Constitution 2063

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#

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ljifo–;"rL k|:tfjgf..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 efu ! k|f/lDes ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 efu @ gful/stf .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 efu # df}lns xs .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 efu $ /fHosf] bfloTj, lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx¿ ...................................................................................................................................................................................5 efu % sfo{kflnsf.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 efu ^ Joj:yflksf–;+;b .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................!^ efu & ;+ljwfg ;ef.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 10 efu * Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13 efu ( cfly{s sfo{ k|0ffnL .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 14 efu !) Gofokflnsf ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................15 efu !! clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 efu !@ dxfn]vf k/LIfs .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................20 efu !# nf]s ;]jf cfof]u.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................21 efu !$ lgjf{rg cfof]u ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 22 efu !% /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................23 efu !^ dxfGofoflwjQmf ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24 efu !& /fHosf] 9f+rf / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25 efu !* /fhg}lts bnx¿ .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26 efu !( ;+s6sfnLg clwsf/ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 26 efu @) ;]gf ;DaGwL Joj:yf ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27 efu @! ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................28 efu @@ ljljw ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................28 efu @# ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yf .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29 efu @$ kl/efiff ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................31 efu @% ;+lIfKt gfd, k|f/De / vf/]hL........................................................................................................................................................................................................................31 cg';"rL

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k|:tfjgf xfdL ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo;Qf ;DkGg g]kfnL hgtf, g]kfnL hgtfn] @))& ;fn klxn]b]lv xfn;Dd k6s k6s ub}{ cfPsf P]ltxfl;s ;+3if{ / hgcfGbf]ng dfk{mt\ nf]stGq, zflGt / cu|udgsf kIfdf k|s6 ePsf] hgfb]zsf] ;Ddfg ub}{, b]zdf ljBdfg juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, n}+lËs ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ /fHosf] cu|ufdL k'g{;+/rgf ug]{ ;+sNk ub}{, k|ltikwf{Tds jx'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf, gful/s :jtGqtf, df}lns clwsf/, dfgj clwsf/, jflnu dtflwsf/, cfjlws lgjf{rg, k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtf,:jtGq Gofokflnsf tyf sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ff nufot nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfk|ltsf] k"0f{ k|ltj4tf JoQm ub}{, g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfkm\gf] nflu cfkm} ;+ljwfg agfpg kfpg] / eod'Qm jftfj/0fdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] :jtGq / lgikIf lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt ub}{, nf]stGq, zflGt, ;d[l4, cu|ufdL cfly{s–;fdflhs kl/jt{g tyf b]zsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf, cv08tf, :jtGqtf / :jfledfgnfO{ s]Gb|df /fVb}, cfh;Ddsf qmflGt / cfGbf]ngaf6 k|fKt pknAwLx¿nfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 gofF ;+ljwfg gag];Ddsf] nflu /fhg}lts ;xdltaf6 tof/ ePsf] of] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# hf/L ePsf] 3f]if0ff ub{5f}+ . efu !

k|f/lDes 1.

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7.

;+ljwfg d"n sfg"gM -!_ of] ;+ljwfg g]kfnsf] d"n sfg"g xf] . o; ;+ljwfg;+u aflemg] sfg"g aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'g]5 . (2) o; ;+ljwfgsf] kfngf ug'{ k|To]s JolQmsf] st{Jo x'g]5 . ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo ;QfM g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo ;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf lglxt /xg]5 . /fi6«M ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f+:s[lts ljz]iftfo'Qm, ;dfg cfsfª\Iff / g]kfnsf] /fli6«o :jtGqtf, cv08tf, /fli6«o lxt tyf ;d[l4k|lt cf:yfjfg\ /xL Pstfsf] ;"qdf cfj4 ;a} g]kfnL hgtf ;dli6 ¿kdf /fi6« xf] . g]kfn /fHoM -!_ g]kfn Ps :jtGq, cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg, wd{lg/k]If, ;dfj]zL / k"0f{ nf]stflGqs /fHo xf] . (2) g]kfnsf] If]q b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5M– -s_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf] avtsf] If]q, / -v_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 k|fKt x'g] If]q . /fi6« efiffM -!_ g]kfndf af]lng] ;a} dft[efiffx¿ /fi6« efiff x'g\ . (2) b]jgfu/L lnlkdf g]kfnL efiff ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff x'g]5 . (3) pkwf/f -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg :yfgLo lgsfo tyf sfof{nodf dft[efiff k|of]u ug{ s'g} jfwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . To;/L k|of]u ul/Psf] efiffnfO{ /fHon] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffdf ¿kfGt/ u/L clen]v /fVg]5 . /fli6«o em08fM l;ld|s /Ësf] e'OF / uf9f gLnf] /Ësf] lsgf/f ePsf] b'O{ lqsf]0f clnslt hf]l/Psf], dflyNnf] efudf v'k]{ rGb|sf] aLrdf ;f]x|df cf7 sf]0f b]lvg] ;]tf] cfsf/ / tNnf] efudf afx| sf]0fo'Qm ;"o{sf] ;]tf] cfsf/ c+lst ePsf], k/Dk/fut em08f g]kfnsf] /fli6«o em08f xf] . ;f] em08f agfpg] tl/sf / tT;DaGwL c? ljj/0f cg';"rLdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . /fli6«o ufg OToflbM -!_ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ufg / lgzfgf 5fk g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 . (2) g]kfnsf] /fli6«o k"mn nfnLu'/fF;, /fli6«o /Ë l;ld|s, /fli6«o hgfj/ ufO{, /fli6«o k+IfL 8fFkm] x'g]5 . efu @

gful/stf 8.

;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf jvtsf] gful/stf M -!_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf jvt g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] / o; efu adf]lhd gful/stf k|fKt ug{ of]Uo JolQmx¿ g]kfnsf gful/s x'g]5g\ . -@_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf jvt g]kfndf :yfoL j;f]jf; ePsf] b]xfosf] JolQm a+zhsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/s 7xg]{ 5 M -s_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'g'eGbf cl3 a+zhsf] cfwf/df gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] JolQm, -v_ s'g} JolQmsf] hGd x'Fbfsf jvt lghsf] afj' jf cfdf g]kfnL gful/s /x]5 eg] To:tf] JolQm, 1

-#_

g]kfn ;/xbleq k]mnf k/]sf] lkt[Tj dft[Tjsf] 7]ufg gePsf] k|To]s gfjfns lghsf] jfj' jf cfdf k]mnf gk/];Dd a+zhsf] cfwf/df g]kfnL gful/s 7xg]{ 5. -$_ g]kfnleq ufleg] u/L s'g} If]q k|fKt ePdf ;f] If]qleq j;f]jf; ePsf] JolQm k|rlnt sfg"gsf cwLgdf /xL g]kfnsf] gful/s x'g]5 . -%_ ;Dat\ @)$^ ;fn r}q d;fGt;Dd g]kfn ;/xbleq hGd eO{ g]kfndf :yfoL ¿kn] a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf] JolQmn] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd hGdsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt ug]{5 . t/ o; Joj:yf cGtu{t gful/stf k|fKt ug{ k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd Ps k6ssf nflu tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq lgj]bg lbO;s]sf] x'g'kg]{5 . -^_ g]kfnL gful/s;Fu j}jflxs ;DaGw sfod u/]sL ljb]zL dlxnfn] rfx]df k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd c+lus[t g]kfnL gful/stf lng ;Sg]5 . -&_ o; wf/fdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtf klg ljb]zL gful/s;Fu ljjfx u/]sL g]kfnL dlxnf gful/saf6 hlGdPsf] JolQmsf] xsdf lghsf] g]kfndf hGd eO{ g]kfndf g} :yfoL j;f]jf; u/]sf] / afj'sf] gful/stfsf] cfwf/df lghn] ljb]zL d'n'ssf] gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] /x]g5 eg] lghn] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd g]kfnsf] c+lus[t gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]5 . 9. c+lus[t jf ;Ddfgfy{ gful/stfM wf/f * df n]lvP jfx]s sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP jdf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/n] c+lus[t jf ;Ddfgfy{ g]kfnL gful/stf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]5 . 10. gful/stfsf] k|flKt / ;dflKtM gful/stfsf] k|flKt, ;dflKt nufot cfjZos cGo Joj:yf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd x'g]5 . 11. gful/stf 6f]nL v6fOg]M g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd gful/stf kfpg of]Uotf k'u]sf JolQmnfO{ gful/stf k|bfg ug{ gful/stf ljt/0f 6f]nL v6fpg ;Sg]5 . efu #

df}lns xs 12.

:jtGqtfsf] xsM -!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] xs x'g]5 / d[To' b08sf] ;hfo x'g] u/L s'g} sfg"g agfOg] 5}g . (2) sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s'g} klg JolQmsf] j}olQms :jtGqtf ckx/0f x'g] 5}g . (3) k|To]s gful/snfO{ b]xfosf] :jtGqtf x'g]5M– -s_ ljrf/ / cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf, -v_ lagf xftxltof/ zflGtk"j{s e]nf x'g] :jtGqtf, -u_ /fhgLlts bn jf ;+u7g vf]Ng] :jtGqtf, -3_ ;+3 / ;+:yf vf]Ng] :jtGqtf, -ª_ g]kfnsf] s'g} klg efudf cfjthfjt / a;f]af; ug]{ :jtGqtf, -r_ s'g} k]zf, /f]huf/, pBf]u / Jofkf/ ug]{ :jtGqtf . t/, -!_ v08 -s_ sf] s'g} s'/fn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf jf ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{ jf ;Dk|bfox¿sf aLrsf] ;';DaGwdf vnn kg]{ jf ufnL j]OHhtL jf cbfntsf] cjx]ngf x'g] jf ck/fw ug{ b'?T;fxg lbg] jf ;fj{hlgs lzi6frf/ jf g}ltstfsf] k|lts"n x'g] sfo{df d'gfl;a k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . -@_ v08 -v_ sf] s'g} s'/fn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf jf ;fj{hlgs zflGt / Joj:yfdf vnn kg]{ sfo{df d'gfl;a k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . -#_ v08 -u_ / -3_ sf] s'g} s'/fn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf jf ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{ jf ;Dk|bfox¿sf aLrsf] ;';DaGwdf vnn kg]{ jf lx+;fTds sfo{ ug{ b'?T;flxt ug]{ jf ;fj{hlgs g}ltstfsf] k|lts"n x'g] sfo{df d'gfl;a k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . -$_ v08 -ª_ sf] s'g} s'/fn] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] lxt jf ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{ jf ;Dk|bfox¿sf aLrsf] ;';DaGwdf vnn kg]{ sfo{df d'gfl;a k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . -%_ v08 -r_ sf] s'g} s'/fn] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo jf g}ltstfsf] k|lts"n x'g] sfo{df /f]s nufpg] jf s'g} vf; pBf]u, Jofkf/ jf ;]jf /fHon] dfq ;~rfng ug]{ jf s'g} pBf]u, Jofkf/, k]zf jf /f]huf/ ug{sf nflu s'g} zt{ jf of]Uotf tf]Sg] u/L sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . 13. ;dfgtfsf] xsM -!_ ;a} gful/s sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg x'g]5g\ . s;}nfO{ klg sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g . (2) ;fdfGo sfg"gsf] k|of]udf s'g} klg gful/sdfly wd{, j0f{, lnË, hft, hflt, pTklQ, efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tL dWo] s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj ul/g] 5}g . 2

(3)

/fHon] gful/sx¿sf aLr wd{, j0f{, hft, hflt, lnË, pTklQ, efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tL dWo] s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj ug]{ 5}g . t/ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL jf ls;fg, dhb"/ jf cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] lk5l8Psf] ju{ jf afns, a[4 tyf ckfË jf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ¿kn] czQm JolQmsf] ;+/If0f, ;zlQms/0f jf ljsf;sf] nflu sfg"gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ /f]s nufPsf] dflgg]5}g . (4) ;dfg sfdsf nflu dlxnf / k'?ifsf aLr kfl/>lds tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf e]befj ul/g] 5}g . 14. 5'jf5't tyf hflto e]befj lj?4sf] xsM -!_ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ hft, j+z, ;d'bfo jf k]zfsf cfwf/df s'g} lsl;dsf] 5'jf5't tyf hflto e]befj ul/g] 5}g . o:tf] e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ b08gLo x'g]5 / kLl8t JolQmn] sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg]5 . (2) s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ hft hfltsf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs k|of]udf /x]sf ;]jf, ;'ljwf jf pkof]usf s'/fx¿ k|of]u ug{af6 jf ;fj{hlgs :yn jf ;fj{hlgs wfld{s :yndf k|j]z ug{ jf wfld{s sfo{ ug{af6 al~rt ul/g] 5}g . (3) s'g} j:t', ;]jf jf ;'ljwf pTkfbg jf ljt/0f ubf{ To:tf] ;]jf, ;'ljwf jf j:t' s'g} vf; hft, hfltsf] JolQmnfO{ vl/b jf k|fKt ug{af6 /f]s nufpg jf To:tf] j:t', ;]jf jf ;'ljwf s'g} vf; hft, hfltsf] JolQmnfO{ dfq laqmL ljt/0f ul/g] 5}g . (4) s'g} hft, hflt jf pTklQsf JolQm jf JolQmx¿sf] ;d"xsf] pr gLr bzf{pg], hft, hfltsf] cfwf/df ;fdflhs lje]bnfO{ Gofof]lrt 7x/fpg] jf hflto ;jf{]Rrtf jf 3[0ffdf cfwfl/t ljrf/sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{] jf hflto lje]bnfO{ s'g} klg lsl;dn] k|f]T;fxg ug{ kfOg] 5}g . (5) pkwf/f -@_, -#_ / -$_ ljk/Ltsf] sfo{ sfg"g adf]lhd b08gLo x'g]5 . 15. k|sfzg, k|;f/0f tyf 5fkfvfgf ;DaGwL xsM -!_ ljB'tLo k|sfzg, k|;f/0f tyf 5fkf nufotsf cGo h'g;'s} dfWodaf6 s'g} ;dfrf/, ;DkfbsLo, n]v, /rgf jf cGo s'g} kf7\o, >Jo b[io ;fdu|Lsf] k|sfzg tyf k|;f/0f ug{ jf 5fKg k"j{ k|ltjGw nufOg] 5}g . t/ g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf jf cv08tf jf ljleGg hft, hflt jf ;Dk|bfo aLrsf] ;';DaGwdf vnn kg]{, /fHob|f]x, ufnL a]OHhtL jf cbfntsf] cjx]ngf x'g] jf ck/fw ug{ b'?T;fxg ug]{ jf ;fj{hlgs lzi6frf/ jf g}ltstf k|lts"n x'g] sfo{df d'gfl;j k|ltjGw nufpg] u/L sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . (2) s'g} >Jo, >Job[io jf ljB'tLo pks/0fsf] dfWodaf6 s'g} ;fdu|Lsf] k|sfzg tyf k|;f/0f u/] jf 5fk] jfkt To:tf] ;fdu|L k|sfzg tyf k|;f/0f ug]{ jf 5fKg] /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, cgnfOg jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] l8lh6n jf ljB'tLo, 5fkf jf cGo ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ aGb, hkmt jf btf{ vf/]h ul/g] 5}g . (3) s'g} ;dfrf/ n]v, ;DkfbsLo, /rgf jf cGo s'g} kf7\o ;fdu|L d'b|0f jf k|sfzg u/] jfkt s'g} ;dfrf/kq, klqsf, jf 5fkfvfgf jGb, hkmt jf btf{ vf/]h ul/g] 5}g . (4) sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s'g} 5fkf, ljB'tLo k|;f/0f tyf 6]lnkmf]g nufotsf ;~rf/ ;fwgnfO{ cj?4 ug{ ;lsg] 5}g . 16. jftfj/0f tyf :jf:Yo ;DaGwL xsM -!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ :jR5 jftfj/0fdf afFRg] xs x'g]5 . -@_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf lgMz'Ns ¿kdf kfpg] xs x'g]5 . 17. lzIff tyf ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL xsM -!_ k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd cfˆgf] dft[ efiffdf cfwf/e"t lzIff kfpg] xs x'g]5 . (2) k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd dfWolds tx;Dd lgMz'Ns lzIff kfpg] xs x'g]5 . (3) g]kfndf a;f]af; ug{] k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ cfˆgf] efiff, lnlk, ;+:s[lt, ;fF:s[lts ;Eotf / ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f / ;Daw{g ug{] xs x'g]5 . !*= /f]huf/L tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;DaGwL xsM -!_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd /f]huf/Lsf] xs x'g]5 . -@_ dlxnf, >lds, a[4, ckfË tyf czQm / c;xfo gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs x'g]5 . -#_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd vfB ;+k|e'Qfsf] xs x'g]5 . !(= ;DklQsf] xsM -!_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{, ef]u ug]{, a]rlavg ug]{ / ;DklQsf] cGo sf/f]af/ ug]{ xs x'g]5 . -@_ ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] nflu afx]s /fHon] s'g} JolQmsf] ;DklQ clwu|x0f jf k|fKt ug]{ jf To:tf] ;DklQpk/ c? s'g} k|sf/n] s'g} clwsf/sf] l;h{gf ug]{ 5}g . t/ cj}w 9+un] cfh{g u/]sf] ;Dkltsf] xsdf of] pkwf/f nfu" x'g] 5}g . -#_ a}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ sfo{qmd nfu" ubf{ jf ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] nflu /fHon] s'g} JolQmsf] ;DklQ clwu|x0f jf k|fKt ubf{ jf To:tf] ;DklQpk/ s'g} clwsf/sf] l;h{gf ubf{ sfg"g jdf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ lbOg]5 . Ifltk"lt{ / ;f]sf] cfwf/ / sfo{ k|0ffnL sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/P adf]lhd x'g]5 . 20.

dlxnfsf] xsM -!_ dlxnf ePs} sf/0faf6 s'g} klg lsl;dsf] e]befj ul/g] 5}g . (2) k|To]s dlxnfnfO{ k|hgg :jf:Yo tyf k|hgg ;DaGwL xs x'g]5 . 3

(3)

s'g} klg dlxnf lj?4 zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] lx+;fhGo sfo{ ul/g] 5}g / To:tf] sfo{ sfg"gåf/f b08gLo x'g]5 . (4) k}t[s ;Dkltdf 5f]/f / 5f]/LnfO{ ;dfg xs x'g]5 . @!= ;fdflhs Gofosf] xsM cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL ;d'bfo,plTkl8t ju{,ul/j ls;fg / dhb'/nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g] xs x'g]5 . @@= afnjflnsfsf] xsM -!_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf] klxrfg tyf gfdsf] xs x'g]5 . (2) k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ kfngkf]if0f, cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|fKt ug]{ xs x'g]5 . (3)

k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf cGo s'g} klg lsl;dsf] zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs x'g]5 . o:tf] zf]if0fhGo sfo{ sfg"gåf/f b08gLo x'g]5 / To:tf] Jojxf/ ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{ lbOg]5 . (4) c;xfo, cgfy, ;':t dgl:ylt, åGåkLl8t, lj:yflkt Pj+ hf]lvddf k/]sf, ;8s afnaflnsfnfO{ ;'lglZrt eljiosf] nflu /fHoaf6 ljz]if ;'ljwf kfpg] xs x'g]5 . (5) s'g} klg gfjfnsnfO{ s'g} snsf/vfgf, vfgL jf o:t} cGo s'g} hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf nufpg jf ;]gf, k|x/L jf åGådf k|of]u ug{ kfO{g] 5}g . 23

wd{ ;DaGwL xsM -!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ k|rlnt ;fdflhs Pj+ ;fF:s[lts k/Dk/fsf] dof{bf /fvL k/fk"j{b]lv rlncfPsf] cfˆgf] wd{sf] cjnDag, cEof; / ;+/If0f ug{] xs x'g]5 . t/ s;}n] s;}sf] wd{ kl/jt{g u/fpg kfpg] 5}g / Ps csf{sf] wd{df vnn kfg{] u/L s'g} sfd, Jojxf/ ug{ kfOg] 5}g . (2) k|To]s wfld{s ;Dk|bfonfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd cfˆgf] :jtGq cl:tTj sfod /fvL cfˆgf] wfld{s :yn / wfld{s u'7Lsf] ;~rfng / ;+/If0f ug{] xs x'g]5 . @$ Gofo ;DaGwL xsM -!_ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ kqmfp ePsf] sf/0f ;lxtsf] ;"rgf glbO{ y'gfdf /flvg] 5}g . (2) kqmfpdf k/]sf JolQmnfO{ kqmfp k/]sf] ;dodf g} cfk"mn] /f]h]sf] sfg"g Joj;foL;+u ;Nnfx lng kfpg] xs x'g]5 . To:tf] JolQmn] cfˆgf] sfg"g Joj;foL;Fu u/]sf] k/fdz{ / lghn] lbPsf] ;Nnfx uf]Ko /xg]5 / To:tf] JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf] sfg"g Joj;foLåf/f k'k{If ug{] xsaf6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g . :ki6Ls/0fM o; pkwf/fsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu æsfg"g Joj;foLÆ eGgfn] s'g} cbfntdf s'g} JolQmsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ sfg"gn] clwsf/ lbPsf] JolQmnfO{ hgfpF5 . (3) kqmfp ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ kqmfp ePsf] ;doaf6 af6f]sf] Dofb jfx]s rf}jL; 306fleq d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg' kg{]5 / To:tf] clwsf/Laf6 cfb]z ePdf afx]s kqmfp ePsf JolQmnfO{ y'gfdf /flvg] 5}g . t/ pkwf/f -@_ / -#_ df n]lvPsf s'/fx¿ lgjf/s gh/jGb / zq' /fHosf] gful/ssf] xsdf nfu" x'g] 5}g . (4) tTsfn k|rlnt sfg"gn] ;hfo gx'g] s'g} sfd u/]jfkt s'g} JolQm ;hfosf] efuL x'g] 5}g / s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ s;"/ ubf{sf] cj:yfdf k|rlnt sfg"gdf tf]lsPeGbf a9L ;hfo lbOg] 5}g . (5) s'g} cleof]u nufO{Psf] JolQmnfO{ lghn] u/]sf] s;"/ k|dfl0ft geP;Dd s;"/bf/ dflgg] 5}g . (6) s'g} klg JolQm lj?4 cbfntdf Ps} s;"/df Ps k6seGbf a9L d'2f rnfOg] / ;hfo lbOg] 5}g . (7) s'g} s;"/sf] cleof]u nfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf] lj?4 ;fIfL x'g s/ nufOg] 5}g . (8) k|To]s JolQmnfO{ lgh lj?4 ul/Psf] sf/afxLsf] hfgsf/L kfpg] xs x'g]5 . (9) s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ ;Ifd cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfoaf6 :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf] xs x'g]5 . (10) c;dy{ kIfnfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd lgMz'Ns sfg"gL ;]jf kfpg] xs x'g]5 . 25 lgjf/s gh/aGb lj?4sf] xsM -!_ g]kfn /fHosf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / cv08tf jf ;fj{hlgs zflGt / Joj:yfdf tTsfn vnn kg]{ kof{Kt cfwf/ geO{ s;}nfO{ klg lgaf/s gh/aGbdf /flvg]5}g . -@_ lgjf/s gh/aGb /fVg] clwsf/Ln] sfg"g ljk/Lt jf jblgotk"j{s s;}nfO{ gh/aGb /fv]df gh/aGb /x]sf] JolQmn] sfg"gåf/f tf]lsPadf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ kfpg]5 . 26

oftgf lj?4sf] xsM -!_ cg';Gwfg, txlssft jf k'k{Ifsf] l;nl;nfdf jf c? s'g} lsl;dn] y'gfdf /x]sf] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s oftgf lbOg] jf lgh;+u lgd{d, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ ul/g] 5}g . (2) pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] sfo{ sfg"gåf/f b08gLo x'g]5 / To:tf] Jojxf/ ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{ lbOg]5 . 27 ;"rgfsf] xsM k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfˆgf] jf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} klg ljifosf] ;"rgf dfUg] jf kfpg] xs x'g]5 . t/, sfg"gåf/f uf]Ko /fVg' kg]{ ;'rgfsf] hfgsf/L lbg s;}nfO{ s/ nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . 4

28

uf]kgLotfsf] xsM s'g} klg JolQmsf] hLp, cfjf;, ;Dklt, lnvt, tYof+Í, kqfrf/, rl/q ;DaGwL s'/fx¿sf] uf]kgLotf sfg"gåf/f tf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf jfx]s cgltqmDo x'g]5 .

