with net working capital showing Rs 188.84 cr and liquidity parameters may be considered satisfactory for financing the project.

b. Financial Observation i. Sales Table No 9: Sales of products of the company (Rs in crores) Name of the Product Duplex Paper Unit News Print Unit Power Pulp Mill Unit Solvent Extraction Units Writing and Printing Units

2006 39.59 54.76 30.36 -266.04 119.70

2007 45.52 69.37 33.09 -277.34 148.52

2008 41.86 70.27 36.12 25.5 349.70 123.00

The company achieving a growth in the sales (except Duplex Paper Unit and Writing & Printing Unit). The performance of the company in Solvent Extraction Unit has been satisfactory with 53% growth. Even though there is negative growth in the units. However overall growth in the turnover of the company with 23% will be considered satisfactory. ii. Production Table No 10: Production and Capacity utilisation Name of the Product

Production

Solvent Extraction Units

2007 1253 40

% Utilisation

Production

% Utilisation

98.66

2008 1480

116.54

Duplex Paper Unit News Print Unit Writing and Printing Units Power Generation Pulp

26530 32647 54475 82970 --

100.49 123.66 110.05 58.2 --

24757 32153 42080 88786 18444

93.78 121.79 85.01 62.28 37.26

The capacity utilised by the company is satisfactory except in the pulp production unit.

iii. Profitability During the year ended 31/3/2008 the company has earned operating profit of 70.82 cr at margin of 10.95% compare to Rs 46.13 cr at margin 8.8% for the previous year. Net profit for the year ended 2008 is Rs 55.63 (8.61%) compared to earlier year 2007 of Rs 41.1 cr (7.84%). Cash accrual for the year ended 31.3.2008 was Rs 77.17 cr compared to previous year 2007 of Rs 59.5 cr. The profitability of the company during the year 2008 has increased and it is satisfactory. iv. Net Owned Funds Table No 11: Net Owned Fund Particulars

2007 133.07 3.54 129.53

Net Worth (-) Intangible asset Tangible Net Worth (-) Used for unrelated to Business Net Owned Funds Total Funds Deployed NOF/TFD %

129.53 442.50 29.27

2008 224.46 2.83 221.63 (3.08) 224.71 951.94 23.61

The ratio of the NOF as a percentage of total funds deployed has come down from 29.27% in 2007 to 23.61% in 2008. This is below the Banks norms which is not acceptable for financing for the project. However the position is expected to improve to 29% in the coming years. v. Debt/Equity position

41

The debt/equity ratio as on 31.3.2007 stood at satisfactory level at 1.3. However the same has increased to 2.81 on 31.3.2008 is below the less than the banks norms. It is not good to provide finance to the company. However by considering the projected balance sheet the ratio will be within the desired level for the project in future years. vi. Fund Flow Statement The position of movement of funds is furnished as under. Table No 12: Fund Flow Statement of the company Particulars Long Term Sources Long Term Uses Long Term Surplus/Deficit Short Term Borrowings Excluding bank Borrowings Short Term Uses Short Term Surplus/Deficit Net Surplus/Deficit Increase/Decrease in Bank Borrowings

2007 301.77 188.62 133.15 76.70 257.42 -180.72 -67.57 67.57

2008 548.21 472.52 75.69 -67.01 -67.01 8.68 -8.68

The overall long term funds deployment in the company is considered satisfactory. It has adequate sources of funds to deploy in the company as and when required. vii. Liquidity Position The position of current asset, adequacy of Net Working Capital and Current Ratio discussed as under. Table No 13: Liquidity position of the Existing Company Particulars Total Current Asset Min required NWC Actual NWC Surplus/Deficit in WC CR

2007 247.94 49.59 113.15 63.56 1.78

2008 287.53 57.51 188.87 131.33 2.79

Liquidity position of the company is controllable and satisfactory throughout with the ratio showing above the Bank’s bench mark ratio of 1.25. viii. Debt Servicing Obligation 42

Debt Service ability of the company as a whole, as well as project on standalone basis is satisfactory with debt service coverage ratio showing the bench mark ratio of 1.5. There is no adverse features reported on the notes forming part of audited accounts for the year ended 31.3.2008.

Details of the Project The company has taken up setting up of 3 projects of 3 million tones per annum along with 50 MW captive power plant each, in the state of Karnataka, Gujarath and Rajastan. Company intends to manufacture Portland Cement at these location along with co-generation plans of 50 MW capacity at each of these location.

