Computer Fundamental

Computer Fundamentals By Nikunj Nayak CMS-Ganpat University.

What is a computer? A computer is an electronic device that v Receives data v Processes the data it receives v Store the data in memory or on some storage device such as a disk or CD. v Outputs information on a device such as a monitor or printer Computers can be found in almost every aspect of our lives. The first computers were used by the military and government installations. The first personal computer was sold in 1977.

A computer system consists of the following components: v Hardware: Tangible physical equipment. v Software: The intangible set of instructions that tell the

computer what to do. This set of instructions is called a software program. v Data: The information entered into a computer to be processed. v People: The users who enter the data and use the output.

Computer System Components (Input-Process-Output Model (IPO)) A computer system requires many components to do its job: v It requires some device or method to input data so it can be processed. v It requires circuits and programs in order to process the data. v It needs some type of output device to give the result of its processing to the user. v It needs some mechanism for storing data.

BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Central Processing Unit

Input Devices

Control Unit

Arithmetic Logic Unit

System Bus

• Keyboard • Mouse • Touch Screen • Optical-Scanner • Voice Recognition etc.

Special Purpose Processors

Cache Memory

Secondary Storage Devices

Primary Storage Memory

Output Devices

• Visual Display Unit • Printer • Audio-Response • Physical Control Devices, etc.

Magnetic Disk Tape Units Optical Disks, etc.

What does a computer do? As complex as some computers may be, they all essentially perform only two operations: v Arithmetic operations, such as addition, subtraction and

so on

v Logical operations, such as comparing two values and

taking some action based on the result of the comparison.

How are computers used? Computers have changed everyone’s lives and are used every day for v Education: Online instruction and degree programs. v At Home: Appliances and home security systems. v Business: Computers are used to track inventory, print

invoices, track payments, and do just about anything a business needs to do.

Computers in Society v More impact than any other invention – Changed work and leisure activities – Used by all demographic groups v Computers are important because: – Provide information to users – Information is critical to our society – Managing information is difficult

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Computers in Society v Impact of computers – Like the Impact of automobile

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Computers in Society v The benefits of using computers – As varied as users

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Computers in Society v Computers at home – Many homes have multiple computers – Most American homes have Internet – Computers are used for • Communication

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Computers in Society v Computers at home – Computers are used for • • • •

Business Entertainment Schoolwork Finances

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Computers in Society v Computers in education – Computer literacy required at all levels

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Computers in Society v Computers in small business – Makes businesses more profitable – Allows owners to manage

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Computers in Society v Computers in industry – Computers are used to design products – Assembly lines are automated

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Computers in Society v Computers in government – Necessary to track data for population • Police officers

• Tax calculation and collection

– Governments were the first computer users 17

Computers in Society v Computers in health care – Revolutionized health care – New treatments possible – Scheduling of patients has improved – Delivery of medicine is safer

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Why Study Computer Architecture? v User – Understand system capabilities and limitations – Make informed decisions – Improve communications with information technology professionals

v Systems Analyst – Conduct surveys, determine feasibility and define and document user requirements – Specify computer systems to meet application requirements

v Programmer – Create efficient application software for specific processing needs

Why Study Computer Architecture? v System Administrator / Manager – – – –

Install, configure, maintain, and upgrade computer systems Maximize system availability Optimize system performance Ensure system security

v Web Designer – – – –

Optimize customer accessibility to Web services System administration of Web servers Select appropriate data formats Design efficient Web pages

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER v Speed:

It takes only few seconds for calculations that we take hours to complete. Computer can perform millions (1,000,000) of instructions and even more per second. v Accuracy:

The degree of accuracy of computer is very high and every calculation is performed with the same accuracy. The errors in computer are due to human and inaccurate data. v Diligence:

A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration, fatigue, etc. It can work for hours without creating any error.

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER v Versatility:

It means the capacity to perform completely different type of work. You may use your computer to prepare payroll slips. Next moment you may use it for inventory management or to prepare electric bills. v Power of Remembering:

Any information can be stored and recalled as long as you require it, for any numbers of years. v No IQ:

Computer is a dumb machine and it cannot do any work without instruction from the user.

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER v No Feeling:

It does not have feelings or emotion, taste, knowledge and experience. v Storage:

The Computer has an in-built memory where it can store a large amount of data. You can also store data in secondary storage devices

Categories of computers Computers are classified by 3. Purpose and use 4. Operating principle 5. Size and processing capabilities

Purpose and use v Special purpose computers:

The machine and instructions are developed and designed to cater to very specific application. v General purpose computers:

The machine can be programmed to suit different types of applications.

Operating principle: v Digital computers: The computer uses the data in the form of discrete

numbers-the binary 1s and 0s. Most computers designed today, including the microcomputers, are digital. Example: Global weather patterns and chemical reaction. v Analog computer:The analog computers solve problems by operating

on continuously changing physical quantities such as electrical potential, fluid pressure or mechanical motion. Example: Hydraulic Networks ( Flow of liquids through a sewer systems)

Operating principle: v Hybrid computers: Hybrid computers combine features of both

analog and digital computers offering greater precision than the analog computers and more control capability than the digital computers. Example: Guided-missile systems.

Size and processing capabilities

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Computer System Categories – Mainframe Computers

– Midrange Computers

– Microcomputers

– Client-Server Networks – Information Appliances Smart Gadgets Cellular Phones and Pagers Hand-Held PCs Web-Based Games Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)

Large, Fast, and Powerful Hundreds of Millions of Instructions per Second (MIPS) Large Primary Storage Super servers for Large Client/Server Networks Data Warehousing and Mining Electronic Commerce Applications High-End Network Servers Process Business Applications Less Costly to Busy and Maintain that Mainframes Scientific Research Engineering Analysis Process Monitoring and Control CAD Systems Front-End to Mainframes Personal Computer (PC) Professional Workstations Multiuser Systems Desktop Systems Laptops Workstation Computers Network Servers Used by Workers in Networks Sealed Low-Cost Systems Network Microcomputers No or Minimal Disk Storage Dependent Upon Internet or Intranets for Operations Standardization Reduced Costs of Maintenance and Upgrades

Size and processing capabilities v Mainframes: support thousands of users; used by large corporations. v Mid-range server: Used by medium-sized companies and generally

supports hundreds of users. v Supercomputers: Used for specialized operations requiring mathematical operations. Extremely Powerful Systems Large-Scale Data Mining Parallel Processing Mini Supercomputers

Size and processing capabilities v Desktop computers: – All components fit on or under a desk. – Sits on your desk, table, or other flat surface – Have a detachable keyboard, mouse, and monitor v Laptop or Notebook:

Smaller and more portable than a desktop; commonly called a laptop. Normally have keyboard, pointing device, monitor built in, but can be connected to detachable devices v Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) or Handheld Microcomputers or Palmtop: Vary in size; provide convenient way to maintain calendar and address book

Mainframes

Supercomputers

Trends in Computer System Capabilities First Generation

Second Generation

Third Generation

Fourth Generation

Fifth Generation

Trend: Toward Smaller, Faster, More Reliable, and Less Costly

Vacuum Tubes

Solid-State

Integrated Circuits

LSI, VLSI Microprocessors

Trend: Toward Easy to Purchase, and Easy to Maintain

Greater Power, Smaller Footprint

Hardware\Computer Generation.xlsx

Babbage’s Analytical Engine

ENIAC

Thank You.