29

zf]if0f lj?4sf] xsM -!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs x'g]5 . (2) k|yf, k/Dk/f / k|rngsf] gfddf jf s'g} klg lsl;dn] s;}nfO{ zf]if0f ug{ kfOg] 5}g . (3) dflg;nfO{ j]rljvg ug{, bf; jf afFwf agfpg kfOg] 5}g . (4) s;}nfO{ klg lghsf] OR5f lj?4 sfddf nufpg kfOg] 5}g . t/ o; pkwf/fdf plNnlvt Joj:yfn] ;fj{hlgs k|of]hgsf] nflu gful/snfO{ clgjfo{ ;]jfdf nufpg ;lsg] sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . 30 >d ;DaGwL xsM -!_ k|To]s sfdbf/ / sd{rf/LnfO{ plrt >d cEof;sf] xs x'g]5 . (2) sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd k|To]s sfdbf/ / sd{rf/LnfO{ cf–cfˆgf lxt /Iffsf] lgldQ 6«]8 o'lgog vf]Ng], ;Ël7t x'g] / ;fd'lxs ;f}bfafhL ug{] xs x'g]5 . 31 32

b]z lgsfnf lj?4sf] xsM s'g} klg gful/snfO{ b]z lgsfnf ul/g] 5}g . ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xsM o; efuåf/f k|bQ xssf] k|rngsf nflu wf/f !)& df n]lvPsf] tl/sf cg';f/ sf/jfO{ rnfpg kfpg] xs ;'/lIft ul/Psf] 5 . efu $

/fHosf] bfloTj, lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx¿ 33

/fHosf] bfloTj M /fHosf] bfloTj b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5M

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g]kfnL hgtfdf cGt/lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] Jofjxfl/s k|Tofe"lt ug]{ ljifonfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ ;Dat\ @)^$ h]7 dlxgfleq :jtGq / lgikIf ¿kdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf ;b:osf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug{ /fHon] ;Dk"0f{ Wofg s]lGb|t ug]{, -v_ b]zdf cu|ufdL /fhgLlts–cfly{s / ;fdflhs kl/jt{g ;'lglZrt ug]{, -u_ ljZjJofkL ¿kdf :jLs[t cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/, jx'bnLo k|lt:kwf{Tds nf]stflGqs k|0ffnL, hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qf / hgtfsf] ;jf]{Rrtf, ;+j}wflgs ;Gt'ng / lgoGq0f, sfg"gsf] zf;g, ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfgtf, :jtGq Gofokflnsf, cfjlws lgjf{rg, gful/s ;dfhsf] cg'udg, k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtf, hgtfsf] ;"rgfsf] clwsf/, /fhgLlts bnx¿sf lqmofsnfkx¿df kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xLtf, hg;xeflutf, lgikIf, ;Ifd tyf :jR5 k|zf;gtGqsf cjwf/0ffx¿sf] k"0f{ kl/kfngf ug]{ /fhgLlts k|0ffnL cjnDjg u/L e|i6frf/ / b08xLgtfsf] cGTo ub}{ ;'zf;g sfod ug]{, -3_ juL{o, hftLo, eflifs, n}lËs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s / If]qLo e]befjsf] cGTo ub}{ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt,dw]zL, pTkLl8t, pk]lIft / cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfo,lk5l8Psf If]q nufotsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;+jf]wg ug{ /fHosf] jt{dfg s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds 9fFrfsf] cGTo u/L /fHosf] ;dfj]zL, nf]stflGqs / cu|ufdL k'g;{/rgf ug]{, -ª_ ;fdGtjfbsf ;j} ¿kx¿sf] cGTo ug]{ cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] Go"gtd ;femf sfo{s|d to u/L nfu" ub}{ hfg], -r_ ;fdGtL e":jfldTjsf] cGTo ub}{ j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ sfo{s|d nfu" ug]{ gLlt cjnDjg ug]{, -5_ /fli6«o pBf]uwGbf / ;fwg>f]tsf] ;+/If0f / k|jw{g ug]{ gLlt cg';/0f ug]{, -h_ lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, /f]huf/L / vfB ;+k|e'tfdf ;j} gful/ssf] clwsf/ :yflkt ug]{ gLlt lng], -em_ ;'s'Djf;L, sd}of, xlnof, x/jf r/jf nufotsf cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kn] k5fl8 k/]sf ju{nfO{ hUuf nufot cfly{s ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt lng], -`_ ;/sf/L nfesf] kbdf /x]/ e|i6frf/ u/L u}/ sfg"gL ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{x¿ pk/ s8f sfjf{xL u/L bl08t ug]{ gLlt lng], -6_ b]zsf] cfly{s–;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f Pj+ Gofosf ;fy} b]znfO{ l56f] ;d'Ggt / cfly{s ¿kn] ;d[4zfnL jgfpg Ps ;femf ljsf; cjwf/0ff lgdf{0f ug]{ . -7_ >ldssf k]zfut clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ub}{ pBf]uwGbf, Jofkf/, lgof{t k|jw{g cflbsf nflu nufgL j[l4 u/L /f]huf/L Pj+ cfo cfh{gsf cj;/x¿sf] Jofks j[l4 ug]{ gLlt cg';/0f ug]{, -8_ /fHo kIf ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;GwL ;+emf}tfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{, -9_ ;a} lje]bsf/L sfg"gsf] cGTo ug]{, -0f_ d'n'sdf ljBdfg hn>f]t nufot k|fs[lts >f]t ;fwgsf] /fi6« lxtdf k|of]u ug]{, -t_ ;z:q åGåsf] qmddf dfl/Psfx¿sf] kl/jf/nfO{ tyf o; qmddf 3fOt] eO{ ckfË / czQm ePsfx¿nfO{ plrt /fxt, ;Ddfg tyf k'g:yf{kgfsf] Joj:yf ug]{, -y_ ;z:q åGbsf] qmddf j]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmx¿sf] ;DaGwdf ul7t 5fgaLg cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df To:tf JolQmx¿sf kLl8t kl/jf/x¿nfO{ /fxt pknJw u/fpg], -b_ ;z:q åGåsf] qmddf lj:yflktx¿sf] k'g:yf{kgf ug{, gi6 ePsf lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQx¿sf] xsdf /fxt k|bfg ug{ tyf Wj:t ;+/rgfx¿s]f k'glg{df0f ug{ ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{, 5

-w_

;z:q åGåsf] qmddf dfgj clwsf/sf] u+eL/ pNnª\3g ug]{ tyf dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fwdf ;ª\nUg JolQmx¿sf] af/]df ;To cGj]if0f ug{ tyf ;dfhdf d]nldnfksf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ pRr:t/Lo ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u u7g ug]{ . 34 /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿M -!_ hgtfsf] hLp, wg, ;dfgtf / :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f u/L ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pj+ /fhg}lts If]q nufot /fli6«o hLjgsf ;a} If]qdf Gofok"0f{ Joj:yf sfod u/L v'nf ;dfhdf cfwfl/t nf]ssNof0fsf/L Joj:yfsf] clea[l4 ug{' /fHosf] k|d'v p2]Zo x'g]5 . (2) ;dfhdf zflGt / Joj:yf sfod u/L dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ub}{ ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] k|a4{g ug{] / :jfoQ zf;gsf] dfWod4f/f hgtfnfO{ zf;gdf clwsflws dfqfdf ;lDdlnt x'g] cj;/ h'6fO{ nf]stGqsf nfex¿sf] pkef]u ug{;Sg] Joj:yf sfod ug{' /fHosf] p2]Zo x'g]5 . (3) g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;+3if{sf] k|ltkmn:j¿k k|fKt nf]stGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ub}{ ;f]sf nfex¿sf] pkef]u ug{ kfpg] cj:yfsf] ;[hgf ub}{ ;d'Ggt / ;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0f ug]{ /fHosf] /fhg}lts p2]Zo x'g]5 . (4) b]zdf pknAw cfly{s ;|f]t / ;fwgnfO{ ;Lldt JolQmx¿df s]Gb|Lt x'g glbO{ ;fdflhs Gofosf] cfwf/df cfly{s pknlAwsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfO{ s'g} klg hflt, lnË, ju{, pTklQ jf JolQm pk/ cfly{s zf]if0f x'g gkfpg] Joj:yf u/L cfly{s c;dfgtf x6fpFb} :jb]zL gLlh Pj+ ;fj{hlgs pBdnfO{ k|fyldstf / k|>o lbO{ /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ :jtGq, cfTdlge{/ Pj+ pGgltzLn u/fpg' /fHosf] d"ne"t cfly{s p2]Zo x'g]5 . (5) ;a} lsl;dsf] cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs c;dfgtf x6fO{ ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{, efiff, j0f{, ;d'bfo / ;Dk|bfosf aLr ;fdGh:o :yfkgf u/L Gofo / g}ltstfdf cfwfl/t :j:y ;fdflhs hLjgsf] :yfkgf / ljsf; ug{' /fHosf] ;fdflhs p2]Zo x'g]5 . (6) b]zsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf / :jtGqtfnfO{ sfod /fvL cGt/f{li6«o hutdf /fli6«o ;Ddfgsf] clea[l4 ug]{ lbzfdf /fHosf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw lgb]{lzt x'g]5 . 35 /fHosf gLltx¿M -!_ b]zsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s nufgLsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f u/L ;a} If]qsf hgtfsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo, oftfoft, cfjf; / /f]huf/L h:tf cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿sf] ljsf; u/L hg;fwf/0fsf] hLjg:t/ a[l4 ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -@_ ;/sf/L, ;xsfl/tf / lghL If]qsf] dfWodaf6 d'n'sdf cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDjg ug]{5 . -#_ ljleGg wd{, ;F:s[lt, hflt, ;d'bfo, ;Dk|bfo, pTklQ / efiffefifLx¿sf aLr ;dfgtf Pj+ ;xcl:tTjsf cfwf/df :j:y / ;'dw'/ ;fdflhs ;DaGw ljsl;t u/L ;a}sf] efiff, ;flxTo, lnlk, snf / ;+:s[ltsf] ;dfg ljsf;4f/f b]zsf] ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf sfod /fvL /fli6«o PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug{]5 . -$_ /fli6«o lxt cg's"n pkof]uL Pj+ nfebfos ¿kdf b]zsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ;Dkbfsf] kl/rfng ubf{ :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -%_ /fHon] jftfj/0f :jR5 /fVg cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{5 . hg;fwf/0fdf jftfj/0fLo :jR5tfsf] r]tgf a9fO{ ef}lts ljsf; ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx¿4f/f jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n c;/ kg{ glbg Pj+ jftfj/0f tyf b'n{e aGohGt'sf] ljz]if ;+/If0fdf /fHon] k|fyldstf lbg]5 . jg / jg:klt tyf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, bLuf] pkof]u / To;af6 k|fKt nfedf ;dGoflos afF8kmfF8sf] Joj:yf ug]{5 . -^_ /fHon] ls;fgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L s[lif If]qdf pTkfbsTj a9fO{ s[lifdf cfwfl/t clwsf+z hgtfsf] cfly{s pGglt x'g] cj:yfx¿sf] l;h{gf u/L s[lifnfO{ pBf]usf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{5 . -&_ b]zsf] d'Vo ;fdflhs—cfly{s zlQmsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] >dzlQmnfO{ /f]huf/ pknAw u/fO{ sfd kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/L pgLx¿sf] xs / lxtsf] ;+/If0f ub}{ pBdsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;xefuLtf a9fpg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -*_ dlxnf ju{sf] lzIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/Lsf] ljz]if Joj:yf u/L /fli6«o ljsf;df clwsflws ;xefuL agfpg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -(_ /fHon] Psn dlxnf, cgfy, afnaflnsf, c;xfo, a[4, ckfË, czQm / nf]kf]Gd'v hfltsf] ;+/If0f / pGgltsf nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 . -!)_ lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, vfB;+k|e'tf / /f]huf/Ldf lglZrt ;dosf nflu cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf u/L cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kn] lk5l8Psf cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, blnt nufot l;dfGts[t ;d'bfo tyf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gLsf dhb"/ ls;fgsf] pTyfg ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -!!_ b]zsf] pGgltsf nflu lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug{'sf ;fy} :yfgLo k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ug{] gLlt cjnDag ug{]5 . -!@_ /fli6«o ljsf;sf] nflu :jb]zL nufgLnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ b]zdf a}b]lzs k"FhL / k|ljlwnfO{ cfslif{t ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -!# _ ax';+Vos u|fdL0f hgtfsf] lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ tLa|t/ agfpFb} n}hfg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -!$_ /fHon] dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, d'l:nd nufot cNk;+Vos, e"ldxLg, ;'s'Daf;L, sd}of,ckfË, lk5l8Psf If]q tyf ;d'bfo / åGå kLl8tsf nflu ;sf/fTds lje]bsf cfwf/df laz]if Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 . -!%_ d'Qm sd}ofsf] ;+Vof PsLg u/L pgLx¿sf] j;f]jf;sf] nflu cfwf/e"t e"ld / /f]huf/L sf] Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -!^_ ls;fg, dhb"/ nufot >ddf cfl>t ju{sf] ljsf;sf] nflu k|fljlws lzIff, tfnLd, k|lzIf0fsf] cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] Joj:yf u/L pgLx¿nfO{ /fHosf] ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;xefuL u/fpg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . 6

-!&_ a[4, czQm dlxnf tyf a]/f]huf/nfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf u/L eQf lbg] gLlt cjnDjg ug]{5 . -!*_ d'n'sdf ljBdfg k/Dk/fut 1fg, ;Lk / cEof;sf] klxrfg / ;+/If0f ub{} To;nfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f ug{] gLlt /fHon] cjnDjg ug{]5 . -!(_ d'n'sdf :yfkgf ePsf ;fj{hlgs tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfsf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgdf lgodg ug{ /fHon] ljz]if gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 . -@)_ b]zsf] ljsf;df o'jf hgzlQmnfO{ kl/rfng ug{ /fHon] ljz]if gLlt cjnDjg ug]{5 . -@!_ /fHon] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] a8fkq, c;+nUgtf, k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt, cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g / ljZjzflGtsf] dfGotfsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLlt lng]5 . -@@_ l5d]sL ldq /fi6«x¿ / ;+;f/sf c? ;a} d'n'sx¿l;t cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ cGo If]qdf ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df ;xof]ufTds ;';DaGw sfod u/L g]kfndf zflGtnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o dfGotfsf] cfwf/df ;+:yfut ub{} hfg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . 36

cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg g;lsg]M -!_ o; efudf n]lvPsf ljifox¿ sfof{Gjog eP jf gePsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g . -@_ /fHon] o; efudf pNn]lvt l;4fGt tyf gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZostf cg';f/ >f]t / ;fwg kl/rfng ug]{ jf u/fpg] 5 . efu %

sfo{kflnsf 37

sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/M -!_ g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"g adf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb\df lglxt x'g]5 . -@_ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL g]kfnsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;fdfGo lgb]{zg, lgoGq0f / ;~rfng ug]{ cleef/f dlGqkl/ifb\pk/ x'g]5 . -#_ g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL sfdx¿ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf x'g]5 . -$_ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf x'g] lg0f{o jf cfb]z / tT;DaGwL clwsf/kqsf] k|dfl0fs/0f sfg"gåf/f Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . 38 dlGqkl/ifb\sf] u7gM -!_ /fhgLlts ;xdltsf cfwf/df k|wfgdGqL / lghsf] cWoIftfdf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] u7g x'g]5 . :ki6Ls/0f M o; ;+ljwfgsf] k|of]hgsf nflu æ/fhgLlts ;xdltÆ eGgfn] ;Djt\ @)^# ;fn sflt{s @@ ut] /fhg}lts ;xdlt sfod ug]{ g]kfnL sf+u|];, g]skf -Pdfn]_, g]kfnL sf+u|]; -k|hftflGqs_, hgdf]rf{ g]kfn, g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{ -cfgGbLb]jL_, g]kfn dhb"/ ls;fg kf6L{, ;+o'Qm jfd df]rf{ g]kfn ;lxtsf ;ft /fhg}lts bnx¿ / g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ jLrsf] ;xdlt ;Demg' k5{ . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ;xdlt sfod x'g g;s]df Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ;b:osf] jx'dtsf] cfwf/df k|wfgdGqL lgjf{lrt x'g]5 . -#_ cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;+/rgf / sfo{ljefhg cfk;L ;xdltaf6 to ul/g]5 . -$_ dlGqkl/ifbdf cfjZostf cg';f/ pkk|wfgdGqL / cGo dGqLx¿ /xg] 5g\ . :ki6Ls/0f M o; wf/fsf] k|of]hgsf nflu dGqL eGgfn] dGqfnosf] 5'§} sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg] /fHodGqL ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 . -%_ k|wfgdGqLn] dGqL lgo'lQm ubf{ ;DalGwt bnsf] l;kmfl/;df Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;b:ox¿ dWo]af6 lgo'lQm ug'{ kg{]5 . -^_ k|wfgdGqL / cGo dGqLx¿ Joj:yflksf–;+;bk|lt ;fd"lxs ¿kdf pQ/bfoL x'g]5g\ / dGqLx¿ cfˆgf dGqfnosf] sfdsf nflu JolQmut ¿kdf k|wfgdGqL / Joj:yflksf–;+;bk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g]5g\ . -&_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf k|wfgdGqL cfˆgf] kbaf6 d'Qm x'g]5M– -s_ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;efd'v ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf, -v_ lgh Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;b:o g/x]dfM jf -u_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf -*_ pk–k|wfgdGqL, dGqL, /fHodGqL tyf ;xfos dGqL b]xfosf cj:yfdf cfˆgf] kbaf6 d'Qm x'g]5g\ M– -s_ lghn] k|wfgdGqL ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf, -v_ pkwf/f -&_ adf]lhd k|wfgdGqL cfˆgf] kbaf6 d'Qm ePdf, -u_ ;DalGwt bnsf] l;kmfl/;df jf ;DalGwt bn;Fusf] ;Nnfxdf k|wfgdGqLn] lghnfO{ kbd'Qm u/]df, jf -3_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf . -(_ pkwf/f -&_ adf]lhd k|wfgdGqL cfˆgf] kbaf6 d'Qm ePklg csf]{ dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g geP;Dd ;f]xL dlGqkl/ifb\n] sfo{ ;~rfng u/L /xg]5 . -!)_ k|wfgdGqLsf] d[To' ePdf gofF k|wfgdGqLsf] rog geP;Ddsf] nflu pkk|wfgdGqL jf jl/i7td dGqLn] k|wfgdGqLsf] ¿kdf sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{5 . 39 /fHodGqL / ;xfos dGqLM -!_ k|wfgdGqLn] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;b:ox¿ dWo]af6 ;DalGwt /fhg}lts bnsf] l;kmfl/;df /fHodGqL lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5 . 7

-@_ k|wfgdGqLn] s'g} dGqLnfO{ lghsf] sfo{ef/ ;~rfngdf ;xfotf ug{ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;b:ox¿ dWo]af6 ;DalGwt /fhg}lts bnsf] l;kmfl/;df ;xfos dGqL lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5 . 40 Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;b:o gePsf] JolQm dGqL kbdf lgo'Qm x'g ;Sg]M wf/f #& / #* df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg k|wfgdGqLn] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;b:o gePsf] s'g} JolQmnfO{ pkk|wfgdGqL, dGqL, /fHodGqL jf ;xfos dGqL kbdf lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5 . 41 kfl/>lds tyf cGo ;'ljwfx¿M k|wfgdGqL, pk–k|wfgdGqL, dGqL, /fHo dGqL / ;xfos dGqLx¿sf] kfl/>lds / cGo ;'ljwfx¿ P]gåf/f lgwf{/0f x'g]5 . ;f] adf]lhd P]gåf/f lgwf{/0f geP;Dd g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g]5 . 42 zkyM k|wfgdGqLn] Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;dIf / pkk|wfgdGqL, dGqL, /fHo dGqL tyf ;xfos dGqLn] k|wfgdGqL ;dIf cfˆgf] kb / uf]kgLotfsf] zky u|x0f ug'{ kg]{5 . 43 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ;~rfngM -!_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;~rfng ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf] efjgf, /fhgLlts ;xdlt / ;xsfo{sf] ;+:s[lt cg'¿k ul/g]5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;~rfngsf] gLltut cfwf/ cfk;L ;xdltaf6 tof/ ul/Psf] Go"gtd ;femf sfo{qmd x'g]5 . -@_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t lgodfjnL adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ljefhg / sfo{ ;Dkfbg x'g]5 . -#_ pkwf/f -@_ cGtu{tsf] lgodfjnLsf] kfngf eof] jf ePg eGg] k|Zg s'g} cbfntdf p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g . 44 ;+ljwfg ;efsf] u7g ePkl5sf] dlGqkl/ifb\M ;+ljwfg ;efsf] u7g ePkl5 sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/sf] k|of]u, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] u7g / tT;DaGwL cGo s'/f cfjZos x]/km]/ ;lxt o;} efudf n]lvPsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd x'g]5 . efu ^

