Complete Fish Project

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

SOCIO – ECONOMIC SURVEY AIM: To study the socio economic status of fishermen in Baa Eydhafushi.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: 9 A standard questioner 9 Graph paper

PROCEDURE: A sample of fishermen was selected at random from population of 225. The sample included Angler, Chummer, Captain and Owner. The fishermen were interviewed on the basis of the questioner. They were interviewed in the local language. The information collected was pooled and analyzed.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

• Table showing data collected by survey. Serial Number 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Age 40 56 48 42 39 43 44 38 65 41 45 30 35 45 46 35 63 35 40 44 44 43 40 50 85 40 41

No. of Weekly No. of Children income Profession Dhoani 4 9 6 4 7 5 6 7 5 7 7 3 6 7 3 5 8 5 8 3 5 5 6 10 7 6

1000 1000 700 600 750 700 900 2000 1000 1000 1000 2200 1000 1000 800 1000 1200 1050 1000 1500 1000 2500 1000 600 3000 1000 900

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Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing Fishing

_ _ 1 _ _ _ 1 _ _ _ _ 1 _ _ _ 1 _ _ _ _ _ 1 _ _ 2 _ _

Rank Angler Captain Angler Angler Chummer Chummer Captain Captain Captain Angler Angler Captain Captain Captain Angler Captain Captain Captain Angler Angler Angler Owner Angler Angler Owner Captain Angler

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

• Frequency table showing age group of fishermen.

AGE GROUP

FREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

20 - 30

0

0%

30 - 40

6

22%

40 - 50

16

59%

50 - 60

1

4%

60 - 70

3

11%

70 - 80

0

0%

80 - 90

1

4%

27

100

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

Bar graph showing age group of fishermen 70

50 40 30 20 10

Age group

-4-

80 - 90

70 - 80

60 - 70

50 - 60

40 - 50

30 - 40

0 20 - 30

Percentage

60

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

Pie chart showing Age group 80-90

20-30

70-80 60-70

30-40

50-60

40-50

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

• Table showing Average weekly income RANK

WEEKLY INCOME (MRF) 725

Chummer Angler

925

Captain

1214

Owner

2750

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

Weekly income ( In MRF )

Bar graph showing average weekly income

3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Chummer

Angler

Captain

Rank

-7-

Owner

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

Pie chart showing average weekly Income Chummer

owner

Angler

Captain

-8-

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

• Table showing weekly socio – economic status RANK

WEEKLY INCOME (MRF) 725

Chummer Angler

925

Captain

1214

Owner

2750

Secretary

560

Supervisor

760

Assistant Principal

1260

Atoll Chief

1620

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

Rank

- 10 -

Atoll Chief

Assistant Principle

Supervisor

Secretary

Owner

Captain

Angler

0 Chummer

Weekly income (MRF)

Bar graph showing weekly socio - economic status

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

Pie chart showing Socio Economic weekly status

Chummer

Atoll Chief

Angler

Assistant Principle

Captain

Supervisor Secretary

Owner

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

CONCLUSION: It was found that the older people in between the age group 40-50 took up fishing. The younger generation has taken up jobs in tourism industry instead of fishing. The average weekly income graph shows that the boat owners are the person who is making maximum profit through fishing. From the data collected, it was found that the majority of the fishermen interviewed were Angler and Captain. The weekly income table of fishermen class shows that the boat owners are earning the highest income, where as chummers is the people who are drawing the lowest income. The weekly income table of other professionalists shows that the Aoll chief is the person who is drawing the highest salary. Secretary is the person who is drawing the lowest salary. The comparison of fishermen’s salary with that of the other professionalists indicates that the boat owners are the people who are earning maximum income among the group followed by Atoll chief. This is followed by Captain and Assistant principal who are drawing RF1214 and RF 1260 respectively. From the table it was also found that chummers and supervisor are drawing equal amount of income of RF 725 and RF 760 respectively.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

TWO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS AIM: To compare the external features of pelagic and demarsal fish.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: 9 A pelagic fish (skipjack tuna) 9 A reef fish

(Emperor)

PROCEDURE: Place the two fishes on a wooden board. The following body features were compared and studied. ¾ Body shape ¾ Fins - Caudal fin - Pectoral fin - Dorsal and anal fin - Fin lets ¾ Scales - 13 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

¾ Gills ¾ Muscles ¾ Bones

OBSERVATION:

FEATURES

PELAGIC FISH

DEMARSAL FISH

¾ Body shape

Streamlined

Deep bodied

- Caudal

Crescent

Square

- Pectoral

Long and pointed

Short and broad

- Dorsal and anal

Short

¾ Fins

and Long

and

retractable

continues

¾ Gills

Larger gill area

Smaller

¾ Scales

Reduced

Large scales

¾ Muscles

More red muscles

Less red muscles

¾ Bones

Thin and light

Thick and hard

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

CONCLUSION: •

Pelagic fish (Tuna) The Pelagic fish tuna are fast and continues swimmers, which are found in open sea. They are migratory in nature. Tuna swims fast because its body is streamlined. Tuna have long and pointed pectoral fin, retractable dorsal and anal fin and reduced scales. Bones are light and thin. Tuna needs higher energy because it swims for longer distance. It has more red muscles and which provide higher amount of energy and larger gill area, which provides more oxygen.

