Consumer Behavior Pp Chapter 14
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Chapter 14 Subcultures and Demographics Consumer Behavior: A Framework John C. Mowen Michael S. Minor
Key Concepts
Subcultures vs. demographics Types of U.S. subcultures Baby boomers Changes in U.S. age composition How the elderly process information
The AfricanAmerican subculture The Hispanic and Asian subcultures Regional shifts in population Social class Class differences in shopping behavior
Subcultures . . . . . . a subdivision of a national culture that is based on some unifying characteristic. . . . members share similar patterns of behavior that are distinct from those of the national culture.
Demographic Variables . . . . . . describe the characteristics of populations
Nationality Age Religion Gender Occupation
Marital Status Income Region Ethnicity Education
Age Subcultures Consumers undergo predictable changes in values, lifestyles, and consumption patterns as they move through their life cycle.
Age Subcultures Four Major Age Trends Baby Boomers Generation X Generation Y Elderly
The Baby-Boom Generation. . . . . . are those Americans born between 1946 and 1964 and share lifestyle similarities. . . . number 77 million.
The Baby... Bust
Boom
1930s
1940s
Xers Yers
1960s 1970s 1980s
The Baby Boom Generation...
Roomer chinos are needed now. Their difficulty in finding good jobs has led to RYAs and ILYAs.
Generation X . . . . . . is small in number, but possesses $125 billion of discretionary income
This group is known for valuing religion, formal rituals (e.g., proms) and materialism, and has more negative attitudes toward work and getting ahead than the boomers had at their age.
Generation Y . . . . . . is the 72 million children of the baby boomers who first reached adulthood in the year 2000.
This group, like Xers, is more heterogeneous in racial and socioeconomic terms than the boomers.
The Elderly The “Graying of America” refers to the fourth major age trend
By the year 2020 Americans over 65 will outnumber teenagers two to one.
The Elderly...
Process information differently. Experience motor skill declines which mean walking, writing, talking, etc. abilities deteriorate.
Ethnicity . . . . . . refers to a group bound together by ties of cultural homogeneity (i.e., linked by similar values, customs, dress, religion, and language).
U.S. Population Projections 90 80 70 60 50
1995 2000 2010 2020
40 30 20 10 0
White
Black
Asian
Hispanic
African-American Subculture
Represents almost 13 percent of the U.S. population. Income deprivation a major factor: In the 1990s, 37 % of AfricanAmerican households had incomes of under $15,000.
The Hispanic Subculture
. . . is the second-fastest-growing ethnic sub- cultural group in the United States and will become the largest ethnic minority in the U.S. by the year 2010. Commonalities:
Language (82 % of U.S. Hispanic households speak primarily Spanish). Religion (over 85% of Hispanics are Catholic). Tendency to live in metropolitan areas (63%).
Hispanic Segmentation There are at least four distinct segments:
Mexicans (65.2 % of U.S. Hispanics)
Cubans (4.3 %)
Puerto Ricans (9.6 %)
Central and South Americans (14.3 %)
The Asian-American Subcultu . . . is the fastest-growing ethnic subculture in the United States.
The percentage of Asian-Americans who graduated from college is nearly twice that of white Americans Asian-American family incomes are significantly higher than the other ethnic subcultures More than Hispanics, Asian-Americans differ in language and culture of origin
Comparing Anglo-, AfricanAmerican and Hispanic Buying
No brand loyalty differences No differences in coupon proneness, impulse buying, or shopping for generic products African-Americans and Hispanics are more likely to shop for bargains
Representation in Advertisements
African-Americans and Hispanics are slightly underrepresented. Asians are slightly over-represented.
Regional Subcultures . . . . . . have distinct lifestyles resulting from variations in climate, culture, and ethnic mix of people.
Consequently, different product preferences exist.
Regional Subcultures . . . Population winners. . . The West (Nevada, Arizona, Idaho…) Population losers. . . The East (and North Dakota)
Geodemographics . . . . . . takes as a unit of analysis the neighborhood (i.e., census blocks) and obtains demographic information on consumers within the neighborhood.
Social Classes . . .
are relatively permanent and homogeneous strata in a society that differ in their status, wealth, education, possessions, and values.
Both actual and perceptual factors distinguish groups:
Occupation Lifestyles Values Friendships Manner of Speaking Possessions
Social Class and Buying Behavior
Social class better reflects purchases that symbolically represent lifestyles and values.
Income better predicts major appliance purchases.
Social Class and Lifestyles Four generalizations can be made: Social class influences consumer lifestyles Social class is a predictor of resources owned People buy products and services to demonstrate their membership in a particular social class People also purchase goods and services to help advance their social standing
Other Subcultures
A growing rural population Telecommuters, retirement living, second home.
Disabled Americans
49 million in number.
Internet community.
Managerial Implications
Positioning. One method of positioning a product is to differentiate it vis-à-vis competitors by making special appeals to subgroups or subcultures. Environmental Analysis. Managers should conduct environmental analyses in order to track lifestyle changes in subcultures. Analysis may also offer insight into emerging subcultures.
Implications continued
Research. Marketing research can identify the unmet needs of subcultures. Marketing Mix. Differences between age cohorts, ethnic groups and regions and social classes have implications for differences in promotional, product, and pricing strategy. Segmentation. Manufacturers can use age and ethnic subculture appeals as a segmentation variable.