Joj:yflksf–;+;b 45

Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] u7gM -!_ g]kfndf Ps ;bgfTds Joj:yflksf– ;+;b /xg]5 h;df b]xfo adf]lhdsf ##) ;b:o /xg] 5g\M– -s_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'g'eGbf tTsfn cl3 sfod /x]sf] k|ltlglw ;ef / /fli6«o ;efsf ;ft /fhgLlts bn / cGo bnsf lgjf{lrt ;b:ox¿ ;d]t u/L @)( hgf, :ki6Ls/0fM ;ft /fhgLlts bn eGgfn] ;+jt\ @)^# ;fn sflt{s @@ ut] /fhgLlts ;xdlt sfod ug]{ g]kfnL sf+u|];, g]skf -Pdfn]_, g]kfnL sf+u|]; -k|hftflGqs_, hgdf]rf{ g]kfn, g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{ -cfgGbLb]jL_, g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{ / ;+o'Qm jfd df]rf{nfO{ hgfpF5 . -v_ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] tkm{af6 &# hgf -u_ ;+o'Qm jfd df]rf{, hgjuL{o tyf k]zfut ;Ë7g, pTkLl8t hflt, lk5l8Psf] If]q, cflbjf;L hghflt / dlxnf tyf /fhg}lts JolQmTjx¿af6 ;xdltsf cfwf/df dgf]lgt $* hgf -@_ pkwf/f -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg hgcfGbf]ngsf] ljkIfdf /x]sf JolQmx¿ Joj:yflksf– ;+;bdf /xg]5}gg\ . -#_ Joj:yflksf–;+;b /fhgLlts ;xdltsf cfwf/df ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -$_ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] sfo{sfn ;+ljwfg ;efsf] klxnf] a}7s a;]kl5 ;dfKt x'g]5 . -%_ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] s'g} ;b:osf] :yfg s'g} sf/0fn] l/Qm ePdf afFsL cjlwsf] nflu h'g /fhg}lts bn jf ;d"xaf6 k|ltlglwTj ePsf] xf] ;f]xL /fhg}lts bn jf ;d"xaf6 dgf]gog eO{ l/Qm :yfg k"lt{ x'g]5 . 46 ;b:osf nflu of]UotfM Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;b:o x'gsf nflu s'g} klg JolQmn] b]xfosf] of]Uotf k"/f u/]sf] x'g' kg]{5M -s_ g]kfnsf] gful/s, -v_ slDtdf kRrL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf], -u_ hgcfGbf]ngsf] efjgfk|lt k|ltj4 /x]sf], -3_ s'g} nfesf] kb wf/0f gu/]sf] . :ki6Ls/0fM o; wf/fsf] v08 -3_ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu Ænfesf] kbÆ eGgfn] lgjf{lrt jf dgf]gogåf/f k"lt{ ul/g] /fhg}lts kbafx]s ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 kfl/>lds jf cfly{s ;'ljwf kfpg] cGo kb ;Demg' k5{ . 47 ;b:osf] cof]Uotf ;DaGwL lg0f{oM Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] s'g} ;b:o wf/f $^ cg';f/ cof]Uo 5 jf x'g uPsf] 5 eGg] k|Zg p7]df To;sf] clGtd lg0f{o Joj:yflksf–;+;bn] ug{]5 . 48 :yfg l/QmtfM Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;b:osf] :yfg b]xfosf] cj:yfdf l/Qm x'g]5M– -s_ lghn] lnlvt /flhgfdf lbPdf, -v_ wf/f $^ adf]lhd lghsf] of]Uotf gePdf, -u_ h'g /fhg}lts bnaf6 k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] xf] ;f] /fhg}lts bndf g/x]sf]] ;"rgf ;DalGwt bnn] hfgsf/L u/fPdf, -3_ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePdf, jf -ª_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf, 49 zkyM Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] k|To]s ;b:on] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] klxnf] a}7sdf efu lng'eGbf cl3 lgwf{l/t ¿kdf zky lng' kg]{5 . 8

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52 53 54

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Joj:yflksf–;+;b sf] ;efd'v / pk;efd'vM -!_ Joj:yflksf–;+;bn] cfˆgf ;b:o dWo]af6 Pshgf ;efd'v / Pshgf pk;efd'vsf] lgjf{rg /fhgLlts ;xdltaf6 ug]{5 . ;xdlt x'g g;s]df Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox¿sf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6 lgjf{rg ul/g]5 . ;efd'v jf pk;efd'vsf] kb l/Qm ePdf Joj:yflksf–;+;bn] cfˆgf] ;b:ox¿ dWo]af6 lgjf{rg u/L l/Qm :yfgsf] k"lt{ ug]{5 . (2) Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;efd'v / pk;efd'v Pp6} /fhg}lts bnsf] ;b:o x'g;Sg] 5}g . (3) Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;efd'vsf] cg'kl:yltdf pk;efd'vn] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] a}7ssf] cWoIftf ug]{5 . (4) Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;efd'v / pk;efd'vsf] lgjf{rg gePsf] jf b'a} kb l/Qm /x]sf] cj:yfdf Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] a}7ssf] cWoIftf pkl:yt ;b:ox¿ dWo] pd]/sf] lx;fjn] h]i7 ;b:on] ug]{5 . (5) Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;efd'v jf pk;efd'vsf] kb b]xfosf] cj:yfdf l/Qm x'g]5M– -s_ lgh Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;b:o g/x]df, -v_ lghn] lnlvt /flhgfdf lbPdf, -u_ lghn] kb cg's"n cfr/0f u/]sf] 5}g eGg] k|:tfj Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] b'O{ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6 kfl/t ePdf ., (6) Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;efd'vn] kb cg's"nsf] cfr/0f u/]sf] 5}g eGg] k|:tfj pk/ 5nkmn x'g] a}7ssf] cWoIftf pk;efd'vn] ug]{5 . ;f] k|:tfjsf] 5nkmndf ;efd'vn] efu lng / dtbfg ug{ kfpg]5 . clwj]zgsf] cfJxfg / cGtM -!_ k|wfgdGqLn] klxnf] k6s / To;kl5 ;do ;dodf Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;+;bsf] clwj]zg cfJxfg ug]{5 . (2) ;efd'vsf] k/fdz{df k|wfgdGqLn] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] clwj]zgsf] cGt ug]{5 . k|wfgdGqLaf6 ;Daf]wgM k|wfgdGqLn] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] clwj]zgdf ;/sf/sf] jflif{s gLlt sfo{qmd k|:t't u/L ;Daf]wg ug{]5 . u0fk'/s ;+VofM o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoyf n]lvPsf]df afx]s Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] s'g} klg a}7sdf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] Ps rf}yfO{ ;b:o pkl:yt geP;Dd s'g} k|Zg jf k|:tfj lg0f{ofy{ k|:t't ul/g] 5}g . ;b:osf] :yfg l/Qm /x]sf] cj:yfdf a}7ssf] sfo{ ;~rfngM -!_ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] s'g} ;b:osf] :yfg l/Qm 5 eg] klg Joj:yflksf–;+;bn] cfˆgf] sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg]5 / Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] s'g} sf/jfO{df efu lng gkfpg] s'g} JolQmn] efu lnPsf] s'/f kl5 kQf nfUof] eg] klg eO{;s]sf] s'g} sfo{ cdfGo x'g] 5}g . -@_ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;b:o g/x]sf] dGqL, /fHodGqL jf ;xfosdGqLn] Joj:yflksf–;+;b jf To;sf] s'g} ;ldltsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt x'g ;Sg]5 . t/ lghnfO{ dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5}g . dtbfgM o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoyf n]lvPsf]df afx]s Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] s'g} klg a}7sdf lg0f{osf] nflu k|:t't ul/Psf] h'g;'s} k|Zgsf] lg0f{o pkl:yt eO{ dtbfg ug]{ ;b:ox¿sf] ax'dtaf6 x'g]5 . cWoIftf ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ;fdfGotM dt lbg] clwsf/ x'g] 5}g . t/ dt a/fa/ ePdf lghn] cfˆgf] lg0f{fos dt lbg]5 . ljz]ifflwsf/M -!_ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] a}7sdf k"0f{ jfs :jtGqtf /xg]5 / ;f] a}7sdf JoQm u/]sf] s'g} s'/f jf lbPsf] s'g} dtnfO{ lnP/ s'g} klg ;b:onfO{ kqmfp ug{, y'gfdf /fVg jf lghpk/ s'g} cbfntdf s'g} sf/afxL rnfpg ;lsg]5}g . -@_ Joj:yflksf–;+;bnfO{ cfˆgf] cfGtl/s sfd sf/afxL lgoldt ug{] k"0f{ clwsf/ /xg]5 / s'g} sf/afxL lgoldt jf clgoldt 5 jf 5}g egL lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/ Joj:yflksf–;+;bnfO{ dfq x'g]5 . o; ;DaGwdf s'g} cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g . -#_ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] s'g}klg sfd sf/afxLnfO{ To;sf] c;n lgotaf/] z+sf p7fO{ s'g} l6sf l6Kk0fL ul/g] 5}g / s'g} ;b:on] af]n]sf] s'g} s'/fsf] ;DaGwdf hfgL–hfgL unt jf e|fds cy{ nufO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] k|sfzg tyf k|;f/0f ul/g] 5}g . -$_ Joj:yflksf–;+;bn] lbPsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t s'g} lnvt, k|ltj]bg, dtbfg jf sf/afxL k|sflzt u/]sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ s'g} JolQmpk/ cbfntdf sf/afxL rnfpg ;lsg] 5}g . :ki6Ls/0fM pkwf/f -!_, -@_, -#_ / -$_ sf] k|of]hgsf nflu æJoj:yflksf–;+;bÆ eGgfn] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] / To;sf] s'g} ;ldlt ;d]tnfO{ hgfpg] 5 . -%_ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] s'g} klg ;b:onfO{ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] clwj]zg cjlwe/ kqmfp ul/g] 5}g . t/ s'g} kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf s'g} ;b:onfO{ sfg"g cg';f/ kqmfp ug{ o; pkwf/fn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . To;/L s'g} ;b:o kqmfp ul/Pdf kqmfp ug{] clwsf/Ln] To;sf] ;"rgf Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] cWoIftf ug{] JolQmnfO{ t'?Gt lbg' kg{]5 . -^_ o; wf/fdf pNn]v ePsf s'g} s'/f pNn+3g ePdf Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ljz]ifflwsf/ xgg x'g] / Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ljz]ifflwsf/sf] xggnfO{ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] cjx]ngf dflgg]5 . s'g} ljz]ifflwsf/sf] xgg ePsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/ Joj:yflksf–;+;bnfO{ dfq x'g]5 . -&_ s;}n] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] cjx]ngf u/]df ;f] ;DaGwL a}7ssf] cWoIftf ug{] JolQmn] a}7ssf] lg0f{oaf6 ;f] JolQmnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg, g;Lxt lbg jf tLg dlxgfdf ga9\g] u/L s}b ug{ jf bz xhf/ ¿k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf ug{ ;Sg]5 . To:tf] hl/jfgf lghn] r'Qmf gu/]df ;/sf/L afFsL ;/x c;"n pk/ ul/g]5 . 9

t/ Joj:yflksf–;+;bnfO{ ;Gtf]if x'g] u/L lghn] Ifdf ofrgf u/]df Joj:yflksf–;+;bn] Ifdf k|bfg ug{ jf tf]ls;s]sf] ;hfonfO{ dfkmL ug{ jf 36fpg ;Sg]5 . -*_ o; ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/Pb]lv afx]s ljz]ifflwsf/ ;DaGwL cGo s'/fx¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/P adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . 57 sfo{ ;~rfng ljlwM o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL Joj:yflksf–;+;bn] cfˆgf] sfo{ ;~rfng /fhg}lts ;xdltsf] cfwf/df ug]{5 / Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] a}7ssf] ;'Joj:yf sfod /fVg / ;ldltx¿sf] u7g, sfd sf/jfxL / cGo s'/f lgoldt ug{sf] nflu lgodfjnL agfpg]5 . To:tf] lgodfjnL gag];Ddsf] nflu Joj:yflksf–;+;bn] cfˆgf] sfo{ljlw cfkm}+ lgoldt ug{]5 . 58 ;ldltM Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf o;sf] lgodfjnLdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd cfjZos ;+Vofdf ;ldlt / pk;ldltx¿ /xg] 5g\ . 59 ;+ljwfg;efn] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{M] wf/f $$ sf] pkwf/f -$_ adf]lhd Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePkl5 o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] clwsf/ ;+ljwfg;efn] k|of]u ug{]5 . 60 jx;df jGb]hM -!_g]kfnsf] s'g} cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] s'g} d'2f ;DaGwdf tyf GofofwLzn] sQ{Jo kfngsf] l;nl;nfdf u/]sf] Goflos sfo{sf] ;DjGwdf ;bgdf 5nkmn ug{ kfOg]5}g . t/ dxfleof]usf] k|:tfjdf 5nkmn ubf{ GofofwLzsf] cfrf/ ;DaGwdf s'g} s'/f JoQm ug{ o; wf/fn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ df ul/Psf] of] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg ;efdf ;d]t nfu" x'g]5 . 61

Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;lrjfnoM -!_ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] sfd, sf/afO{ ;+rfng tyf Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu Ps ;lrjfno /xg]5 . To:tf] ;lrjfnosf] :yfkgf / ;f] ;DaGwL cGo s'/f sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] sfd sf/afxL ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg ug{ cfjZos x'g] sd{rf/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg]5 . 62 kfl/>ldsM Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;efd'v, pk;efd'v, ;b:o tyf ;ldltsf ;efkltx¿sf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf sfg"gåf/f Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 / To;/L lgwf{/0f geP;Dd g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 . efu *

;+ljwfg ;ef ;+ljwfg ;efsf] u7gM -!_ g]kfnL hgtf cfkm}+n] gofF ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f ug{ o; ;+ljwfgsf] clwgdf /xL Ps ;+ljwfg ;efsf] u7g x'g]5 . (2) of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De eP kl5 ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] ldltdf x'g]5 . (3) ;+ljwfg ;efdf sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df lgjf{lrt $)( hgf / dgf]lgt !^ hgf u/L b]xfo jdf]lhdsf $@% hgf ;b:ox¿ /xg]5g\ M -s_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'g' cufl8 k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sfod /x]sf] lgjf{rg If]qx¿jf6 k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qaf6 Pshgfsf b/n] klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cg';f/ lgjf{lrt @)% ;b:o, -v_ ;Dk"0f{ b]znfO{ Ps If]q dfgL /fhg}lts bnnfO{ dt lbg] ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cg';f/ lgjf{lrt x'g] @)$ ;b:o, -u_ /fli6«o hLjgsf dxTjk"0f{ JolQmx¿dWo]jf6 ;xdltsf cfwf/df cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\jf6 dgf]lgt x'g] !^ hgf ;b:o . -$_ pkwf/f -#_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd /fhgLlts bnx¿n] pDd]bjf/ rog ubf{ ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ Wofg lbg' kg]{5 / v08 -v_ jdf]lhd /fhg}lts bnx¿n] pDd]bjf/x¿sf] ;"lrs[t ubf{ dlxnf, blnt, pTkLl8t hflt÷cflbjf;L hghflt, lk5l8Psf] If]q, dw]zL nufot cGo ju{ ;d]tsf] sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj u/fpg' kg]{5 . o; pkwf/fdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg dlxnfsf] xsdf pkwf/f - #_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjdf x'g] ;ª\Vofdf pkwf/f -#_ sf] v08 -s_ cg';f/ lbOg] pDd]bjf/Lsf] ;+Vof hf]8]/ s"n ;+Vofsf] Go"gtd Ps ltxfO{ pDd]bjf/L lbg'kg]{5 . -%_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf ;b:ox¿sf] lgjf{rg sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd uf]Ko dtbfgåf/f x'g]5 . -^_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ;+at\ @)^# ;fn dlª\;/ d;fGt;Dd c7f/ jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf] k|To]s g]kfnL gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd dtbfg ug{] clwsf/ x'g]5 . -&_ o; wf/fdf n]lvPsf] s'/fx¿sf] cwLgdf /xL ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg / ;f] ;DaGwL cGo s'/f sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . 64 ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfnM ;+ljwfg ;efn] k|:tfj kfl/t u/L cufj} lj36g u/]sf]df afx]s ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfn ;+ljwfg ;efsf] klxnf] a}7s a;]sf] ldltn] b'O{ jif{sf] x'g]5 . t/ d'n'sdf ;+s6sfnLg l:yltsf] 3f]if0ff ePsf] sf/0fn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{] sfd k"/f x'g g;s]df ;+ljwfg ;efn] k|:tfj kfl/t u/L ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfn yk 5 dlxgf;Dd a9fpg ;Sg]5 . 63

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;b:osf] of]UotfM ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;b:o x'gsf nflu s'g} klg JolQmn] b]xfosf of]Uotf k"/f u/]sf] x'g' kg{]5M -s_ g]kfnL gful/s, -v_ sDtLdf kRrL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f u/]sf], -u_ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}Hbf/L s;'/df ;hfo gkfPsf], -3_ s'g} nfesf] kb wf/0f gu/]sf] . :ki6Ls/0fM v08 -3_ sf] k|of]hgsf nflu ænfesf] kbÆ eGgfn] lgjf{rg jf dgf]gogåf/f k"lt{ ul/g] /fhg}lts kb afx]s s'g} ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 kfl/>lds jf cGo s'g} cfly{s ;'ljwf kfpg] cGo s'g} kbnfO{ hgfpg]5 . 66 ;b:osf] cof]Uotf ;DaGwL k|Zgsf] lg0f{oM ;+ljwfg ;efsf s'g} ;b:o wf/f ^% adf]lhd cof]Uo 5 jf x'g uPsf] 5 eGg] k|Zg p7]df To;sf] clGtd lg0f{o ;+ljwfg;ef cbfntn] ug]{5 . 67 ;b:osf] :yfgsf] l/QmtfM ;+ljwfg ;efsf ;b:osf] :yfg b]xfosf] cj:yfdf l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5M -s_ lghn] lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf, -v_ wf/f ^% adf]lhd lghsf] of]Uotf gePdf jf g/x]df, -u_ ;efnfO{ ;"rgf glbO{ nuftf/ bzj6f a}7sdf cg'kl:yt /x]df, -3_ h'g /fhg}lts bnsf] ;b:o eO{ lgjf{lrt ePsf] xf] ;f]xL bnn] sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd lghn] bn Tofu u/]sf] jf bnsf] ;b:otf sfod g/x]sf] s'/f ;"lrt u/]df, -ª_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf . :ki6Ls/0fM v08 -3_ sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg ;efsf cWoIf jf pkfWoIfsf] xsdf nfu" x'g] 5}g . 68 ;b:osf] zkyM ;+ljwfg ;efsf k|To]s ;b:on] ;+ljwfg ;ef jf o;sf] s'g} ;ldltdf klxnf] k6s efu lng' cl3 sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd zky lng' kg{]5 . 69 ;+ljwfg ;efsf] a}7sM -!_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf ;b:ox¿sf] clGtd lgjf{rg kl/0ffd lgjf{rg cfof]un] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] PSsfO; lbgleq k|wfgdGqLn] cfJxfg u/] jdf]lhd ;+ljwfg ;efsf] klxnf] a}7s a:g]5 / To;kl5sf a}7s ;+ljwfg ;efsf] cWoIftf ug{] JolQmn] tf]s]sf] ldlt / :yfgdf a:g]5 . (2) pkwf/f -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;+ljwfg ;efsf sDtLdf Ps rf}yfO{ ;b:on] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] a}7s af]nfpg cfjZos 5 egL sf/0f ;lxt ;+ljwfg ;efsf cWoIf ;dIf lgj]bg u/]df cWoIfn] kGw| lbgleq ;+ljwfg ;efsf] a}7s af]nfpg' kg{]5 . 70 ;+ljwfgsf] ljw]os kfl/t ug{] ljlwM -!_ ;+ljwfg ;efn] ;+ljwfgsf] ljw]os kfl/t ubf{ ;+ljwfg ;efdf k]z ePsf] To:tf] ljw]ossf] k|:tfjgf tyf k|To]s wf/fdf dtbfg u/L kfl/t ug{]5 . (2) pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd dtbfg ubf{ ;+ljwfg ;efdf tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:osf] sDtLdf b'O{ ltxfO{ ;b:o pkl:yt ePsf] a}7ssf] ;j{;Ddltaf6 kfl/t ug'{ kg{]5 . (3) pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd ;+ljwfgsf] ljw]ossf] k|:tfjgf jf To;sf] s'g} wf/fsf ;DaGwdf ;j{;Ddt sfod x'g g;s]df ;f] ljifodf ;j{;Ddlt sfod ug{ ;+ljwfg ;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug{] /fhg}lts bnsf ;+;bLo bnsf g]tfn] cfk;df k/fdz{ ug{]5g\ . (4) pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd k/fdz{ ug{] sfd ;j{;Ddlt sfod x'g g;s]sf] ldltn] a9Ldf kGw|lbg ;Dd k"/f ul/;Sg' kg{]5 . (5) pkwf/f -$_ adf]lhd k/fdz{ ePsf]df To:tf] k/fdz{ ug{] sfd k"/f ePsf] ;ft lbgleq To:tf] ljw]ossf] k|:tfjgf jf s'g} wf/f pk/ k'gM dtbfg x'g]5 . (6) pkwf/f -%_ adf]lhd dtbfg x'Fbf klg pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhdsf] ;j{;Ddt sfod x'g g;s]df k|:tfjgf jf h'g wf/fsf ;DaGwdf ;j{;Ddt sfod x'g g;s]sf] xf] ;f] k|:tfjgf jf wf/fdf k'gM dtbfg x'g]5 / To:tf] dtbfgdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:osf] sDtLdf b'O{ ltxfO{ ;b:o pkl:yt ePsf] a}7ssf] sDtLdf b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6 kfl/t ePdf To:tf] k|:tfjgf jf wf/f kfl/t ePsf] dflgg]5 . (7) o; wf/fsf] k|of]hgsf nflu ;+ljwfg ;efdf k]z ePsf] ;+ljwfgsf] ljw]ossf] k|:tfjgf jf To;sf] s'g} wf/fsf] ;DaGwdf dtbfg ubf{ s'g} klg ;b:on] To:tf] ljw]ossf] k|:tfjgf jf To;sf] s'g} wf/fsf] ljkIfdf dt glbPdf ;j{;Ddlt sfod ePsf] dflgg]5 . 71 ;+ljwfg ;efsf cWoIf / pkfWoIfM -!_ ;+ljwfg ;efn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ;DaGwL cfˆgf] sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ cl3 cfˆgf ;b:ox¿ dWo]af6 Pshgf cWoIf / Pshgf pkfWoIfsf] lgjf{rg ug{]5 . (2) pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd lgjf{rg ubf{ cWoIf / pkfWoIf ;+ljwfg ;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug{] cnu–cnu /fhg}lts bnaf6 k|ltlglwTj ug{] ;b:o x'g' kg{]5 . (3) pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd cWoIf / pkfWoIfsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg geP ;Dd pd]/sf lx;fjn] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;aeGbf h]i7 ;b:on] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] cWoIftf ug{]5 . (4) cWoIf jf pkfWoIfn] o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd cfˆgf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ubf{ s'g} klg /fhg}lts bnsf] kIf jf ljkIfdf g/xL t6:y JolQmsf] x}l;otn] ug{]5 . 72 cWoIf / pkfWoIfsf] :yfg l/QmtfM -!_ b]xfosf] cj:yfdf cWoIf / pkfWoIfsf] kb l/Qm x'g]5M– -s_ lghn] lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf, -v_ ;+ljwfg ;efdf lghsf] ;b:otf g/x]df, 11

