Comparison Of Analytical Methods For Calculation Of Wind Loads

NASA

Technical

Memorandum

TM

102782

I

Comparison Of Analytical Methods For Calculation Of Wind Loads

September

1989

N90-13813 (NASA-TM-1027B2) COMPARISON METHODS FOR CALCULATION OF (NASA) 50 p

OF WIND

ANALYTICAL LOA_S CSCL

2OK

G3/J9

NASA National Space

Aeronautics Administration

and

Unclas 0251715

NASA Technical

Memorandum

TM 102782

Comparison Of Analytical Methods For Calculation Of Wind Loads

Donald J. Minderman Larry L. Schultz Engineering Development September

1989

National Aeronautics and Space Administration John F. Kennedy Space Center

Directorate

KSC-DM-3282 REVISION

COMPARISON OF ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR CALCULATION OF WIND LOADS

This Revision Supersedes All Previous Editions of This Manual

'vD. j.'lV_de_,bM-_g_33

APPROVED

BY:

SEPTEMBER 1989 JOHN F. KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, NASA

A

KSC-DM-3282

ABSTRACT The the

following calculation

analysis is a comparison of wind load pressures.

of

specified in ASCE Paper No. 3269, ANSI Building Code, and the Uniform Building various hurricane speeds to determine calculated results. The winds used for

analytical methods for The analytical methods

A58.1-1982, the Standard Code were analyzed using the differences in the the analysis ranged from

100 mph to 125 mph and applied inland from the shoreline of a large open body of water (i.e., an enormous lake or the ocean) a distance of 1500 feet or ten times the height of the building or structure considered. For a building or structure less than or equal equal ANSI

to

250

feet

in

height

to 115 mph, it was A58.1-1982 calculates

other methods. 500 feet tall mph, there is cases, factors

For acted

determined a larger

a building upon by a

no clear choice that must be

peak wind velocity, large open body of risk factor.

acted

upon

by

that wind

a

the geographic water, and the

greater

than

the method specified load pressure than

or structure wind ranging

of which considered

wind

method are

location, expected

in the

between 250 feet from i00 mph to to the

use; for steady-state

the distance design life

or

and II0

these or

from a and its

iii/iv

KSC-DM-3282

TABLE Section

OF

CONTENTS

TiDle INTRODUCT

.

1.1 1.2 1.3

•

2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.1.I 2.2.1.2 2.2.1.3 2.2.2 2.2.2.1 2.2.2.2 2.2.2.3 2.2.3 2.2.3.1 2.2.4

.

ION .....................................

I

Purpose .......................................... Facilities and Equipment ......................... Definitions ......................................

1 1 1

ANALYSIS

.........................................

2

Problem

Statement

2

................................

Comparison of Analytical Methods ................. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Paper No. 3269 ........................................ Steady-State Total Wind Pressure, P, ............. Peak Total Wind Pressure, Pz,m. ...................

3

Steady-State Wind Velocity Profile, V, ........... American National Standard Institute (ANSI) A58.1-1982 .......................................

4

Steady-State Total Wind Pressure, P, ............. Peak Total Wind Pressure, P,,mx ................... Steady-State Wind Velocity Profile, V, ........... Standard Building Code ........................... Steady-State Total Wind Pressure, P, ............. Uniform Building Code ............................

5 5 6 6 6 6

DISCUSSION

6

SUMMARY

•

Paqe

....................................... OF

APPENDIX

A

TOTAL

APPENDIX

B

PEAK

APPENDIX

C

FACILITY

RESULTS

PRESSURE TOTAL

SPEEDS

FOR

............................... A

PRESSURE DESIGN

AND

WIND

LIFETIMES

FOR

A

PEAK VARIOUS

WIND

PEAK

8

VELOCITY..

VELOCITY

4

.....

A-I B-I

WIND

.............................

C-I

............................

D-I

D

WIND

APPENDIX

E

WIND PRESSURE AND WIND VELOCITY AT VARIOUS HEIGHTS FOR SPECIFIC HURRICANE WIND SPEEDS AT 33 FEET .......................................

E-I

REFERENCE

F-I

F

PROFILE

FOR

WIND

3 3

APPENDIX

APPENDIX

VELOCITY

STEADY-STATE

3

DOCUMENTS

..............................

v/vi

KSC-DM-3282

ABBREVIATIONS ANSI

American

National

ASCE CA

American California

Society

e.g. ft ft 2 FL i.e. KSC ib/ft 2

for example foot

ib, mph NASA no. NY psf SF STD %

AND

Standards of

Civil

ACRONYMS Institute

Engineers

square foot Florida that is John

F.

Kennedy

Space

Center

pound per square foot pound force mile per hour National Aeronautics and number New York pounds per square shape factor standard

Space

Administration

foot

percent

vii/viii

KSC-DM-3282-

SYMBOLS a

Coefficient Projected is given

Ct

Shape

coefficient

Force

coefficient

Do

Surface

F

Design

pressure drag force

Gust response cladding

I

i

.

.