Technical Feasibility i. Raw Materials The major raw material for cement manufacturing is Lime Stones mines. These three plants are being located near to the Lime Stone mines. Thus this will be logistic advantage for the company. The mining will be done by conventional method. The company has installed 1050 tph capacity crusher in mines. Material Transportation The company to deliver the crushed Limestone and Marl to the Raw Material yard at cement plant, the transportation conveyor has been chosen amongst the several methods and possibilities. The distance between Quarries to plant yard is 1000 meters and plan of using of two 1000mm wide rubber belt conveyers. ii. Power

43

The company plans to set up captive thermal power plant of 50 MW at each of the 3 locations. The required coal for power generation will be supplied by the Indian coal. This will supplement the power requirement of the plants. iii. Building The necessary buildings for main Factory Shed include Godown, Stores, Electric room, Blower Room and Work shop. The building also required for management offices, official departments, laboratories, services and welfare facilities have been estimated up to 12000 square meters.

Financial Viability a. Project Cost Table No 14: Cost of the Project (Rs in Crores) Name of each Cash Component

Estimated Cost

Land and Site Development Building Plant and Machinery Captive Power Plant Miscellaneous FA Preliminary Exp Upfront fees Working Capital Margin Misce and Contingencies

31.59 328.12 1024.51 58.33 171.99 53.35 4.32 83.38 285.5

Cost to be incurred in future 31.59 328.12 1024.51 58.33 171.99 53.35 4.32 83.38 285.5

b. Means of Finance Table No 15: Means of Finance (Rs in Crores) Sources Equity Internal Accrual

Amount 450.00 351.00 44

% of Total 17.54 13.68

Term Loan From Banks Unsecured Loan

1710.84 54.42

66.67 2.11

The company proposes to bring on its margin for the 3 projects as detailed below. Table No 16: Margin brought by the Promoters (Rs in Crores) Project Location Karnataka Gujarath Rajastan Total

Unsecured

Internal

Private

Loan 21.58 12.33 20.52 50.43

Accruals 117 117 117 351

Equity 150 150 150 450

The company has projected to generate sufficient internal accruals as detailed below. Table No 17: Internal accruals of the company Particulars

2009 238.20 61.00 299.20 134.21 2.74 13.33 148.93

Net Profit Add: Depreciation Gross Cash Accruals Decrease in term loan Dividend Others Surplus

2010 313.33 59.69 373.02 118.08 -51.29 203.65

The balance margin would be bought in through equity investment by private equity investor (450 cr) as well as in the form of unsecured loans by the promoters. The company states that the negotiations are at advanced stage for private equity. The loan provider has stipulated a condition that the private equity. The bank has stipulated condition that the private equity amount has to be tied up before disbursement of loan.

Project implementation schedule As for the information furnished by the company, the Rajastan project shall commence commercial production during the month of April 2010, that of Karnataka in July 2010, and that

45

of Gujarath in October 2010. The company is confident of finishing the project according to the schedule.

Business Projections and DSCR Project (On standalone basis) Table No 18: Projected DSCR for the Project Particulars Net Sales PAT Cash Profit Interest on TL Total (a) Installment Due

Interest on TL Total (b) DSCR Avg DSCR

2011 1634.6

2012 2452.6

2013 2458.3

2014 2458.3

2015 2458.3

2016 2458.3

2017 2018 2458.3 2458.35

3 141.18 234.77 160.07 394.84 -160.07 160.07 2.47

6 255.95 380.38 187.12 567.50 214.54 187.12 401.66 1.41

5 275.90 400.33 151.48 551.81 285.14 151.48 436.62 1.26

5 298.75 423.18 115.84 539.02 285.14 115.84 400.98 1.34

5 320.55 444.98 80.20 525.18 285.14 80.20 365.34 1.44

5 343.41 467.84 44.55 512.39 285.14 44.55 329.69 1.55

5 365.47 489.90 10.02 499.92 285.14 10.02 295.16 1.69

371.33 495.76 -495.76 70.60 -70.60 7.02 1.66

Company as whole Table No 19: Projected DSCR for the whole company Particulars Net Sales

2011 3398.5

2012 4267.2

2013 4323.5

2014 4344.2

2015 4377.3

2016 4392.8

2017 2018 4392.8 4392.88

PAT Cash Accrual Interest on TL Total (a)

