Conservation Of Arabic Manuscripts

1 Protection of Arabic Manuscripts and Cultural Property Heritage in Nigeria: (Text of Paper Presentation at)

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PRESERVING NIGERIA’S SCHOLARLY AND LITERARY TRADITIONS AND MANUSCRIPTS HERITAGE

Organized by Arewa House and the United State Embassy, Abuja – Nigeria (2007)

Presenter Muhammad Awwal Umar, Ph.D., Senior Lecturer, Department of Nigerian and African Languages, Faculty of Arts, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria – Nigeria.

January, 2007

2 Protection of Arabic Manuscripts and Cultural Property Heritage in Nigeria Abstract: This paper defines Arabic Manuscripts in a broad cultural discourse. It also conceives Arabic documents as a public property. Again, the paper contends that authorship in Islam is considered as a community service and that it does not suggest any ownership of intellectual heritage by individual other than the entire community. Therefore, the paper explains that knowledge in Islam, just like the case with justice, is a distributive phenomenon. The two should be obtained and maintained in order to create a healthy society. There is no monopoly of ideas or thought. Everyone is duty-bound to protect intellectual products in as much as one is obliged to circulate them. The intellectual development of human intellect had made it possible for the people of Nigeria to participate in world civilization, scholarship and its dissemination. The past leaders sought knowledge and dispersed it across. The inherited political and sociological mastery accredited to the North was acquired through knowledge. Thus the notion 'knowledge is power' is only possible because the leaders of thought were able to encourage the public to embark on learning. They personally took it a duty to mobilize the public to read and think. The general guiding principle behind this attitude was the theory that knowledge is conceived to be distributive by nature the same as the economic and political empowerment. Equally, depositories should not be an end purpose in themselves. One should not house any intellectual property and guard it jealously to the detriment of the public development. The archives are only important in the sense that they serve as a

3 bibliographical transit terminus. Therefore, research findings can only acquire academic authenticity and scholarship reverence if they are published and circulated. The point, here, is that ideas are never static the same as the society which produced them. On the contrary, ideas are always subjected to certain contextual modification, reinterpretation, classification and adjustment. This is only possible if they are widely distributed and thus made known to all. Theoretically, the texts of Arabic manuscripts are viewed to perform certain actions in society. Thus, the notion of socio-cultural interaction by means of text is brought into perspectives. Semiotically, Arabic documents represent the latitude of civilization and level of intellectual contribution (Umar, 2002).Therefore, we contend further that any attempt at examining Arabic Manuscripts in Nigeria stirs up another phenomenon of import to the historical, cultural and intellectual development of the country. Some conclusions are drawn from the facts that for a society to develop it must evolve strategies for preserving and protecting its cultural heritage. It provides suggestions on how to procure, maintain and circulate intellectual and scholarly properties. Arabic Manuscripts: A Definition We may need, in what follows, to define what constitutes Arabic manuscripts and explain how they are being generated. We shall also account for their social import by analysis of their function in cultural framework. The point, here, is to show how relevant are these manuscripts to our culture? Thus, emphasizing the imperative of protecting them.

4 Umar, (1997:2) describes Arabic Manuscripts, as saying:

“… Arabic source materials are treatises in prose and poetry … They may also be correspondences and possibly administrative documents … in Arabic…” They contains discourses on various subjects Law, Theology, Qur’nic and Hadith Sciences, Philosophy, Language, Linguistics, Literature, Administration, Politics, Sociology, History, Education, Astronomy, Mathematics and many more. (refer to Iloriyyu, 1978; Aliyu: 1972 and Galadanci: 1993). Babalola (1993:19) describes Arabic manuscripts looking at their contents and subject-matter too: The works of our great scholars dating back to the early 16th century, with particular reference to Kanem-Borno Empire, the Sokoto Caliphate and pats of the Central and Western Bilad al Sudan as well as those of contemporary scholars of present Nigeria in all branches of human endeavor, remain inexhaustible primary sources of information for all forms of academic activities. Our conception of Arabic manuscripts may be extended to include documents in other Muslims’ languages of Nigeria, such as Hausa, Fulfulde, Kanuri or Yoruba which are written in Arabic script, and generally called Ajami, may also be classified as Arabic manuscripts. The inclusion of other languages besides Arabic may have been necessitated by social function of text in a given context. Again, it may have been projected on the bases of linguistic phonological forms and their main rhetorical ends. 1 Discoursal texture is an essential defining component of any text. It is the actual construct which `pieces together' the various parts of a text. The parts, thus mentioned, are the expressed notions, thoughts, feelings, etc. as the conceptual background of the text and the linguistic parts which include the lexical, syntactic, phonological and

5 morphological items put together within the constraints of Arabic language led to a textual reality called here, Arabic Manuscripts (Umar, 2004). Such a linguistic application is called 'Texturization'. The notion ‘…to piece together’, means to ensure the textual coherence, cohesion and thematization ‘both linguistically and conceptually'. For a text to be coherent it must 'have continuity of sense.' To be cohesive is to display 'connectivity between its surface elements'. And to maintain its themes means to 'be arranged in such a fashion as to draw attention to those parts of its contents'. (Basil, H. and Ian M., 1992:192) Arabic Manuscripts were written in the standard Arabic language as a result of matured learning effort. Strict observation of its linguistic rules and convention is clearly demonstrated by the texts. And the conclusive nature of its discourse guarantees the conceptual connectivity in a thematic presentation - as our discussion on its pragmatics will reveal. In this sense, the process of texturing is seen as a mechanistic: ... The process of transferring meaning into text is a mechanical one, in which lexical entries and syntactical pattern are 'mapped into' a semantic core in the manner of a primitive machine translating system (Ibid: 192 -3) The other textual features in text make include the extra-linguistic factors such as the socio-cultural, historical process, psychological state of both the authors and their audience. That means texts are motivated by socio-linguistic and intellectual realities. They are also considered as dependent variables: ... Actual textual occurrence, though subject to the particular grammatical system of the language, is seen as being motivated by contextual factors. (Ibid: 192) The ‘mixed’ nature of Dan Fodio’s society certainly directed his Fiqh – its nature and contents, emphasis and approach … the Fiqh of the three jurists of