Importance Velocity

P,

Steady-State to constant

SF

Z

depends

the

exposure

the wind velocity area (ft')

type

except

when

coefficient

at

a specific

factor height

height,

for Z=h

factor

to

Z

main-force

be

pressure

exposure

total wind wind loads

used

(ibf) resisting

for

systems

components

and

Wind

velocity

Peak psf)

wind

pressure

velocity

The shape factor exterior surface variable

U

Risk

of

V,

Wind

velocity

coefficient

pressure on primary (ib/ft 2 or psf)

Peak total wind pressure gusting winds (lb/ft' or

Equation

on

factor

K,

P|wmaR

NOTATION

coefficient

Gust response evaluated at G

that

area normal to for the surface

External

8

alpha

AND

on primary psf) at

pressure

is of

a

a coefficient the building

that

framing

a height, at

depends

framing

Z

due

(ib/ft 2 or

height,

Z

on

a,

Do,

and

to

psf)

(ib/ft'

that depends or structure

due

on

or

the

Z

occurance at

a specific

height

(mph)

ix

KSC-DM-

32 82

Peak

wind

velocity

V30

Wind

velocity

x

A

at

a

specific

height

(mph)

VI,_R

constant

V_0-60

x_

which

mph

to

The

constant

peak

winds

Height Gradient

at

above

a height

of

linearly

x=0.143

at

height

above,

ground above

feet

reduces V30=130

x mentioned

the

30

from

ground

x=0.3

at

mph which

(ft) the

(mph)

(ft)

is

adjusted

for

KSC-DM-3282

I.

_NTRQDUCTION

1.1

PURPOSE

The following analysis is a comparison of analytical methods for calculation of wind load pressures specified in ASCE Paper No. 3269, ANSI A58.1-1982, the Standard Building Code, and the Uniform Building Code. These methods were analyzed for various hurricane wind speeds to determine the differences between their calculated wind load pressures. 1.2

FACILITIES

AND

EQUIPMENT

The analysis included calculations of wind Category III buildings and structures (as 1982; see reference 1 in appendix F) buildings and structures are more closely

load pressure for only defined in ANSI A58.1because Category III identifiable with the

space vehicle processing and launch facilities at KSC. The buildings or structures used for calculating wind load pressure had four sides with vertically oriented walls. Only Exposure D winds (as defined in ANSI A58.1-1982) were considered because Exposure D closely winds experienced building 1.3 For

or

approximates the at KSC. For a

structural

constraints

topography detailed

that

were

and the description followed

types of

see

of the

2.1.

DEFINITIONS the

purpose

of

this

III

Bgildinq

report,

the

following

definitions

shall

apply: Cateqory designated hospitals, national

Qr

$_ructure:

Buildings

as essential facilities including, but fire stations, disaster operations defense centers.

or

structures

not limited centers,

to, and

_: Flat, unobstructed areas exposed to wind flowing over large bodies of water. Exposure D applies only from the shoreline a distance of 1500 feet or ten times the height of the building

or

structure

under

consideration,

whichever

is

greater.

_rg_n d Win4: Wind that affects facilities and space vehicles during ground operations and immediately after a launch. These winds exist below a height of 500 feet. Ground winds are sometimes referred to as surface winds.

KSC-DM-3282

_h_u_:

A

frequently

sudden increase expressed as a

!mpQr_anq@ hazard to

Factor: human life

Peak speed hour,

A factor and damage

Wind Speed: The measured during day,

or

month,

in the deviation

ground from

wind speed. a mean wind

that accounts to property.

maximum (essentially, a specified reference

at

a given

reference

for

A gust speed.

the

is

degree

instantaneous) period, such

of

wind as a

height.

Primary Frames and Svstem_: An assemblage of major structural elements assigned to provide support for secondary members and cladding. Examples of primary frames and systems include rigid and braced frames, space trusses, roof and floor diaphragms, shear walls, and rod-braced frames. Shawe Factor: orientation of

A coefficient the building

Steady-State Qr Av@raqe approximately I0 minutes, fixed reference height. usually assumed to be calculations. 2.

or

that accounts structure.

for

the

geometry

and

Wind Speed: The mean, over a period of of the ground wind speed measured at a Steady-State or average wind speed is constant as, for example, in spectral

ANALYSI_

2.1

PROBLEM

The

objective

STATEMENT of

the

analysis

is

to

compare

analytical

methods

for calculation of the steady-state total wind pressure, peak total wind pressure, and wind velocity profiles of ASCE Paper No. 3269, ANSI A58.1-1982, the Standard Building Code, and the Uniform Building Code. The type of structure considered in the analysis is a Category III building that has four sides with vertically oriented walls. The report compared neither thin and wide (e.g., like a billboard) nor tall and slender (e.g., like a smokestack) buildings or structures. Only primary frames and systems are taken into account and only the windward and leeward sides are analyzed. The roof is not included in this report in order to reduce the number Exposure D wind varying increments is used in the ground ranges from 30 feet

2

of graphs produced. A steady-state from I00 mph to 125 mph in 5-mph analysis, and the elevation above the to 500 feet.

KSC-DM-3282

2.2 The No.

COMPARISON

OF

ANALYTICAL

following subsections 3269, ANSI A58.1-1982,

Uniform

Building

2.2.1

AMERICAN

METHODS

present the

the formulas used Standard Building

in ASCE Paper Code, and the

Code. SOCIETY

OF

CIVIL

ENGINEERS

(ASCE)

PAPER

NO.