7 487.92 639.92 160.07 799.99

8 630.47 812.23 187.12 999.35

7 677.76 858.82 151.48 1010.0

5 716.13 895.98 115.84 1011.8

4 759.20 934.62 80.20 1014.8

8 787.55 962.20 44.55 1006.7

8 809.41 983.39 10.02 993.37

300.72 187.12 487.84 2.05

0 369.08 151.48 520.56 1.94

2 363.87 115.84 479.71 2.11

2 336.46 80.20 416.66 2.44

5 285.14 44.55 329.69 3.05

285.14 10.02 295.16 3.36

Installment Due

Interest on TL Total (b) DSCR Avg DSCR

86.18 160.07 246.25 3.25

46

819.43 993.37 -993.37 70.60 -70.60 14.70 2.75

Detailed Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Statement for the projects on standalone basis and company as whole is furnished by way of Annexure. The business projection and profitability working furnished by the company may be considered reasonable and achievable, as the same is based on the market study, capacity being created and the demand-supply gap. The projects are individually and severally viable as revealed by the DSCR which is above the bench mark ratio of 1.5. Sensitivity Analysis of DSCR If the project’s sale decreased by 10% in that the average DSCR will be 0.89 which is risky for the banks to lend. If there is increase in the expenditure by 10% then the DSCR will be 1.12. Even though the standard ratio is 1.5 the company is able to pay its debt with the ratio 1. If the company sale decreased by 10% the average DSCR will go to 1.55 from the existing 2.75 but it is more than the bank norms. And if there is increase in the operating expenses by 10% the average will be 1.99 so it is good for the bank to lend. Even adverse situation also the company can pay its debts.

Profitability Analysis Project Table No 20: Project Profitability Analysis Particulars Gross sales

(Rs in crore)

2011 1992.80

2012 2990.0

2013 2997.0

2014 2997.0

2015 2997.0

2016 2997.0

2017 2018 2997.0 2997.00

(-) Excise duty Operating Income

358.17 1634.63

6 537.40 2452.6

0 538.65 2458.3

0 538.65 2458.3

0 538.65 2458.3

0 538.65 2458.3

0 538.65 538.65 2458.3 2458.35

Raw Material Stores consumed Power and Fuel Direct Labour Other Mfg Exp Depreciation (Inc)/Dec in WIP (Inc)/Dec in FG Total Cost of Sale

454.62 16.20 134.51 12.76 234.56 93.59 -6.04 -4.53 935.67

6 667.08 24.30 201.76 17.86 348.67 124.43 -5.23 -3.92 1374.9

5 667.08 24.30 201.76 18.75 348.67 124.43 -0.06 -0.04 1384.8

5 667.08 24.30 201.76 19.69 348.67 124.43 -0.02 -0.02 1385.8

5 667.08 24.30 201.76 20.68 348.67 124.43 -0.03 -0.02 1386.8

5 667.08 24.30 201.76 21.71 348.67 124.43 -0.03 -0.03 1387.8

5 667.08 667.08 24.30 24.30 201.76 201.76 22.80 23.93 348.67 348.67 124.43 124.43 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 1388.9 1390.12

47

Selling & Admin Op profit before Int

Interest on WC Interest on TL Profit Before Tax Tax (Current) Tax (deferred) PAT

Cash Profit

302.93 396.03 23.45 160.07 212.51 23.78 47.55 141.18 234.77

5 467.99 609.72 34.86 187.12 387.74 43.93 87.86 255.95 380.38

9 469.09 604.37 34.92 151.48 417.97 47.36 94.71 275.90 400.33

9 469.09 603.37 34.93 115.84 452.60 78.60 75.25 298.75 423.18

7 469.09 602.39 34.93 80.20 487.26 165.68 1.03 320.55 444.98

9 469.09 601.37 34.94 44.55 521.88 183.49 -5.02 343.41 467.84

9 469.09 600.27 34.94 10.02 555.31 199.95 -10.11 365.47 489.90

469.09 599.14 34.95 -564.19 207.31 -14.45 371.33 495.76

The profit after tax to net sales of the project is projected at rate of 8.63% in the first year and it is increasing every year. The average profit after tax to net sale for the project is 12.46%, which are satisfactory returns. From the above table it shows that the company has got cash accruals to pay its loan obligation every year. Whole Company Table No 21: Whole Company Profitability Analysis (Rs in crore) Particulars Gross sales

2011 4037.96

2012 5101.8

2013 5175.4

2014 5201.3

2015 5244.5

2016 5262.3

2017 2018 5262.3 5262.38

(-) Excise duty Operating Income

639.39 3398.57

7 834.59 4267.2

4 851.87 4323.5

3 857.08 4344.2

7 866.93 4377.6

8 869.50 4392.8

8 869.50 869.50 4392.8 4392.88

Raw Material

1245.32

8 1464.2

7 1476.7

5 1483.9

4 1492.2

8 1499.6

8 1499.6 1499.67

38.51 321.48 32.43 141.53 152.00 -6.39 -4.53 1920.13

3 47.17 394.40 38.72 201.89 181.76 -5.56 -3.92 2321.4

5 47.75 399.39 40.91 202.19 180.76 -0.08 -0.04 2347.4

2 47.85 398.95 43.25 202.55 179.85 -0.06 -0.02 2356.0

3 48.97 400.13 45.76 202.93 175.82 -0.05 -0.02 2365.1

7 48.97 400.55 47.96 203.01 174.65 -0.03 -0.03 2374.7

7 48.97 48.97 400.55 400.55 47.96 50.17 203.01 203.01 174.65 173.94 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 2374.7 2376.25