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-u_ lghn] kb cg's"nsf] cfr/0f u/]sf] 5}g eGg] k|:tfj ;+ljwfg ;efsf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] sDtLdf b'O{ ltxfO{ ;b:osf] ax'dtaf6 kfl/t ePdf, jf -3_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf . (2) ;+ljwfg ;efsf] cWoIfn] kb cg's"nsf] cfr/0f u/]sf] 5}g eGg] k|:tfjpk/ 5nkmn x'g] a}7ssf] cWoIftf pkfWoIf jf cGo s'g} ;b:on] ug{]5 / ;f] k|:tfjsf] 5nkmndf cWoIfn] efu lng / dt lbg kfpg] 5 . u0fk"/s ;+VofM o; efudf cGoyf n]lvPsf]df afx]s ;+ljwfg ;efsf] a}7sdf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] sDtLdf Ps rf}yfO{ ;b:o pkl:yt geP;Dd ;+ljwfg ;efsf] u0fk"/s ;+Vof k'u]sf] dflgg] 5}g / s'g} k|Zg jf k|:tfj lg0f{osf nflu k|:t't x'g] 5}g . ;b:osf] :yfg l/Qm /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{ ;~rfngM ;+ljwfg ;efsf] s'g} ;b:osf] :yfg l/Qm /x] klg ;+ljwfg ;efn] cfˆgf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sg]5 / cof]Uotfsf] sf/0f ;+ljwfg ;efsf] s'g} sfd sf/afxLdf efu lng gkfpg] s'g} JolQmn] efu lnPsf] s'/f kl5 kQf nfUof] eg] klg eO;s]sf] sfd sf/afxL cdfGo x'g] 5}g . dtbfgM o; efudf cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lg0f{osf] nflu k|:t't h'g;'s} k|Zg jf k|:tfjsf] lg0f{o pkl:yt eO{ dtbfg ug{] ;b:ox¿sf] ax'dtaf6 x'g]5 . cWoIftf ug{] JolQmnfO{ ;fdfGotof dt lbg] clwsf/ x'g] 5}g . t/ dt a/fa/ ePdf lghn] cfˆgf] lg0ff{os dt lbg]5 . cglws[t pkl:yt ePdf jf dtbfg u/]df ;hfo x'g]M wf/f ^& adf]lhd zky glnO{ jf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;b:o x'gsf] nflu cfjZos of]Uotf k'u]sf] 5}g eGg] yfxf kfpFbf kfpFb} s'g} JolQm ;+ljwfg ;ef jf To;sf] s'g} ;ldltsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt ePdf jf lghn] dtbfg u/]df lghnfO{ ;f] a}7sdf cWoIftf ug{] JolQmsf] cfb]zn] To;/L pkl:yt ePsf] jf dtbfg u/]sf] k|To]s k6ssf nflu kfFr xhf/ ¿k}ofF hl/jfgf x'g]5 . o;/L ePsf] hl/jfgf lghn] r'Qmf gu/]df ;/sf/L afFsL ;/x c;'n pk/ ul/g]5 . ljz]ifflwsf/M -!_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] a}7sdf k"0f{ jfs\ :jtGqtf /xg]5 / ;f] a}7sdf JoQm u/]sf] s'g} s'/f jf lbPsf] s'g} dtnfO{ lnP/ s'g} klg ;b:onfO{ kqmfp ug{, y'gfdf /fVg jf lghpk/ s'g} cbfntdf sf/afxL rnfOg] 5}g . -@_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] k|To]s a}7snfO{ cfˆgf] cfGtl/s sfd, sf/afxL lgoldt ug{] k"0f{ clwsf/ /xg]5 / s'g} sfd sf/afxL lgoldt jf clgoldt 5 jf 5}g egL lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/ ;DalGwt a}7snfO{ dfq x'g]5 . o; ;DaGwdf s'g} cbfntdf k|Zg p7fOg] 5}g . -#_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] s'g} klg sfd, sf/afxLnfO{ To;sf] c;n lgotaf/] z+sf p7fO{ s'g} 6Lsf l6Kk0fL ul/g] 5}g / s'g} ;b:on] af]n]sf] s'g} s'/fsf] ;DaGwdf hfgL–hfgL unt jf e|fds cy{ nufO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] k|sfzg tyf k|;f/0f ul/g] 5}g . -$_ ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 lbPsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t s'g} lnvt, k|ltj]bg, dtbfg jf sf/afxL k|sflzt u/]sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ s'g} JolQmpk/ cbfntdf sf/afxL rnfOg] 5}g . :ki6Ls/0fM pkwf/f -!_, -@_, -#_ / -$_ sf] k|of]hgsf nflu æ;+ljwfg ;efsf] a}7sÆ eGgfn] ;+ljwfg ;ef / To;sf] s'g} ;ldltsf] a}7s ;d]tnfO{ hgfpg] 5 . -%_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] s'g} klg ;b:onfO{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfne/ kqmfp ul/g] 5}g . t/ s'g} kmf}Hbf/L cleof]udf s'g} ;b:onfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd kqmfp ug{ o; pkwf/fn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . To;/L s'g} ;b:o kqmfp ul/Pdf kqmfp ug{] clwsf/Ln] To;sf] ;"rgf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] cWoIftf ug{] JolQmnfO{ t'?Gt lbg' kg{]5 . -^_ o; wf/fdf pNn]v ePsf s'g} s'/f pNn+3g ePdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ljz]ifflwsf/ xgg x'g] / ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ljz]ifflwsf/sf] xggnfO{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] cjx]ngf dflgg]5 . s'g} ljz]ifflwsf/sf] xgg ePsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/ ;f] ;efnfO{ dfq x'g]5 . -&_ s;}n] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] cjx]ngf u/]df ;f] ;DaGwL a}7ssf] cWoIftf ug{] JolQmn] a}7ssf] lg0f{oaf6 ;f] JolQmnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg, g;Lxt lbg jf tLg dlxgfdf ga9\g] u/L s}b ug{ jf bz xhf/ ¿k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf ug{ ;Sg]5 . To:tf] hl/jfgf lghn] r'Qmf gu/]df ;/sf/L afFsL ;/x c;"n pk/ ul/g]5 . t/ ;+ljwfg ;efnfO{ ;Gtf]if x'g] u/L lghn] Ifdf ofrgf u/]df ;+ljwfg ;efn] Ifdf k|bfg ug{ jf tf]ls;s]sf] ;hfonfO{ dfkmL ug{, 36fpg jf sfof{Gjog gu/fpg ;Sg]5 . -*_ o; ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/Pb]lv afx]s ljz]ifflwsf/ ;DaGwL cGo s'/fx¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/P adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . sfo{ ;~rfng ljlwM o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL ;+ljwfg ;efn] cfˆgf] sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ a}7ssf] ;'Joj:yf sfod /fVg / ;ldltx¿sf] u7g, sfd sf/jfxL / cGo s'/f lgoldt ug{sf] nflu lgodfjnL agfpg]5 . To:tf] lgodfjnL gag];Ddsf] nflu ;+ljwfg ;efn] cfˆgf] sfo{ljlw cfkm}+ lgoldt ug{]5 . ;ldltM ;+ljwfg ;efdf sfg"gåf/f Joj:yf eP adf]lhd cfjZos ;+Vofdf ;ldlt / pk;ldltx¿ /xg] 5g\ . cfjZostf cg';f/ ljz]if1x¿sf] ;xof]u lng ;lsg]5 . ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;lrjfnoM -!_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu Ps ;lrjfno /xg]5 . To:tf] ;lrjfnosf] :yfkgf / ;f] ;DaGwL cGo s'/f sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . -@_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfd, sf/afxL ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos x'g] sd{rf/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg]5 . kfl/>ldsM ;+ljwfg ;efsf cWoIf, pkfWoIf, ;b:o tyf ;ldltsf ;efkltx¿sf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf sfg"gåf/f Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 / To;/L Joj:yf geP;Dd g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 . 12

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;+ljwfg ;efsf] lj36gM ;+ljwfg ;efn] kfl/t u/]sf] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] lbgb]lv ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfd ;dfKt x'g]5 . t/, ;+ljwfg ;efn] kfl/t u/]sf] ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] lgjf{rg geP;Ddsf nflu Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] sfd, sf/jflx ;f] ;efn] kfl/t u/]sf] ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v eP jdf]lhd x'g]5 . 83 Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] x}l;otdf sfd ug{]M -!_ o; efudf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;+ljwfg ;ef sfod /x]sf] cjlwe/ ;f] ;efn] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] sfd ;d]t ug{]5 / lgoldt ljwfog ;DaGwL cfjZos sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;+ljwfg ;efn] 5'§} ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 . (2) ;+ljwfg ;efsf cWoIf tyf pkfWoIf Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf qmdzM ;efd'v / pk;efd'v x'g]5g\ . (3) ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;lrjfno / To;sf sd{rf/Lx¿ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;lrjfno / sd{rf/L x'g]5g\ . (4) ;+ljwfg ;efn] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] x}l;otdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ubf{ efu ( sf Joj:yfx¿ cfjZos x]/km]/ ;lxt ;+ljwfg ;efnfO{ nfu" x'g]5g\ . efu (

Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw 84

ljw]os k|:t't ug{ ;Sg]M -!_ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] s'g} klg ;b:on] ;bgdf ljw]os k|:t't ug{ ;Sg]5 . :ki6Ls/0fM o; efusf] k|of]hgsf] nflu æ;bgÆ eGgfn] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;bg / æ;b:oÆ eGgfn] Joj:yflksf– ;+;bsf] ;b:onfO{ hgfpFg]5 . -@_ cy{ ljw]os tyf g]kfnL ;]gf, ;z:q k|x/L,g]kfn k|x/L nufot ;'/Iff lgsfo;Fu ;DalGwt ljw]os ;/sf/L ljw]ossf] ¿kdf dfq k|:t't ul/g]5 . -#_ æcy{ ljw]osÆ eGgfn] b]xfodf plNnlvt ;a} jf s'g} ljifol;t ;DaGw /fVg] ljw]osnfO{ hgfpF5M– -s_ s/ nufpg], p7fpg], vf/]h ug]{, 5"6 lbg], kl/jt{g ug]{ jf s/ k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ ljifo, -v_ ;l~rt sf]if jf cGo s'g} ;/sf/L sf]ifsf] ;+/If0f ug]{, To:tf] sf]ifdf /sd hDdf ug]{ jf To:tf] sf]ifaf6 s'g} /sd ljlgof]hg jf vr{ ug]{ jf ljlgof]hg jf vr{ ug{ vf]lhPsf] /sd 36fpg], a9fpg] jf vf/]h ug]{ ljifo, -u_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] C0f k|fKt ug]{ jf hdfgt lbg] ljifo Jojl:yt ug]{ jf g]kfn ;/sf/n] lnPsf] jf lng] cfly{s bfloTj ;DaGwL sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug]{ ljifo , -3_ ;/sf/L sf]ifdf k|fKt x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf] /fh:j, C[0f c;"nLaf6 k|fKt /sd / cg'bfgsf] /sd lhDdf /fVg], nufgL ug]{ jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] n]vfsf] n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ ljifo, jf -ª_ v08 -s_ b]lv v08 -3_ ;Ddsf ljifox¿;+u k|ToIf ;DaGw ePsf k|f;+lus ljifox¿, t/ s'g} cg'dltkq b:t'/, lgj]bg b:t'/, gljs/0f b:t'/ h:tf z'Ns, b:t'/ nufpg] jf s'g} hl/jfgf jf s}b x'g] Joj:yf jf :yfgLo lgsfon] nufpg] s'g} s/, b:t'/ jf z'Ns ePsf] sf/0fn] dfq s'g} ljw]os cy{ ljw]os dflgg] 5}g . -$_ s'g} ljw]os cy{ ljw]os xf] jf xf]Og eGg] k|Zg p7]df Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;efd'vsf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g]5 . 85 ljw]os kfl/t ug]{ ljlwM -!_ ;bgdf ljw]os k|:t't ug{ rfxg] ;b:on] ljw]os k|:t't ug'{ eGbf sDtLdf ;ft lbg cufj} ;f]sf] ;"rgf dxf;lrj jf ;lrjnfO{ lbg' kg]{5 . t/ ;/sf/L ljw]ossf] xsdf kfFr lbg cufl8 ;"rgf lbg' kof{Kt x'g]5 . -@_ ljw]os k]z x'g] lbgeGbf b'O{ lbg cufj} k|To]s ;b:onfO{ ljw]ossf] k|lt pknAw u/fOg]5 . -#_ ljw]os k|:t'tstf{ ;b:on] ;bg ;dIf ljw]osdfly ljrf/ ul/of];\ eGg] s'g} k|:tfj k|:t't ug{ ;Sg]5 . -$_ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhdsf] k|:tfj :jLs[t ePdf To:tf] ljw]os dflysf] bkmfaf/ 5nkmn ;bgdf jf ;DalGwt ;ldltdf x'g]5 . -%_ ;bgdf bkmfaf/ 5nkmn ePsf]df ;f] ;dfKt ePkl5 / ;ldltdf bkmfjf/ 5nkmn ePsf]df ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg dflysf] 5nkmn ;dfKt ePkl5 ljw]os k|:t'tstf{ ;b:on] ljw]os kfl/t ul/of];\ eGg] k|:tfj k|:t't ug]{5 . -^_ pkwf/f -%_ adf]lhd k|:t't ePsf] k|:tfj ;bgsf] s"n ;b:o ;+Vofsf] ;fdfGo ax'dtaf6 :jLs[t ePdf ljw]os kfl/t ePsf] dflgg]5 . 86 ljw]os lkmtf{ lng]M ljw]os k|:t'tstf{ ;b:on] ;bgsf] :jLs[lt lnO{ ljw]os lkmtf{ lng ;Sg]]5 . 87 ljw]ossf] k|df0fLs/0fM ;bgaf6 kfl/t ljw]os Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;efd'våf/f k|df0fLs/0f ePkl5 P]g aGg]5 . 88 cWofb]zM -!_ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] clwj]zg jf a}7s rln/x]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s cGo cj:yfdf tTsfn s]xL ug{ cfjZos k/]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fdf g]kfn ;/sf/ ;Gt'i6 ePdf o; ;+ljwfgdf n]lvPsf s'/fx¿sf] k|lts"n gx'g] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos cWofb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd hf/L ePsf] cWofb]z P]g ;/x dfGo x'g]5 . t/ To:tf] k|To]s cWofb]zM -s_ hf/L ePkl5 a;]sf] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] a}7sdf k]z ul/g]5 / To:tf] a}7sn] :jLsf/ gu/]df :jtM lgis[o x'g]5, -v_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 h'g;'s} avt vf/]h x'g ;Sg]5, / 13

-u_

v08 -s_ jf -v_ adf]lhd lgis[o jf vf/]h gePdf Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] a}7s a;]sf] ;f7L lbgkl5 :jtM lgis[o x'g]5 . efu !)

cfly{s sfo{ k|0ffnL 89 90

91

92

93

94 95

96

sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s/ nufpg jf C0f lng gkfOg]M -!_ sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s'g} s/ nufOg] / p7fOg] 5}g . -@_ sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f s'g} C0f lnOg] / hdfgt lbOg] 5}g . ;l~rt sf]ifM u'7L /sd afx]s g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf /fh:j, /fh:jsf] lwtf]df lnOPsf ;a} shf{x¿ / P]gsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t lbOPsf] h'g;'s} C0f c;"n x'Fbf k|fKt ePsf] ;a} wg tyf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt x'g] cGo h'g;'s} /sd Ps ;/sf/L sf]ifdf cfDbfgL afFlwg]5 h;nfO{ ;l~rt sf]if elgg]5 . t/ lghL u'7L afx]ssf] cGo u'7Lsf] /sdsf] xsdf sfg"g agfO{ lgoldt ul/g]5 . ;l~rt sf]if jf ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 JooM b]xfosf /sd afx]s ;l~rt sf]if jf cGo s'g} ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 s'g} /sd lemSg ;lsg] 5}gM– -s_ ;l~rt sf]ifdfly Jooef/ ePsf] /sd, -v_ ljlgof]hg ug]{ P]gåf/f vr{ x'g] /sd, -u_ ljlgof]hg ljw]os ljrf/fwLg /x]sf cj:yfdf k]:sLsf] ¿kdf P]gåf/f vr{ x'g] /sd, jf -3_ ljz]if cj:yfdf Joosf] ljj/0f dfq ePsf] pwf/f] vr{ P]gåf/f Joo x'g] /sd . t/ cfsl:ds sf]ifsf xsdf wf/f (& adf]lhd x'g]5 . ;l~rt sf]ifdfly Jooef/M b]xfosf ljifo;+u ;DalGwt vr{x¿ ;l~rt sf]ifdfly Jooef/ x'g]5g\M -s_ g]kfnsf] k|wfg GofofwLz tyf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf cGo GofofwLzx¿nfO{ lbOg] kfl/>lds, ;'ljwf / lgj[lQe/0fsf] /sd, -v_ lgDg lnlvt kbflwsf/LnfO{ lbOg] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfsf /sdx¿M– -!_ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf ;efd'v / pk;efd'v, -@_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf cWoIf / pkfWoIf, -#_ clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf k|d'v cfo'Qm / cfo'Qmx¿, -$_ n]vfk/LIf0f cfof]usf k|d'v cfo'Qm / cfo'Qmx¿, -%_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:ox¿, -^_ k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qmx¿, / -&_ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:ox¿ . -u_ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, n]vfkl/If0f cfof]u, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, lgjf{rg cfof]u / /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u;DaGwL k|zf;lgs Joox¿, -3_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] bfloTjsf] C0f ;DaGwL Jooef/, -ª_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lj?4 cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf jf cf1lKt cg';f/ ltg'{ kg]{ /sd, / -r_ sfg"gn] ;l~rt sf]ifdfly Jooef/ x'g] egL lgwf{/0f u/]sf] /sd . /fh:j / Joosf] cg'dfgM -!_ cy{ dGqLn] k|To]s cfly{s jif{sf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;dIf b]xfosf s'/fx¿ ;d]t v'nfO{ jflif{s cg'dfg k]z ug{' kg]{5 M– -s_ /fh:jsf] cg'dfg, -v_ ;l~rt sf]ifdfly Jooef/ x'g] cfjZos /sdx¿, / -u_ ljlgof]hg P]gåf/f Joo x'g] cfjZos /sdx¿ . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd jflif{s cg'dfg k]z ubf{ cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{df k|To]s dGqfnonfO{ 5'6\ofOPsf] vr{sf] /sd / ;f] vr{ cg';f/sf] nIo xfl;n eof] jf ePg To;sf] ljj/0f klg k]z ug'{ kg]{5 . ljlgof]hg P]gM ljlgof]hg P]g cg';f/ Joo x'g] cfjZos /sd zLif{sx¿df lglb{i6 u/L ljlgof]hg ljw]osdf /flvg]5g\ . k'/s cg'dfgM -!_ s'g} cfly{s jif{df b]xfosf] cj:yf kg{ cfPdf cy{ dGqLaf6 Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;dIf k"/s cg'dfg k]z ul/g]5 M– -s_ rfn" cfly{s jif{sf lgldQ ljlgof]hg P]gåf/f s'g} ;]jfsf] nflu vr{ ug{ clVtof/L lbOPsf] /sd ckof{Kt ePdf jf To; jif{sf lgldQ ljlgof]hg P]gn] clVtof/ glbPsf] gofF ;]jfdf vr{ ug{ cfjZos ePdf, jf -v_ To; cfly{s jif{df s'g} ljlgof]hg P]gåf/f clVtof/L lbPsf] /sdeGbf a9L vr{ x'g uPdf . (2) k"/s cg'dfgdf /flvPsf] /sd zLif{sx¿df lglb{i6 u/L k"/s ljlgof]hg ljw]osdf /flvg]5g\ . k]:sL vr{M -!_ o; efudf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ljlgof]hg ljw]os ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] cj:yfdf cfly{s jif{sf nflu cg'dfg ul/Psf] Joosf] s'g} c+z cufj} k]:sLsf ¿kdf P]gåf/f vr{ ug{ ;lsg]5 . -@_ wf/f (@ df ul/Psf] Joj:yf cg';f/ /fh:j / Joosf] cg'dfg k]z gul/P;Dd k]:sL vr{ ljw]os k|:t't ul/g] 5}g / k]:sLsf] /sd cfly{s jif{sf] Joo cg'dfgsf] t[tLof+zeGbf a9L x'g]5}g . 14

-#_ k]:sL vr{ P]g cg';f/ vr{ ePsf] /sd ljlgof]hg ljw]osdf ;dfj]z ul/g]5 . 97 pwf/f] vr{M o; efudf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg k|fs[lts sf/0f jf jfx\o cfqmd0fsf] cfzÍf jf cfGtl/s ljWg jf cGo sf/0fn] ubf{ :yfgLo jf /fi6«JofkL ;Í6sf] cj:yf ePdf wf/f (@ cGtu{t rflxg] ljj/0f v'nfpg cJofjxfl/s jf /fHosf] ;'/Iff jf lxtsf b[li6n] cjf~5gLo b]lvPdf cy{ dGqLn] Joosf] ljj/0f dfq ePsf] pwf/f] vr{ ljw]os Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;dIf k]z ug{ ;Sg]5 . 98 cfsl:ds sf]ifM P]gåf/f cfsl:ds sf]ifsf gfdn] Pp6f sf]if :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg]5 / To:tf] sf]ifdf ;do ;dodf P]gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP cg';f/sf] /sd hDdf ul/g]5 . ;f] sf]if g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0fdf /xg]5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;f] sf]ifaf6 cfsl:ds sfo{sf] nflu vr{ ug{ ;Sg]5 . To:tf] vr{sf] /sd P]gåf/f oyfzLw| ;f]wegf{ ul/g]5 . 99 cfly{s sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL P]gM P]gåf/f ljlgof]lht Ps zLif{saf6 csf]{ zLif{sdf /sd ;fg]{ / cfly{s sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL cGo s'/fx¿ P]gåf/f Jojl:yt x'g]5 . efu !!