3269.

The method specified in ASCE Paper No. 3269 has been used in KSCSTD-Z-0004 to calculate wind loads on John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) facilities since the early 1960's. The following three subsections present formulas for the steady-state total wind

pressure,

velocity criteria appendix

total

wind

pressure,

and

steady-state

for ASCE Paper No. 3269, conforming of this report (see references 2, 3,

wind

to the and 4 in

F).

2.2.1.1

SteadT-$ta_?

presents Formula wind

peak

profile of 2.1

T0_al

Wind

Pressure

a

the formulas for the steady-state (6) is the complete formula for

P,.

This

subsection

total wind pressure. the steady-state total

pressure. P, "

q,C_

q, -

0.002558V,'

V. x

(1)

(psf)

- V3o(Z/30)" linearly

V30=60

from:

x =

0.3

x -

0.3-(0.3-0.143)

x

0.3-0.157[(V,-60)/70]

-

The shape coefficient, pressure contributions C= -

2.2.1.2 presents

mph

to

x=0.143

at

V,o=130

mph

[(V,-60)/(130-60)] (4)

Co, represents from the windward

the summation of and leeward sides.

1.3

Substitute P, -

(3)

(mph)

reduces at

(2)

(psf)

0. 002558

the

(5) (2),

(3),

(4),

and

(5)

into

(I)

[V30 (Z/30) _o.3-o.1,_E,v.-,o,/_o1_], (1.3)

P_k Total the formulas

Wind for the

p_e$_ure, peak total

(psf)

PT,m," This wind pressure.

(6) subsection The peak

3

KSC-DM-3282

total

wind

pressure

is

the

maximum

wind

measured

over

a period

of

time. P,..., - q,.,,C, TO account multiplied allows for peak show

for the peak wind speed, V,,,,, a gust factor by the steady-state velocity. A gust factor of gusts of approximately I0 seconds in duration.

wind velocity the limitations q,,,. -

pressure of the

0.002558V,,,,

V,,,. ,, V3o(l.10) Xm.

The mph

linearly

(Z/30) _"

at

Xm,

0.3-(0.3-0.143)

-

limitation

velocity

in

error is

125

V,.... -

125

mph

be

mph

then:

mph

again

in

is i.i0 The

order

to

(8) (9)

(mph)

from: to

x=0.143

at

V30=130

[ (V,,,.-60)/(130-60)

equation

will

derived

(psf)

reduces

V30=60

is then formulas.

2

x-0.3

an

(7)

(psf)

(I0)

is

that

present.

(1.10)

=

When

137.5

mph ]

(I0)

whenever the

V,,m.

exceeds

steady-state

136 wind

mph

Using a peak wind velocity of 137.5 mph yields an error of 5.8 percent. An error this size should be accounted for only when dealing with a steady-state 125-mph wind in peak velocity pressure calculations. Substituting (8), (9), (i0), and (5) into (7) yields: P,,,. -

0.002558[(V30)

(I.I0)

(Z/30) t°'3-°'157[i'v':c*n°)'i°'/Y°]_]'(l.3)

(psf)

2.2.1.3 formula

is

Steady-State the wind

V, = V30(Z/30)" V, = V,o(Z/30) 2.2.2

AMERICAN

The following steady-state

4

(11 )

Wind velocity

Velocity profile

PrQfile. for 0 to

V,. The 500 feet.

following

(mph)

(12)

°J'°'ls_('vz''°)/7°3 NATIONAL

(mph)

STANDARD

three subsections total wind pressure,

(13) INSTITUTE

(ANSI)

A58.1-1982.

present the formulas for peak total wind pressure,

the and

KSC-DM-3282

steady-state conforming I,

5,

and

the

wind velocity criteria of

$teady-$_at# the formulas (19) is the

for ANSI A58.1-1982, report (see references

Total Wind Pressure, for the steady-state complete formula for

P,. This subsection total wind pressure. the steady-state total

0. 00256K,

K, -

2.58(Z/Z,)

Cp

for

15

-

P, -

(15) (16)

ft_Z_Zq

(17)

pressure sides.

coefficient,

Cp,

is

the

sum

of

the

1.3

Substituting

2.2.2.2 presents (24) is

2/"

-

(psf)

(IV33) 2

1.11

external leeward

an

(14)

(psf)

q, -

I =

For

profile in this

pressure. P, = q,Cp

The and

2.1

6).

2.2.2.1 presents Formula wind

to

(18) (15),

(16),

(17),

0.0025612.58(Z/Zq)'"]

Exposure

windward

D:

aml0.0

and

(18)

(I.IIV_,] and

Zqm700

into

}'(1.3)

(14)

yields:

(psf)

(19)

feet

_ak Total Wind pressure, P,,,x. This subsection the formulas for the peak total wind pressure. Formula the complete formula for the peak total wind pressure.

P,,m, = q,,m.G,Cp Equation (20) to be done in 500 feet. q,.,, = G, =

(psf)

was modified by substituting order to vary the building

0.00256Kz(IV,)'

G. for G,. This had height from 30 feet to

(psf)

(21)

0. 65+3. 65T.