642.72 835.72

8 873.44 1072.3

4 886.32 1089.8

8 890.02 1098.1

7 897.19 1115.2

6 898.59 1119.5

6 898.59 898.59 1119.5 1118.04

68.91

6 71.60

1 63.27

5 54.95

8 49.24

3 48.27

Stores consumed Power and Fuel Direct Labour Other Mfg Exp Depreciation (Inc)/Dec in WIP (Inc)/Dec in FG Total Cost of Sale Selling & Admin Op profit before Int

Interest on WC

48

3 48.27

48.13

Interest on TL Profit Before Tax Tax (Current) PAT Cash Accrual

160.07 606.74 118.82 487.92 639.92

187.12 813.64 183.17 630.47 812.23

151.48 875.06 197.30 677.76 858.82

115.84 927.36 211.23 716.13 895.98

80.20 985.84

44.55 1026.7

44.55 -1026.7 1069.91

226.64 759.20 934.62

1 239.16 787.55 962.20

1 239.16 787.55 983.39

250.48 819.43 993.37

The profit after tax to net sales for the company as whole is projected 14.35% at the first year and it is increasing every year. The average profit after tax to net sale for company is 16.64%. The returns are satisfactory to provide the loan.

Management The management of the company is having a full fledged Board comprising of Promoters, Directors, Executive and Non-Executive Director and Professional Director, who have required qualification and adequate experience in different areas. Mr Shobhagmal B Maloo is the chief promoter and chairman of the company. Other promoter directors are Mr N B Maloo, Mr L B Maloo and Mr S K Maloo. Executive director Mr Yashpal Dhiman and independent directors Mr B P Ganu, Mr R P Gupta and Advocate M Mani are on the board. The Board of Directors are supported by team of experienced and well qualified executives from different area of functioning, like production, marketing, finance and accounts etc. The company being a listed one in Bombay stock exchange, National stock exchange and Culcutta stock exchange, they are governed by the directive of SEBI for the implementation of corporate governance, which they have implemented in their spirit. The relations with employees/labourers have been maintained very well by the company.

Industry Analysis The cement industry has continued its growth over the past seven years. Domestic cement demand growth has surpassed the economic growth rate of the country for the past couple of years. The growth rate of the cement demand over the past five years at 8.37% was higher than 49

the rate of growth of supply at 4.84% as also the rate of growth of capacity addition during the same period. Cement Industry in India is on a roll at the movement. With the boost given by the government to various infrastructure projects, road network, housing facilities, a booming real estate sector and global demand, growth in the cement consumption is anticipated in the coming years. Due to the enormous population of India, there has been a perpetual focus on the development of civic infrastructure as well as housing facilities. The high demand for cement is coupled with favourable Governmental policies has been favourable factors driving the growth of the cement industry in India. Production capacity has gone up and top cement companies of the world are vying to enter the Indian market, there by sparking off a spate of mergers and acquisitions. India is the world’s second largest producer of cement after China with industry capacity of over 200 million tonnes. The present scenario of cement industry is very good in terms of demand and with the prices going above Rs 160 to Rs 180 everywhere. i. Demand Supply Gap The cement industry witnessing high growth, in the last 2 years (2005-06 & 2006-07) demand for cement has grown at a compounded annual growth rate of over 10%. CRISIL research expects demand to grow at CAGR of 9% over the next 4 years, due to growth in the end user segment. Going forward, CRISIL research expects a major thrust to cement demand to come from Higher Infrastructure Investment. ii. Cement and Cement Products In the last 4 years the cement industry’s demand supply gap narrowed, leading to higher operating rates of over 90%. In the next 2 - 3 years, CRISIL research expects nearly 70 – 80 million tonnes of cement capacities to come on stream and majority of them are expected to bunch up in 2008-09 and 2009-10. Going forward this is likely to result in the lowering of operating rates and easing of demand-supply gap. CRISIL research expects prices to decrease from the fourth quarter of 2008-09 onwords, due to incremental capacity addition that are expected. 50

iii. Government Policies Till mid 2007, the cement industry shows a lot of struggle between cement players and the Govt. The Govt took various steps to control cement prices. It announced a differential excise duty and removal of all duties on import of Portland cement. All these steps have not resulted in any price reduction, on the contrary, they have increased during this period. The cement industry will continue to enjoy the pricing flexibility in the short to medium term, due to a tight demand-supply situation. However, price increase will not be as significant as seen in the last 12 – 15 months. Input related risks Lime stone, fuel (coal and lignite) and power are the main inputs in the manufactures of cement. The industry is dependent on the Govt for the pricing and availability of these inputs, which accounts for a significant portion of the total production cost. In the last 10 years, Lime Stone cost has not increased significantly. But as more capacities come on stream, it is expected to exert pressure on the country’s limited mineable Lime stone resolves. Going forward, prices of lime stones are not expected to rise significantly. However, increased level of blinding is likely to help cement players lower their consumption norms of Limestone, there by mitigating the risk of a price hike. Energy cost, which account for nearly 26-30 % of net sales have been rising steadily. In 2006-07, energy cost decreased to 21% from 26% in 2005-06. This has been primarily on account of the increasing focus of companies on captive power plant. Currently 52% of the total production of cement is through captive power plant. Demand-Supply position of cement during 2007-08 Table No 22: Demand Supply Position