6 Sokoto could be described as a ‘ practical Fiqh’ – their writings were most concerned with what they thought to be necessary for their ‘Brothers’ and their state… (A. N. Hajj Nour, 1979:222) This suggests the deterministic nature of texturization as a culture-bound event and context-dependant. Some of the contextual factors which motivated the compilation of Arabic Manuscripts include the prevailing social injustices, political insecurity, moral decency and other forms of human rights violation in our society. Therefore, Arabic Manuscripts were never a linguistic accident in this nation. The question how Arabic manuscripts are made may be realized form what follows of contention. Arabic Manuscripts may be taken as a compendium of data which are actualized in form of references, co-references and re-occurrences of either external or internal texts. In other words, this is called inter-textuality. It is a discoursal component that shows how authors, readers and listeners recall their past textual experience with other text worlds. (Umar, 2000 :?). Again, inter-textuality, as perceived in this paper, is about how texts, of which Arabic Manuscripts sustain, evoke and stimulate early textual familiarity. Familiarity in this place means knowledge. And on this account, other texts are recalled and situationalized as a dependent textual variable. This suggests the universality and linkage of scholarship as data are always shared regardless of time, place, school of thought and/or ethnic considerations. Thus it is: ... The process whereby a text goes back to what precedes it adding to its ideologically neutral form the whole underlying volume of signification, which accrues from etc. (Basil, H. and Ian M., 1992,ob.cit:128) As it is shown in this research, intertextuality is a textual excursion from "ideologically neutral" denotation of language to its connotative "signification".72 :

7 A text is not merely an amalgamation of 'bits and pieces' culled from other texts. Nor should intertextuality be understood as the mere inclusion of the occasional reference to another text. Rather citations, reference, etc. will be brought into a text for some reason. The motivated nature of this inter-textual relationship may be explained in terms of such matters as text function or overall communicative purpose. (Ibid:128) ….. a signifying system, which operates by connotation...Each intrusion of citation in the text, is the culmination of a process in which a sign travels from one text (source) to another. (Ibid: 129) Three important points are noted here: One, inter-textuality is a dependent textual feature. For instance, Arabic Manuscripts rhetorical intent and the communicative thrust largely rely on the works produced by early scholars as documented in the manuscripts; Two, Intertextuality is a fluctuating variable in the text; and three, it is universal textual attribute linking past with present. Therefore: "the semiotic value of citation undergoes transformation in order to adjust to its new environment." (Ibid) Such an adjustment in form and value in the host text is equally motivated by "a variety of socio-psychological circumstances dictated by particular communicative requirements." (Ibid). This does not only suggest the notion that Arabic Manuscripts are motivated socio-linguistic consequence, but they are also unique Arabic texts peculiar to their own communicative environment and the 'circumstances which led to their production. Therefore, the contention on how cultural are Arabic manuscripts in Nigeria must have been established now. It may have also been projected by our contention that Arabic manuscripts are important and useful cultural property which required appropriate protection. Thus far, the relevance of Arabic Manuscripts as qualifying to be cultural materials that is valued historically, culturally and intellectually must have been explicated.

8 The overall significance of Arabic Manuscripts establishes the relationship between its objective and context. Therefore, texts of which manuscripts are made are not only recognized, as linguistic events, which perform some actions in the historical development of a nation. That is to contend the practical intellectual evidence of the texts as signifying the level of culture and civilization. In other words, Arabic Manuscripts have pragmatically created "the relations between language and its context of utterance." (Ibid:59) for instance a specific Arabic is used in an applied Fiqh convention for sociocultural reform in the 19th century Hausa society. Such an application of language in the described context achieves To determine the social functions of Arabic Manuscripts is the perlocutionary aspect of its function and which is to focalized "the effect of the utterance on the hearer/reader." That refers to the purported end result of the text. For instance, to what extent Arabic Manuscripts make impact on manners and behaviors of the people of Nigeria? The answer is a one sentence: the establishment of a culture based on Islamic tenets. In fact, Arabic Manuscripts as a texts are aimed at consolidating and promoting that the cultural gains. They have tremendously taught and inculcated some social values and world views of Islam. One may not need to explain the processes of how the Islamic culture has been introduced to this country at this occasion. It suffices to assert that Islamic culture had taken the place of old African world views of African Muslims. Methodologically, it had succeeded in achieving that at three stages:1) Aspects of African culture which has no conflict with Islamic teaching are retained as Islamic. 2) Aspects which contradict the Islamic teaching are rejected.3) In between the two there are aspects which are being moderated to become Islamic.

9 This cultural process of transformation was made successful through effective employment of Arabic texts which were produced by the scholars in forms of manuscripts. Besides, to what extent their impact on the behavior and intellect of listener and reader are felt? It has been explained earlier the effect of Arabic Manuscripts are demonstrated by one classic example that led to establishment, perpetuation and consolidation of Sokoto Caliphate in the 19th century. Politically, Arabic Manuscripts prepare society to appreciate and expand polity and its categories. One may need to read Kitab Najm al-Ikhwan by Sheikh Usman ralize the extent of our contention, here. The Sheikh makes issues clear relating to some theocratic concepts of Islamic State and its structure. Such concepts of Caliphate, Kingdom, Imamate, Wilayate and Sultanate are all brought to attention, hereby. Socially, Arabic Manuscripts provide alternative social and cultural practices as embodied in these manuscripts. That is some of functions of Arabic Manuscripts in social interaction by means of texts. Archival Activities on Arabic manuscripts in Nigeria: Giving the fact that Islam makes knowledge a necessary tool for establishing a sound society, it becomes imperative for authorities to show interest and invest in generation, preservation and dissemination of scholarly heritage. Many past Caliphs had demonstrated good examples by establishing libraries and printing houses in attempt to protect intellectual properties. Thus, the legacy of Baghdad, Basra, Samarqand, Cordova, Qairawan, Fez, Timbuktu, Azhar, Sokoto, ‘Yandotto, Katsina, Zaria Borno, Kano and other centers of excellence around the world. Therefore, establishing depositories and documentation houses has never new development in Islamic world. What is new is the

10 fact that, individual private collections become the practice. This may not be unconnected to the historical movement in Muslims societies after the collapse of Caliphate system due to colonial intervention. The fact which made individual scholars and their families to assume the responsibility of preserving the cultural and intellectual properties. However, the colonial power realized the importance of those documents the same as it understood that it can only succeeded in its adventure if the culture of the colonized is fully understood. And was only possible through study and analysis of those documents. Thus the imperative of search and procurement is underlined. According to Babalola (1993, Ibid), the practical ‘Archival activities’ began in the Northern Nigeria ‘on June 14th, 1959’. The search was led by S.S Waniko: The acquisition of Arabic manuscripts received his attention the same year when, on going through a joint report of Dr. A.B.H. Bivar and Mallam Halliru Binji titled: “Report on Preliminary Survey of Arabic manuscripts in Sokoto Province”. … The tattered and fragile condition of Mallam Nagwamatsi’s papers and their poor storage facilities convinced S.S.Winko that he could not afford to delay action to salvage such valuable manuscripts from loss… About 4,000 works were retrieved from Sokoto province by then. Subsequently, fourpoint proposal were put for government consideration: 1.

Establishment of an Arabic manuscripts Committee

2.

Soliciting the eminent Scholars to facilitate in procurement and translation of Arabic manuscripts.

3.