• Reef fish (Emperor fish) It is seen in the reef where there are foods. The adaptation of reef fish is for short burst swimming and is clear from its morphological features (external). It has: ¾ Long dorsal and anal fin ¾ Short and broad pectoral fin. ¾ Body shape - Deep bodied. - 15 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

¾ More white muscles for short burst swimming.

 PELAGIC FISH (TUNA)

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

 REEF FISH (EMPEROR)

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

- 18 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

ESTIMATION OF SALTNESS OF SEAWATER AIM: To estimate the saltiness of seawater.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: 9 A liter of seawater 9 A measuring cylinder 9 A weighing balance 9 A beaker 9 Heat source

PROCEDURE: Salinity is the total amount of dissolved salts in seawater. We took a measuring cylinder and measured 1 liter of a sample of seawater. It was heated on a heat source until all the water evaporated. After a few minutes when all the water got evaporated, only the salts were remaining at the bottom. The beaker was allowed to cool down and using a weighing balance the mass of the salts determined. The experimented repeated three times and the average value was taken as the salinity of the seawater sample.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

OBSERVATION:

Sample

Volume of seawater (In mm)

Weight of salt (In grams)

1

1000

33

2

1000

34

3

1000

33

Average

33.33 g

CONCLUSION: In the present study we found that the average salinity of the seawater sample was 33.33 grams. This value is less than the salinity of open sea. This might be due to rainfall and the subsequent dilution.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

IDENTIFICATION OF CORALS INTRODUCTION: A visit was undertaken within this island. The main objective of this visit was to study about the different reef zones and the organisms found in each zones and classification of those organisms. Another objective was to study about the different corals, which are found in different reef zones. The relationship existing between different organisms and different types of adaptations found in these organisms were observed and recorded.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

REEF ZONATIONS: The different reef zones identified were as follows. • Slash zones: It is the area where the water is thrown up at the beach by the waves. • Littoral zone It is the area between the high and low water level. • Lagoon Shallow water near the beach is called a lagoon. This area has very little water movement. So there is less mixing with open sea. The temperature, salinity and nutrients are less in this area. • Reef flat Area between lagoon and reef front is called reef flat. The wave action is low in this area. The reef front protects this area from the strong waves and currents.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

• DIAGRAM OF REEF ZONATION

Island (finolhu) giri thila Inner reef

faru

lagoon

inner reef slope

reef flat reef front

- 22 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

TYPES OF CORALS OBSERVED: The five main types of corals, which were observed during the study, are as follows. Coral type

Habitat

Environmental condition

Branching corals

Reef flat

Movement of water less

Brain corals

Reef flat

Movement of water less

Mushroom corals

Reef flat

Movement of water less

Table corals

Reef flat and slope Movement of water less

Massive corals

Reef front

Movement of water less

DIAGRAMS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF CORALS:

Brain coral

Massive coral

Mushroom coral

Table coral

- 23 -

Branching coral

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

DIFFERENT TYPES OF CORALS OBSERVED: In general it was observed that there were only few corals growing in the lagoon. In the reef flat and reef front massive corals and brain corals were the most common forms. Branching corals were also present but most of them were dead. There were also dead patches of massive corals and brain corals in the reef front. In areas of good corals growth there were abundant coral reef fishes. They included surgeon fishes, butterfly fishes and parrot fishes. These fishes were less abundant in areas of dead corals. Coralline algae were also seen in these areas. In the reefs, organisms live in association with other species. The different types of associations that were recorded were commensalisms and mutualism.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

¾ Commensalisms Shark and remora live in association with each other. The remoras do not harm sharks, and as it is attached to the shark, remora fish gets free swimming. So it gets food without wasting much energy.

¾ Mutualism Clown fish and sea anemone live in association with each other. Sea anemone protects clown fish.

- 25 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

THE DIFFERENT ORGANISHS OBSERVED IN EACH ZONE: [ Splash zone The different organisms found in this zone are crabs, hermit crabs

Hermit crab

Hermit crab

[ Lagoon The different organisms found in the lagoon are pipefish, gobies, flat fish, sea urchin and sea cucumber

Pipe fish

Goby

Sea urchin - 26 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

[ Reef flat

FISHES

Butterfly

Clown fish

Boxfish

MOLLUSCS’

Octopus

CORALS

Branching corals

Squid

Murex

OTHERS

Sponges

- 27 -

Anemone

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

[ Reef front FISH

Surgeon fish

Butterfly fish

MOLLUSCS’

Parrot fish

CORALS

Giant clam

Massive coral

OTHERS

Christmas tree worm

- 28 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

CONCULUSION: Different groups of organisms were found in different reef zones. Some of the organisms were common in various zones. The coral type also varied in different zones. The lagoon had a poor coral growth. This can be due to high water temperature and salinity and lack of substrate for the settlement coral larvae. A large-scale mortality of corals was observed in the study. This can be due to El-Nino effect. The subsequent warm water current might have caused the temperature of water to rise. This would have caused the large-scale mortality of corals. The different organisms contributed in one way or another for buildings of the reefs. The parrotfish and coralline algae was the major contributed sand formation. The sea cucumber played a significant role cleaning of the environment. The study was not carried out in the reef slope due to safety reasons. During the study precaution was taken to wear protective footwears.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

THE DIFFERENT ADAPTATIONS OBSEREVED: The reef organisms also exhibit a number of adaptations. These include structural, behavioral and functional adaptations.