T, - 2.35Do°'s/(Z/30) Substituting

(20)

(21),

(22),

(22) I/, (23),

(23) and

(18)

into

(20)

yields:

5

KSC-DM-3282

P,,,, =

For

an

0.0025612.58(Z/Z,)21"]

[1.11Vn]2{0.65

+3.6512.35Do°'S/(Z/30)

_'°]} (1.3)

Exposure

2.2.2.3 formula

D:

Do=0.003

$_%ady-Sta_@ is the wind

V,

Wind velocity

Vel0citv profile

- V3,(Z,/33):i" (Z/Z,)It"

2.2.3 addresses

STANDARD only

present

in

the

(mph)

BUILDING CODE. the steady-state following

Profile, for 0 to for The total

subsection

Z

0.00256V302

The Standard various Shape

Building factors

pressure. exterior

The surface

pressure

is:

P, For

a

shape

(see

factor

2.2.4

is

3. The

multiplies in order to

(Z/30)217SF oriented

a

was

considered that was

statement

following

(25)

0

7).

P.. This subsection total wind pressure, report. Formula (26) total wind pressure. 30

ft
ft

the wind pressure produce the total

constant that or structure.

by wind

depends on the The total wind

(psf)

four-wall

building

or

structure,

the

1.3.

BUILDING

was determined and, therefore, problem

Code (SF),

The feet.

reference

for

0.00256V_0'(Z/30)2n(1.3)

UNIFORM

edition)

(psf)

shape factor is of the building

0.00256V30'

vertically

p, -

(Z/30)"7

>

V,. 500

Standard Building Code wind pressure which is

2.2.3.1 Steady-State TQtal wind Pressure. presents the formula for the steady-state conforming to the criteria of 2.1 in this is the complete formula for the steady-state P, -

(24)

(psf)

(psf)

CODE. in

this

The

(26)

Uniform

analysis.

Building Upon

Code

investigation,

the code did not encompass Exposure excluded on the basis of nonconformity

in

2.1

(see

reference

(1982 D

it winds to the

8).

DISCUSSION formulas

program height pressure,

to of

presented

in

sect!on

2

were

used ......... in a

produce output tables containing wind 30 feet, steady-state total pressure, and wind velocity at discrete heights.

spreadsheet

velocity at a peak total The output of

KSC-DM-3282

the

spreadsheet program which that show the

was then passed to a presentation/graphical generated the figures in appendices A, B, and D differences between the wind loads calculated in

ASCE Paper No. 3269, ANSI A58.1-1982, Code. Steady-state Exposure D winds mph in 5-mph increments were used. velocity through

envelop A-6 show

ranged from the height

and the Standard Building ranging from 100 mph to 125 The height of the wind

30 feet to 500 feet. Figures A-I versus steady-state total pressure

for a steady-state wind. Figure structure above 330 feet, the yields larger calculated velocity wind increases, ANSI A58.1-1982

A-1 shows that for a building or method in ASCE Paper No. 3269 pressures. As the steady-state emerges as the standard that

calculates the largest total pressure, which is apparent in figures A-I through A-3. When the steady-state wind is Ii0 mph and greater, ANSI A58.1-1982 analytically produces the largest total pressure, which is apparent in figures A-3 through A-6. The Standard Building Code method consistently has the lowest total pressure for figures A-1 through A-6. Figures B-1 through total pressure for for a building or

B-6 in appendix B show the height versus peak peak wind velocities. Figure B-1 shows that, structure above 250 feet, the method in ASCE

Paper No. 3269 has larger calculated peak total pressures. the peak Wind velocity increases, ANSI A58.1-1982 emerges as standard that calculates the largest total pressure, which apparent in figures B-1 through B-4. When the peak wind is mph and greater, ANSI A58.1-1982 analytically produces largest B-6.

total

pressure,

Figure C-1 in appendix such as the number of acceptable wind speed determined When

which

is

apparent

C allows the years between

risk, for determining a is ascertained, the from appendix B.

trying

to

larger pressure state or peak altitudes. For

determine values winds, winds

which

in

figures

designer to occurrences peak peak

B-4

through

consider factors, and what is an

wind speed. Once total pressure

particular

As the is 115 the

method

consistently regardless there is no clear-cut of 115 mph and greater,

a peak can be

calculates

of the steadychoice for all ANSI A58.1-1982

calculates larger total pressure for both steady-state and peak winds. Below 250 feet for all wind speeds, both steady-state and peak, ANSI A58.1-1982 calculates the larger pressure. For winds between 100 mph and 110 mph and for buildings or structures between 250 feet and 500 feet tall, there is no clear-cut choice of which code produces the largest total pressure. The choice of which

code

to

use

depends

on

the

wind

type

and

wind

speed.

An

7

KSC-DM-3282

example

of

a

275wind.

Figure A-l, which uses steady-state winds, indicates that ANSI A58.1-1982 method calculates a larger velocity pressure the ASCE Paper No. 3269 method; however, figure B-l, which

the than uses

foot-tall

this can be seen in building or structure

figures acted

A-I upon

and B-I for by a 100-mph

peak wind rather than steady-state wind, indicates that the ASCE Paper No. 3269 method should be used instead of ANSI A58.1-1982. The dilemma over which method to use can be eliminated if the question designed

of which type of for (a steady-state

wind should a building or structure or peak wind) is answered.