Soliciting the sultan of Sokoto and Sardauna to consider the proposal

In an attempt to create a legal backing for this effort:

11 “… it was then contended that the Public Archives Ordinance of 1957 should be amended in order to make provision for such sub-committees…” (Babalola, ibid: 23) Later development resulted in establishing the History Research Scheme in the department of History, A.B.U., Zaria. The scheme was “Launched in 1964 as an interdisciplinary” research project”. The take up grant was provided by the then Government of Northern Nigeria and Rockefeller Foundation. It started “as a joint-project of University of Ibadan and Ahmadu Bello University. (N.H.R.S Report No.1, p.2, 1966) More efforts to house Arabic Manuscripts were made later by some institutions in Nigeria. This includes establishments of Documentation Section in the Library of Bayero University, Kano; Centre for Islamic Studies, Usumanu Danfodio University; Centre for Trans-Saharan Studies, University of Maiduguri; National Museum, Jos; Arewa House, Kaduna; History Bureaus of Kano, Katsina and Sokoto. Interestingly, these documentation centers share one common goal and objective. That includes: … to recover the past of peoples, cultures, and civilization … to establish and maintain a comprehensive depository for the preservation of manuscripts in all fields of learning relating to the area defined as Trans Sahara …”. (CTSS, 1986:3). The most alarming here is that there has no closed contact, or coordination and cooperation among these centers. Each seems to exist and operate as an island of itself. This is contrary to what is taking place in other documentation centers and units, both individual and cooperates, in America and Europe where there is a concern on Arabic manuscripts, particularly from Africa, south of the Sahara. (Umar, 19989)

12 The interest, thus far, shown by international individual and institutions in Arabic Manuscripts, for whatever reason, have evidently underscored the importance of these documents culturally, historically, politically and otherwise. One interesting point which is practical is the existing cooperation among the so many international depositories and libraries aimed at protecting Arabic manuscripts. There are also evidence of effort at preserving and circulating them scientifically. One may not need to emphasize the advantage offered by current waves of computer technical development in this venture. Computer aided programs, which very much friendly, are being used to protect and disseminate corpus of data in their massiveness. It is so easy and much organized to store manage and manipulate data with computer than to keep them on shelves. The following pages provide us instances where electronic devices are being employed to secure manuscripts and archival materials internationally. In Egypt, for example, Arabic manuscripts are, in the first place, defined as cultural indicant. They are the treasury of heritage. It is also focalized as a pier of cultural bridge and pillar or backbone of national historical pride. For this realization, it becomes necessary to take proper measures to protect them in concrete terms. The most immediate step taken by the authorities toward achieving that is identifying the locations where the manuscripts are housed? Who is having them? How they acquired them? One fact emerged apparent that manuscripts are found scattered in so many places and cities. Some are kept by individual families in a poor condition. We gathered that there are about 33 locations where Arabic manuscripts are housed in Egypt. A total sum of 132000 manuscripts are said to have been indexed thereat. In such a situation, it is increasingly difficult for researchers to visit all these locations in order to have access to the

13 documents. In fact one may not know where to start from. In an attempt to arrest the situation, the authorities devised strategies to arrest the situation from escalating by transferring the documents into electronic forms at each location. Then a network was created linking them at one terminal called Central Information and Documentation Unit. It was later developed into the Egyptian Library website. By this measure, manuscripts are not only protected but they are also made easy to world. (Refer to Egypt library web site). Going by its content, the website provides information on Arabic manuscripts from the other locations in the country. Egypt is not the only country which is demonstrating interest in protection and preservation of scholarly cultural heritage. Earlier developments in the late 20th century some efforts were made in investing in this kind of project around the world. For instance, the Research Computer Technology Corporation in Torrance, California, USA has developed a bilingual database called Al-Raed 100. It ‘consists of specially configured microcomputer, keyboard and display terminal’ (See Anees M.A., 1987:25). Siamwalla and Company, Bangkok, Thailand has also produced software called Qur’an Database which enjoys “…high-resolution graphics and display with English translation … It enables the user to retrieve any particular verse in any Surah of the Qur’an…” (Ibid.) Another effort is made in this respect by Applied Micro-system Technology, London, England.

The company has devised software called Salsabeel . “… The

database can be searched through a number of strategies including, name of the Surah, an Ayah, word search, and search by phrase or even character string…” (Ibid.)

14 The Islamic Bibliographic Data Service, Chicago, USA, created database and named it Sira and Hadith Bibliographic Database. ”… The database extends special coverage to the writing of Muslim authors since their works are not adequately indexed… the information for the atabase is derived from books, journals, dissertations etc…” (Ibid.) Other scientific progress made in this endeavor, and which we can equally use to protect our manuscripts is the production of Islamic Law Database. The device was made by the Islamic Research Institute, Islamic International University, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Observations: It is here observed that the earlier attempts by different centers in Nigeria, at procuring, classifying, cataloguing and analyzing the Arabic Manuscripts of Nigeria were not scientific enough to guarantee a contextual understanding and perception of history, cultures, and literatures of the diverse nationalities in the country, we want to put project proposal conceiving the idea of preserving, reconstructing and disseminating our history, cultures, languages and literatures more. This informs the need to recover all the manuscripts for the purpose of documentation, study and translation. The process of procurement and documentation ought to be a continuous exercise. Unfortunately the case has been contrary. It is also observed that, there is no any attempt to study edit and/or translate the works. The most alarming state of the matter is the poor condition of

15 preservation at present. On the other hand, most scholars and students do not pay attention to these materials. Recommendations: 1.

The imperative of improving the condition of preservation of the materials at hand

2.

To embark on academic research works (editing, textual analysis and translation)

3.

To re-commence field works to recover more materials

These are elaborated in details in what follows. In order to arrest the situation not to result into a total damage and subsequent lost, there is needed to use the available modern technological facilities to preserve the materials. This can be achieved by transferring individual work into electronic form. (i.e. computerizing).The materials will be more protected and made easy to access if are put into a disc plates. To do this, there is need for acquiring machines and computer literate personnel. (To determine how many or what machines and personnel needed we should consult relevant authorities).The existing form of documentation may need to be upgraded. There is need to develop the entries to contain more details on works. Thus, the need

to

prepare

an

electronic

descriptive

catalogue

will

be

appreciated.

A mere collection and documentation should not be an end-purpose in itself. The primary objective of housing such important materials is to give them publicity nationally and internationally. The most effective way of creating such publicity is by embranchment on research on the materials. In this respect, there is need to invite write scholars to appreciate what we have in scholarship. Besides, data should be studied, analyzed, and distributed in a publication. The public need to know the past in order to build the present.

16 The fact that data have not been publicized for this long, the contribution of our past leader of thought is also being denied to public. And this may also lead to intellectual underdevelopment. The other danger is that, the failure to study those works has offered a room to unqualified persons to engage in reprinting and circulating the works in poor forms in markets for economic interest. This can be done in three means: a.

To initiate contacts with the interested institutions and individuals nationally and internationally.

b.

To organize conferences, workshops and seminars on the collections.

c.