1. STRUCTURAL ADAPTATIONS The different structural adaptations observed are as follows. ‘ SURGEON FISH: The sharp scalpel blade like structure was need for offence and defense.

‘ BOX FISH: It had a hard body covering which provides protection.

- 30 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

‘ TRIGER FISH: Its first dorsal spine was used to lock itself in the coral cavity so that the predator cannot press it out.

2. FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATIONS: The different functional adaptations observed were as follows: ‘ CLOWN FISH: The mucus covering on its body was similar to the mucus of sea anemone.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

‘ OCTOPUS: It could swim fast, thus escape from its predator and change its colour.

‘ SEA URCHIN: It has poisonous spines for its defense.

- 32 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

‘ JELLY FISH: It has stinging cells for defense

‘ LION FISH: It has poisonous spines on its body.

- 33 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

‘ STING RAY: It has poisonous sting for both defense and attack.

‘ GOAT FISH: It has barbels, which help the fish to search for food.

- 34 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

‘ BUTTERFLY FISH: It has a tubular mouth to collect food particles between the corals and crevices.

‘ CLEANER WRASSE: It feed on small fishes.

- 35 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

‘ GIANT CLAM: It closes its shell when disturbs.

3. BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATIONS: The different behavioral adaptations observed are as follows. ‘ CHRISTMUS TREE WORM: It borrows itself into big corals and leave in this borrows.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

‘ PIPE FISH: Its long and thin body resembles the long and thin filaments weeds where they found.

- 37 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

FOOD TEST AIM: • To test the given sample for the presence of food groups. • To realize the value of food in human diet.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: 9 Test tubes 9 Food samples (potato, egg, butter) 9 Glucose 9 Sodium hydroxide 9 Copper sulphate 9 Ethyl Alcohol 9 Benedict’s solution 9 Iodine solution 9 Water

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

PROCEDURE: ¾ Test tube. 1 - Test the presence of starch Potato sample was used for the test. Add few drops of iodine solution to the cut surface of the potato and change in coloration was observed. ¾ Test tube. 2 – Test the presence of lipids (fats) Butter sample was used for the test. Take small quantity of butter in a test tube; add about 10ml of ethyl alcohol. The mixture was shaken well so that the lipid from the butter got dissolved in alcohol. The colour changed was observed. ¾ Test tube. 3 – Test the presence of reducing sugar (glucose) Glucose solution was used for the test. Take small quantity of glucose in a test tube and dissolve it in 10ml of water. Then add 5ml of benedict’s solution. Heat the test tube under burner. The colour change was observed. ¾ Test tube. 4 – Test the presence of proteins. Egg white was used for the study. Take small quantity of egg white in a solution and add about 5ml of sodium hydroxide. Add few drops of copper sulphate solution along with the sides of the test tube. The change in colour was observed.

- 49 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

OBSERVATION:

SAMPLE Test tube. 1

OBSERVTION - Solution turns blue black colour.

Test tube. 2

INFERENCE - Presence of starch confirmed.

- Cloudy, white solution

- Presence of lipid confirmed.

Test tube. 3

- Solution turns red brown colour

Test tube. 4

- Presence of sugar confirmed

- Solution turns red brown colour

- Presence of protein confirmed

- 50 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

CONCLUSION: Food test is the sample method to detect the presence of food type in a given food sample. All the tests showed positive result in the present study. In the case of starch test, a blue-black colour change indicated the presence of starch in protein. In the case of lipids when the sample was shaken which ethyl alcohol, a cloudy white solution was obtained which confirms the presence of starch. In the case of sugar test the presence of reddish brown colour confirms the presence of proteins in egg white. A balance diet with all the food types in the right amount would ensure a healthy body.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

PLANKTONOLOGY AIM: To study the collection and observation of planktons.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: 9

Plankton net

9

Bottle

9

Microscope

9

Alcohol

PROCEDURE: Collection of planktons was done in the evening around 6:30 pm. The details of the plankton net are as follows. ƒ

Length of the net = 85 cm.

ƒ

Width of the mouth = 30 cm. The plankton net was lowered into the water and towed for

sometime. The plankton collected was transferred into a jar which contained alcohol. The sample was observed under a microscope. The different phytoplankton and zooplankton samples were also drawn.

- 44 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

PHYTOPLANKTON

- 45 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

PHYTOPLANKTONS: They are a large group of one-cell plants that live close to the surface of water and provide food. These plants must keep them selves in the lighted part of the sea. For this they have long spines and oil droplets, which prevent them from smoking.

DIAGRAMS OF SOME PHYTOPLANKTONS:

- 46 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

ZOOPLANKTON

- 47 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

ZOOPLANKTON: Some characteristics of certain zooplanktons found in the sea are as follows. ¬

Comb jelly Comb jelly is also called Hormiphora. Hormiphora has a pear

snaped body of about 5-20 mm in diameter. Their body is biradially symmetrical with transparent gelatimous body possessing ciliary plates in 8 rows. They feed on small marine animals including the eggs and larvae of molluscs, crustaceans and fishes.