Gofokflnsf 100

Gofo ;DaGwL clwsf/ cbfntaf6 k|of]u x'g]M -!_ g]kfnsf] Gofo ;DaGwL clwsf/ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"g tyf Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt cg';f/ cbfnt tyf Goflos lgsfox¿af6 k|of]u ul/g]5 . -@_ g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfn] :jtGq Gofokflnsf ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff / d"NodfGotfnfO{ cg';/0f u/L nf]stGq / hgcfGbf]ngsf] efjgfnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ o; ;+ljwfgk|lt k|ltj4 /xg]5 . 101 cbfntx¿M -!_ g]kfndf b]xfo adf]lhdsf cbfntx¿ /xg]5gM– -s_ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, -v_ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, / -u_ lhNnf cbfnt . (2) pkwf/f -!_ df n]lvPb]lv afx]s vf; lsl;d / k|s[ltsf d'2fsf] sf/jfO{ / lsgf/fug{ sfg"gåf/f cGo cbfnt, Goflos lgsfo jf Gofoflws/0fsf] :yfkgf / u7g ug{ ;lsg]5 . t/ s'g} vf; d'2fsf] nflu cbfnt, Goflos lgsfo jf Gofoflws/0fsf] u7g ul/g] 5}g . 102 ;jf]{Rr cbfntM -!_ Gofokflnsfsf] ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] tx ;jf]{Rr cbfnt x'g]5 . -@_ ;+ljwfg ;ef ;DaGwL cbfnt afx]s g]kfnsf cGo ;a} cbfnt / Goflos lgsfox¿ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf dftxtdf x'g]5g\ . ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] cfˆgf] dftxtsf cbfnt / Goflos lgsfox¿sf] lg/LIf0f Pj+ ;'k/Lj]If0f ug{ / cfjZos lgb{]zg lbg ;Sg]5 . -#_ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt clen]v cbfnt x'g]5 . o;n] cfˆgf] / cfˆgf dftxtsf cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfox¿sf] cjx]ngfdf sf/afO{ rnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd ;hfo ug{ ;Sg]5 . -$_ ;+ljwfg ;ef ;DaGwL cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leq kg]{ ljifodf afx]s o; ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg"gsf] JofVof ug]{ clGtd clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf lglxt /xg]5 . -%_ g]kfnsf] k|wfg GofofwLzsf] cltl/Qm ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf a9Ldf rf}w hgf;Dd cGo GofofwLzx¿ /xg]5g\ . s'g} ;dodf ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf d'2fsf] ;+Vof a9\g uO{ GofofwLzx¿sf] ;+Vof ckof{Kt x'g uPdf s'g} lglZrt cjlwsf nflu c:yfoL GofofwLz lgo'Qm ug{ ;lsg]5 . 103 ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzx¿sf] lgo'lQm / of]UotfM -!_ k|wfgdGqLn] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\ sf] l;kmfl/;df ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k|wfg GofofwLz / k|wfg GofofwLzn] Gofokl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf cGo GofofwLzx¿sf] lgo'lQm ug{]5 . k|wfg GofofwLzsf] kbfjlw wf/f !)% sf] pkwf/f -!_ sf] v08 -v_ sf] cwLgdf /xL lgo'lQm ePsf] ldltaf6 5 jif{sf] x'g]5 . -@_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz kbdf sDtLdf tLg jif{ sfd u/]sf] JolQm ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k|wfg GofofwLzsf] kbdf lgo'Qm x'g of]Uo dflgg]5 . -#_ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] GofofwLz jf ;f] ;/xsf] Gofo ;]jfsf] s'g} kbdf ;ft aif{ jf Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fL jf ;f] eGbf dflyNnf] kbdf sDtLdf afx| jif{ sfd u/]sf] jf sfg"gdf :gfts clwjQmf jf jl/i7 clwjQmfsf] x}l;otdf sDtLdf kGw| jif{ jsfnt u/]sf] jf sDtLdf kGw| jif{;Dd Gofo jf sfg"gsf] If]qdf sfd u/L ljlzi7 sfg"gljbsf ¿kdf Voflt k|fKt u/]sf] JolQm dfq ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf nflu of]Uo dflgg]5 . -$_ k|wfg GofofwLzsf] kb l/Qm ePdf jf c:j:ytfsf] jf c? s'g} sf/0fn] k|wfg GofofwLz cfˆgf] kbsf] sfd ug{ c;dy{ ePdf jf labf a;]sf] jf g]kfn aflx/ uPsf] sf/0fn] k|wfg GofofwLz ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf pkl:yt gx'g] cj:yf k/]df ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] jl/i7td GofofwLzn] sfod d'sfod k|wfg GofofwLz eO{ sfd ug]{]5 . -%_ k|wfg GofofwLz / ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf cGo GofofwLzx¿ k};6\7L jif{sf] pd]/ gk'u];Dd cfkmgf] kbdf jxfn /xg]5g\ . 104 k|wfg GofofwLz tyf GofofwLzsf] ;]jfsf zt{ tyf ;'ljwfM -!_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k|wfg GofofwLz tyf sDtLdf kFfr jif{ sfd u/]sf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] :yfoL GofofwLzn] cjsfz k|fKt ubf{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd lgj[lQe/0f kfpg]5g\ . 15

-@_ o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoyf Joj:yf ul/Psf]df afx]s ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k|wfg GofofwLz tyf GofofwLzsf] kfl/>lds, labf, eQf, lgj[lQe/0f / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿ sfg"gåf/f Jojl:yt x'g]5g\ . -#_ pkwf/f -!_ / -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg dxfcleof]u4f/f kbd'Qm ePsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k|wfg GofofwLz tyf GofofwLzn] pkbfg jf lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] 5}g . -$_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k|wfg GofofwLz jf GofofwLznfO{ dsf{ kg]{ u/L lghsf] kfl/>lds, ;'ljwf jf ;]jfsf cGo zt{ ablng] 5}g . 105 k|wfg GofofwLz tyf ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz kb d'Qm x'g]M -!_ b]xfosf] cj:yfdf k|wfg GofofwLz jf ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] cGo s'g} GofofwLz cfˆgf] kbaf6 d'Qm ePsf] dflgg]5M– -s_ k|wfg GofofwLzn] dlGqkl/ifb ;dIf / GofofwLzn] k|wfg GofofwLz ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf, -v_ lghsf] k}+;¶L jif{sf] pd]/ k"/f ePdf, -u_ Joj:yflksf–;+;baf6 dxfcleof]u k|:tfj kfl/t ePdf, -3_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf . -@_ k|wfg GofofwLz jf cGo s'g} GofofwLz sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj, v/fa cfr/0f, OdfGbf/Lk"j{s cfˆgf] kbLo st{Josf] kfng gu/]sf], zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s sf/0fn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ c;dy{ ePsf] eGg] cfwf/df Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf dxfcleof]u k|:tfj k|:t't ug{ ;lsg]5 / ;f] k|:tfj tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6 kfl/t ePdf lgh :jtM kbd'Qm x'g]5 . -#_ pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd dxfleof]usf] sf/afO{ k|f/De ePkl5 ;f] sf/afO{sf] 6'Ëf] gnfu];Dd cf/f]k nfu]sf] k|wfg GofofwLz jf GofofwLzn] cfˆgf] kbsf] sfo{ ug]{ 5}g . 106 k|wfg GofofwLz tyf GofofwLznfO{ cGo s'g} kbdf sfddf nufpg gx'g]M -!_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k|wfgGofofwLz jf GofofwLznfO{ GofofwLzsf] kbdf afx]s cGo s'g} kbdf sfddf nufOg] jf sfhdf v6fOg] 5}g . t/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] Gofokl/ifb\;+u k/fdz{ lnO{ ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k|wfg GofofwLz jf GofofwLznfO{ Goflos hfFra'emsf] sfddf jf s]xL vf; cjlwsf] nflu sfg"g jf Gofo ;DaGwL cg';Gwfg, cGj]if0f jf /fli6«o ;/f]sf/sf] cGo s'g} sfddf v6fpg ;Sg]5 . -@_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k|wfg GofofwLz jf GofofwLz eO;s]sf] JolQm wf/f !#! sf] pkwf/f -!_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf] kbdf afx]s s'g} klg ;/sf/L kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu u|fXo x'g] 5}g / lghn] s'g} klg c8\8f cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{ ax; k}/jL ug{ kfpg] 5}g . 107 ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]qM -!_ o; ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ df}lns xspk/ cg'lrt aGb]h nufOPsf]n] jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] s'g} sfg"g of] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] x'Fbf ;f] sfg"g jf To;sf] s'g} efu ab/ 3f]lift u/L kfpF egL s'g} klg g]kfnL gful/sn] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 / ;f] cg';f/ s'g} sfg"g ;+ljwfg;+u aflemPsf] b]lvPdf ;f] sfg"gnfO{ k|f/Deb]lv g} jf lg0f{o ePsf] ldltb]lv cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug]{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ x'g]5 . -@_ o; ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ df}lns xssf] k|rngsf] nflu jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePsf] jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf eP klg ;f] pkrf/ ckof{Kt jf k|efjxLg b]lvPsf] cGo s'g} sfg"gL xssf] k|rngsf] nflu jf ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} ljjfbdf ;dfj]z ePsf] s'g} ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg¿k0fsf] nflu cfjZos / pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L u/L To:tf] xssf] k|rng u/fpg] jf ljjfb 6'Ëf] nufpg] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ x'g]5 . ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu k"0f{ ¿kdf Gofo u/L plrt pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f, k/dfb]z, pTk|]if0f, k|ltif]w, clwsf/k[R5f nufot h'g;'s} pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 . t/ clwsf/ If]qsf] cefj ePsf]df afx]s Joj:yflksf–;+;bn] rnfPsf] ljz]ifflwsf/sf] sf/afO{ / tT;DaGwdf tf]s]sf] ;hfodf o; pkwf/f cGtu{t ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] x:tIf]k ug]{ 5}g . -#_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd z'? d'2f x]g]{, k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg], ;fws hfFRg], d'2f bf]x¥ofpg] jf lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/ x'g]5 . -$_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] sfg"gåf/f tf]lsPsf cj:yf / zt{df cfkm\gf] km};nf jf clGtd cfb]zsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;Sg]5 . o;/L k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ klxnf km};nf ubf{sf GofofwLz afx]s cGo GofofwLzn] ug]{5g\ . -%_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cGo clwsf/ tyf sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 . 108 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt tyf lhNnf cbfntsf] :yfkgf, Joj:yf / clwsf/ If]qM o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, lhNnf cbfnt tyf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt dftxtsf cGo cbfnt tyf Goflos lgsfox¿sf] :yfkgf / Joj:yf sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 . 109 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm, of]Uotf / ;]jfsf zt{ tyf ;'ljwfx¿M -!_ k|wfg GofofwLzn] Gofokl/ifb\ sf] l;kmfl/;df k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] d'Vo GofofwLz / GofofwLz tyf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm ug{]5 . -@_ sfg"gdf :gftsf]kflw k|fKt u/L lhNnf GofofwLz jf Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkqflÍt k|yd >]0fLsf] kbdf sDtLdf ;ft jif{ sfd u/]sf] jf sfg"gdf :gfts jl/i7 clwjQmf jf clwjQmfsf] ¿kdf sDtLdf bz jif{ jsfnt u/]sf] jf 16

sDtLdf bz jif{ sfg"gsf] cWofkg, cGj]if0f jf sfg"g jf Gofo ;DaGwL cGo s'g} If]qdf sfd u/]sf] g]kfnL gful/s k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] d'Vo GofofwLz jf GofofwLzsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]Uo dflgg]5 . -#_ sfg"gdf :gftsf]kflw k|fKt u/L Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkqflÍt låtLo >]0fLsf] kbdf sDtLdf tLg jif{ sfd u/]sf] jf sfg"gdf :gfts clwjQmfsf] ¿kdf sDtLdf cf7 jif{ jsfnt u/]sf] g]kfnL gful/s lhNnf GofofwLzsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]Uo dflgg]5 . -$_ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd sfg"gdf :gfts clwjQmfnfO{ lhNnf GofofwLzdf lgo'lQm ubf{ Gofokl/ifb\af6 lnOg] lnlvt / df}lvs k/LIffaf6 pQL0f{ ePsf JolQmnfO{ lgo'lQm ul/g]5 . To:tf] k/LIff k|0ffnL / cGo sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . -%_ Gofokl/ifb\n] o; wf/f adf]lhd of]Uo ePsf] JolQmnfO{ of]Uotf, Ifdtf, cg'ej, Gofo k|ltsf] lgi7f / of]ubfg, ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf cfh{g u/]sf] VoftL, pRr g}lts rl/q ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt tyf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug{]5 . -^_ of] wf/f jf o; kl5sf cGo wf/fx¿df k|of]u ePsf] GofofwLz eGg] zAbn] ljifo jf k|;+uaf6 csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df cltl/Qm GofofwLz ;d]tnfO{ hgfpg]5 . -&_ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] d'Vo GofofwLz, GofofwLz tyf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] kfl/>lds, eQf, lgj[lQe/0f, labf, pkbfg / ;]jfsf cGo ;'ljwf / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . -*_ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] d'Vo GofofwLz / GofofwLz tyf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLznfO{ dsf{ kg]{ u/L lghsf] kfl/>lds, ;'ljwf / ;]jfsf zt{ ablng] 5|}g . -(_ pkwf/f -&_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg pk wf/f -!)_ sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd kbd'Qm ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt tyf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLzn] pkbfg tyf lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] 5}g . -!)_ b]xfosf] cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt jf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLz cfˆgf] kbaf6 d'Qm ePsf] dflgg]5M– -s_ lghn] k|wfg GofofwLz ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf, -v_ lghsf] lq;¶L jif{sf] pd]/ k"/f ePdf, -u_ sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj, v/fa cfr/0f, OdfGbf/Lk"j{s cfˆgf] kbLo st{Josf] kfng gu/]sf], zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s sf/0fn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ c;dy{ ePsf], Gofodf ljrlnt ePsf] eGg] cfwf/df kbd'Qm ug]{ egL Gofokl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o adf]lhd k|wfgGofofwLzaf6 kbd'Qm ePdf, o; v08 adf]lhd cf/f]k nfu]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt tyf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLznfO{ cfˆgf] ;kmfO{ k]z ug{ dgfl;j df}sf lbOg]5 / ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu lgh;+u aofg lng, k|df0f ;Íng ug{ / /fo ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ Gofokl/ifb\n] hfFra'em ;ldltsf] u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 . ;f] ;ldltsf] sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t x'g]5 . -3_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf . -!!_ pkwf/f -!)_ sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd sf/afxL k|f/De ePkl5 ;f] sf/afxLsf] 6'Ëf] gnfu];Dd cf/f]k nfu]sf] To:tf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt tyf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLzn] cfˆgf] kbsf] sfo{ ug]{ 5}g . 110 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt tyf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLznfO{ cGo s'g} kbdf ;?jf ug{ jf sfddf nufpg gx'gM] -!_ s'g} GofofwLznfO{ GofofwLzsf] kbdf jfx]s cGo s'g} kbdf ;?jf ul/g], sfd nufOg] jf sfhdf v6fOg] 5}g . t/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] Gofo kl/ifb\\;+u k/fdz{ lnO{ k'g/fj]bg tyf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLznfO{ Goflos hfFra'emsf] sfddf jf s]xL vf; cjlwsf] nflu sfg"g jf Gofo ;DaGwL cg';Gwfg, cGj]if0f jf /fli6«o ;/f]sf/sf] cGo s'g} sfddf v6fpg ;Sg]5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfnt jf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] xsdf k|wfg GofofwLzn] Gofo kl/ifb\\;+u k/fdz{ u/L dflysf] sfd / lgjf{rg h:tf sfddf nufpg ;Sg]5 . -@_ Gofo kl/ifb\\sf] l;kmfl/;df k|wfg GofofwLzn] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt tyf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLznfO{ Ps cbfntaf6 csf]{ cbfntsf] GofofwLzdf ;?jf ug{ ;Sg]5 . -#_ d'2fsf] ;+Vof / Goflos lg¿k0f ul/g' kg]{ ljjfbsf] ljifo ;d]tsf] cfwf/df s'g} cbfntsf] GofofwLznfO{ s]xL ;dosf] nflu ;dfg txsf] cGo cbfntdf GofofwLz eO{ sfd sfh ug{ k|wfg GofofwLzn] k7fpg ;Sg]5 . -$_ s'g} If]qdf /x]sf GofofwLzn] ef}uf]lns b[li6n] glhssf] If]qsf] ;dfg txsf] cGo cbfntdf /x]sf] d'2fsf] sf/jfO{sf] qmddf sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd ljB'tLo pks/0fsf] dfWodaf6 jf cGo dfWodaf6 k|f/lDes tyf cGtl/d cfb]z lbg] clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]5 . 111 d'2f ;fg{ ;Sg]M s'g} cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf] d'2f ;f] cbfntaf6 ;'g'jfO{ x'Fbf Gofo k|efljt x'g] cj:yf 5 eGg] sf/0f;+u ;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;Gt'i6 ePdf To:tf] d'2f ;dfg txsf] cGo cbfntaf6 ;'g'jfO{ ug{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 . 112 k|wfg GofofwLzsf] lhDd]jf/LM d'n'ssf] Gofo k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] clGtd lhDd]jf/L k|wfg GofofwLzsf] x'g]5 / ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu lghn] o; ;+ljwfg tyf cGo sfg"gsf] clwgdf /xL ;jf{]Rr cbfnt tyf dftxtsf cbfntnfO{ cfjZos lgb{]zg lbg ;Sg]5 . 113 Gofokl/ifb\\M -!_ o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd GofofwLzx¿sf] lgo'lQm, ;?jf, cg'zf;g ;DaGwL sf/afxL, avf{;L / Gofo k|zf;g ;DaGwL cGo s'/fx¿sf] l;kmfl/z ug{ jf k/fdz{ lbg Pp6f Gofokl/ifb\\ /xg]5 h;df b]xfo adf]lhd cWoIf / ;b:ox¿ x'g]5g\M– -s_ k|wfg GofofwLz – cWoIf -v_ Gofo dGqL – ;b:o -u_ g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzgsf] l;kmfl/;df k|wfg GofofwLzåf/f lgo'Qm jl/i7 clwjQmf jf sDtLdf aL; jif{sf] cg'ej k|fKt clwjQmf – ;b:o 17

3_ sfg"gljb\ dWo]jf6 k|wfgdGqLjf6 dgf]lgt Ps hgf ;b:o -ª_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf jl/i7td GofofwLz Pshgf ;b:o :ki6Ls/0fM o; efusf] k|of]hgsfnflu dGqL eGgfn] :jtGq sfo{ef/ ePsf] /fHo dGqL ;d]tnfO{ hgfpg]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ sf] v08 -u_ / -3_ adf]lhdsf] ;b:osf] kbfjlw rf/ jif{sf] x'g]5 / lghsf] kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] ;/x x'g]5 . -#_ pkwf/f -!_ sf] v08 -u_ / -3_ adf]lhdsf] ;b:onfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz ;/x ;dfg cfwf/df / ;dfg tl/sfn] ;f] kbaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 . -$_ Gofo kl/ifb\\sf] cWoIf nufotsf ;b:on] s'g} GofofwLzsf] ;DaGwdf kg{ cfPsf] ph"/L;+u ;Da4 d'2fsf sfuhft tyf kmfon dufO{ cWoog u/L Gofo kl/ifb\df To;sf] hfgsf/L lbg ;Sg]5 . -%_ s'g} GofofwLzsf] ljifodf kg{ cfPsf] ph"/Lsf] ;DaGwdf k|f/lDes 5fgljg u/fpFbf ljz]if1af6 lj:t[t 5fgjLg ug'{kg{] b]lvPdf Gofokl/ifb\n] hfFra'em ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 . -^_ Gofokl/ifb\\sf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . 114 Gofo ;]jf cfof]uM -!_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfg"g adf]lhd Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkqflÍt kbdf lgo'lQm, ;?jf, a9'jf ubf{ jf To:tf] kbdf axfn /x]sf] s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo ;hfo ubf{ Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/; adf]lhd ug]{5 . t/ ;/sf/L ;]jfdf axfn g/x]sf] JolQmnfO{ Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkqflÍt kbdf gofF egf{åf/f :yfoL lgo'lQm ubf{ jf Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkq cglÍt kbaf6 Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkqflÍt kbdf a9'jf ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/z adf]lhd ug'{ kg]{5 . -@_ Gofo ;]jf cfof]udf b]xfo adf]lhdsf cWoIf / ;b:ox¿ x'g]5g\ M– -s_ k|wfg GofofwLz – cWoIf -v_ Gofo dGqL – ;b:o -u_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] jl/i7td GofofwLz – ;b:o -3_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf – ;b:o -ª_ dxfGofoflwjQmf – ;b:o -#_ Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf] cGo sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ / sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . 115 cbfntnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kg]M{ Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{df ;jf]{Rr cbfnt / cGo cbfntx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{ g]kfn ;/sf/ / dftxtsf ;a} sfof{no jf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] st{Jo x'g]5 . 116 cbfntsf] cfb]z / lg0f{onfO{ dfGg' kg{M] -!_ d'2f dfldnfsf] /f]xdf cbfntn] lbPsf] cfb]z jf lg0f{osf] ;a}n] kfng ug'{ kg]{5 . -@_ d'2f dfldnfsf /f]xdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] u/]sf] sfg"gsf] JofVof jf k|ltkfbg u/]sf] sfg"gL l;4fGt g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf ;a} c8\8f cbfntx¿n] dfGg' kg]{5 . 117 jflif{s k|ltj]bgM -!_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] k|To]s jif{ cfˆgf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg k|wfgdGqL ;dIf k]z ug]{5 / k|wfgdGqLn] To:tf] k|ltj]bg Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;dIf k]z ug]{ Joj:yf ug{]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k]z ul/g] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/fx¿sf] cltl/Qm b]xfosf] ljj/0f v'nfpg' kg]{5M– -s_ ;jf{]Rr cbfnt / dftxtsf cbfntdf btf{ ePsf d'2fsf] ;+VofTds ljj/0f, -v_ v08 -s_ adf]lhd btf{ ePsf d'2f dWo] km5\{of}6 ePsf / gePsf d'2fsf] ;+Vof / km5\{of}6 x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f, -u_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkfbg ePsf gofF ghL/x¿sf] ljj/0f, -3_ ;jf{]Rr cbfntaf6 k'g/fjnf]sg ePsf] d''2fsf] ;+Vof, -ª_ ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] dftxtsf cbfntsf] s'g} GofofwLzsf] Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] ;DaGwdf sfo{Ifdtf ;DaGwL ljifodf s'g} Goflos l6Kk0fL u/]sf] eP ;f]sf] ljj/0f, -r_ b08 jf hl/jfgf c;"n pk/ ePsf] /sdsf] ljj/0f, -5_ km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ljj/0f, -h_ ;jf{]Rr cbfnt tyf dftxtsf cbfntnfO{ ljlgof]hg ePsf] ah]6 / vr{sf] ljj/0f, (3) ;jf{]Rr cbftnn] pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] k|ltj]bg k]zubf{ Gofokl/ifb\ / Gofo;]jf cfof]uaf6 ePsf sfd sf/jfxLsf] ljj/0f ;d]t pNn]v ug'{ kg{]5 . 118 ;+ljwfg ;ef ;DaGwL cbfntM -!_ lgjf{rg ;DaGwL ph'/L x]g{ Ps ;+ljwfg ;ef cbfnt u7g ul/g]5 .\ -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;+ljwfg ;ef cbfntsf] u7g, If]qflwsf/ / cGo ljifox¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . -#_ o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] cbfntdf sfg"gåf/f tf]lsP adf]lhd ph'/ gk/L ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:osf nflu ePsf] s'g} lgjf{rg ;DaGwdf s'g} cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g . -$_ o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg k|s[of k|f/De ePkl5 lgjf{rg cj?4 x'g] u/L s'g} cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g .