To engage staff and students of our institutions to do research on the materials

Results of research findings should be made public. This means to start publication. To publish the results of the research means to establish a serial circulation. It may be in form of an official Bulletin, Journal, Report or Book Series. It is therefore, necessary to establish media to publish the works. It may be verbalized it as A.B.U. Arabic Historical Sources Series. However, a sequence of other academic activities (editing, translating and textual analysis) on the Arabic historical materials may also be added. Serial media means a sustained publication of the results of research findings in books or journal forms. It shall be conducted under a supervision of senior academic workforce. Such a publication should be supported by governments, organizations, institutions and individuals. For its effective end-result, an editorial board constituted. The board shall serve as a technical academic organ. It shall be responsible for initiating research themes, supervision and completion of works. The proposed board shall not be over crowded. It shall consist of competent and committed specialists. Conclusion:

17 History is a continuous process, culture is a dynamic social phenomenon, civilization is a human being’s channel of development and texts and their constituent discourses are social reality and means of mobilization and intellectual contribution. It may not be adequate enough to continue describing both the relevance and significance of Arabic scholarship to the history of our land by mere adjectives or attributive phrases. The discursive paradigmatic, which is established by means of socio-political interaction with text, is the practical definition of the contribution made by Arabic tradition to African history and cultures. The legacy has not stopped by the period of Sokoto Jihad or by the colonial intervention in the 19th century. It is a continuous effort in the history and development of scholarship. To this date, scholars are still writing in Arabic language as a representative of the other side of our national and social conscious mobilization in historical process. Finally, the organizers of this International Conference may wish to consider the idea of forming a committee to study the position of this paper.

18 REFERENCES: Aliyu, Abubakar (1972), al-Thaqafah al-Arabiyyah fi Najeriya,Cairo: Matba’aty Abdul Basit. Basil. H. and Ian, M., (1992), Discourse and the Translator, London: Longman. Buhairy, S.H., (2003), Madkhal ila Lughghati al-Nass, al-Qahirah: Mu’assasatu alMukhtar. __________, (2004) ‘Ilm Lughghati al-Nassi ,al-Qahirah: Mu’assasatu al-Mukhtar. Babalola, F. O., ‘The Future of Arabic Manuscripts in Nigeria’, The Nigerian Archives, (1993). Galadanci, S.A.S., (1993), Cairo: al-Maktabah al-Ifriqiyyah. Iloriyyu, A. A., (1978), al-Islam fi Najeriya, (n.p.), 2nd edition. Nour, A.N. Hajj, ‘An Elementary Study the Fiqh of Dan Fodio’, in Usman, Y.B., ed. (1979), Studies in the History of Sokoto Caliphate: The Sokoto Seminar Papers, Zaria: A.B.U. Press. Umar, M. A., (2000), The Linguistic, Political, Religious and Historical Significance of Najm al-Ikhwan of Danfodio’ , unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria. _________ , (2002) , ‘ Pragmatic Evaluation of Arabic Literature in Nigeria: A Case Study of Danfodiyu’s Kitab Najm’ , Maiduguri Journal of Languages and Linguistics, Department of Languages and Linguistics, University of Maiduguri , Vol. IV , No. 1 , PP. 146 – 153. __________, (2004), ‘Texturization Process in Arabic Disquisition’, Harshe, No. 2, Department of Nigerian and African Languages, A.B.U., Zaria. Umar, M.S. ( ), ‘Arabic Source Materials for the History of the Struggle for Nigeria’s Independence: A Preliminary Inquiry’, in Further Readings: 1Aida, A. and A. Hakima, (1965), Descriptive Catalogue of Arabic Manuscripts in Nigeria, Amman: University Press.

1Hiskett, M., (1957), ‘Material Relating to the State of Learning among the Fulani before their Jihad’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol.xix. Kensdale, W.E.N., ‘Field Note on Arabic Literature of Western Sudan: Usman Dan Fodio’, Journal of Royal Asiatic Society.

Shehu

19 1Lewick, T., (1974), Arabic External Sources for the History of Africa to the South of Sahara, Lagos, Pilgrims Books. Steward, C. G., (1979), ‘Southern Saharan Scholarship and Bilad al-Sudan’, Journal of African History, Vol. xvii, no.1.

Umar, M. A., (2002) , ‘Sociolinguistic Dimension of Nigerian Arabic Discourse: Analysis of Najm al-Ikhwan’ , Maiduguri Journal of Languages and Linguistics, Department of Languages and Linguistics, University of Maiduguri , Vol. IV , No. 2. _________ , (2002), ‘The Linguistic and Historical Significance of al-Kanemi’s Letter to the 19th Century Jihadists’ , in Mustafa, A. and Garba, A. , (eds.), Proceeding of the conference of the ‘Ulam’a of Central Bilad al-Sudan, Centre for Trans Saharan Studies, University of Maiduguri ‫ز‬ ________ , (2002) , ‘Development of Arabic Manuscripts in the Centre for Trans Saharan Studies, University of Maiduguri’, The Annals of Borno: A Journal of the University of Maiduguri, Nigeria, Vols. 19 and 20 Umar, M. S. (2006), Islam and Colonialism: Interllectual Responses of Muslims of Northern Nigeria to british Colonial Rule, Leiden-Boston: Brill. Whitting, C. E. J., (1943), ‘The Unprinted Indigenous Arabic Literature of Northern Nigeria’, Journal of African Studies, Parts One and Two.

1 Computer-Based Arabic Manuscript Management C. C. Stewart; Kazumi Hatasa History in Africa, Vol. 16. (1989), pp. 403-412. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0361-5413%281989%2916%3C403%3ACAMM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X History in Africa is currently published by African Studies Association. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/afsta.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. http://www.jstor.org Mon Dec 18 13:50:43 2006

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Preliminary Checklist of Uncatalogued Islamic Manuscripts Compiled by William M. Blair, Mohammad H. Faghfoory, and Karl R. Schaefer Revised and edited by Don C. Skemer and James W. Weinberger Revised by Dina Britain

Manuscripts Division Department of Rare Books and Special Collections Princeton University Library 2004 • •

•

Preface ARABIC TEXTS o Garrett Collection  Barudi Series  Littmann Series  Yahuda Series  Yahuda Oversize  Garrett Additional Series o New Series  New Series Oversize o Third Series PERSIAN TEXTS o Garrett Collection

21 Barudi Series Garrett Series Littmann Series Widgery Series Yahuda Series  Yahuda Series Oversize o New Series  New Series Oversize o Third Series OTTOMAN TURKISH TEXTS o Garrett Collection  Garrett Series  Barudi Series  Barudi Series Oversize  Houtsma Series  Littmann Series  Yahuda Series  Yahuda Series Oversize  Garrett Additional Series o New Series o Third Series MISCELLANEOUS TEXTS o Garrett Collection  Littmann Series: Malay texts  Widgery Series: Hindustani, Punjabi and Urdu texts  Garrett Additional Series: Malay texts o New Series: Various texts APPENDICES o I. The Scheide Library o II: Mrs. Dumont Clarke Collection of Islamic Calligraphy o III: William J. Tresize Collection of Arabic Calligraphy o IV: Third Series Recent Accessions (Arabic, Persian and Ottoman Turkish Manuscripts acquired since 1995)     