Figures D-1 through D-6 in appendix velocity profile from the methods in A58.1-1982.

D show the calculated ASCE Paper No. 3269 and

Appendix E contains all of the formulas program to produce tables E-I through E-6 data points used to generate the graphs D. 4.

_UMMARy

OF

This analysis to an Exposure mph in 5-mph

used in a that contain in appendices

be

wind ANSI

spreadsheet all of the A through

RESULTS used a Category I.II building D steady-state wind. varying increments to compare methods

or structure from I00 mph of calculating

exposed to 125 wind

load pressure specifled in ASCE Paper no. 3269, ANSI A58.1-1982, the Standard Building Code, and the Uniform Building Code. The wind velocity envelop ranged from 30 feet to 500 feet. It was determined that the method for the calculation of wind load pressure specified in ANSl A58.1-1982 produces a larger wind load pressure for a building or structure less than or equal to 250 feet in height, acted upon by a wind greater than or equal to 115 mph, than the other methods. For a building or structure between 250 feet and 500 feet tall acted upon by a wind ranging between i00 mph and II0 mph, method to use. Factors

there that

is must

no be

definitive considered

choice of which for a building or

structure in this range are steady-state or peak wind velocity, geographic location, distance from a large open body of water (i.e., an ocean or enormous lake), and the expected design life and its risk factor. It was determined that the Standard Building pressure

Code consistently values as compared

Building the wind

Code did velocity

encompass basis of

Exposure D nonconformity

8

yielded to the

not address profile

the lowest steady-state other methods. The

either the The Uniform

total Standard

peak total pressure Building Code did

winds and, therefore, was to the specified winds.

excluded

on

or not the

KSC-DM-3282

APPENDIX A TOTAL PRESSUREFOR A STEADY-STATE WIND VELOCITY

A-l/A-2

KSC-DM-3282

5OO

J

450

I |

400

V

!

i

i

l

I

3O0

u_

250 a |

w

200

150

,

100

l

! I t I

5O

7

CJ

'

.......

0

20

40 TOTAL

60

80

100

120

PRESSURE (LB/F'I'2)

ASCE PAPE R NO. 3269 ---------

STANDARD

BUILDING

..... --

ANSI A58.1-1982

Figure

CODE EXPOSURE D, CATEGORY

A-I. Wind

Height Velocity

Versus I00

mph

Total at

111BUILDING

Pressure: 33

ft

A-3

KSC-DM-3282

5OO

46O

30O

25O uJ

2OO

150

100

50

0 0

20

40 TOTAL

--

ASCE PAPE R NO. 3269

--

STANDARD

....- --

ANSI A58.1:1982

BUILDING

Figure

80

t00

120

PRESSURE (LB/FT2)

CODE EXPOSURE

A-2. Wind

A-4

60

Height Velocity

Versus 105

mph

Total at

D, CATEGORY

Pressure: 33

ft

III BUILDING

KSC-DM-3282

600

45O

400

380

3OO

uJ Z

2OO

100

50

0 0

2O

4O

8O

8O

100

120

140

TOTAL PRESSURE (LBIFT2) ASCE PAPER NO. 3269 STANDARD BUILDING CODE .......

ANSI A58.1-1982

Figure

EXPOSURE D, CATEGORY III BUILDING

A-3. Height Wind Velocity

Versus ii0 mph

Total Pressure: at 33 ft A-5

KSC-DM-3282

:

450

|

'/'j'

_- .....

40O

.r

__+ 250 t&l "T

.f

2OO

/ , t

+

160

4. t

_m_,

100

--7"

jY

50

/

e

#

#

0 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

TOTAL PRESSURE (LB/FT2) --

ASCE PAPER NO. 3269

--

STANDARD BUILDING CODE

.......

ANSI A58.i'1982

Figure

A-6

EXPOSURE D, CATEGORY 111BUILDING

A-4. Height Wind Velocity

Versus Total Pressure: 115 mph at 33 ft

KSC-DM-3282

500

/

/

460

I 0

400

u..

-i

35O

....... i4f

300

25O

I

UJ

Z_

200

160

100

5O O# S

0 0

2O

4O

60

TOTAL --

ASCE PAPER NO. 3269

--

STANDARD

.......

ANSI A58.1-1982

BUILDING

Figure

80

100

120

140

160

PRESSURE (LBIFT2)

CODE EXPOSURE D, CATEGORY

A-5. Wind

Height Velocity

Versus 120

mph

Total at

III BUILDING

Pressure: 33

ft A-7

KSC-DM-3282

500

46O

400

35O

300 Uh v

Z

z

IG0

100

SO

0 0

2O

40

80

80

100

120

140

160

TOTAL PRESSURE (LB/FT2) "--------- ASCE PAPER NO. 3269 STANDARD BUILDING CODE -

-

ANSIA58.1-1982

Figure

A-8

EXPOSURE D, CATEGORY III BUILDING A-6. Height Wind Velocity

Versus Total Pressure: 125 mph at 33 ft

KSC-DM-3282

APPENDIX

PEAK

TOTAL

PRESSURE

FOR

B

A

PEAK

WIND

VELOCITY

B-I/B-2

KSC-DM-3282

50O

/ :/ //

450

!