18

efu !@

clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u 119

clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uM -!_ g]kfndf Ps clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u /xg]5 h;df k|d'v cfo'Qm / cfjZos ;+Vofdf cGo cfo'Qmx¿ /xg]5g\ . k|d'v cfo'Qmsf cltl/Qm cGo cfo'Qm lgo'Qm ePdf k|d'v cfo'Qmn] clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] cWoIf eO{ sfd ug]{5 . -@_ k|wfgdGqLn] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb sf] l;kmfl/;df k|d'v cfo'Qm / cGo cfo'Qmx¿sf] lgo'lQm ug{]5 . -#_ pkwf/f -&_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zsf] v08 -s_ sf] cwLgdf /xL k|d'v cfo'Qm / cGo cfo'Qmx¿sf] kbfjlw lgo'lQmsf] ldltn] 5 jif{sf] x'g]5 . t/ – -s_ ;f] kbfjlw k"/f x'g' cufj} k|d'v cfo'Qm jf cfo'Qmsf] pd]/ k}+;¶L jif{ k"/f ePdf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /xg] 5}g . -v_ k|d'v cfo'Qm / cfo'QmnfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz ;/x ;dfg cfwf/df / ;dfg tl/sfn] ;f] kbaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 . -$_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf k|d'v cfo'Qm jf cfo'Qmsf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5 M– -s_ lghn] k|wfgdGqL ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf, -v_ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd lghsf] kbfjlw k"/f ePdf jf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf g/x]df, -u_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf . -%_ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] of]Uotf geO{ s'g} JolQm k|d'v cfo'Qm jf cfo'Qmsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]Uo x'g] 5}g M– -s_ g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f dfGotf k|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gftsf]kflw k|fKt u/]sf], -v_ lgo'lQm x'Fbfsf avt s'g} /fhg}lts bnsf] ;b:o g/x]sf], -u_ n]vf, /fhZj, OlGhlgol/Ë, sfg"g, ljsf; jf cg';Gwfgsf] If]qdf sDtLdf aL; jif{ sfd u/L cg'ej / Voflt k|fKt u/]sf], -3_ k}+tfnL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf], / -ª_ pRr g}lts rl/q sfod ePsf] . -^_ k|d'v cfo'Qm / cfo'Qmsf] kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . k|d'v cfo'Qm / cfo'Qm cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /x];Dd lghnfO{ dsf{ kg]{ u/L kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿ ablng] 5}gg\ . -&_ k|d'v cfo'Qm jf cfo'Qm eO;s]sf] JolQm cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfdf lgo'Qm x'gsf] lgldQ u|fÅo x'g] 5}g . t/– -s_ clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] cfo'QmnfO{ k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] kbdf lgo'Qm ug{ o; pkwf/fn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g / ;f] adf]lhd s'g} cfo'Qm k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] kbdf lgo'Qm ePsf]df lghsf] kbfjlwsf] u0fgf ubf{ cfo'Qm ePsf] cjlwnfO{ ;d]t hf]8L u0fgf ul/g]5 . -v_ s'g} /fhg}lts kbdf jf s'g} ljifosf] cg';Gwfg, hfFra'em jf 5fgaLg ug]{ jf s'g} ljifosf] cWoog jf cGj]if0f u/L /fo, dGtJo jf l;kmfl/; k]z ug]{ s'g} kbdf lgo'Qm eO{ sfd ug{ o; pkwf/fdf n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . 120 clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M -!_ s'g} ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] cg'lrt sfo{ jf e|i6frf/ u/L clVtof/sf] b'¿kof]u u/]sf] ;DaGwdf clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] sfg"g adf]lhd cg';Gwfg / txlssft ug{ jf u/fpg ;Sg]5 . t/ o; ;+ljwfgdf 5'6\6} Joj:yf ePsf] kbflwsf/L / cGo sfg"gn] 5'6\6 ljz]if Joj:yf ePsf] kbflwsf/Lsf] xsdf of] pkwf/f nfu" x'g] 5}g . -@_ v/fj cfr/0fsf cfwf/df dxfcleof]u k|:tfj kfl/t eO{ kbd'Qm x'g] ;+j}wflgs kbflwsf/Lx¿, Gofo kl/ifb\af6 ;f]xL cleof]udf kbd'Qm x'g] GofofwLzx¿ / ;}lgs P]g adf]lhd sfjf{xL x'g] JolQmsf xsdf lghnfO{ kbd'Qm eO;s]kl5 sfg"g adf]lhd cg';Gwfg / txlssft ug{ u/fpg ;Sg]5 . -#_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ePsf] cg';Gwfg / txlssftaf6 ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] s'g} JolQmn] sfg"g adf]lhd cg'lrt sfo{ dflgg] s'g} sfd u/L clVtof/sf] b'¿kof]u u/]sf] b]lvPdf clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] lghnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg, ljefuLo sf/afxL jf sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd cGo cfjZos sf/afxLsf] nflu clVtof/jfnf ;dIf n]vL k7fpg ;Sg]5 . -$_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ePsf] cg';Gwfg / txlssftaf6 ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] s'g} JolQmn] sfg"g adf]lhd e|i6«frf/ dflgg] s'g} sfd u/]sf] b]lvPdf clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] To:tf] JolQm / ;f] ck/fwdf ;+nUg cGo JolQm pk/ sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug{ jf u/fpg ;Sg]5 . -%_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ePsf] cg';Gwfg / txlssftaf6 ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmsf] sfd sf/afxL cGo clwsf/L jf lgsfosf] clwsf/ If]q cGtu{t kg{] k|s[ltsf] b]lvPdf clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] cfjZos sf/afxLsf] nflu ;DalGwt clwsf/L jf lgsfo ;dIf n]vL k7fpg ;Sg]5 . -^_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tyf sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . -&_ cg';Gwfg / txlssft ug]{ jf d'2f rnfpg] cfˆgf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/dWo] s'g} sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] k|d'v cfo'Qm, cfo'Qm jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsPsf] zt{sf] cwLgdf /xL k|of]u tyf kfng ug{ kfpg] u/L ;'Dkg ;Sg]5 . 19

121

jflif{s k|ltj]bgM -!_ o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg k|wfgdGqL ;dIf k]z ug{]5 / k|wfgdGqLn] To:tf] k|ltj]bg Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;dIf k]zug]{ Joj:yf ug{]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k]z ul/g] k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf jif{e/L k/]sf ph'/L, cg';Gwfg txlssft u/L sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt cbfntdf bfo/ u/]sf] / tfd]nLdf /fv]sf] d'2fsf] ;+Vof, cg'lrt sfo{ u/]sf]df ;r]t u/fPsf] jf ljefuLo sf/afxL jf cGo sf/afxLsf nflu n]vL k7fPsf] ;+Vof, e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf ;DaGwdf ePsf] pknlAw tyf ;f] ;DaGwdf eljiodf ug'{ kg{] ;'wf/sf] ljj/0f pNn]v ug'{ kg{]5 . efu !#

dxf n]vfk/LIfs 122

dxfn]vfk/LIfs -!_ g]kfndf Ps dxfn]vfk/LIfs x'g]5 . -@_ k|wfgdGqLn] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] lgo'lQm ug{]5 . -#_ pkwf/f -&_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zsf] v08 -s_ sf] cwLgdf /xL dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] kbfjlw lgo'lQmsf] ldltn] 5 jif{sf] x'g]5 . t/ – -s_ ;f] kbfjlw k"/f x'g' cufj} dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] pd]/ k}+;¶L jif{ k"/f ePdf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /xg] 5}g . -v_ dxfn]vf k/LIfsnfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz ;/x ;dfg cfwf/df / ;dfg tl/sfn] ;f] kbaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 . -$_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5 M– -s_ lghn] k|wfgdGqL ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf, -v_ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd lghsf] kbfjlw k"/f ePdf jf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf g/x]df, -u_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf . -%_ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] of]Uotf geO{ s'g} JolQm dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]Uo x'g] 5}g M– -s_ g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f dfGotf k|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 Joj:yfkg, jfl0fHozf:q jf n]vfdf :gftsf]kflw k|fKt u/L jf rf6{8 PsfpG6]G;L k/LIff pQL0f{ u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljlzi7 >]0fLdf sfd u/]sf] jf n]vf k/LIf0f ;DaGwL sfddf sDtLdf aL; jif{ cg'ej k|fKt u/]sf] -v_ lgo'lQm x'Fbfsf avt s'g} /fhg}lts bnsf] ;b:o g/x]sf], -u_ k}+tfnL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf], / -3_ pRr g}lts rl/q sfod ePsf] . -^_ dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . dxfn]vfk/LIfs cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /x];Dd lghnfO{ dsf{ kg]{ u/L kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿ ablng] 5}gg\ . -&_ dxfn]vfk/LIfs eO;s]sf] JolQm cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfdf lgo'Qm x'gsf] lgldQ u|fÅo x'g] 5}g . t/ s'g} /fhg}lts kbdf jf s'g} ljifosf] cg';Gwfg, hfFra'em jf 5fgaLg ug]{ jf s'g} ljifosf] cWoog jf cGj]if0f u/L /fo, dGtJo jf l;kmfl/; k]z ug]{ s'g} kbdf lgo'Qm eO{ sfd ug{ o; pkwf/fdf n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . 123 dxfn]vfkl/Ifssf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M -!_ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, Joj:yflksf–;+;b, ;+ljwfg ;ef, clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, dxfn]vfk/LIfs, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, lgjf{rg cfof]u, /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no tyf cGo ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] sfof{no / g]kfnL ;]gf Pj+ ;z:q k|x/L jf g]kfn k|x/L nufotsf ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{no / cbfntsf] n]vf sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t tl/sf adf]lhd lgoldttf, ldtJolotf, sfo{bIftf, k|efjsfl/tf / cf}lrTo ;d]tsf] ljrf/ u/L o; dxfn]vf k/LIfsjf6 n]vfk/LIf0f x'g]5 . -@_ krf; k|ltzteGbf a9L z]o/ jf hfoh]yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] nflu n]vfk/LIfs lgo'Qm ubf{ dxfn]vf k/LIfs;+u k/fdz{ ul/g]5 . To:tf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ l;4fGtsf] ;DaGwdf dxfn]vfk/LIfsn] cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg]5 . -#_ dxfn]vfk/LIfsnfO{ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] sfdsf] nflu n]vf ;DaGwL sfuhkq h'g;'s} jvt x]g{ kfpg] clwsf/ x'g]5 . ;f] cg';f/ dxfn]vfk/LIfs jf To;sf s'g} sd{rf/Ln] dfu u/]sf] h'g;'s} sfuhkq tyf hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg' ;DalGwt sfof{no k|d'vsf] st{Jo x'g]5 . -$_ pkwf/f -!_ cg';f/ n]vfk/LIf0f ul/g] n]vf, ;DalGwt sfg"gsf cwLgdf /xL, dxfn]vf k/LIfsåf/f tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf /flvg]5 . -%_ pkwf/f -!_ df pNn]v ePsf sfof{nox¿sf] n]vfsf cltl/Qm cGo s'g} sfof{no jf ;+:yfsf] dxfn]vf k/LIfsaf6 n]vfk/LIf0f ug'{kg]{ u/L sfg"gåf/f Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg]5 . 124 jflif{s k|ltj]bgM -!_ dxfn]vfk/LIfsn] cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg k|wfgdGqL ;dIf k]z ug{]5 / k|wfgdGqLn] To:tf] k|ltj]bg Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;dIf k]z ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k]z ul/g] k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm dxfn]vfk/LIfsaf6 jif{e/Ldf n]vfk/LIf0f u/]sf lgsfosf] ljj/0f, n]vfk/LIf0faf6 b]lvPsf] a]?h'sf] l:ylt, a]?h' km5\of}{6 ug{ u/]sf] k|of; / a]?h' km5\of}{6sf 20

;DaGwdf k|fKt pknAwL, e|i6frf/hGo k|s[ltsf] eO{ cg';Gwfg ug'{kg{] b]vL clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf n]vL k7fPsf] ljj/0f tyf n]vfk/LIf0f ;DaGwdf eljiodf ug'{kg{] ;'wf/sf] ljj/0f pNn]v ug'{ kg{]5 . efu !$

nf]s ;]jf cfof]u 125

nf]s ;]jf cfof]uM -!_ g]kfndf Ps nf]s ;]jf cfof]u x'g]5 h;df cWoIf / cfjZostf cg';f/ cGo ;b:ox¿ /xg]5g\ . -@_ k|wfgdGqLn] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:ox¿sf] lgo'lQm ug{]5 . -#_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf ;b:ox¿dWo] sDtLdf krf; k|ltzt ;b:ox¿ aL; jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L cjlw;Dd s'g} ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /x]sf JolQmx¿ dWo]af6 / afFsL ;b:ox¿ lj1fg, k|ljlw, snf, ;flxTo, sfg"g, hgk|zf;g, ;dfhzf:q jf /fli6«o hLjgsf cGo If]qdf zf]w, cg';Gwfg, cWofkg jf cGo s'g} dxTjk"0f{ sfo{u/L Vofltk|fKt u/]sf JolQmx¿ dWo]af6 lgo'Qm x'g]5g\ . -$_ pkwf/f -*_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zsf] v08 -s_ sf] cwLgdf /xL nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:osf] kbfjlw lgo'lQm ePsf] ldltn] 5 jif{sf] x'g]5 . t/– -s_ ;f] kbfjlw k"/f x'g cufj} nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf jf ;b:osf] pd]/ k};¶L jif{ k"/f ePdf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /xg] 5}g . -v_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:onfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz ;/x ;dfg cfwf/df / ;dfg tl/sfn] ;f] kbaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 . -%_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf jf ;b:osf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5M– -s_ lghn] k|wfgdGqL ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf, -v_ pkwf/f-$_ adf]lhd lghsf] kbfjlw k"/f ePdf jf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf g/x]df, -u_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf . -^_ b]xfo adf]lhd geO{ s'g} JolQm nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf jf ;b:osf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]Uo x'g] 5}g M– -s_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dfGotf k|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gftsf]Q/ pkflw k|fKt u/]sf], -v_ lgo'lQm x'Fbfsf avt s'g} /fhg}lts bnsf] ;b:o g/x]sf], -u_ k}+tfnL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf], / -3_ pRr g}lts rl/q sfod ePsf] . -&_ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:osf] kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:o cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /x];Dd lghx¿nfO{ dsf{kg]{ u/L kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿ ablng] 5}gg\ . -*_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf jf ;b:o eO;s]sf] JolQm cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfdf lgo'Qm x'gsf] lgldQ u|fXo x'g] 5}g . t/ – -s_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;b:onfO{ cWoIfdf lgo'Qm ug{ o; pkwf/fn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g / ;f] adf]lhd s'g} ;b:o cWoIfsf] kbdf lgo'Qm ePdf lghsf] kbfjlwsf] u0fgf ubf{ ;b:o ePsf] cjlwnfO{ ;d]t hf]8L u0fgf ul/g]5 . -v_ s'g]} /fhg}lts kbdf jf s'g} ljifosf] cg';Gwfg, hfFra'em jf 5fgaLg ug]{ jf s'g} ljifosf] cWoog jf cGj]if0f u/L /fo, dGtJo jf l;kmfl/; k]z ug]{ s'g} kbdf lgo'Qm eO{ sfd ug{ o; pkwf/fdf n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . 126 nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M -!_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] lgldQ pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ k/LIff ;~rfng ug'{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] st{Jo x'g]5 . :ki6Ls/0fM o; wf/fsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ;}lgs clws[t jf hjfg / ;z:q k|x/L jf k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf jf kb tyf lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb xf]Og egL P]gåf/f tf]lsPsf] cGo ;]jf jf kb afx]s g]kfn ;/sf/sf c? ;a} ;]jf jf kbnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb dflgg]5 . -@_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] kbdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ ljgf :yfoL lgo'lQm ul/g] 5}g . -#_ b]xfosf ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{5M– -s_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] zt{ ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] ljifodf, -v_ lghfdtL ;]jf jf kbdf lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxLubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ l;4fGtsf] ljifodf, -u_ lghfdtL kbdf 5 dlxgfeGbf a9L ;dosf] nflu lgo'lQmubf{ pDd]bjf/sf] pko'Qmtfsf] ljifodf, -3_ s'g} Ps k|sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbaf6 csf]{ k|sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf jf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfaf6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;?jf jf a9'jf ubf{ pDd]bjf/sf] pko'Qmtfsf] ljifodf, -ª_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' gkg]{ cj:yfsf] kbdf axfn /x]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{ cj:yfsf] kbdf :yfoL ;?jf jf a9'jf ug]{ ljifodf, / -r_ s'g} klg lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOg] ljefuLo ;hfosf] ljifodf . 21

-$_ pkwf/f -#_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg wf/f !$$ adf]lhd Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf] clwsf/If]qleq kg{] ljifodf ;f]xL adf]lhd x'g]5 . -%_ ;}lgs ;]jf, ;z:q k|x/L ;]jf jf k|x/L ;]jf jf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQm / a9'jf ubf{ ckgfpg' kg{] ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg{]5 . -^_ s'g} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf zt{ ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"g / To:tf] ;]jfsf kbsf] lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxLubf{ ckgfpg' kg{] ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s;]jf cfof]u;+u To:tf] ;+:yfn] k/fdz{ lng rfx]df nf]s;]jf cfof]un] k/fdz{ lbg ;Sg]5 . :ki6Ls/0fM o; wf/fsf] k|of]hgsf nflu æ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfÆ eGgfn] krf; k|ltzt jf ;f]eGbf a9L z]o/ jf hfo h]yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj jf lgoGq0f ePsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfnfO{ hgfpg]5 . -&_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] cfˆgf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ dWo] s'g} sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ cfˆgf] s'g} ;b:o jf ;b:ox¿sf] ;ldlt jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsPsf] zt{sf] cwLgdf /xL k|of]u tyf kfng ug]{ u/L ;'Dkg ;Sg]5 . -*_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . 127 jflif{s k|ltj]bgM -!_ k|To]s jif{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfdsf] k|ltj]bg k|wfgdGqL ;dIf k]z ug{]5 / k|wfgdGqLn] To:tf] k|ltj]bg Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;dIf k]z ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k]z ul/g] k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm nf]s;]jf cfof]un] jif{e/Ldf pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ lnPsf] k/LIffsf] ljj/0f, ;f] k/LIffdf pQL0f{ k/LIffyL{ ;DaGwL ljj/0f, ljleGg lgsfonfO{ k/fdz{ lbPsf] ljj/0f, lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo sf/afxL / ;hfo ubf{ lbPsf] k/fdz{sf] ljj/0f / k/fdz{ adf]lhdsf] sfd eP gePsf] ljj/0f, s'g} ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] kbsf] lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg{] ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] af/]df k/fdz{ lbPsf] eP ;f]sf] ljj/0f / eljiodf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/sf] ljj/0f ;d]t pNn]v ug'{ kg{]5 . efu !%

lgjf{rg cfof]u 128

lgjf{rg cfof]uM -!_ g]kfndf Ps lgjf{rg cfof]u x'g]5 h;df k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / cGo rf/ hgf;Dd lgjf{rg cfo'Qmx¿ /xg]5g\ . k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qmsf cltl/Qm cGo lgjf{rg cfo'Qm lgo'Qm ePdf k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qmn] lgjf{rg cfof]usf] cWoIf eO{ sfd ug{]5 . (2) k|wfgdGqLn] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qmsf] lgo'lQm ug{]5 . (3) pkwf/f -&_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zsf] v08 -s_ sf] cwLgdf /xL k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qmsf] kbfjlw lgo'lQm ePsf] ldltn] 5 jif{sf] x'g]5 . t/– -s_ ;f] kbfjlw k"/f x'g' cufj} k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm jf lgjf{rg cfo'Qmsf] pd]/ k};¶L jif{ k"/f ePdf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /xg] 5}g . -v_ k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'QmnfO{ ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz ;/x ;dfg cfwf/df / ;dfg tl/sfn] ;f] kbaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 . (4) b]xfosf] cj:yfdf k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / cfo'Qmsf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5M– -s_ lghn] k|wfgdGqL ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf, -v_ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd lghsf] kbfjlw k"/f ePdf jf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf g/x]df, -u_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf . (5) b]xfo adf]lhd geO{ s'g} JolQm k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / cfo'Qmsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]Uo x'g] 5}gM– -s_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dfGotf k|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gftsf]kflw k|fKt u/]sf], -v_ lgo'lQm x'Fbfsf avt s'g} /fhg}lts bnsf] ;b:o g/x]sf], -u_ k}+tfnL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf], / -3_ pRr g}lts rl/q sfod ePsf] . (6) k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / cfo'Qmsf] kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / cfo'Qm cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /x];Dd lghx¿nfO{ dsf{ kg{] u/L kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿ ablng] 5}gg\ . (7) k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qm eO;s]sf] JolQm cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfdf lgo'Qm x'gsf] lgldQ u|fXo x'g]5}g . t/– -s_ lgjf{rg cfo'QmnfO{ k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qmdf lgo'Qm ug{ o; pkwf/fn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g / ;f] adf]lhd s'g} cfo'Qm k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] kbdf lgo'Qm ePdf lghsf] kbfjlwsf] u0fgf ubf{ cfo'Qm ePsf] cjlwnfO{ ;d]t hf]8L u0fgf ul/g]5 . 22

-v_ s'g} /fhg}lts kbdf jf s'g} ljifosf] cg';Gwfg, hfFra'em jf 5fgaLg ug{] jf s'g} ljifosf] cWoog jf cGj]if0f u/L /fo, dGtJo jf l;kmfl/; k]z ug{] s'g} kbdf lgo'Qm eO{ sfd ug{ o; pkwf/fdf n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . 129 lgjf{rg cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M -!_ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL ;+ljwfg ;ef, o; ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !%& adf]lhd x'g] hgdt ;ª\u|x tyf :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgsf] ;~rfng, /]vb]v, lgb{]zg / lgoGq0f lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 x'g]5 . ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu dtbftfx¿sf] gfdfjnL tof/ ug{] sfo{ lgjf{rg cfof]un] ug{]5 . (2) ;+ljwfg ;efsf ;b:osf] nflu pDd]bjf/Lsf] dgf]gog btf{ eO;s]sf] t/ lgjf{rg k"/f gx'Fb} s'g} pDd]bjf/ wf/f ^% cg';f/ cof]Uo 5 jf x'g uPsf] 5 eGg] k|Zg p7]df To;sf] lg0f{o lgjf{rg cfof]un] ug]{5 . (3) lgjf{rg cfof]usf] cfˆgf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ dWo] s'g} sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm, lgjf{rg cfo'Qm jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsPsf] zt{sf] cwLgdf /xL k|of]u tyf kfng ug{ kfpg] u/L ;'Dkg ;Sg]5 . (4) o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL lgjf{rg cfof]usf cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tyf sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . 130 g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ cfjZos sd{rf/L pknAw u/fpg' kg{]M o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ cfˆgf] sfd k"/f ug{ cfjZos kg{] sd{rf/L / cGo s'/fx¿ g]kfn ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg]5 .