•

•

•

PREFACE This preliminary checklist of mostly uncataloged Islamic manuscripts in the Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Libraries, was largely compiled by William M. Blair, Mohammad H. Faghfoory, and Karl R. Schaefer, with assistance from Maria Dakake and ‘Abd al-Majid Hannoum. The work was completed 1993-1995 on a grant from the U.S. Department of Education, Title II-C, under the general supervision of Don C. Skemer and James W. Weinberger, who have revised and edited the text and integrated more than two hundred and forty recent accessions from the years 1995 to the present; with the Third Series being the one that continues to grow. This work was further edited, revised, and enhanced in 2004 by Dina Britain. Particular

22 attention was given to the correct Romanization of the Arabic names, substituting a large portion of the names with the authorized versions, according to LC standards, wherever possible. While the checklist represents the work of a team, the project catalogers specialized to some extent: Blair (Ottoman Turkish), Schaefer (Arabic), and Faghfoory (Persian). The project focused on manuscripts that had not been described in four printed catalogs covering about 9,500 texts found in some 11,000 volumes of Islamic manuscripts in the Princeton University Library: (1) Philip K, Hitti, Nabih Amin Faris, and Butrus ‘Abd alMalik, Descriptive Catalog of the Garrett Collection of Arabic Manuscripts in the Princeton University Library, Princeton Oriental Texts, vol. 5 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1938; (2) Mohammed E. Moghadam and Yahya Armajani, under the supervision of Philip K. Hitti, Descriptive Catalog of the Garrett Collection of Persian, Turkish and Indic Manuscripts Including Some Miniatures, Princeton Oriental Texts, vol. 6 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1939); (3) Rudolf Mach, Catalogue of Arabic Manuscripts (Yahuda Section) in the Garrett Collection, Princeton University Library, Princeton Studies on the Near East (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977); and (4) Rudolf Mach and Eric L. Ormsby, Handlist of Arabic Manuscripts (New Series) in the Princeton University Library, Princeton Studies on the Near East (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987). These four printed catalogs superseded earlier catalogs compiled by Enno Littmann (1904), Nicholas N. Martinovich (1926), and Ernest Cushing Richardson and Nabi Amin Faris (1934). Other Islamica at Princeton not described either in the published catalogs or in this preliminary checklist include Arabic papyri in the Manuscripts Division, early Arabic and Turkish printed books in the department's Rare Books Division, and Persian miniatures in the Princeton University Art Museum. For descriptions and selected digital images of Arabic papyri at Princeton, go to the Princeton University Library Papyrus Home Page. Early printed Islamica in the Rare Books Division may be searched online in the Princeton University Library Main Catalogue. For digital images of 277 Persian miniatures in five illustrated Shahnamah manuscripts, dating from 1544 to 1674, in the Manuscripts Division, go to “The Princeton Shahnama Project” at < http://www.princeton.edu/~shahnama/>. The manuscripts include Garrett Islamic MSS. 56G, 57G, 58G, and 59G, which were the gift of Robert Garrett, Class of 1897; and the “Peck Shahnamah” (Islamic Manuscripts, Third Series, no. 310), which was bequeathed to Princeton in 1983 by Clara S. Peck, the sister of Fremont C. Peck, Class of 1920. The entries in this preliminary checklist are arranged by language and series in shelf number order. Each entry includes brief bibliographic descriptions giving (whenever available) author, title or uniform title, date of copy, folios, and shelf number. Appendices list Islamic manuscripts in The Scheide Library, the Mrs. Dumont Clarke Collection of Islamic Calligraphy, the Willima J. Tresize Collection of Arabic Calligraphy, and Third Series Recent Accessions of Arabic, Persian, and Ottoman Turkish manuscripts acquired since 1995. The cataloging policy of the project was to follow Library of Congress transliteration rules. The 650 or so entries (chiefly Third Series) which have been fully cataloged in the Voyager database uniformly follow NACO standards for name authority, and most represent the authorized version of the name. There may be some discrepancies

23 between the authorized version in the Name Authority File and the version in the manuscript itself. This handlist represents the contributions of several different persons; thus inconsistencies and mistakes may occur. It is important to emphasize that the preliminary checklist is not a complete catalog like Princeton's published catalogs of 1939-1987, which are organized by subject and provide bibliographic and physical descriptions. When requesting items listed in this checklist, readers should cite the shelf number, including the capital letter which appears at the end of the number. In the case of OVERSIZE items, the lower case "q" should be included on the call slip, since this is part of the shelving code. [last updated November 11, 2004] Top

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of Rare Books and Special Collections has a wide variety of online reference tools that describe its holdings in varying degrees of detail. While these tools take different forms, ranging from descriptive guides to collectionand item-level bibliographic records, their purpose is to describe and, in some cases, digitally reproduce the material in our collections. The Department

Links to the Department's major reference tools appear on this page, but they and many others have also been broadly organized according to the type of material they describe, namely, Rare Books; Manuscripts and Archives; Graphic Arts; and Western Americana. All are designed to be self-explanetory, but researchers should not hesitate to contact reference staff with questions. Tips on using these tools effectively can be found in the Department's Research Tutorial. Researchers should also bear in mind that not all of our holdings are described in an online form and that printed catalogs or inventories may represent the only source of information that is available.