¬

Annelid worms Body is triploblastic, symmetrical, elongated and vermiform. The

body consists of many number of divisions, each division is called segments. Outer covering of the body is by cuticle secreted by the underlying epidermis. Excretion is by paired nephridia.

- 48 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

¬

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

Sea star larva The side lobes increase in length to become long, slender and

ciliated larva arms. The larva arms move and contract. The bases of these arms surround the elevated, adhesive, glanchular, area performing the functions of a sucker of fixation disc by which larvae becomes attached at the time of metamorphosis.

¬

Nauplius larva It is egg snaped, unsegmented. It has three paired appendages.

There is a median eye, which is the characteristics of nauplius larva. The median eye may degenerate or persist in adult crustacean. The appendages are uniramous antennules having two groups of sensory cells forming fruntal organs, a pair of biramous mandibles for swimming.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

¬

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

Cyprid larva Cypris larva is covered by a bivalved shell having addnetor

muscles. Head has compound eyes, antennules and antennae. Thorax has six pairs biramous limbs. There is an abdomen of four segments.

¬

Copepod Head is well developed. Circulatory system is of open type. True

nephoridia absent but coelcomducts act as gonaducts and often has excretory organs. Muscles are striped and separate. Thick cuticle prevents loss of water. Comb is replaced by haremocoele.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

¬

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

Snail Larva Body unsegmented, asymmetrical typically with a univalve.

Spirally coiled shell. Head is distinct bearing, tentacles eyes and mouth. Foot is ventral, broad, flat and muscular. Respiration is by gills. Circulatory system is open and the heart is enclosed in pericardium. Excretory organs consist of metanephridia.

¬

Arrow worm They are active predators and few millimeters in length.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

¬

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

Jelly fish They have true medusa which is large, bell or umbrella shape

without true velum. Marginal sense organs are tentaculocysts. Gastrovascular system without stomodaeum. Masogloea is cellular. Gonads are endodermal.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

CONCLUTION: Different kinds of planktons were observed during the study. The phytoplankton was slightly greenish in colour. This is due to the presence of chlorophyll in them. Zooplanktons were slightly brownish. The most common types of zooplankton were copepods.

- 53 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

DETERMINATION OF FRESHNESS OF FISH BY ORGANO LEPTIC ANALYSIS AIM: To determine the whether the given fish sample is spoilt or not by organoleptic analysis.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: 9

A spoilt fish

9

A fresh fish

9

2 trays

9

Forceps

9

Scalpel

9

Scissors

PROCEDURE: Two samples of fish were used for the study one is freshly caught and refrigerated where as the other is kept overnight at room temperature (i.e.: the temperature accelerated the rate of deterioration hence spoilage). The fishes were kept on different trays and the observations were made as mentioned in the table.

- 52 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

DIAGRAM SHOWING AREAS OF A FISH WHICH ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO SPOILAGE:

- 53 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

OBSERVATION: FEATURES

FRESH FISH

SPOILT FISH

1. Smell

Sea weedy and fresh

Bad ammonical

2.Abdomen

Firm

Soft

3.Sides

Firm

Soft

4.Mucus

Clear

Brownish

5.Eye

Clear and firm

Opaque and sunken

6.Gills

Bright red

Brownish

CONCLUSION The organoleptic analysis distinguishes a fresh fish from a spoilt one. This method is very easy and inexpensive for a common man to select good quality fish when he goes purchase fish.

- 54 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

DIAGRAM SHOWING A GOOD QUALITY FISH:

DIAGRAM SHOWING A POOR QUALITY FISH:

- 55 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

DETERMINATION OF SPOILAGE IN FISH BY CHEMICAL METHOD AIM: To determine whether a given fish sample is spoilt or not by using simple chemical method.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: 9 A fresh fish 9 A spoilt fish 9 Two test tubes 9 Dilute sodium hydroxide 9 Dilute hydrochloric acid 9 Glass rod 9 Burner PROCEDURE: The two test tubes are labeled as A and B. In test tube A fresh fish sample was taken and in test tube B spoilt fish was taken. Sodium hydroxide was added to both the test tubes and heated using a burner. The glass rod was dipped in hydrochloric acid and showed in the mouth of the test tubes and the observations were recorded. Repeated the experiment for getting confirmation.

- 56 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

OBSERVATION:

TEST

RESULT

CONFIRMATION

Sample A add sodium

No fumes

Sample is fresh

White fumes

Sample is spoilt.

hydroxide Sample B add sodium hydroxide

CONCLUSION: Ammonia is released when the fish begins to spoil. In test tube A the sample was fresh. Hence there was no ammonia to react with hydrochloric acid to produce fumes. Where as in test tube B where we placed spoilt sample, the ammonia present was reacted with hydrochloric acid and formed white fumes of ammonium chloride.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

MEASURING CURRENT AIM: To measure the speed of currents in the lagoon.

MATERIALS: 9 A plastic bottle 9 A plastic or nylon twine (20m) 9 Stop watch 9 Compass.