efu !^

/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u 131

/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]uM -!_ g]kfndf Ps /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u x'g]5 h;df b]xfo adf]lhdsf cWoIf / ;b:ox¿ /xg]5g\M -s_ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Daw{gsf] If]qdf ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k|wfg GofofwLz jf GofofwLz kbaf6 ;]jf lgj[Q JolQm jf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Daw{g jf ;dfh;]jfsf If]qdf lqmofzLn /xL ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf Vofltk|fKt JolQmx¿ dWo]af6 Pshgf – cWoIf -v_ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Daw{g jf ;dfh;]jfsf If]qdf lqmofzLn /xL ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf Vofltk|fKt JolQmx¿ dWo]af6 rf/hgf – ;b:o -@_ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:osf] lgo'lQm ubf{ dlxnf ;lxt ljljwtf sfod ug'{ kg{]5 . -#_ k|wfgdGqLn] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:osf] lgo'lQm ug{]5 . -$_ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:osf] kbfjlw lgo'lQm ePsf] ldltn] 5 jif{sf] x'g]5 . t/ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:onfO{ ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz ;/x ;dfg cfwf/df / ;dfg tl/sfn] ;f] kbaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 . -%_ b]xfosf] cj:yfdf /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf cWoIf jf ;b:osf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5M– -s_ lghn] k|wfgdGqL ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf, -v_ pkwf/f -$_ adf]lhd lghsf] kbfjlw k"/f ePdf jf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf g/x]df, -u_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf . -^_ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] of]Uotf geO{ s'g} JolQm /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] cWoIf jf ;b:o lgo'lQm x'g of]Uo x'g] 5}gM -s_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dfGotf k|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gftsf]kflw xfl;n u/]sf], -v_ pRr g}lts rl/q sfod ePsf] . -&_ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:osf] kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:o cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /x];Dd lghx¿nfO{ dsf{ kg{] u/L kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf zt{x¿ ablng] 5}gg\ . -*_ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf cWoIf jf ;b:o eO;s]sf] JolQm cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfdf lgo'Qm x'gsf] nflu u|fXo x'g]5}g . t/ s'g} /fhg}lts kbdf jf s'g} ljifosf] cg';Gwfg, hfFra'em jf 5fgaLg ug{] jf To:tf] ljifosf] cWoog jf cGj]if0f u/L /fo, dGtJo jf l;kmfl/; k]z ug{] s'g} kbdf lgo'Qm eO{ sfd ug{ o; pkwf/fdf n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . 132 /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M -!_ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / ;Daw{g tyf To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{GjognfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] st{Jo x'g]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ df plNnlvt st{Jo k"/f ug{sf] nflu /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] b]xfosf sfd ug{]5M– 23

-s_

s'g} JolQm jf ;d"xsf] dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3g jf To;sf] b'?T;fxg ePsf]df kLl8t JolQm cfkm}+ jf lghsf] tkm{af6 s;}n] cfof]u ;dIf k|:t't jf k|]lift u/]sf] lgj]bg jf ph'/L jf s'g} ;|f]taf6 cfof]unfO{ k|fKt ePsf] hfgsf/L jf cfof]usf] cfˆg} :jljj]sdf To;sf] 5fgjLg tyf cg';Gwfg u/L bf]ifL pk/ sf/afxL ug{ l;kmfl/; ug{], -v_ dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3g x'gaf6 /f]Sg] lhDd]jf/L jf st{Jo ePsf] kbflwsf/Ln] cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f gu/]df jf st{Jo kfng gu/]df jf lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ jf st{Jo kfngf ug{ pbfl;gtf b]vfPdf To:tf] kbflwsf/L pk/ ljefuLo sf/afxL ug{ ;DalGwt clwsf/L ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug{], -u_ dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3g ug{] JolQmsf lj?4 d'2f rnfpg' kg{] cfjZostf ePdf sfg"g adf]lhd cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug{ l;kmfl/; ug{], -3_ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;r]tgf clej[l4 ug{ gful/s ;dfh;+u ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ug{], -ª_ dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3gstf{nfO{ ljefuLo sf/afxL tyf ;hfo ug{ sf/0f / cfwf/ v'nfO{ ;DalGwt lgsfo ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug]{, -r_ dfgj clwsf/;+u ;DalGwt k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cfjlws ¿kdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug{] tyf To;df ug'{ kg{] ;'wf/ tyf ;+zf]wgsf ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug{], -5_ dfgj clwsf/;+u ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfsf] g]kfn kIf aGg' kg{] ePdf To;sf] sf/0f;lxt g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug{] / kIf alg;s]sf ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjog eP jf gePsf] cg'udg u/L sfof{Gjog gePsf] kfOPdf ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug{], -h_ dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3gsf ;DaGwdf /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] u/]sf] l;kmfl/; jf lgb{]zg kfngf jf sfof{Gjog gug{] kbflwsf/L, JolQm jf lgsfosf] gfd sfg"g adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs u/L dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gstf{sf] ¿kdf clen]v ug{] . -#_ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] cfˆgf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ubf{ jf st{Jo kfngf ubf{ b]xfosf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]5M– -s_ s'g} JolQmnfO{ cfof]u ;dIf pkl:yt u/fO{ hfgsf/L jf aofg lng] jf askq u/fpg], k|df0f a'‰g], bzL k|df0f bflvnf ug{ nufpg] ;DaGwdf cbfntnfO{ eP ;/xsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{], -v_ dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g x'g nfu]sf] jf eO;s]sf] ;"rgf cfof]un] s'g} lsl;daf6 k|fKt u/]df s'g} JolQm jf lghsf] cfjf; jf sfof{nodf ljgf ;"rgf k|j]z ug{], vfgtnf;L lng] tyf To;/L vfgtnf;L ln+bf dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3g;+u ;DalGwt lnvt, k|df0f jf ;a'b sAhfdf lng], -u_ s'g} JolQmsf] dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3g eO{ /x]sf] s'/f hfgsf/L eO{ tTsfn sf/afxL ug{' kg{] cfjZos b]lvPdf ljgf ;"rgf ;/sf/L sfof{no jf cGo 7fpFdf k|j]z ug{] / p4f/ ug{], -3_ dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3gaf6 kLl8t ePsf] JolQmnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ lbg cfb]z lbg], -ª_ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd cGo clwsf/sf] k|of]u / st{Josf] kfngf ug{] jf u/fpg] . -$_ o; wf/fdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;}lgs P]gsf] If]qflwsf/sf] ljifodf /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ If]qflwsf/ x'g]5}g . t/ dfgj clwsf/ jf dfgjLo sfg"gsf] pNn+3g ePsf] ljifodf sf/afxL rnfpg afwf kg]{ 5}g . 133 jflif{s k|ltj]bgM -!_ o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg k|wfgdGqL ;dIf k]z ug{]5 / k|wfgdGqLn] To:tf] k|ltj]bg Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;dIf k]z ug]{ Joj:yf ug{]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k]z ul/g] k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]udf jif{e/L k/]sf ph'/L, To:tf] ph'/Lsf] ;DaGwdf u/]sf] 5fgjLg / cg';Gwfgsf] ljj/0f, g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ljleGg ljifodf u/]sf] l;kmfl/;sf] ljj/0f, dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3g ug{] JolQm lj?4 s'g} d'2f bfo/ u/]sf] eP ;f]sf] ;+Vof, dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{gsf ;DaGwdf eljiodf ug'{ kg{] ;'wf/sf] ljj/0f pNn]v ug'{ kg{]5 . efu !&

dxfGofoflwjQmf 134

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] lgo'lQmM -!_ g]kfndf Ps dxfGofoflwjQmf /xg]5 h;sf] lgo'lQm k|wfgdGqLaf6 x'g]5 . dxfGofoflwjQmf k|wfgdGqLsf] OR5fg';f/sf] cjlw;Dd cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /xg]5 . -@_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz x'g ;Sg] of]Uotf geO{ s'g} klg JolQm dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]Uo dflgg] 5}g . -#_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5M– -s_ lghn] k|wfgdGqL ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf, -v_ k|wfgdGqLaf6 lghnfO{ kbd'Qm ul/Pdf, -u_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf . -$_ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kfl/>lds tyf cGo ;'ljwf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz ;/x x'g]5 . dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . 24

135

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M -!_ dxfGofoflwjQmf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d'Vo sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/ x'g]5 . ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]lslbPsf] cGo clwsf/LnfO{ /fo ;Nnfx lbg' lghsf] st{Jo x'g]5 . -@_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] xs, lxt jf ;/f]sf/ lglxt /x]sf] d'2fdf dxfGofoflwjQmf jf lghsf] dftxtsf clws[tx¿af6 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ul/g]5 . o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoyf n]lvPb]lv afx]s s'g} cbfnt jf Goflos clwsf/L ;dIf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ x'g]5 . -#_ pkwf/f -@_ sf] cwLgdf /xL dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ cfˆgf] st{Jo kfng ubf{ b]xfosf] sfd ug{] clwsf/ x'g]5M– -s_ g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL jf k|ltjfbL eO{ bfo/ ePsf d'2f dfldnfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 k|lt/Iff ug]{, -v_ d'2f dfldnfsf /f]xdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] u/]sf] sfg"gsf] JofVof jf k|ltkfbg u/]sf] sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] sfof{Gjog eP jf gePsf] cg'udg ug]{ u/fpg], -u_ lx/f;tdf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/ gu/]sf] jf To:tf] JolQmnfO{{ cfkmGt;+u jf sfg"g Joj;foL dfkm{t e]63f6 ug{ glbPsf] eGg] ph'/L k/]df jf hfgsf/L x'g cfPdf 5fgjLg u/L To:tf] x'gaf6 /f]Sg ;DalGwt clwsf/LnfO{ cfjZos lgb{]zg lbg] . -$_ o; wf/fdf n]lvPsf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] cltl/Qm dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . -%_ cfˆgf] kbLo st{Josf] kfngf ubf{ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ g]kfnsf] h'g;'s} cbfnt, sfof{no / kbflwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt x'g] clwsf/ x'g]5 . -^_ dxfGofoflwjQmfn] of] wf/f adf]lhd cfˆgf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsPsf] zt{sf] cwLgdf /xL k|of]u / kfng ug]{ u/L dftxtsf clws[tnfO{ ;'Dkg ;Sg]5 . 136 jflif{s k|ltj]bgM -!_ dxfGofoflwjQmfn] k|To]s jif{ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"g adf]lhd cfk"mn] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L k|wfgdGqL ;dIf k]z ug]{5 / k|wfgdGqLn] To:tf] k|ltj]bg Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;dIf k]z ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k]z ul/g] k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm dxfGofoflwjQmfn] jif{ e/Ldf ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL ljifodf lbPsf] /fo ;Nnfxsf] ;+Vof, ;/sf/ jfbL eO{ rn]sf d'2f ;DaGwL ljj/0f, g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL jf k|ltjfbL eO{ bfo/ ePsf d'2f dfldnfdf k|lt/Iff u/]sf] ljj/0f, ck/fw ;DaGwL ljj/0f tyf ;/sf/jfbL eO{ rNg] d'2fdf eljiodf ul/g' kg{] ;'wf/sf] ljj/0f pNn]v ug'{ kg{]5 . 137 Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf pkl:yt x'g kfpg]M dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ Joj:yflksf–;+;b, ;+ljwfg;ef jf To;sf] s'g} ;ldltsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt eO{ s'g} sfg"gL k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf /fo JoQm ug{] clwsf/ x'g]5 . t/ dt lbg] clwsf/ eg] x'g] 5}g . efu !*

/fHosf] 9fFrf / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g 138

/fHosf] cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgfM -!_ juL{o,hftLo, eflifs, n}lËs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s / If]qLo e]befjsf] cGTo ug{ /fHosf] s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds 9fFrfsf] cGTo u/L /fHosf] ;dfj]zL, nf]stflGqs / cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgf ul/g]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf ug{sf nflu ;'emfj lbg Ps pRr:t/Lo cfof]usf] u7g ul/g]5 . To:tf] cfof]usf] u7g, sfd, sQ{Jo, clwsf/ / ;]jfsf zt{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 . -#_ /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf ;DaGwL clGtd 6'Ëf] ;+ljwfg ;efn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 . 139

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] Joj:yfM -!_ :yfgLo :t/b]lv g} hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] k|of]u ug{] cg's"n jftfj/0f agfO{ d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yfdf hgtfsf] a9LeGbf a9L ;xeflutf k|jw{g ug{ / hgtfnfO{ :yfgLo :t/df g} ;]jf pknAw u/fpg tyf nf]stGqsf] :yfgLo :t/b]lv g} ;+:yfut ljsf; ug{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tyf clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0fsf cfwf/df :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL lgsfosf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -@_ ;Djt @)^# ;fn sflt{s @@ ut] /fhg}lts ;xdlt sfod ug]{ g]kfnL sf+u|];, g]skf -Pdfn]_, g]kfnL sf+u|]; -k|hftflGqs_, hgdf]rf{ g]kfn, g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{ -cfgGbLb]jL_, g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{ / ;+o'Qm jfd df]rf{ ;lxtsf /fhg}lts bnx¿ / g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ sf] ;xdltn] g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f lhNnf, gu/ / ufpF:t/df cGtl/d :yfgLo lgsfo u7g ul/g]5 . -#_ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL lgsfosf] ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf, To;sf] :j¿k / k|fb]lzs Onfsf tyf u7g ljlw sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . 140 /fhZj kl/rfng / Joj:yfM -!_ :yfgLo ljsf;sf] nflu :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL lgsfonfO{ ;Ifd agfpg ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng, ljlgof]hg / ljsf;sf] k|ltkmnsf] ;Gt'lnt tyf Gofof]lrt ljt/0fdf ;dfgtf sfod /fvL :yfgLo :t/sf of]hgfsf] klxrfg, th'{df / sfof{Gjogdf ;DalGwt :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL lgsfonfO{ g} hjfkmb]xL agfpg sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/ / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL lgsfo aLr lhDd]jf/L / /fhZj kl/rfng tyf afF8kmfF8 x'g]5 . 25

-@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd /fhZj kl/rfng / afF8kmf8 ubf{ d'n'ssf] ;Gt'lnt / ;dfg ljsf; x'g] u/L ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s b[li6sf]0faf6 lk5l8Psf ju{ tyf ;d'bfosf] ;du| pTyfgsf nflu ljz]if Wofg lbg' kg{]5 . efu !(

/fhg}lts bnx¿ 141

/fhg}lts bnnfO{ k|ltjGw nufpg aGb]hM -!_ ;dfg /fhg}lts ljrf/wf/f, bz{g / sfo{qmddf k|ltj4 JolQmx¿n] wf/f !@ sf] pkwf/f -#_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+z -#_ cGtu{t ag]sf] sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL cfˆgf] OR5fg';f/ /fhg}lts bn vf]Ng, ;~rfng ug{ / ;f] sf] ljrf/wf/f, bz{g / sfo{qmdk|lt hg;fwf/0fsf] ;dy{g / ;xof]u k|fKt ug{sf] nflu To;sf] k|rf/ / k|;f/ ug{, u/fpg jf ;f] k|of]hgsf nflu cGo s'g} sfd ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . To:tf] s'g} sfo{df s'g} k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L agfOPsf] sfg"g jf ul/Psf] s'g} Joj:yf jf lg0f{o of] ;+ljwfgsf] k|lts"n dflgg] / :jtM cdfGo x'g]5 . -@_ s'g} Pp6} /fhg}lts bn jf Ps} lsl;dsf] /fhg}lts ljrf/wf/f, bz{g jf sfo{qmd ePsf JolQmx¿n] dfq lgjf{rg, b]zsf] /fhg}lts k|0ffnL jf /fHo Joj:yf ;~rfngdf efu lng kfpg] jf ;lDdlnt x'g kfpg] u/L agfPsf] sfg"g, ul/Psf] s'g} Joj:yf jf lg0f{o o; ;+ljwfg k|lts"n / :jtM cdfGo x'g]5 . -#_ of] ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfsf] d"n efjgf / dd{ k|lts"n p2]Zo /fv]sf kf6L{x¿ bn btf{sf] lglDt of]Uo dflgg] 5}gg\ . 142 /fhg}lts bnsf] ¿kdf lgjf{rgsf] nflu dfGotf k|fKt ug{ btf{ u/fpg' kg{]M -!_ lgjf{rgsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 dfGotf k|fKtug{ rfxg] k|To]s /fhg}lts bnn] lgjf{rg cfof]uåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] sfo{ljlw k"/f u/L lgjf{rg cfof]udf btf{ u/fpg' kg{]5 . o; cg';f/ btf{ gug]{ /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] gfd lgjf{rg cfof]usf] ;"rLaf6 x6fOg]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd btf{sf] nflu lgj]bg ubf{ k|:tfj btf{ ug{ ul/Psf] /fhg}lts bnsf] ljwfg, 3f]if0ffkq / lgodfjnL k]z u/L cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm b]xfosf] ljj/0f v'nfpg' kg{]5M– -s_ /fhg}lts bnsf] gfd / To;sf] k|wfg sfof{no /xg] 7]ufgf, -v_ /fhg}lts bnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt jf ;f] ;/xsf] ;ldltsf ;b:o tyf cGo kbflwsf/Lsf] gfd / 7]ufgf, -u_ /fhg}lts bnsf] cfo;|f]tsf] sf]if / ;f] h'6fpg] ;|f]tsf] ljj/0f . -#_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd btf{sf] nflu lgj]bg lb+bf s'g} klg /fhg}lts bnn] b]xfosf zt{x¿ k"/f u/]sf] x'g' kg{]5M– -s_ /fhg}lts bnsf] ljwfg / lgodfjnL nf]stflGqs x'g'k5{, -v_ /fhg}lts bnsf] ljwfg jf lgodfjnLdf sDtLdf kfFr jif{df Ps k6s ;f] bnsf k|To]s txsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] lgjf{rg x'g] Joj:yf x'g'k5{, -u_ ljleGg :t/sf sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltdf dlxnf,blnt nufot pk]lIft / pTkLl8t If]qsf ;b:ox¿ ;d]t /xg] ;dfj]zL Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'g' kb{5, -3_ bnsf] ljwfgdf bnsf] ;b:ox¿nfO{ cg'zfl;t t'Nofpg] k|efjsf/L Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . -$_ s'g} /fhg}lts bnsf] ;b:otf k|fKt ug{ s]jn wd{, hft, hflt, efiff jf lnËsf] cfwf/df g]kfnL gful/spk/ e]befjk"0f{ aGb]h nufOPsf] jf s'g} /fhg}lts ;+u7g jf bnsf] gfd, p2]Zo, lrGx jf em08f d'n'ssf] wfld{s jf ;fDk|bflos PstfnfO{ vnn kfg{] jf d'n'snfO{ ljvl08t ug{] k|s[ltsf] jf To:tf] bnsf] ljwfg jf lgodfjnLdf lgb{nLo jf PsbnLo Joj:yfsf] ;Daw{g / ;+/If0f ug]{ p2]Zo /x]5 eg] lgjf{rg cfof]un] To:tf] ;+u7g jf bnnfO{ btf{ ug{] 5}g . -%_ lgjf{rgsf] lglDt bn btf{ ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu sDtLdf b; xhf/ dtbftfx¿sf] ;dy{g ;lxtsf] x:tfIf/o'Qm lgj]bg cfjZos kg]{5 . t/ cGtl/d Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ bnx¿sf] xsdf of] k|fjwfg nfu" x'g] 5}g . -^_ o; efudf n]lvPb]lv afx]s /fhg}lts bnsf] :yfkgf, btf{, dfGotf tyf cGo s'/fx¿ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .

efu @)

;+s6sfnLg clwsf/ 143

;+s6sfnLg clwsf/ M -!_ g]kfn /fHosf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf jf s'g} efusf] ;'/Iffdf o'4, afXo cfqmd0f, ;z:q ljb|f]x jf r/d cfly{s lj>[ª\vntfsf] sf/0fn]] uDeL/ ;Í6 pTkGg ePdf g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\\n] g]kfn /fHoe/ jf s'g} vf; If]qdf nfu" x'g] u/L ;Í6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff ug{ jf cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 . (2) pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ul/Psf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z ;f] cfb]z ePsf] ldltn] Ps dlxgfleq cg'df]bgsf] nflu Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] a}7sdf k]z ul/g] 5 . 26

(3) pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd cg'df]bgsf] nflu k]z ePsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:ox¿sf] b'O{–ltxfO ax'dtn] cg'df]bg u/]df 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z ePsf] ldltn] tLg dlxgf;Dd nfu" /xg]5 . (4) pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf]] a}7sdf cg'df]bgsf] nflu k]z ePsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd cg'df]bg gePdf ;f] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z :jtM lgliqmo ePsf] dflgg]5 . (5) pkwf/f -!_ sf] cj:yf cem} ljBdfg 5 egL pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhdsf] Dofb e'Qmfg gx'Fb} Joj:yflksf– ;+;bsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:ox¿sf] b'O{–ltxfO ax'dtn] k|:tfjåf/f lg0f{o u/L csf{] Ps k6s tLg dlxgfdf ga9fO{ ;f] k|:tfjdf tf]lsPsf] cjlwsf] nflu ;Í6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]zsf] Dofb a9fpg ;Sg]5 . (6) pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ;Í6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z ePkl5 To:tf] cj:yfsf] lgjf/0f ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\\n] cfjZos cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 . To;/L hf/L ePsf] cfb]z ;Í6sfnLg cj:yf axfn /x];Dd sfg"g ;/x nfu" x'g]5 . (7) g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\\af6 pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ;Í6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z ul/+bf ;f] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z axfn /x];Ddsf] nflu efu # df Joj:yf ePsf df}lns xs lgnDag ug{ ;lsg]5 . t/ wf/f !#, !$, !^, !&, !*, @), @!, @@, @#, @^, @(, #) / #! tyf To:tf wf/f;+u ;DalGwt ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xs / aGbL k|ToIfLs/0fsf] pkrf/ k|fKt ug{] xs lgnDag ul/g] 5}g . (8) pkwf/f -&_ adf]lhd o; ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} wf/f lgnDag ul/Psf]df ;f] wf/fn] k|bfg u/]sf] df}lns xssf] k|rngsf] nflu s'g} cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg jf To; ;DaGwdf s'g} cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g .

(9) pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z axfn /x]sf] cj:yfdf s'g} kbflwsf/Ln] sfg"g ljk/Lt jf ablgot;fy s'g} sfd u/]af6 s;}nfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] Iflt ePsf] /x]5 eg] lghn] ;f] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] tLg dlxgfleq cfk"mnfO{ k/]sf] Iflt jfkt Ifltk"lt{sf] bfjL ug{ ;Sg]5 / bfjL dgfl;j 7x/fPdf cbfntn] plrt Ifltk"lt{ e/fOlbg ;Sg]5 . (10) pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ul/Psf] ;Í6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ;f]

3f]if0ff jf cfb]z axfn /x];Dd h'g;'s} avt klg lkmtf{ lng ;lsg]5 . efu @!