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Princeton has the largest collection of Islamic manuscripts in North America and one of the finest such collections in the Western world. The Princeton University Library holds some 11,000 volumes of Arabic, Persian, and Ottoman Turkish manuscripts. While the world of Islamic learning is the chief emphasis, there are also illuminated Qur’ans, Persian illustrated manuscripts and miniatures, and other examples of Islamic book arts. Among the most famous examples of Persian painting are the 16th-century Peck Shahnamah and Muin Musavvir's 1673 portrait of the Safavid-era painter Riza ‘Abbasi. For published descriptions of manuscripts, see (1) Philip K. Hitti, Nabih Amin Faris, and Butrus ‘Abd al-Malik, Descriptive Catalog of the Garrett Collection of Arabic Manuscripts in the Princeton University Library, Princeton Oriental Texts, vol. 5 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1938); (2) Mohammed E. Moghadam and Yahya Armajani, under the supervision of Philip K. Hitti, Descriptive Catalog of the Garrett Collection of Persian, Turkish and Indic Manuscripts Including Some Miniatures, Princeton Oriental Texts, vol. 6 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1939); (3) Rudolf Mach, Catalogue of Arabic Manuscripts (Yahuda Section) in the Garrett Collection , Princeton University Library, Princeton Studies on the Near East (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977); and (4) Rudolf Mach and Eric L. Ormsby, Handlist of Arabic Manuscripts (New Series) in the Princeton University Library, Princeton Studies on the Near East (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987). These four printed catalogs and the unpublished checklist supersede earlier printed catalogues or descriptions by Enno Littmann (1904), Nicholas N. Martinovich (1926), and Ernest Cushing Richardson and Nabih Amin Faris (1934). Thousands of additional Islamic manuscripts (including most of Princeton’s approximately 2,000 Persian and 900 Ottoman Turkish manuscripts) are described in the Preliminary Checklist of Uncataloged Islamic Manuscripts in the Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library (2004). For a checklist of a recently acquired collection on Arabic calligraphy, go to William J. Trezise Collection of Arabic Calligraphy. For descriptions and selected digital images of Arabic papyri at Princeton, go to the Princeton University Library Papyrus Home Page. Early printed Islamica in the Rare Books Division may be searched online in the Princeton University Library Main Catalogue. For digital images of 277 Persian miniatures in five illustrated Shahnamah manuscripts, dating from 1544 to 1674, in the Manuscripts Division, go to “The Princeton Shahnama Project” at < http://www.princeton.edu/~shahnama/>The manuscripts include Garrett Islamic MSS. 56G, 57G, 58G, and 59G, which were the gift of Robert Garrett, Class of 1897; and the “Peck Shahnamah” (Islamic Manuscripts, Third Series, no. 310), which was bequeathed to

28 Princeton in 1983 by Clara S. Peck, the sister of Fremont C. Peck, Class of 1920.

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Resources on Arabic Manuscripts At UNC and Duke libraries Comprehensive Reference Works on Arabic Manuscripts

Brockelmann, Carl. Geschichte der arabischen litteratur. 2 vols. plus 3 suppl. vols., Leiden, E.J. Brill, 1943-. UNC Davis: PJ7510 .B7 1943 Kâtip Çelebi. Lexicon bibliographicum et encyclopaedicum ... ad codicum Vindobonensium Parisiensium et Berolinensis fidem primum edidit Latine vertit et commentario indicibusque instruxit Gustavus Fluegel. .... Arabic text with Latin trans. by Gustav Lebrecht Fluegel. 7 vols., Leipzig: Published for the Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland, 1835-1858. Duke Perkins --Quarto z892.7 K19L. Sezgin, Fuat. Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums. 12 vol.s, Leiden, E.J. Brill, 1967-. UNC Davis: Z7052 .S44. Duke Perkins Library | International & Area Studies Reading Room | z492.7 S522G. Volumes organized by subject, covering Arabic literature up to about 950 CE.

Arabic Manuscript Catalogs in UNC Libraries

Abu Raihon Berunii nomidagi Sharqshunoslik instituti. Kratkii katalog sufiiskikh proizvedenii XVIII- XX vv. iz sobraniia Instituta vostokovedeniia Akademii nauk Respubliki Uzbekistan im. al-Biruni / [sostaviteli S. Gulomov ... et al. ; redaktsionnaia kollegiia B. Babadzhanov, A. Kremer, IU. Paul']. Berlin : Das Arabische Buch, 2000. Davis Folio: BP189.2 .A28 2000. Handlist of Sufi manuscripts (18th20th centuries) in the holdings of the Oriental Institute, Academy of Sciences, Republic of Uzbekistan (Biruni). Aro, Jussi. Die arabischen, persischen und türkischen Handschriften der Universitätsbibliothek zu Helsinki. Helsinki: [s.n.], 1958. Davis: PJ9 .S86 v. 23 no. 4 Atiya, Aziz Suryal, 1898- The Arabic manuscripts of Mount Sinai; a hand-list of the Arabic manuscripts and scrolls microfilmed at the library of the Monastery of St. Catherine, Mount Sinai. Foreword by Wendell Phillips.

30 Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press [1955]. Davis Reference: Z6621.S45 A8 Biblioteca apostolica vaticana. Elenco dei manoscritti arabi islamici della Biblioteca vaticana: vaticani, barberiniani, borgiani, rossiani. Città del Vaticano: Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, 1935. Davis: AS222 .V3 t. 67 Biblioteca apostolica vaticana. Secondo elenco dei manoscritti arabi islamici della Biblioteca vaticana / [di] Giorgio Levi della Vida. Città del Vaticano: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1965. Davis: AS222 .V3 t. 242 Bibliothèque nationale (France). Département des manuscrits. Catalogue des manuscrits arabes par m. le baron de Slane: Paris Imprimerie nationale 1883-1895. Davis: Storage (F)--Use Request Form: 016.091 P232c British Library. Oriental and India Office Collections. A classified handlist of Arabic manuscripts acquired since 1912 / edited by R. Vassie. London: British Library, 1995-. Davis Reference: Z6621.B86 A6 1995 Choix de livres qui se trouvaient dans les bibliothèques d'Alep (au XIIIe siècle) [Le Caire, 1946] Davis: DT43 .I625 t. 49 Danishgah-i Tihran. Kitabkhanah-'i Markazi va Markaz-i Asnad. Fihrist-i Kitabkhanah-'i ihda'i-i Aqa-yi Sayyid Muhammad Mishkat bih Kitabkhanah-'i Danishgah-i Tihran. [Tehran]: Chapkhanah-i Danishgah, 1330- [1951 or 1952-. Davis: Z6621 .T3 Dietrich, Albert, 1912- Medicinalia Arabica. Studien über arabische medizinische Handschriften in türkischen und syrischen Bibliotheken. Göttingen, Vandenhoeck u. Ruprecht, 1966. Davis: AS182 .G812 Folge 3 Nr. 66 Escorial. Real Biblioteca. Bibliotheca arabico-hispaña escurialensis; sive, librorum omnium mss. quos arabicè ab auctoribus magnam partem arabo-hispanis compositos bibliotheca coenobii escurialensis complectitur, recensio et explanatio, operâ & studio Michaelis Casiri ... Matriti, Antonius Perez de Soto, 1760-70. Wilson RBC Folio: Z6621.E75 A6 Farmer, Henry George, 1882- The Arabic musical manuscripts in the Bodleian library; a descriptive catalogue with illustrations of musical instruments. By Henry George Farmer. London, W. Reeves, 1925. Davis: Storage--Use Request Form: 016.78 F23a Farmer, Henry George, 1882- The sources of Arabian music: an annotated bibliography of Arabic manuscripts which deal with the theory, practice, and history of Arabian music. By