PROCEDURE: Suitable 10 areas were selected in the lagoon having about hip deep water. A plastic or nylon wire was tied to the bottle on its neck. It was filled with sand for 1/4th of its capacity. The lid of the plastic bottle was closed tightly and then released in the lagoon. The bottle was allowed to sink to 1/4th of its size. It drifted away with the currents, without being obstructed by corals or any other materials. When the bottle moved to 20m distances time taken by the bottle to move away and direction was noted.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

OBSERVATION: • Table showing the results of the measuring current around Eydhafushi. Loc

1

2

3

Date

25-5-2002

26-5-2002

27-5-2002

Time Bottle (starting)

Time (secs)

Distance (m)

Speed (m/s)

12:00pm

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5

330 315 315 240 265

20 20 20 20 20

0.06 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.08

5:00pm

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5

439 611 472 476 306

20 20 20 20 20

0.05 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.07

3:35pm

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5

96 85 125 110 104

20 20 20 20 20

0.21 0.24 0.16 0.18 0.19

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B1 B2 B3 B4

487 316 345 372 478 407 390 255 220 252 152 226 119 160 135 180 314 410 233 227 148 109 98 102

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

0.04 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.13 0.09 0.17 0.13 0.15 0.11 0.06 0.05 0.09 0.09 0.14 0.18 0.2 0.2

4

27-5-2002

5:05pm

5

28-5-2002

4:30pm

6

28-5-2002

5:15pm

7

28-5-2002

5:35pm

8

28-5-2002

4:40pm

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Average Speed 0.07 (High Tide)

0.05 (Low Tide)

0.2 (Low Tide)

0.05 (Low Tide)

0.07 (Low Tide)

0.13 (Low Tide)

0.08 (Low Tide)

0.18 (Low Tide)

Direction NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE E N NE NE NE NE NW NW N NE NE N N N N N NW NW N N N NE NE NE NE NE E SE E E

Fisheries Science Project 2005

9

10

28-5-2002

28-5-2002

5:00pm

5:20pm

Ibarahim Haleem MV404 B5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5

126 112 120 160 136 145

20 20 20 20 20 20

0.16 0.19 0.17 0.13 0.15 0.14

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5

161 151 137 140 184

20 20 20 20 20

0.12 0.13 0.15 0.14 0.11

- 60 -

0.17 (Low Tide)

0.13 (Low Tide)

NE N N N N N

NE NE NE NE NE

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

LINE GRAPH SHOWING AVERAGE SPEED IN DIFFERENT LOCATIONS 0.25

Average speed

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0 1

2

3

4

5

6

Location

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7

8

9

10

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

CONCLUSION: A flow current was observed from the outer location 5. The current from location 1 flows towards east and followed coastal line of the island up to location 5, where the current flows into open sea. The current flows from location 6 towards location 10, from where it finally flows in to open sea. The current flows from location 8 through location 9 to location 10 towards the north direction where it flows in to open sea. The current in the location 3 was found to be maximum.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

¾ MOVEMENTS OF CURRENT AROUND EYDHAFUSHI N KEY: Current Direction W

E High tide

L5

Low Tide S L4 L2

L3 L1

L6 L10 L7 L9

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L8

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

POPULATION SAMPLING AIM: 1) To measure the mean length and weight of a sample of fishes 2) To study the standard deviation of the sample.

MATERIALS REQURED: 9 20 members of scads (Mushimas) 9 Weighing balance 9 Measuring board.

PROCEDURE: 20 members of scads were selected from a group of random. The fishes were caught by pole and line method. Length was measured using a measuring board. Mass was found using a weighing balance. Sum of individual length Average length = Total number of fishes 321.6 = 20 = 16.08 cm Sum of individual length Average weight = Total number of fishes 1223 = 20 =

61.15 cm

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

• Table showing the length and weight of scads.

Serial number

Length (cm)

Weight (grams)

1

16.2

65

2

17.2

80

3

15.4

56

4

15.7

57

5

15.6

54

6

16.3

62

7

17.1

74

8

15.7

73

9

16

60

10

16

63

11

15.8

58

12

16.2

62

13

16.3

65

14

15.8

55

15

16.3

64

16

15.1

50

17

16.4

64

18

16.3

57

19

15.4

55

20

16.8

69

321.6

1223

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

• Bar graph

BAR GRAPH SHOWI NG LENGTH AND WEI GHT OF SCADS Length 90

Weigth

Length and weight

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Number of scads

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

• Table showing length group frequency. SIZE- GROUP

FREQUNCY

PERCENTAGE

15 - 15.5

3

15

15.5 - 16

5

25

16 - 16.5

9

45

16.5 - 17

1

5

17 - 17.5

2

10

20

100

(cm)

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

BAR GRAPH SHOWI NG LENGTH GROUP FREQUENCY 50 45 35 30 25 20 15 10

LENGTH

- 68 -

17 - 17.5

16.5 - 17

16 - 16.5

15.5 - 16

5 0

15 - 15.5

PERCENTAG

40

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

• Table showing weight group frequency. SIZE-GROUP

FREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

50 - 55

3

15

55 - 60

6

30

60 - 65

6

30

65 - 70

3

15

70 - 75

1

5

75 - 80

1

5

20

100

(gm)

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

BAR GRAPH SHOWI NG WEI GHT GROUP FREQUENCY 35

25 20 15 10 5

Weight

- 70 -

75 - 80

70 - 75

65 - 70

60 - 65

55 - 60

0 50 - 55

Percentage

30

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

• Table showing standard deviation Serial No.