4OO

I

350 |

3OO

i

i

z 250 uJ Z

|

....

i

100

i#

5O

..2

/

....

#f

0 0

20

4O

50

50

100

120

PEAK TOTAL PRESSURE (LB/FT2) ASCE PAPER NO. 3269 .......

ANSI A58.1-1982 Figure

EXPOSURE D, CATEGORY III BUILDING B-I. Wind

Height Velocity

Versus i00

Peak mph

Total at

33

Pressure: ft B-3

KSC-DM-3282

500

|

450

' ....

L

f 400

J

,

v

250 w Z

i

j

200

,.

/

m_

tO0 e w

/

50

#'

.

0

. 20

40

50

80

100"

120

140

PEAK TOTAL PRESSURE (LB/FT2) --'-'-"

ASCEPAPER NO. 3269

.......

ANSI A58.1-1982

Figure

B-4

EXPOSURE D, CATEGORY III BUILDING

B-2. Wind

Height Versus Velocity 105

Peak Total Pressure: mph at 33 ft

KSC-DM-3282

45O !

! q

280 W Z

2OO

180 #

# o m

I00

/ /--

J # # I

I

40

60

80

100

120

1,o

PEAK TOTAL PRESSURE (LB/FT2) --

ASCE PAPER NO. 3269

.......

ANSI A58.1-1982

Figure

EXPOSURE 0, CATEGORY III BUILDING B-3. Wind

Height Versus Velocity 110

Peak Total Pressure: mph at 33 ft

B-5

KSC-DM-3282

500 f I B

!, !

--4'--

450

$

i !

40O

t

350

m

I

0

J

3oo

v

m

X

__ 250 u_

|

200

/i

150

/ !: r#

100

/

5O

/ 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

PEAK TOTAL PRESSURE (LB/FT2)

ASCE PAPER NO. 3269 ..... ""

Figure

B-6

EXPOSURE D. CATEGORY III BUILDING

ANSI A58.1-1982 B-4. Wind

Height Versus Velocity 115

Peak Total Pressure: mph at 33 ft

KSC-DM-3282

5OO II ,

I I

•

450

:

400 F

35O

3OO

E v

Z

__

250

IJJ -!-

2O0

i....i....

150

100

SO

0

20

40

60

80

PEAK TOTAL

100

120

140

160

PRESSURE (LBIFT2)

ASCE PAPER NO. 3269 .......

EXPOSURE

ANSI A58.1-1982

Figure

B-5. Wind

Height Velocity

Versus 120

Peak mph

Total at

33

D, CATEGORY

III BUILDING

Pressure: ft B-7

KSC-DM-3282

50O

i

e

0 I e I

46O e

I

. e

0 0

4O0 B

i

35O I

' ' e

e

0

1 I

; " t ° i

f I

__ 2S0 UJ

I 0 |

2O0

I

'

O

:

.

:

I

I t t ;

e

160

I

100 • ! # _0 # #

l 00

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

PEAK TOTAL PRESSURE iLB/FT2i

ASCE PAPER NO. 3269 *

-

ANSI A58.1-1982

Figure

B-8

EXPOSURE D. CATEGORY I!1 BUILDING B-6. Wind

Height Versus Velocity 125

Peak Total Pressure: mph at 33 ft

KSC-DM-3282

APPENDIX

FACILITY

DESIGN

WIND

SPEEDS

AND

C

FOR

VARIOUS

PEAK

WIND

LIFETIMES

C-i/C-2

KSC-DM-3282

m

o -.I

8 O_ -,-I

$ C_

_C m Cb'_

-,,'I

°

r,.)C r..:_ >.

_z z

¢

i r.j

5::? __

>. m'

e

¢ -r

r_

,.z_ _

R

8

o -

8

S

S

e

8

8 x

(S.I.ON_) a33dS

ONIM _lV3d

C-3/C-4

KSC-DM-3282

APPENDIX

WIND

VELOCITY

D

PROFILE

D-I/D-2

KSC-DM-3282

500

450 0 l | I |

350

. ..........

, ...........

m

.....

300 u_

0

qm.

z

2so

I&l -r

2O0

_

. |

_50

!

0

)

|

!

100

I

: 50 i

........................

0 50

100

150

200

WIND VELOCITY (MPH) ASCE PAPER NO. 3269 - --

ANSI A58.1-1982

EXPOSURED. CATEGORYIIIBUILDING

Figure

D-1.

Velocity

Height Profile

Versus I00

Wind mph

at

Velocity: 33

ft

D-3

KSC-DM-3282

50O

F

450

4_

350

3OO

u_

z 2

250

ul

:X

150

100

,

0

5O

100

2OO

WIND VELOCITY (MPH} --

ASCE PAPER NO. 3269

.......

ANSI A58.1-1982

Figure D-2. Velocity

D-4

EXPOSURE D, CATEGORY !11BUILDING

Height Profile

Versus Wind Velocity: 105 mph at 33 ft

KSC-DM-3282

500 | !