Key Concepts
Subcultures vs. demographics Types of U.S. subcultures Baby boomers Changes in U.S. age composition How the elderly process information
The AfricanAmerican subculture The Hispanic and Asian subcultures Regional shifts in population Social class Class differences in shopping behavior
Subcultures . . . . . . a subdivision of a national culture that is based on some unifying characteristic. . . . members share similar patterns of behavior that are distinct from those of the national culture.
Demographic Variables . . . . . . describe the characteristics of populations
Nationality Age Religion Gender Occupation
Marital Status Income Region Ethnicity Education
Age Subcultures Consumers undergo predictable changes in values, lifestyles, and consumption patterns as they move through their life cycle.
Age Subcultures Four Major Age Trends Baby Boomers Generation X Generation Y Elderly
The Baby-Boom Generation. . . . . . are those Americans born between 1946 and 1964 and share lifestyle similarities. . . . number 77 million.
The Baby... Bust
Boom
1930s
1940s
Xers Yers
1960s 1970s 1980s
The Baby Boom Generation...
Roomer chinos are needed now. Their difficulty in finding good jobs has led to RYAs and ILYAs.
Generation X . . . . . . is small in number, but possesses $125 billion of discretionary income
This group is known for valuing religion, formal rituals (e.g., proms) and materialism, and has more negative attitudes toward work and getting ahead than the boomers had at their age.
Generation Y . . . . . . is the 72 million children of the baby boomers who first reached adulthood in the year 2000.
This group, like Xers, is more heterogeneous in racial and socioeconomic terms than the boomers.
The Elderly The “Graying of America” refers to the fourth major age trend
By the year 2020 Americans over 65 will outnumber teenagers two to one.
The Elderly...
Process information differently. Experience motor skill declines which mean walking, writing, talking, etc. abilities deteriorate.
Ethnicity . . . . . . refers to a group bound together by ties of cultural homogeneity (i.e., linked by similar values, customs, dress, religion, and language).
U.S. Population Projections 90 80 70 60 50
1995 2000 2010 2020
40 30 20 10 0
White
Black
Asian
Hispanic
African-American Subculture
Represents almost 13 percent of the U.S. population. Income deprivation a major factor: In the 1990s, 37 % of AfricanAmerican households had incomes of under $15,000.
The Hispanic Subculture
. . . is the second-fastest-growing ethnic sub- cultural group in the United States and will become the largest ethnic minority in the U.S. by the year 2010. Commonalities:
Language (82 % of U.S. Hispanic households speak primarily Spanish). Religion (over 85% of Hispanics are Catholic). Tendency to live in metropolitan areas (63%).
Hispanic Segmentation There are at least four distinct segments:
Mexicans (65.2 % of U.S. Hispanics)
Cubans (4.3 %)
Puerto Ricans (9.6 %)
Central and South Americans (14.3 %)
The Asian-American Subcultu . . . is the fastest-growing ethnic subculture in the United States.
The percentage of Asian-Americans who graduated from college is nearly twice that of white Americans Asian-American family incomes are significantly higher than the other ethnic subcultures More than Hispanics, Asian-Americans differ in language and culture of origin
Comparing Anglo-, AfricanAmerican and Hispanic Buying
No brand loyalty differences No differences in coupon proneness, impulse buying, or shopping for generic products African-Americans and Hispanics are more likely to shop for bargains
Representation in Advertisements
African-Americans and Hispanics are slightly underrepresented. Asians are slightly over-represented.
Regional Subcultures . . . . . . have distinct lifestyles resulting from variations in climate, culture, and ethnic mix of people.
Consequently, different product preferences exist.
Regional Subcultures . . . Population winners. . . The West (Nevada, Arizona, Idaho…) Population losers. . . The East (and North Dakota)
Geodemographics . . . . . . takes as a unit of analysis the neighborhood (i.e., census blocks) and obtains demographic information on consumers within the neighborhood.
Social Classes . . .
are relatively permanent and homogeneous strata in a society that differ in their status, wealth, education, possessions, and values.
Both actual and perceptual factors distinguish groups:
Occupation Lifestyles Values Friendships Manner of Speaking Possessions
Social Class and Buying Behavior
Social class better reflects purchases that symbolically represent lifestyles and values.
Income better predicts major appliance purchases.
Social Class and Lifestyles Four generalizations can be made: Social class influences consumer lifestyles Social class is a predictor of resources owned People buy products and services to demonstrate their membership in a particular social class People also purchase goods and services to help advance their social standing
Other Subcultures
A growing rural population Telecommuters, retirement living, second home.
Disabled Americans
49 million in number.
Internet community.
Managerial Implications
Positioning. One method of positioning a product is to differentiate it vis-à-vis competitors by making special appeals to subgroups or subcultures. Environmental Analysis. Managers should conduct environmental analyses in order to track lifestyle changes in subcultures. Analysis may also offer insight into emerging subcultures.
Implications continued
Research. Marketing research can identify the unmet needs of subcultures. Marketing Mix. Differences between age cohorts, ethnic groups and regions and social classes have implications for differences in promotional, product, and pricing strategy. Segmentation. Manufacturers can use age and ethnic subculture appeals as a segmentation variable.
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