Length (X)

1

16.2

16.2 - 16.08 = 0.12

0.01

2

17.2

17.2 - 16.08 = 1.12

1.25

3

15.4

15.4 - 16.08 = -0.68

0.46

4

15.7

15.7 - 16.08 = -0.38

0.14

5

15.6

15.6 - 16.08 = -0.48

0.23

6

16.3

16.3 - 16.08 = 0.22

0.05

7

17.1

17.1 - 16.08 = 1.02

1.04

8

15.7

15.7 - 16.08 = -0.38

0.14

9

16.0

16.0 - 16.08 = -0.08

6.40

10

16.0

16.0 - 16.08 = -0.08

6.40

11

15.8

15.8 - 16.08 = -0.28

0.08

12

16.2

16.2 - 16.08 = 0.12

0.01

13

16.3

16.3 - 16.08 = 0.22

0.05

14

15.8

15.8 - 16.08 = -0.28

0.08

15

16.3

16.3 - 16.08 = 0.22

0.05

16

15.1

15.1 - 16.08 = -0.98

0.96

17

16.4

16.4 - 16.08 = 0.32

0.10

18

16.3

16.3 - 16.08 = 0.22

0.05

19

15.4

15.4 - 16.08 = -0.68

0.46

20

16.8

16.8 - 16.08 = 0.72

0.52

X-X

Standard deviation = √ 18.48 20 = 0.96

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( X – X )2

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

BAR GRAPH SHOWI NG STANDARD DEVI ATI ON OF SCADS

Standard deviation

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Number of scads

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13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

CONCLUTION: In the presence study the mean length of the scads was 16.08cm. The standard deviation of the total length was 0.96. From the above study it can be observed that all the fishes in full population had a similar length. A smaller standard deviation indicates that there was not much variation in the different length measurements. The most common group was 16.0 to 16.5 cm and the least is 16.5 to 17.0 cm. Since the size group was similar it can be concluded that all the fishes could be from the same shoal. Taking sample from a population is one way to study the population. To ensure that there is least error and biasness. While selecting samples, random sample is considered by studying the average length of a fish we can get an idea of the size of a fish in fishing. Length measurement studies are useful to know the size and maturity.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES CONCERNING EYDHAFUSHI INTRODUCTION: Eydhafushi is the capital of Baa Atoll, which is situated in 5- degree and 72 degree east longitude. This is about 63 miles North from Male’. The area of this island is around 0.5 kilometer. The population of this island is about 3300 and most of the people earn money by fishing. About 300 fishermen are present in this island.

THE MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN EYDHAFUSHI: 1. Beach erosion 2. Coral mining 3. Dredging 4. Reclamation of land 5. Disposal of domestic waste 6. Sewage disposal 7. Depletion of ground water

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

1.

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

BEACH EROSION: Strong waves and currents erode the soil from the beach into the sea.

z Reasons for beach erosion: • Coral mining When corals are mined, waves directly reach the beach. These waves are strong enough to wash the sand away from the beach. As the corals are taken off from the reef, it gets deeper providing the current to flow with greater force so a coral area is not safe. • Taking sands from beaches for constructing houses. People take sand from the beaches for construction purpose. This reduces the amount of sand in the beach and this helps the waves to come to a long distance along the beach. • Destruction of mangroves and coconut palms near the beach. When the vegetation around the island is destroyed the sand gets loose. The vegetation holds the soil with their roots. So waves cannot wash away the soil easily. Therefore removal of vegetation makes the soil loosely bond making the waves to erode the soil easily. z Steps taken by the government to protect the island from beach erosion The government banned: i. Coral mining ii. Cutting mangroves iii. Removing sand from beaches.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

2. CORAL MINING: This is the removal of coral stones from the reefs for construction purposes. This will increase the depth of seawater and changes the habitats of baitfishes. People remove massive corals from the reef. This is because of its massive structure, strength and hardness. Not only coral mining do affect corals but anchoring on the reefs also damages lot of habitat of coral reef species. Many branching corals and table corals were destroyed. When the coral reefs are destroyed, it will affect the island. It will cause soil erosion when the waves directly reach the beach.

3. DREDGING: This is the process by which lagoons of the islands are deepened. This is for navigation and reclaiming lands. The heavy excavators will remove the bottom soil along with the organisms found in the bottom. This removal of bottom organisms reduces the amount of demarsal fishes. The sedimentation produced during dredging last for long and settles on the corals so that the corals gasp for oxygen. It also reduces the light penetrating intensity reducing the photosynthetic rate.

4. RECLAMATION OF LAND: Increasing the size of the land by adding sands taken from the lagoons in the past, the island was reclaim for construction purposes. This interferes with natural cycle.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

5. DISPOSAL OF DOMESTIC WASTE: The waste product in the island is not treated well. It is burned or buried in the garbage disposal area. When the waste are burned it produces lot of smoke, which will cause air pollution and ocean layer, rises. This result in global warming where the low lying islands like Maldives is affected the most. So it is not good to burn the waste. When we burry the waste it mixes with ground water, polluting the water. So the waste affects the well water, we commonly use. So it is advisable to recycle the waste in the island.