460 |

!

400 _

e

!

50

r_

00

......

i

:

'i

m

I

u_

'T" 250

' O

-

lu

[

t (

|

i

160

• p

--

I I

11111

5O

0

• .....................

'

* e

1 :

,

e

,

I l

J *

1 I

i

:

!

//

1

I 50

100

150

2OO

WIND VELOCITY (MPH) ASCE PAPER NO. 3269 .......

ANSI A58.1-1982

Figure D-3. Velocity

EXPOSURE D, CATEGORY III BUILDING

Height Profile

Versus Wind II0 mph at

Velocity: 33 ft D-5

KSC-DM-3282

5oQ

T

450

3_

n

20O

I00i...........

200 WIND VELOCITY ¢MPHI

"--------

ASCE PAPER NO. 3269

.......

ANSI A58.1-1982

Figure D-4. Velocity

D-6

EXPOSURE D, CATEGORY III BUILDING

Height Profile

Versus Wind 115 mph at

Velocity: 33 ft

KSC-DM-3282

50O I

|

450

4I.......

450

iI

350

3OO

250 ,I

w

z 250

150

!

100 iT"

50

'.......

Y

0 50

100

150

2O0

WIND VELOCITY (MPH)

-------

ASCE PAPER NO. 3269

....- --

ANSI A58.1-1982 Figure D-5. Velocity

EXPOSURE D, CATEGORY III BUILDING

Height Profile

Versus Wind 120 mph at

Velocity: 33 ft D-7

KSC-DM-3282

450

4OO

350

3OO

i

250

2OO

1. 11111

0

50

100

150

200

WIND VELOCITY (MPH} ASCE PAPER NO. 3269 .......

Figure D-6. Velocity

D-8

EXPOSURE D, CATEGORY III BUI LDING

ANSI A58.1-1982

Height Profile

Versus Wind 125 mph at

Veloci£y: 33 ft

KSC-DM-3282

APPENDIX WIND

PRESSURE AND WIND VELOCITY FOR SPECIFIC HURRICANE WIND

E AT VARIOUS HEIGHTS SPEEDS AT 33 FEET

E-I/E-2

KSC-DM-3282

:3 4

I 3_._ --C C'0 IJl-i L-I II %1 .-, II.,a.-, L II 3 {. .E U LO-. :_ .-_ I'_ {. Q I¢_.-.

_._

_|._-.

Id 3 m' 3 v

CI.J_.

•

•

;_i 0

I

f_ 3 31"-.,._

3 0

I

8__[zIs°

i

Iiiii 0 I L.,_ L II 01t II-I i L" CI "0 +I .-* _- ._a I II-- 0.,_ I

• ;], I--)II00

,_., +;F,_ " • __u

I,,,-

_L

ORIGINAL PAGE IS OF POOR QUALITY. E-3

KSC-DM-3282

x

N

I 0 0 _ ..t N p,. p,. I/'l ,. T I'_. Ol 0'_ 0_ _0 I_ I,t'1N 0'_,,,iDm 0'_ U'I .-, i'_,-

X

El

21 ..........................

l

_'I

z x

m 0 0 0 0 .-t--I

,-I ,-, .-I ,-, N N N N N N N N N N N N In ('nm

C

X

""

4.....

*.

....

........

°...

16

.........e

*_

.*

o°

..

o*

--

°-

*-

-*

--

-

_J

.......

l_!^ 8_-''_'_'_®__°°_._._. __._-_oo°__® :__.._._. _-._ ...... o_-_

e') .IJ

_

|_I::!

............

I,I-

_.__. . __. _. ._.__. . __. .

Iv1T _,0 0 ('1'__d)(D C, N "l" I,I1 _0 I_, 0%0 .'* N CVlT 'W I/"1e _ e _ _

O

El II

,

.*

...1

_.m

--*

0 o ,-I

i......-

I*

_1.4 ,_,-

-1

--

-1

-*

**

-*

**

0W,''N_mN,"t_

**

*.

*.

1...

mNmr_-

--

--

-*

*.....

_ mi."lr"-

o...

0N':"

--

_'0

o-.

....

.

N _" _

_J .,-i O O ,.4

:>. I--*

c hl

*

U_

*LC

.,.¢ _)--L

..........................

c

i'

(;I (n

°

.................... "O

c

-,'4

®

....... N,-,mm

_ El

N _) m.m _ _"o m m m _-_m®®_-_

a

.,-I

1{ !

x HI Ill

N

8888SSS8 °°oo8o°°°°sSs8888°°ooo ooSS _d_® ' 'e__"_.................. oooooooooooooooooo

E-4

,-4 I _Q

KSC-DM-3282

x

N O+_w • m_

w_OOO_ w_

_ONwO+N_

NWm_

z

_J

X

""

I,-

x

I,l,.i h.

x }_

""

""

""

""

""

""

.l,J II IIN---- ,_J

.C

|I 8|

N _

'

_W_NW_N_T_W_

NO_ O i--I

O II

x X ..............

.....0

..................................

.......

.

....

.IJ .,.-I 0 ,-I

_i31 ,,, ..'_ : _.

> Ul -,_ X |--X

_x_

...... ;...... ..

_

all

° .....