31 Henry George Farmer. With five plates. Bearsden, Scotland, Issued privately by the author, 1940. Davis: Storage--Use Request Form: 016.78 F23s Garrett, Robert, b. 1875. Descriptive catalog of the Garrett collection of Arabic manuscripts in the Princeton University library, by Philip K. Hitti, Nabih Amin Faris [and] Butrus `Abd-al-Malik. Princeton, Princeton University Press; London, H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1938. Davis: PJ25 .P7 vol. 5 Graf, Georg. Catalogue de manuscrits arabes chrétiens conservés au Caire / par Georg Graf ... Città del Vaticano: Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, 1934. Davis: AS222 .V3 t. 63 Great Britain. India Office. Library. A catalogue of the Arabic manuscripts in the Library of the India Office, by Otto Loth [et al] London, 1877-1940. Davis Reference: Z6621.G78 A7 Great Britain. India Office. Library. Catalogue of two collections of Persian and Arabic manuscripts preserved in the India office library; by E. Denison Ross, and Edward G. Browne. London, Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1902. Davis: Z6621.G78 P41 Krek, Miroslav. A catalogue of Arabic manuscripts in the Oriental Institute of Chicago. New Haven, American Oriental Society, 1961. Davis: Z6605.A6 K7 Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden. Bibliotheek. Catalogus codicum arabicorum bibliothecae academiae Lugduno-Batavae / auctoribus M. J. De Goeje et M. Th. Houtsma. Lugdun: Batavorum: Brill, 1888-1907. Davis Reference: Z6621 .L66 Tashkandy, Abbas Saleh. A descriptive catalogue of the historical collection of the scientific manuscripts at the library of `Arif Hikmat in Medina, Saudi Arabia [microfilm]. 1974. Davis: Storage(MFM)--Use Request Form Microfilm: 45444 Uppsala universitetsbibliotek. Die arabischen, persischen und türkischen Handschriften der Universitätsbibliothek zu Uppsala, verzeichnet und beschrieben von K. V. Zetterstéen. Uppsala [Almgvist & Wiksells] 1930- Davis: Z6621 .U690 Vajda, Georges. Index général des manuscrits arabes musulmans de la Bibliothèque nationale de Paris. Paris: Éditions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1953. Davis Reference: Z6621.P22 A7

32 Wellcome Historical Medical Library. A catalogue of Arabic manuscripts on medicine and science in the Wellcome Historical Medical Library, by A.Z. Iskandar. London, Wellcome Historical Medical Library, 1967. Davis: Z6621.L8466 A7 Yale University. Library. Arabic manuscripts in the Yale University Library, compiled by Leon Nemoy. New Haven, 1956. Davis: Q11 .C9 v. 40 p. [1]-273

Arabic Manuscript Catalogs in Duke Libraries

Arberry, A. J. (Arthur John), 1905-1969. The Chester Beatty Library. A handlist of the Arabic manuscripts. Dublin, E. Walker (Ireland), 1955-. Perkins Library | Stacks (III) | q091 B369C Atiya, Aziz Suryal, 1898- The Arabic manuscripts of Mount Sinai; a hand-list of the Arabic manuscripts and scrolls microfilmed at the library of the Monastery of St. Catherine, Mount Sinai. Foreword by Wendell Phillips. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press [1955]. Divinity School Library | Stacks Quarto | z091 A872A Bauwens, Jan. Maktub bilyad. Manuscrits arabes a la Bibliothque Albert Ier (Exposition. Bibliotheque Albert Ier, Bruxelles, 21 december 1968 au 26 janvier 1969). Bruxelles, [Bibliotheque royale de Belgique], (1968). Perkins Library | Stacks | z091 B352M Biblioteca apostolica vaticana. Elenco dei manoscritti arabi islamici della Biblioteca vaticana: vaticani, barberiniani, borgiani, rossiani. Citta del Vaticano, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, 1935. Divinity School Library | Stacks | 270.08 V345S, v. 67, 242 Bibliotheque nationale (France). Departement des manuscrits. Catalogue des manuscrits arabes par m. le baron de Slane ... Paris Imprimerie nationale 1883-1895. Library Service Center | z091 P232CT LSC Bonelli, Luigi. Catalogo dei codici arabi, persiani e turchi della Biblioteca casanatense. Firenze: Stabilamento Tipografico Fiorentino, 1892. Perkins Library | Stacks | z091 R762CT British Library. Oriental and India Office Collections. A classified handlist of Arabic manuscripts acquired since 1912. Edited by R. Vassie. London: British Library, 1995-. Library Service Center | 016.091 B862, C614, 1995 LSC British Museum. Dept. of Oriental Printed Books and Manuscripts. Catalogus codicum manuscriptorum

33 orientalium qui in Museo britannico asservantur. Londini, impensis Curatorum Musei britannici, 1838-52. Perkins Library | Stacks Oversize | z091 B862CO Cambridge University Library. A hand-list of the Muammadan manuscripts, including all those written in the Arabic character, preserved in the library of the University of Cambridge, by Edward G. Browne. Cambridge, University Press, 1900. Divinity School Library | Reference | z091 C178H Cortese, Delia. Arabic Ismaili manuscripts: the Zahid Ali Collection in the library of the Institute of Ismaili Studies. London; New York: I.B. Tauris in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies, 2003. Perkins Library | Stacks | Z6621.I634 Z34 2003 Cortese, Delia. Ismaili and other Arabic manuscripts: a descriptive catalogue of manuscripts in the Library of the Institute of Ismaili Studies. London; New York: I.B. Tauris, in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies; New York: distributed in the U.S. and Canada by St. Martin's Press, 2000. Perkins Library | Stacks | 011.31 C828, I83, 2000 Farmer, Henry George, 1882- The sources of Arabian music: an annotated bibliography of Arabic manuscripts which deal with the theory, practice, and history of Arabian music. With five plates. Bearsden, Scotland, Issued privately by the author, 1940. Music Library | Reference | 016.7817 F233S Fondazione Caetani. I manoscritti arabi di recente accessione della Fondazione Caetani, Catalogo di Renato Traini. Roma, Accademia dei Lincei, 1967. Perkins Library | Stacks | 065.6 R763I, no. 6 Graf, Georg. Catalogue de manuscrits arabes chretiens conserves au Caire. Citta del Vaticano, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, 1934. Divinity School Library | Stacks | 270.08 V345S, v. 63 Great Britain. India Office. Library. A catalogue of the Arabic manuscripts in the Library of the India Office, by Otto Loth [et al] London, 1877-1940. Perkins Library | Stacks | z091 G786C Gujarata Vidyasabha. Descriptive catalogue of Arabic and Persian manuscripts: Gujarat Vidya Sabha Collection. Compiled and edited by Chhotubhai Ranchhodji Naik. Ahmedabad, Vidya Sabha [1964]. Perkins Library | Stacks | z091 G969DE