6. SEWAGE DISPOSAL: The sewage is also not treated well. It is directly pump into the sea without any treatment. When the sewage is pumped into the sea it results eutrophication where excess phytoplankton grow blocking the light intensity.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

FISHING BOATS IN MALDIVES

INTRODUCTION: Fishing vessels have been developed by Maldives based on their experience and years of craftsmanship. In the past, they built boats from the coconut timber, but now they use hard wood. Hard wood is used where strength is needed in the boat. The traditional hard wood used includes kandoo, funa, hirun’dhu, dhiggaa, kaani and kuredhi. One very notable feature of these dhoanis is that they are extremely stable. Steel is not at all used. Fasteners are made up of copper. The following are the various fishing vessels used in Maldives. 1. Bokkura 2. Vadhudhoani 3. Masdhoani - Sailing Masdhoani - Mechanized Masdhoani - Mark II Masdhoani

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

1. BOKKURA This is a traditional rowing boat with a planked hull. The boats are between 2 – 3m long. Some of these boats have engines of 2 – 5 hp installed. However some islands they are propelled by using oars or by a pole pushed against the bottom. Bokkuras are also used for transporting the catch to the shore, from fishing within the Atoll. Sometimes it is used for transporting people and their belonging between anchored boats and the shore. The crew consists of two or more men. They have a shallow hull, which is very stable.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

‘ DIAGRAM SHOWING A BOKKURA

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

2. VADHUDHOANI: They are traditionally non-mechanized, sailing crafts of about 6 – 8 meters. They are similar in construction to the sailing masdhaonis. They are used within the Atoll or in the deep sea and in the vicinity of the reef. The crew consists of 3 to 4 men. They have sails and are propelled by wind power. These dhaonis accounted for 60% of the total fleet in 1974 and 61% in 1984 and 52% by the year 1990. These boats are used for short distance transport and other local purposes as well as for fishing. Recently vessels have been mechanized with small diesel engines.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

‘ DIAGRAM SHOWING A VADHUDHOANI

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

MASDHOANI: Masdhoanis are used for pole and line fishing. There are three types of masdhoanis 1. Sailing masdhoanis. 2. Mechanized masdhoanis. 3. Mark II masdhoanis.

1.SAILING MASDHOANIS: It is about 10 to 12 meters in length and 3 to 3.5 meters across. They are used to operate in shallow lagoons. They do not have superstructures. There are holes in the hull, which can be used to flood the bait wells. There is a wooden platform on the aft of the vessel where the skipper standards while steering and the crew standards for pole and line fishing. There are about 6 – 12 people.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

‘ DIAGRAM SHOWING A SAILING MASDHOANI

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

2. MECHANIZED MASDHOANIS: Mechanized

masdhoanis

were

introduced

in

Maldives in the year 1972 with slight modification to the stern to allow for the size of engines and additional vibration. These dhoanis increased to 30% of the total fishing fleet by 1990. They are generally longer than the traditional sailing dhoanis. They vary 10 – 15 meters in over all lengths and have a range of 40 – 45 miles and are operated as day boats. To adopt a traditional sailing masdhoanis for mechanization it is necessary to:

1) Strengthen the aft end of the hull with additional frames. 2) Change the shape of the stern stem. 3) Fix base block for the engine. 4) Make an aperture for the propeller shaft. 5) Add a watertight bulkhead in front of engine, decking over and fitting with a hatch. The masdhoanis is used pole and line fishing. Mechanized ones is more efficient because it is not depended on the variations of weather and can follow shoals of fishes. The stern platforms on the mechanized dhoanis are use as a fishing platform. The mid interior contains bait wells and is used to store live fishes. Engines off 22hp and 30hp are used with great efficiency and for easy maintenance.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

‘

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

DIAGRAM SHOWING A MECHANIZED MASDHOANI

- 86 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

MARK II MASDHOANI: These are well-designed modern dhaonis used in today’s fishing. The speed and the vibration caused additional stress to the structure of the boat. Although many masdhoanis have been successfully mechanized. This stress is better provided for in the designed of the mark II masdhoanis. It also has a 6 inches bulwark to increase safety. Apart from using these dhoanis for fishing and extra skill is needed in handling it. As the fish are broad on board, they need an extra lift to get them over the 6 inches bulwark. To mamoeuvre the boat especially in bringing the boat along side the jetties and freezer boats, they must be well versed in using the engine. Distinguishing features of these dhoanis are that in the stern. The dhoanis are completely decked over, making it easy to work on. There are modifications to the engine, which allow it to be controlled from above the deck.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

‘

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

DIAGRAM SHOWING A MARK II MASDHOANI

- 88 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

‘

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

DIAGRAM SHOWING PARTS OF A DHOANI

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

KNOTS INTRODUCTION: When two ends of the ropes are tied together a knot is formed. Knot tying is very important for people like us and many others too. It is very important because it is used to tie our boats to the jetty as well as to an anchor. Various other activities done during our daily life activities also require tying the knots. Different kinds of knots are made for different purposes. Some of the commonly used knots include; 1. Overhand knot 2. Figure eight knot 3. Square or reef knot 4. Sheet bend 5. Bow line 6. Fishermen’s knot 7. Two half hitches 8. Fishermen’s bend 9. Clove hitch 10. Snelling hook 11. Fishing hook knot

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

1. OVERHAND KNOT: ^ Name : Overhand knot ^ Use

:

To prevent the ends of a rope from unlaying.