(in million tonnes) Installed Production Capacity 12.41 10.80 17.76 15.40 24.82 25.70

Name of the State Karnataka Gujarath Rajastan

Demand 11.80 11.68 10.33

Demand-Supply position in India during 2007-08 (in million tonnes) 51

Particulars

Demand Supply North India 49.79 43.61 West India 40.21 48.29 East India 25.33 26.55 South India 48.67 55.80 Total 164.00 174.25 However the average per capita consumption of cement in India has increased from the level of 97 Kgs during 2001-02 to 148 Kgs during 2007-08. CRISIL research expects the domestic cement consumption to register a CAGR rate of 8% in the next 5 years as against the 8.2% CAGR recorded in the preceding 5 years owing to the following factors. i. Housing Sector This sector accounts for 60-65% of the total cement consumption, is likely to be the key demand drivers. CRISIL estimates the total housing stock to increase by 3% (CAGR) from the level of 146.3 million units during 2008 to 164.7 million units during 2012. ii. Infrastructure Sector In recent years the investment in infrastructure increasing, this sector accounts for 2022% of the cement consumption, is expected to double from the level of Rs 4.7 trillion during the period from 2002-07 to Rs 9.2 trillion during the period from 2007-12, this is expected to push up cement consumption. iii. Industrial Projects Due to capacity expansions undertaken by industrial such as steel, cement, paper and petrochemicals, investment in industrial projects in India are expected to surge nearly three fold form Rs 2867 billion during the period from 2002-07 to Rs 7841 billion between 200712. This is also expected to increase the demand for cement. iv. Commercial construction It is estimated that the commercial construction (Retail, Office space, Hotels, Hospitals, Multiplexes, Schools etc) is estimated to take place at slower pace in the forth coming year when compare to previous years.

52

In order to meet the demand, capacity addition to the 115 million is expected to take place during the period from 2008-09 to 2012-13. As against 37 million tonnes added during the preceding 5 years. Due to the lower capacity addition, cement prices have been on an upword trend (CAGR of 11%) over last 5 years. However due to the large capacity expansion that are taking place. CRISIL research expects cement prices to fall by as much as Rs 15-20/bag over the next two years, once these units becomes operational. The company is implementing the most modern state of the art technology in setting up of the cement plants at the strategic location in Karnataka, Rajastan and Gujarath. Further, the cement industry being power intensive in nature, they are going in for setting up in parallel captive power plant of 50 MW each, which will support the power requirements of these units. The captive power plant also helps in reducing pollution and reducing the production cost. Thus the company shall have advantage to face stiff competition from the market. The company also has the advantage of utilizing the existing selling and marketing set up for marketing cement and cement products. There is also possibilities that the company may be eligible for Carbon Credit in future.

Business Analysis i. Production and Infrastructure Facilities Company is setting up the production and infrastructural facilities with the able guidance of National Council for Cement and Building Materials (NCB), who have prepared Techno-Economic feasibility reports. Company has made arrangements to get mining lease for quarrying Limestone, which is the main raw material for the cement manufacturing. They have well planned for housing production infrastructure with all the required amenities like, Mining, Cement plant and Labour colony. They have obtained/ in the process of getting clearance from the statutory agencies including pollution clearance. ii.

Selling and Marketing arrangements With the Government of India giving thrust in the infrastructure development in the country, the demand for the cement is ever increasing; quality cement at affordable prices as proposed by the company can be easily sold in the market with a suitable brand name. 53

The promoter/company has already earned good name for their brand for their soya meal and soya refined oil in central India. The company may encash this strength for developing good brand for cement also. Thus the market position of the company may be considered favorable for the company.