;]gf ;DaGwL Joj:yf 144

g]kfnL ;]gfsf] u7gM -!_ g]kfndf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Ps ;+u7g /xg]5 . (2) g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQm dlGqkl/ifb\\n] ug]{5 .

(3) g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg sfg"g adf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb\n] ug]{5 . dlGqkl/ifb\n] /fhgLlts ;xdlt / Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;DalGwt ;ldltsf] ;'emfj lnO{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] nf]stflGqs/0fsf] lj:t[t sfo{of]hgf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{5 . (4) pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd sfo{of]hgf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ubf{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] pko'Qm ;ª\Vof, nf]stflGqs

;+/rgf / /fli6«o / ;dfj]zL rl/q lgdf{0f u/L nf]stGq / dfgjclwsf/sf] d"Noåf/f ;]gfnfO{ k|lzlIft ug]{ sfd ul/g]5 . (5) g]kfnL ;]gf ;DaGwL cGo s'/fx¿ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . 145 /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\M\ -!_ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] kl/rfng ;+rfng / k|of]u ug{sf nflu dlgqkl/ifb\nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug{ g]kfndf Ps /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\\ /xg]5 h;df b]xfo adf]lhdsf cWoIf / ;b:ox¿ /xg]5g\ M– -s_ k|wfgdGqL – cWoIf -v_ /Iff dGqL – ;b:o -u_ u[x dGqL – ;b:o -ª_ k|wfgdGqLn] tf]]s]sf tLg hgf dGqL – ;b:o

-@_ k|wfgdGqL / /Iff dGqL Ps} JolQm /x]sf] cj:yfdf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] al/i7td ;b:o /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\\sf] ;b:o x'g]5

. -#_ /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\\n] cfˆgf] a}7sdf cfjZostf cg';f/ cGo JolQmnfO{ j}7sdf cfdGq0f ug{ ;Sg]5 .

-$_ /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\\sf] ;lrjsf] sfd /Iff dGqfnosf] ;lrjn] ug{]5 / lghsf] cg'kl:yltdf k|wfgdGqLn] tf]s]sf] clws[tn] ug{]5 .

-%_ k|fs[lts ljkt k/]sf] sf/0fn] g]kfnL ;]gf kl/rfng ePsf]df afx]s ;]gf kl/rfng ;DaGwL g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\\af6 ePsf] lg0f{o Ps dlxgfleq Joj:yflksf–;+;bn] tf]s]sf] ljz]if ;ldltdf k|:t't eO{ cg'df]bg x'g' kg]{5 . -^_ /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\\n] cfˆgf] sfo{ljlw cfkm}+ Jojl:yt ug{ ;Sg]5 .

n8fs'x¿sf] ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yf Mdfcf]jfbL ;]gfsf n8fs'x¿sf] /]vb]v, ;dfof]hg / k'g:yf{kgf lglDt dlGqkl/ifb\n] ljz]if ;ldlt agfpg] 5 / To:tf] ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .

!$^=

!$&= Joj:yfkg / cg'udg M ;]gf / xltof/ Joj:yfkg / cg'udg ;DaGwdf cGo Joj:yf g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]skf dfcf]jfbL_ aLr ;DkGg @)^# ;fn dlª\;/ % ut]sf] …lj:t[t zflGt ;+emf}tfÚ / dlª\;/ @@ ut]sf] …;]gf / xltof/ Joj:yfkgsf] cg'udg ;DaGwL ;+emf}tfÚ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .

27

efu @@

;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg !$*= ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgM -!_ ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} wf/fnfO{ ;+zf]wg jf vf/]h ug]{ ljw]os Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf k|:t't ug{ ;lsg]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k]z ePsf] ljw]os Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] sDtLdf b'O{ ltxfO{ ;b:ox¿sf] ax'dtaf6 :jLs[t ePdf ljw]os kfl/t ePsf] dflgg]5 . efu @#

ljljw 149. ;+j}wflgs

kl/ifb\M\ -!_ o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQmsf] l;kmfl/; ug{ Pp6f ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\\ x'g]5 h;df b]xfo adf]lhdsf cWoIf / ;b:ox¿ /xg]5g\ M– -s_ k|wfgdGqL cWoIf -v_ k|wfg GofofwLz ;b:o -u_ Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;efd'v ;b:o -3_ k|wfgdGqLn] tf]s]sf tLg hgf dGqL ;b:o (2) k|wfg GofofwLzsf] kb l/Qm ePsf] cj:yfdf k|wfg GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQmsf] l;kmfl/; ubf{ ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\\df Gofo dGqL ;b:osf] ¿kdf /xg] 5 . (3) ;+j}wflgs cËsf kbflwsf/Lsf] lgo'lQm ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\\sf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tyf sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . (4) g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d'Vo ;lrjn] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] ;lrj eO{ sfd ug{]5 .

150.

g]kfnL /fhb"t / ljz]if k|ltlglwM dlGqkl/ifb\n] g]kfnL /fhb"t / s'g} vf; k|of]hgsf] nflu ljz]if k|ltlglw lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5 . 151. dfkmLM dlGqkl/ifb\\n] h'g;'s} cbfnt, ljz]if cbfnt, ;}lgs cbfnt jf cGo s'g} Goflos, cw{ Goflos jf k|zf;sLo kbflwsf/L jf lgsfon] u/]sf] ;hfonfO{ dfkmL, d'ntjL, kl/jt{g jf sd ug{ ;Sg]5 . 152. pkflw, ;Ddfg / lje"if0fM -!_ k|wfgdGqLaf6 /fHosf tkm{af6 lbOg] pkflw, ;Ddfg / lje"if0fx¿ k|bfg x'g]5g\ . (2) g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[lt k|fKt gu/L g]kfnsf] s'g} gful/sn] s'g} ljb]zL d'n'ssf] ;/sf/af6 k|bfg ul/g] pkflw, ;Ddfg jf lje"if0f u|x0f ug{ x'Fb}g . 153. ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] u7gM g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'n'ssf] k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ lghfdtL ;]jf / cfjZos cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfx¿sf] u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 . To:tf ;]jfx¿sf] u7g, ;~rfng / ;]jfsf zt{x¿ P]gåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/P adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . 154. cfof]usf] u7gM g]kfn ;/sf/n] dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, ckfË, dhb"/ jf ls;fg nufot ljljw If]qsf] xs lxtsf] ;+/If0f / k|jw{g ug{ cfjZos cfof]ux¿ u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 . To:tf cfof]ux¿sf] u7g, sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ ;DaGwL Aoj:yf sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . 155. ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ;'g'jfO / gful/stf ;DaGwL Joj:yfM -!_ o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd lgo'Qm x'g] ;+j}wflgs kbx¿df lgo'lQm k"j{ lghx¿sf] sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd ;+;bLo ;'g'jfO x'g]5 . -@_ o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd lgo'Qm x'g] ;+j}wflgs kbx¿df j+zh jf hGdsf gftfn] g]kfnsf] gful/s ePsf] JolQm jf cËLs[t gful/stf k|fKt u/L sDtLdf b; jif{ g]kfndf a;f]af; u/]sf] JolQmdfq lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]Uo dflgg]5 . 156. ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfsf] cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{gM -!_ g]kfn /fHo jf g]kfn ;/sf/ kIf x'g] ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfsf] cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . (2) pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd sfg"g agfpFbf cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm b]xfosf ljifosf ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfsf] cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox¿sf] b'O{–ltxfO ax'dtn] ug'{ kg{] zt{ /flvg]5M– -s_ zflGt / d}qL, -v_ ;'/Iff Pj+ ;fdl/s ;DaGw, -u_ g]kfn /fHosf] l;dfgf, / -3_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf To;sf] pkof]usf] jfF8kmfF8 . t/ v08 -s_ / -3_ df plNnlvt ljifosf ;lGw jf ;Demf}tf dWo] /fi6«nfO{ Jofks, uDeL/ jf bL3{sfnLg c;/ gkg{] ;fwf/0f k|s[ltsf ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfsf] cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:ox¿sf] ;fwf/0f ax'dtaf6 x'g ;Sg]5 . (3) of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 x'g] s'g} ;lGw jf ;Demf}tf o; wf/f adf]lhd cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g geP;Dd g]kfn ;/sf/ jf g]kfn /fHosf] xsdf nfu" ePsf] dflgg] 5}g . 28

(4) pkwf/f -!_ / -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg g]kfn /fHosf] k|fb]lzs cv08tfdf k|lts"n c;/ kg{] u/L s'g} ;lGw jf ;Demf}tf ul/g] 5}g . 157. hgdt ;+u|xaf6 lg0f{o ug{ ;lsg]M -!_ o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoq Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s /fli6«o dxTjsf] s'g} ljifodf hgdt ;+u|xaf6 lg0f{o ug{ cfjZos 5 egL ;+ljwfg ;efn] tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox¿sf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ;b:osf] ax'dtaf6 lg0f{o u/]df To:tf] ljifodf hgdt ;+u|xaf6 lg0f{o lng ;lsg]5 . (2) pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] k|lqmofaf6 lg0f{o lnOg] sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . 158. afwf c8sfp k'msfpg] clwsf/M dlGqkl/ifb\\n] of] ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ s'g} afwf c8sfp k/]df To:tf] afwf c8sfp k'msfpg cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 / o:tf] cfb]z Joj:yflksf–;+;b jf ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 Ps dlxgfleq cg'df]bg u/fpg' kg{]5 .

efu @$

;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yf 159.

/fhf ;DaGwL Joj:yfM -!_ d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yf ;DaGwL s'g} klg clwsf/ /fhfdf /xg]5}g . (2) d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yf / ;~rfng ;DaGwL ;a} sfd k|wfgdGqLn] ug]{5 . (3) /fh;+:yf sfod /fVg] of g/fVg] ;DaGwdf o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;+ljwfg ;efsf] klxnf] a}7sdf ;fwf/0f ax'dtaf6 lg0f{o ul/g]5 . (4) :juL{o /fhf jL/]Gb|, /fgL P]Zjo{ / lghx¿sf kl/jf/sf] ;DklQ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] dftxtdf NofO{ 6«i6 agfP/ /fi6«lxtdf k|of]u ul/g]5 . (5) /fhfsf] x}l;otn] /fhf 1fg]Gb|nfO{ k|fKt ePsf ;a} ;DklQx¿ -h:t} ljleGg :yfgsf b/af/x¿, jg tyf lgs'~hx¿, P]ltxfl;s / k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf ;Dkbfx¿ cflb_ /fli6«os/0f ul/g]5 . 160. dlGqkl/ifb\ ;DaGwL Joj:yfM -!_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf] dlGqkl/ifb\ o;} ;+ljwfg cGtu{t u7g ePsf] dflgg]5 . (2) wf/f #* adf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g geP;Dd pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] dlGqkl/ifb\ sfod /xg]5 . 161. Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;DaGwL Joj:yfM -!_ of] ;+ljwfg hf/L x'gf;fy o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] u7g x'g]5 . (2) of] ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 tTsfn sfod /x]sf] k|ltlglw;ef / /fli6«o ;ef :jtM lj36g x'g]5 / ;f]xL lbg o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] klxnf] a}7s a:g]5 . (3) of] ;+ljwfg hf/L x'Fbfsf] avt k|ltlglw ;efdf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf ljw]osx¿ o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf x:tfGt/0f x'g]5g\ . (4) of] ;+ljwfg hf/L x'Fbfsf jvt sfod /x]sf] ;+;b ;lrjfno / ;f] ;lrjfnodf sfo{/t kbflwsf/L / sd{rf/L o;} ;+ljwfg adf]lhd sfod x'g] Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;lrjfno / lgo'lQm ePsf kbflwsf/L / sd{rf/L dflgg]5g\ . 162. Gofokflnsf ;DaGwL Joj:yfM -!_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntx¿ o;} ;+ljwfg adf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf] dflgg]5 / of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'g' cl3 bfo/ ePsf d'2fx¿ tt\ tt\ cbfntaf6 lg¿k0f ug{ of] ;+ljwfgn] jfwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . -@_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 ;jf{]Rr cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntx¿df axfn /x]sf GofofwLzx¿n] of] ;+ljwfgk|lt k|ltj4tfsf] zky g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd u|x0f ug'{kg]{5 . zky u|x0f ug{ OGsf/ ug]{ GofofwLz :jtM cfˆgf] kbaf6 d'Qm x'g]5 . -#_ :jtGq, :jR5, lgikIf / ;an Gofokflnsfsf nflu nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotfsf cfwf/df Gofo If]qnfO{ ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg] cfjZos sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/g]5 . 163. ;+j}wflgs lgsfo / kbflwsf/Lx¿ ;DaGwL Joj:yfM -!_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo / kbflwsf/Lx¿ dWo] o; ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v gul/Psf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo / kbflwsf/Lx¿ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 sfod /xg] 5}gg\ . (2) of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿ o;} ;+ljwfg adf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf] dflgg] 5g\ / k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd tL lgsfox¿df ljrf/fwLg /x]sf ljifox¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg o; ;+ljwfgn] jfwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . ;+j}wflgs c+u / ltgsf kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ nf]stflGqs d"NodfGotf cg'¿k ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg cfjZos sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/g]5 . (3) of] ;+ljwfg adf]lhd Joj:yf ul/Psf] /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u u7g geP;Dd k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd ul7t /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u sfod /xg]5 / o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u u7g ePkl5 ;f] cfof]uaf6 km5\of}{6 x'g afFsL /x]sf lgj]bg / ph'/Lx¿ o; cfof]udf ;g{]5g\ / ;f] cfof]un] To:tf lgj]bg / ph'/Lx¿ pk/ of] ;+ljwfg / o; cGtu{t ag]sf] sfg"g adf]lhd sf/jfxL ug{]5 . 29

!^$= jt{dfg sfg"g nfu" /xg]M -!_ k'g:yf{lkt k|ltlglw ;efåf/f eP u/]sf lg0f{o / sfd sfaf{xLx? of] ;+ljwfg;Fu

gaflemPsf] xb;Dd o;} ;+ljwfg adf]lhd eP u/]sf] dflgg]5 . -@_ of] ;+ljwfg nfu" x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf sfg"gx¿ vf/]h of ;+zf]wg geP;Dd sfod /xg]5g\ . t/ of] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] sfg"g of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] tLg dlxgfkl5 aflemPsf] xb;Dd :jtM cdfGo x'g]5 .

30

efu @%

kl/efiff !^%=kl/efiffM -!_ ljifo jf k|;Ën] csf{] cy{ gnfu]df o; ;+ljwfgdf– -s_ æwf/fÆ eGgfn] of] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ;Demg' k5{ . -v_ æg]kfnÆ eGgfn] g]kfn /fHo ;Demg' k5{ . -u_ ægful/sÆ eGgfn] g]kfnsf] gful/s ;Demg' k5{ . -3_ æljw]osÆ eGgfn] Joj:yflksf–;+;b jf ;+ljwfg ;efdf k]z ePsf] ;+ljwfg jf P]gsf] d:of}bf ;Demg' k5{ . -ª_ ækfl/>ldsÆ eGgfn] tnj, eQf, lga[Qe/0f / cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwf ;d]t ;Demg' k5{ . -@_ ljifo jf k|;+un] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; ;+ljwfgdf JoQm ePsf s'/fx¿sf] cwLgdf /xL sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yf g]kfn sfg"gsf] JofVofdf nfu" eP ;/x o; ;+ljwfgsf] JofVofdf klg nfu" x'g]5 . efu @^

;+lIfKt gfd, k|f/De / vf/]hL 166.

;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/DeM -!_ of] ;+ljwfgnfO{ æg]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#Æ elgg]5 .

(2) of] ;+ljwfg k|ltlglw ;efåf/f hf/L x'g]5 / cGtl/d Joj:yflksf–;+;båf/f cg'df]bg ul/g]5 . o;sf] sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL lj:t[t Joxf]/f cg';"rL @ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . (3) ldlt @)^# dlª\;/ % ut] g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ aLr ;DkGg …lj:t[t zflGt ;+emf}tfÚ / ldlt @)^# dlª\;/ @@ ut] ;DkGg …xltof/ / ;]gfsf] Joj:yfkgsf] cg'udg ;DaGwL ;+emf}tfÚ cg';"rL # df /flvPsf] 5. (4) of] ;+ljwfg ;Djt\ b'O{xhf/ lq;¶L ;fn ============== dlxgfsf] ============= ut] ======= af/b]lv k|f/De x'g]5 . 167. vf/]hLM g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 .

cg';"rL–! -wf/f ^ ;+u ;DalGwt_

/fli6«o em08f

-s_ lsgf/fleqsf] cfwf/ agfpg] tl/sf -1_ -2_ -3_ -4_ -5_

Pp6f l;ld|s /Ësf] /ftf] sk8fdf tNnf] efudf rflxPsf] hlt nDafOsf] /]vf afofFaf6 bflxg]lt/ lvRg] / o;nfO{ s v gfd /fVg] . s af6 ;Lwf dfly u ;Dd s v sf] nDafO hltdf s v s} t[tLof+z yKbf hlt x'G5 Tolt nfdf] x'g] u/L s u /]vf lvRg] . s u df s af6 s v sf] nDafO hlt lnO{ 3 lrGxf] nufpg] . v / 3 hf]8\g] . v 3 /]vfdf v af6 s v hlt lnO{ ª lrGxf] nfpg] . ª x'Fb} s v sf] ;dfgfGt/ kf/]/ s u df kg]{ laGb' r af6 z'? u/L bflxg]lt/ 5 ;Dd s v sf] nDafO{ hlt /]vf lvRg] . u / 5 nfO{ hf]8\g] . -v_ rGb| agfpg] tl/sf

-6_ -7_ -8_ -9_ -10_ -11_ -12_ -13_

s v sf] rt'yf+{z hlt s af6 bflxg]df h lrGxf] nfpg] / ToxfFaf6 dfly s u sf] ;dfgfGt/ kf/]/ u 5 nfO{ em df 5'g] /]vf lvRg] . u r sf] cfwf/ ` af6 s v sf] ;dfgfGt/ kf/]/ /]vf bfofFlt/ lvrL u 5 nfO{ 6 df 5'g] . ` 6 / h em /]vf sfl6Psf] 7fpFdf 7 lrGxf] /fVg] . ` / 5 jf]8\g] ` 5 / h em sfl6Psf] laGb'df 8 lrGxf] nfpg] . 8 nfO{ s]Gb| dfgL v 3 /]vfnfO{ Go"gtd cGt/ kg]{ u/L :kz{ ubf{ x'g] hlt b"/L kg]{ u/L h em /]vfsf] tNnf] efudf 9 lrGxf] nufpg] . 8 df 5f]O{ s v sf] ;dfgfGt/ /]vf afofFaf6 bfofFlt/ lvRg] / o;n] s u nfO{ 5f]Psf] ljGb'sf] gfd 0f /fVg] . 7 s]Gb| lnP/ 7 9 Jof;f4{n] tNnf] efudf j[Q v08 lvRg] / 0f 8 af6 uPsf] /]vfnfO{ o;n] 5f]Psf] b'j} 7fpFdf qmdzM t / y gfd /fVg] . 31

-14_ -15_ -16_ -17_ -18_

8 nfO{ s]Gb| dfgL 8 y Jof;f4{n] tNnf] efudf cw{ j[Qfsf/ t y nfO{ 5'g] u/L lvRg] . 9 s]Gb| dfgL 9 8 sf] Jof;f4{n] t 9 y j[Q v08sf] b'j}tkm{ 5'g] u/L j[Q v08 lvRg] / o;n] t 9 y nfO{ 5f]Psf] ljGb'x¿sf] gfd qmdzM b / 9 /fVg] . b w nfO{ hf]8\g] . b 9 / h em sfl6Psf] ljGb'sf] gfd g /fVg] . g nfO{ s]Gb| dfg]/ Jof;f4{ g w n] t 9 y sf] dflyNnf] efudf b'j} 7fpFdf 5'g] u/L cw{ j[Qfsf/ lvRg] . g nfO{ s]Gb| dfg]/ Jof;f4{ g 8 n] t 9 y sf] dflyNnf] efudf b'j} 7fpFdf 5'g] u/L j[Q v08 lvRg] . of] cg';"rLsf] g+= -!^_ sf] cw{ j[Qfsf/ leq / g+= -!&_ sf] j[Q v08 aflx/ rGb|dfsf] cf7j6f a/fa/sf sf]0f agfpg] . -u_ ;"o{ agfpg] tl/sf

-19_ -20_ -21_ -22_

s r sf] cfwf k af6 s v sf] ;dfgfGt/ kf/]/ v ª df 5'g] u/L k km /]vf lvRg] . h em / k km sfl6Psf] laGb' a s]Gb| dfg]/ 8 9 sf] Jof;f4{n] j[Qfsf/ k"/f lvRg] . a nfO{ s]Gb| dg]/ 7 9 Jof;f4{n] j[Qfsf/ k"/f lvRg] . of] cg';"rLsf] g+= -@)_ sf] j[Qfsf/ aflx/ / of] cg';"rLsf] g+= -@!_ sf] j[Qfsf/leq k/]sf] uf]n 3]/fsf] aLr efudf ;"o{sf] afx\j6f a/fa/sf sf]0fx¿ b'O{ r'Rrfx¿n] h =em /]vfdf 5'g] u/L agfpg] . -3_ lsgf/f agfpg] tl/sf

-23_

g 9 sf] rf}8fO hlt uf9f gLnf] /Ësf] lsgf/f em08fsf] cfsf/sf] aflx/L ;a}lt/sf] ;Ldfdf yKg], t/ em08fsf] kfFr sf]0fx¿df rflx+ aflx/L sf]0fx¿ klg leq} ;/xsf agfpg] . -24_ em08f 8f]/L nufO{ k|of]u u/]df dfly atfOPs} kl§ /fVg] . em08f n6\7Ldf 3';fg]{ xf] eg] s u kl§ cfjZos k/] hlt lsgf/f rf}8\ofpg] . 8f]/L jf n6\7Lsf] k|of]udf s u sf] kl§df Kjfn /fVg] . :ki6Ls/0fM em08f agfpFbf lvlrPsf h em b w, r ª, ª 3, ` 5, 0f y, ` 6 / k km /]vfx¿ slNkt x'g\ . To:t} ;"o{sf aflx/L / leqL j[Qfsf/x¿ tyf v'k]{ rGb| afx]s c? a[Q v08 klg slNkt x'g\ . lognfO{ v08df b]vfOFb}g . cg';"rL –@ wf/f !^& sf] pkwf/f -@_ ;Fu ;DalGwt ldlt @)^# ;fn dlª\;/ % ut] g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ aLr ;DkGg …lj:t[t zflGt ;+emf}tfÚ / dlª\;/ @@ ut] ;DkGg …xltof/ tyf ;]gfsf] Joj:yfkgsf] cg'udg ;DaGwL ;+emf}tfÚ adf]lhd xltof/sf] Joj:yfkg / cg'udg ;'? ePkl5 k|ltlglw ;efåf/f of] ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g]5 / cGtl/d Joj:yflksf–;+;båf/f cg'df]bg x'g]5 .

32