2. FIGURE – EIGHT KNOT: ^ Name : Figure-Eight knot ^ Use

: To prevent the ends of a rope from unlaying.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

3. REEF KNOT: ^ Name : Reef Knot ^ Use

: To tie two ropes of same diameter.

4. SHEET BEND: ^ Name : Sheet bend ^ Use

:

To tie two ropes of different diameter.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

5. BOW LINE: ^ Name : Bow line ^ Use

: To make a loop at the end of a rope.

6. FISHERMEN’S KNOT ^ Name : Fishermen’s knot ^ Use

: To tie two ropes of same diameter.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

7. TWO HALF HITCHES: ^ Name : Two half hitches ^ Use

:

To tie a rope to a pile or bollard.

8. FISHERMEN’S BEND: ^ Name : Fishermen’s bend ^ Use

: To tie a rope t a to a ring of an anchor or float.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

9. CLOVE HITCH: ^ Name : Clove hitch ^ Use

:

To tie rope to a pile or bollard

10. SNELLING HOOK: ^ Name : Snelling hook ^ Use

:

To tie a ring eyed hook to a line

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

11. FISHING HOOK KNOT: ^ Name : Fishing hook knot ^ Use

:

Use to tie a flat shank hook to a line.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleeem MV404

GUT CONTENT ANALYSIS AIM: To study the different types of food eaten by a reef fish and a pelagic fish.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: 9

Tuna (fresh)

9

Tray

9

Scissors

9

Scalpel

9

Forceps

9

Bone cutter

9

Microscope

9

Magnifying glass

9

Parrot fish (Reef fish)

PROCEDURE: Two fishes were selected for the studies. One was a pelagic fish and the other was a reef fish. The belly of both the fishes was cut open as follows. ¾

A cut was made in the mid ventral line of the fish.

¾

It was cut up to pelvic fin.

¾

A 90-drgree turn was made and then cut up to the pectoral fin.

¾

Then it was cut parallel to the lateral line and finally till the anus.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleeem MV404

The flap was removed in to a dish contain water. The contents was absorbed using a magnifying glass while the minute particles was observed using microscope.

OBSERVATION: • Table showing the gut content of two fishes. Pelagic fish

(tuna)

Reef fish (parrot fish)

Bait fish

Detritus

Zooplanktons

Digested matter

Pieces of shrimp

Coralline matter

Crustacean

Sand

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleeem MV404

CONCLUSION: In the study few bait fishes and zooplanktons in the gut of tuna was observed. It is likely that the fish caught had just undergone feedings. In the case of reef fish the gut contents on observation showed the presence of detritus and digested matter. The gut contents were also studied under the microscope. During the study lot of zooplanktons was observed in the gut of pelagic fish. It is because they mainly feed on planktons.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

LIVE FISH TRANSPORTATION

AIM: To compare the survival of marine and fresh water fish while transportation

MATERIALS REQUIRED. 9 Aerator 9 Plastic bag (4 in number) 9 Plastic tube 9 Hand net.

PROCEDURE: Aquarium fishes required for the study were collected from the lagoon. The fishes were collected using a hand net while snorkeling in the lagoon. The fishes were maintained alive in a plastic bucket. The water in the bucket was changed at regular intervals to ensure that oxygen availability for the fish. Fresh water fish was collected from the fresh water well. Two plastic bags were taken. It was labeled as A and B. Plastic bags A and B were filled 1/3rd with clean seawater. Two other plastic bags were taken. They were labeled C and D. Plastic bags C and D were filled one-third with clean freshwater. The bags A and B were stocked with marine fishes, while bags C and D were stocked with fresh water fishes. The bags A and C were filled with oxygen using an aerator, and when the bags filled the neck of the bags were tied. - 100 -

Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

So that no leak of oxygen will be there, while the other bags were kept without oxygen tied. All the bags were kept in a cool, dry place. At regular intervals the survival of the fishes in these bags were observed. Reading of survival period was noted.

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

OBSERVATION Fish

Volume

Temperature

Salinity

of water

Survival period (hrs)

a) Seawater 1.With oxygen

Clownfish 300 ML

29-degree C

33 PPT

30

2. Without

Clownfish 300 ML

29-degree C

33 PPT

15

1. With oxygen

Grouper

300 ML

29-degree C

38

2. Without

Grouper

300 ML

29-degree C

14

oxygen b) Fresh water

oxygen

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Fisheries Science Project 2005

Ibarahim Haleem MV404

CONCLUSION The present study showed that the fishes survived for longer time with oxygen. The fresh water fish with oxygen survived for 38 hrs and that without oxygen survived for 30 hrs. The marine fishes with oxygen survival. A part from oxygen, better handling procedures are recommended while transporting the fish for its longer survival.

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