Marketing Position and Competitiveness Table No 23: Company Market Position (Rs in Crores) Name of the Company

Operating profit

ROCE

Industry Average Other Companies Sri Vishnu Cement Limited Zuari Cement Limited Murali Industries Limited ACC Birla White Anjani Portland Cement Limited Cement Manufacturing Company Limited Dalmia Cement Bharath Limited Deccan Cement Limited J K white Cement works Jaiprakash Associates Limited Madras Cement Limited Penna Cement Industries Limited Ramco Industries Limited Sagar Cement Limited

12

Margin % 17.2

82.68 27.49 10.31 11.00 10.40 24.56 44.23 18.62 33.68 18.57 13.83 26.30 11.05 10.29 15.53

22.57 30.61 10.95 5.5 6.25 18.63 39.90 14.53 25.91 15.21 14.05 31.06 7.68 8.22 21.99

In this analysis the company operating profit margin(10.95%) is below the industry average (17.2%), which is not acceptable by the banks appraiser. But company yet to enter into cement production. Hence industry average of cement industry may not be comparable with the company’s financial/profitability parameters.

Risk Analysis

54

Risk Factor Marketing Risk

Mitigation Company proposes to use its existing as well as Brand recognition to sell its products. The states where the cement plants are being set

Employee Risk

up has adequate skilled and unskilled human resources. According to CRISIL research the industry is expected to add capacities equivalent to 50 MTPA

Off take risk/ Market Risk

in the next 2-3 years. The company is confident of leveraging on present brand recognition as well as contacts to secure firm clients for the product. Company plans to set up captive power plant of

Power availability risk

50 MW at each of the 3 locations, which will supplement the power requirement.

Availability and Transportation of Lime stone

The plants are being located adjacent to the Lime Stone mines (major Raw Material), hence there will be logistic advantage. Adequate contingency provision of around 10%

Cost Over run

has been provided in the project cost. This will be useful for to pay extra cost Company has proposed to hire reputed engineering consultants and contractors for the execution of the

Construction Risk/ Time over run project. More over it is also proposed to have a risk

well chosen team of experienced persons and in house task force to co-ordinate the implementation 55

of the project Company is already into cement business by Operating Risk

setting up 2.14 MTPA cement plant along with a 30 MW CPP at Chandrapur, which is likely to be commenced in this year, in the schedule time. The promoters are well experienced businessmen, who have shown commitment to the company and have successfully implemented many projects in

Management Risk

the past. It is also expected that they will show the same commitments and zeal to this projects as well. Suitable stipulation in the sanction term not to sell stake of promoter share mitigate this risk. Lenders are stipulating for 19.66% upfront equity from the promoters. Considering the past record of

Funding Risk

the promoters, no difficulty is involved in the tie up of debt funds for the project. Also the internal accruals of the company are considered adequate to part finance the project.

Environmental Risk

Company does not face any problem in obtaining the clearance.

Ratio Analysis a. Net Profit Ratio

This ratio shows the relationship between net profit and net sales which indicates efficiency of management. Table No 24: Net Profit Ratio

56

Year

PAT

Sales

NP Ratio %

2011

141.18

1634.63

8.63

2012

255.95

2452.66

10.43

2013

275.90

2458.35

11.22

2014

298.75

2458.35

12.15

2015

320.55

2458.35

13.03

2016

343.41

2458.35

13.96

2017

365.47

2458.35

14.66

2018

371.33

2458.35

15.10

Chart No 9: Net Profit Ratio

57

As per the projected Profit and Loss A/c it is estimated that the profit will be Rs 141.18 cr in the year 2011. This ratio increasing every year, it shows the operational efficiency of the company. It shows that the company is earning enough money to meet its obligations. b. Debt/Equity Ratio The debt equity ratio is determined to ascertain the soundness of the long-term financial policies of the company. Table No 25: Debt/Equity Ratio Year

Debt

Equity

DE Ratio

2011

1781.12

855.42

2.08

2012

1654.44

855.42

1.93

2013

1464.01

855.42

1.71

2014

1254.12

855.42

1.46

2015

970.01

855.42

1.13

2016

679.85

855.42

0.79

2017

384.60

855.42

0.44

2018

299.53

855.42

0.35

58

Chart No 10: Debt/Equity Ratio

The bank norm for the ratio is 2, the current position of the ratio is 2.81. But the company’s promoters in the projected balance sheet ensured that the ratio will be below the bank norms. Only in the first year it was above the norm, after that the ratio decreasing. It is because of the decrease of the term loan. The average of the ratio is 1.25 which is below the norms. c. Current Ratio It measures the relationship between current asset and current liability. The ratio is an indicator of the firm’s commitment to meet it’s short – term liabilities. Table No 26: Current Ratio

59

Year

Current Assets

Current Liabilities

Current Ratio

2011

753.24

575.32

1.68

2012

1255.21

609.05

2.06

2013

1465.61

609.55

2.4

2014

1678.95

609.59

2.75

2015

1839.87

609.62

3.01

2016

1946.29

538.37

3.61

2017

1927.13

324.56

5.93

2018

2337.88

324.60

7.2

Chart No 11: Current Ratio

60

The standard for the ratio is 2, but the ratio is less in the first year. But still the company has sufficient funds to pay its creditors and current liabilities. The ratio is increasing year by year, it shows that the company has high capable of paying its creditors. the ratio is more in the later years it shows that less efficient use of funds.