34 Kaiserliche Universitats- und Landesbibliothek in Strassburg. Katalog der hebraischen, arabischen, persischen und turkischen handschriften der Kaiserlichen universitats-und landesbibliothek zu Strassburg, bearb. von dr. S. Landauer ... Strassburg, K.J. Trubner, 1881. Divinity School Library | Stacks Quarto | 378.43 S897L Krek, Miroslav. A catalogue of Arabic manuscripts in the Oriental Institute of Chicago. New Haven, American Oriental Society, 1961. Library Service Center | z091 K92C LSC Kunnah, Abbas Abd Allah. Fihris al-makhtutat al-musawwarah: al-hadith wa-`ulumuh. al-Qahirah: al-Munaamah alArabiyah lil-Tarbiyah wa-al-Thaqafah wa-al-Ulum, Mahad al-Makhuat al-Arabiyah, [1997-] Catalog of microfilmed MSS on hadith. Divinity School Library | Stacks | 016.297124 K96, F477, 1997 Mulla Firuz Library. Catalogue raisonne of the Arabic, Hindostani, Persian, and Turkish mss. in the Mulla Firuz Library. Compiled by Edward Rehatsek. [Bombay] Managing committee of the Mulla Firuz library, 1873. Library Service Center | 091.0954 M958, C357, 1873 LSC O'Connor, V. C. Scott. An eastern library: an introduction to the Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library. Patna: The Library, 1977. Perkins Library | Stacks | 027.45412 O18, E13, 1977 Ozen, Mine Esiner. Dr. Emel Esin Kutuphanesi katalogu: yazma eserler. Istanbul TEK-ESIN Turk Kulturunu Arastirma ve Gelistirme Vakfi, 1995. Library Service Center | 011.31 E75, O99, 1995 LSC Princeton University. Descriptive catalog of the Garrett collection of Arabic manuscripts in the Princeton Universty library, by Philip K. Hitti, Nabih Amin Faris [and] Burus Abd-al-Malik. Princeton, Princeton University Press; London, H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1938. Perkins Library | Stacks | 016.091 G239H Rampur Raza Laibreri. Catalogue of the Arabic manuscripts in Raza Library, Rampur. Prepared by Imtiyaz Ali Arsi, librarian. Rampur, U. P., Raza Library Trust, 1963-1977. Perkins Library | Stacks | z091 R278C Saint Catherine (Monastery: Mount Sinai). Catalogue of the Arabic mss. in the Convent of S. Catharine on Mount Sinai; comp. by Margaret Dunlop Gibson. London, C.J. Clay and sons, 1894. Divinity School Library | Stacks | z091 S615C Shiloah, Amnon. The theory of music in Arabic writings (c. 9001900): descriptive catalogue of manuscripts in libraries of

35 Egypt, Israel, Morocco, Russia, Tunisia, Uzbekistan, and supplement to B X. Munchen: G. Henle Verlag, c2003. Music Library | Reference | 781.97 I61, B10, v. 1 Sotheby's (Firm). Islamic and Indian art, Oriental manuscripts and miniatures: London, Thursday 10th and Friday 11th October 1991. London: Sotheby's, [1991]. Library Service Center | 700.954 S717, I82, 1991 LSC Univerzitna kniznica v Bratislave. Arabische, turkische und persische Handschriften der Universitatsbibliothek in Bratislava. Unter der Redaktion Jozef Blaskovics bearbeiteten: die arabischen Handschriften, Karel Petracek; die turkischen Handschriften, Jozef Blaskovic; die persischen Handschriften, Rudolf Vesely. [Hrsg. von der Universitatsbibliothek Bratislava. Bratislava, Verlag der Slowakischen Akademie der Wissenschaften] 1961 [i.e. 1962]. Perkins Library | Stacks | z091 B824A Uppsala universitetsbibliotek. Die arabischen, persischen und turkischen Handschriften der Universitatsbibliothek zu Uppsala, verzeichnet und beschrieben von K. V. Zettersteen. Uppsala [Almgvist & Wiksells] 1930-. Library Service Center | z091 U68A LSC Vajda, Georges. Index general des manuscrits arabes musulmans de la Bibliotheque nationale de Paris. Paris: Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1953. Divinity School Library | Reference | z091 V133I Zanetti, Ugo. Les manuscrits de Dair Abu Maqar: inventaire. Geneve: P. Cramer, 1986. Divinity School Library | Stacks Quarto | 015.3203 Z28 M294 1986

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The collection of Arabic manuscripts in the Na contains 200 items. It is a component part of la especially Persian, Turkish, and Indian. The wh volumes of which Indian manuscripts mainly o library possessed a small number of Oriental m from the documents from the period, when the Safarik. Large acquisitions of Oriental manusc this time also their first - rather imperfect - list processing is taking place only towards the end various branches of human activity as, for exam law, astronomy, medicine, science of nature, or their acquisition has not been preserved. This s published.

It is appearing in these days thanks to the spon banka as a joint publication effort of the bank w Library, Albertina icome Praha Ltd., and the D

The CD-ROM catalogue has also been granted There is a small gallery of samples.

However, if interested in the list of 200 manusc of the catalogue, in which higher quality image thanks to our colleagues from the IKAROS e-j

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45 NLM historical collections house a large collection of archives and manuscripts related the history of medicine. Most of the archival and manuscript material dates from the 17th century; however, the Library owns about 200 pre-1601 Western and Islamic manuscripts. The oldest item in the Library is an Arabic manuscript on gastrointestinal diseases from al-Razi's The Comprehensive Book on Medicine (Kitab al-Hawi fi al-tibb) dated 1094. Significant modern collections include the papers of U.S. Surgeons General, including C. Everett Koop, and the papers of Nobel Prize-winning scientists, particularly those connected with NIH.

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Archives and Modern Manuscripts Program (17th centurypresent) o Manuscript Collections Sorted by Type o Alphabetic List of Finding Aids

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Islamic Manuscripts (11th-19th century) o Includes about 300 Persian, Arabic, and Turkish manuscripts, dating from 1094. o Search Islamic manuscripts in LocatorPlus. o Islamic Medical Manuscripts at the National Library of Medicine o Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts o A Shelflist of Islamic Medical Manuscripts at the NLM (pdf)

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Western Manuscripts (13th-17th century) o Search Western manuscripts in LocatorPlus (all titles not yet cataloged) o Early Western Manuscripts in the NLM: A Short-Title List o Medieval Manuscripts in the National Library of Medicine

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Digital Manuscripts Program (20th century) o Includes digitized manuscripts of innovators in science, medicine, and public health (Profiles in Science)

What are archives? Archives are organized collections of records pertaining to an organization or institution. Back To Top

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What are manuscripts?

46 Manuscripts are unpublished hand- or typewritten material. Manuscripts can be unpublished books, letters, articles, documents, or other compositions. Modern manuscripts are usually defined as manuscripts written after 1600. Back To Top • o o • o o o o

Related Pages Profiles in Science Using the Collections Especially for First Time Visitors Scholars & Historians Image & Film Researchers Teachers & Students Last reviewed: 10 January 2007 Last updated: 10 January 2007 First published: 22 April 2004 Metadata| Permanence level: Permanent: Dynamic Content Copyright, Privacy, Accessibility U.S. National Library of Medicine, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 National Institutes of Health, Health & Human Services