d. Debt Service Coverage Ratio

The Debt Service Coverage Ratio is the ‘core test’ ratio in project financing. This ratio indicates the degree of viability of project. Here ‘Debt’ means installments payable during the year and ‘Service’ means cash accruals comparing net profit plus depreciation and non cash write-off. It measures the extent of cash accruals (service) available to cover the maturing term obligation (debt) during each year. Table No 27: Debt Service Coverage Ratio

61

Year

Cash Accruals

Debt

DSCR

2011

234.77

160.07

2.47

2012

380.38

401.66

1.41

2013

400.33

436.62

1.26

2014

423.18

400.98

1.34

2015

444.98

365.34

1.44

2016

467.84

329.69

1.55

2017

489.90

295.16

1.69

2018

495.76

70.60

7.02

Chart No 12: Debt Service Coverage Ratio 62

It is projected that the cash accrual will be 2.47 more than the debt obligation, which is more than the bank’s norm 1.5. But from 2012 the projected ratio came down to below the bank’s norm. Any way the ratio is more than 1, it shows that the company will be able to repay its term loan and the interest arise on the loan. The average DSCR is 1.66 which is more than the Bank’s norm. e. Interest Coverage Ratio: Table No 28: Interest Coverage Ratio Year

PBIT

Interest

ICR

2011

396.03

183.52

2.15

2012

609.72

221.98

2.74

2013

604.37

186.40

3.24

2014

603.37

150.77

4.00

2015

602.39

115.13

5.23

2016

601.37

79.49

7.56

2017

600.27

44.96

13.35

2018

599.14

34.95

17.14

63

Chart No 13: Interest Coverage Ratio

The ratio is very important from the lender’s point of view. It indicates whether the business would earn sufficient profits to pay periodically the interest charges. The project’s projected profit before interest and tax to interest is only 2.15, it has increasing trend in the future period. It shows that the company is earning sufficient funds to pay the interest arising for the loan taken to put up project. In the year the PBIT is will be 17 times to its interest payment, it is because of the decrease in the interest and increase in the profits.

64

FINDINGS Project appraisal methods try to reduce the subjectivity involved in assessing the capacity of the borrowers with respect to repayment capacity. The availability of computerised software makes the technicalities of the assessment much simpler as compared to earlier. The project can be appraised by using some of the methods like healthy discussion can be held with the members of management of borrowings firms to get better idea about the business, its viability and the capacity of management to take decision in exceptional situation. The study revealed that the different aspects of a project are not independent entities but are highly inter-related and a meaningful project appraisal depends upon the appreciation of these fundamental facts. The appraisal of a project is undertaken by the bank with the objective of determining the market potential of a project, to determine repayment capacity of sanctioning unit and selecting an optimal strategy. The methods of analysis vary from project to project, but there are certain common aspects of study from the angle of technology and engineering. An analysis of a region economy provides a general framework within which the assessment of any project is made. This analysis indicates whether the project is in a potential environment, which enjoys priority for economic development of the region/state concerned. This exercise itself usually involves the investigation of six different aspects; Economic, 65

Technical, Organizational, Managerial, Operational and Financial. The relative importance of these different aspects can vary considerably according to circumstances and type of project. The study also revealed that in a large majority of cases, it is possible to quantify project costs and benefits. Future costs and benefits are calculated, using either market are shadow prices and on the basis of past performance in case of expansion projects. Further both costs and benefits are put under subsidence to initiate the projects estimated rate of return. The latter is then compared with the minimum earning power. While the rate of return is an important test that all projects with quantifiable costs and benefits must pass, importance and significance is usually overestimated. The rate of return is a necessary confirming test of projects that have to be justified within a much wider frame of reference, in which basic project objectives and the nature of project benefits increased employment and improved income distribution play major roles. It was found that technical feasibility study is mainly done to consider the adequacy and suitability of the plant, the equipments and their significations, plant layout, balancing of different sections of the plant, proposed arrangements for procurement of the plant and equipments, reputation of the machinery suppliers etc. The feasibility study also considers the technology required for a particular project, evaluate technological alternatives and select the most appropriate technology in terms of optimum combination of project components. The study revealed that the market analysis gives a comprehensive account of the market opportunity, as well as of the marketing strategy appropriate for converting the opportunity into a reality. An intensive scanning and analysis of the proposed environment in which the industrial unit has to function should from the basis for analyzing market opportunities as well as for specifying the marketing strategy. This is because the ever changing environment, in which the industry sector functions, restricts or expands the opportunities available to and the threats to be faced by an industrial unit. The purpose of the appraisal of financial aspects of a project is generally to ensure its initiation of financial conditions for the sound implementation and efficient operation. The scope of this aspect of appraisal varies, of course, considerable with the nature of the project and 66

whether it is revenue producing or not. For projects, which involve the marketing of a product or services by an entity, the appraisal includes in investigation of the availability and cost of raw material, power, labour and services needed for production and the prospects for marketing the product or services profitability. In every case, it is necessary to ensure that satisfactory accounts are maintained for effective control over expenditure and revenue and to disclose the project and entity carrying it out also. Since the banks finance only a part of the investment cost of a project, it is necessary to ensure that funds from other sources are available on acceptable terms to meet the balance of the cost. This may be relatively simple where the government is able to provide the rest of the necessary funds from budgetary sources or it may be complicated, as in a project to expand or modernize a revenue earning concern where all the financial requirements of the concern during the construction of the project must be considered. Financial appraisal also evaluates capacity of revenue producing investments from the stand point of the entity. Industrial sponsor or other investors, who would make them in order to ascertain whether it is sufficiently attractive to warrant their participation establishing that the entity carrying out the project is in a position to manage its business in a cost-effective fashion is another important aspects. The efforts made by the Corporation Bank to constantly update its evaluation procedures indicate its high level professionalism and explains why it is in a leading position amongst all nationalised banks and incase of Murali Industries Limited cement project bank has done efficient appraisal. The project is to set up 3 cement plants at Karnataka, Rajastan and Gujarath with a capacity of 3 million tonne per annum. The current DER is 2.81 where the banks norm is 2, it is less than the bank norm. But in coming year the ratio will be improved. For the project the average DER is 1.25. Sensitivity analysis shows that the debt servicing capacity if the Murali Industries Limited would be adequate in the adverse scenario assumed. The promoter/management risk, project 67

implementation risk, operational risk, market risk and finance risk are considered to be normal. The overall DSCR of the company and project are 2.75 and 1.66 respectively, which indicates viability and its above the Bank norms.

SUGGESTIONS i.

Net Present Value of the project should be calculated. NPV is considered as one of the best method for evaluating the capital investment projects. It is the difference between the total present value of future cash inflows and the total present value of future cash outflows. The project should be accepted if the NPV is positive. If the bank would have calculated the NPV it would have made better appraisal. Because present value methods always provides for correct ranking of investment projects.

ii. All critical assumption could be valued in the light of actual parameters for similar

understanding in the same industry and sensitivity analysis can be undertaken by varying these factors accordingly. Relative comparison with other players in the industry would provide a better estimation and analysis of the project. It also helps to assess the impact of adverse changes in the operating conditions of the project on its viability. iii. In recent years, environmental concerns have assumed a greater deal of significance. The bank has to do Ecological analysis as the new project like drug and chemical industry impact the Environment. iv. The Bank should also consider the capability of management and its analytical skills of the top management in the company. 68

v. The Costs, Profits are predicted only on the basis of the past trends. But same trend may not

continue in the future. They may vary depending upon the Economic conditions, Business cycles, Government policies etc. So there should be a provision for all these contingencies. This exercise is critical as it calls for a multi-dimensional analysis of the project that is, a complete scanning of the project.

CONCLUSION

Project Appraisal is a science as well as an art. While the basic principles of appraisal could be mastered in a short time span, the successful practice of the art of carrying out of appraisal requires keen observation, objectivity and decision making. It is also necessary to took ahead of the project. Project appraisal is a key to broad based, balanced industrial growth of the country. In a way, it calls for a judicious judgment and perspective outlook. The lending institutions examine the project to study its soundness on Technical, Economic, Commercial and Management grounds. If the appraisal report is found satisfactory, the loan application will be favourable considered. The manager then communicates his decision to the borrower and terms and conditions will be negotiated. The most important areas for the borrower and lender to negotiate are timing in relation to negotiation method of financing based on certificates of work done, repayment schedule, rate of interest, commitment fees, security options and monitoring and control requirements. Financial institutions also pay attention to political environment and labour conditions of the area where the project is to be located. Strikes, Lockouts, Industrial Peace and Communal Harmony in the area play a decisive role in examining success or failure of the project. As a lender and a development institution, the bank places particular stress on the need for an efficient organisation and responsible management for the execution of the project. It is, therefore natural that financial institutions very carefully appraise the managerial aspects before 69

sanctioning assistance for a project. If a proper appraise of the managerial aspects is made in the beginning itself, future problems in these areas can be avoided to a very large extent. It is therefore necessary that the overall background of the promoters, their academic qualification, business and industrial experience and their past performance are looked into in greater detail to assess their capabilities for implementing the projects for which financial assistance has been sought.

70