..

......

.....°

.......

.......................

--4

II

_X @.- II d @ :3" CCX'O'O'Q /4 IIqI.)XC--O 2_O +1Vl 0C X ll--IJ_@ 0. C3 -X+_ :3 @ I._, u. C: x IJI m III 13.

¢) 1.4

+'If +-

......

•-,.+ !l II 3,',

°......°

......

°.

__

+:.,3,s ig •,

°.....

......

..

.....

.

.......

.

..

_OOOOOOOOO C +,.-I

_++o. .°

..

,p.

..

..

.* g<,.

..

¢n

....................................................

..

I

. llillllllllll.tlll.lltllll

<13 t,-I

..

t-

.,-,I

X x X

X x x x

*

"°

""

""

""

""

""

""

!

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

° .........

°"

""

""

""

""

""

N

_3 -+

00000 8_8_@888@°°°°°_8 o_oo ooooooo _.--NNNNNmmm_WO

°°°°°°°°°° oo 0000000000

W++m+WO

E-5

KSC-DM-3282

X X X(

N 00:_ 0%_II N ,_ -- --

+

,,,,

O_NNNNNmmmm_mm_m_TTTTT

v

X X J,J

O_ E 0

1,4 0

_J -_I _J 0

> "0 -_I

"0

0)

(¢)

°,,t

,4 I

x X

E-6

In

I

KSC-DM-3282

I X

I

_NNN_BB_¢$_{_{_

| ..............

I

........................

....

°.......

......

....

°° =° o°

_J _4

U9 X

_

|

! al_

Wi4.

,-4

_WW_eOO00_.--_NNNNNNNNN_

o

_ _. I

_-_;_

>,,

.

.,'4 rO 0 ,=4

I ,,', X

I,,,_

_N

I_ I_, _

,,_ _

_I" _

_

_

0

N

_

_I" _

I_, _

,, ,...... .......................... l-I

tD

i%,, N 5,. _

@%e

(_ 0000

.._ .,.,q .._ ,,.0 ,,,.o.

N

N N

N N

N N

N _

-,-t

ii"

4 I

o! _-°_..

d}

I.-,

X 11

| X

X

-,=1

gl

N gggggg_ggggggggoo ............... ___ o _0 8ggoogggoog_oo_oo

oo oooo

X

E-7

KSC-DM-3282

_6__6__6-_m..m_

.........

.IJ

_;_®_mmmmo_mNm ...___mg_m_

......

mN----TOmNO_N __

('1

.c ................

e.

,..

Om

..

..

..

..

.-

o-

.-

--

--

--

_

q=_

.e

......

......

_O_

O

_moo_..NNNNNmmmmmmmm_

(D C,,I ,-4 1.4 O

,IJ -,-4 rJ O ,-4

_mm.mm_mm_Nm_mmmNmNmNm¢oN mTNNomo_ mommmmmmoNmm_mm __ee_

O_

_NNNNN

:> "El c -.-I NNO_N_O_NN__%NTN%

...................................

.................

(n

_00_NNNNN__TTT C -,-I

mNNm_NmNNmO_N_mN_mN_N

888_8888_o0ooooo ......... _M_8_8_°°°°°°8_8_°°8 __NNNNNBBB_T__

E-8

I

oooo °°°°°_®

KSC-DM-3282

J _i -ooo_oooo-o-ooo_o.,oN-o ,,

= .-o.,

----------------------

i................................................. U3 _ F- T _N

T T N O h- m _ fflP- ,_ T ._ _ (vl 4-)

..C 0., ,,,.I _ (11l0 •,,,_e N N N I,,1,1-1 ,I,,,I ,t,q ,I,,I I-I

|

i.,I

I,-I ,I-I

_1".-_ I_. N I_.

_O,-_N_

I/1

I'_1Pl {'rlT T T T T T T IFI U_ M"lI/'11/_ 1-1 ,I-I ,I-I

,I-I ,_..I _l-I I,,q Ii1,1"1

_",_.,1"I _

_

_

_

e-.I

_

t"

O

_., .............. _............................ --4 O ,-4

.......

C -,,-I

o.,,:_...:.•

C

i!i "

_.,.,- t

_,... _

(¢) (11

............

_..._m.o._._._._._._ C °,-t

__u__;_ ',,;,_ ',;

'o

' ' ',,: ' " '_6

O0

','_ .',I _ N N N

I r.r,1

'

"_"

•

,.....

R_,.,,.,.,.

E-91E-10

KSC-DM-3282

APPENDIX

REFERENCE

F

DOCUMENTS

F-I/F-2

KSC-DM-3282

REFERENCE ANSI A58.1-1982. Other Structures."

•

New

York,

DOCUMENTS

"Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and American National Standards Institute,

NY.

American Society of Civil Engineers• Wind Forces: Wind Forces on Structures." 3269, ASCE Transactions, Vol. 126, Part 1961.

•

KSC-STD-Z-0004. and Framework

•

"The Standard

Administration, •

Design for."

Kennedy

Center,

o

Marshall

Mehta, Kishor Provisions of Texas

o

Mehta, Journal 1984,

.

.

Space

Tech

C. ANSI

Flight

"Guide A58.1."

University,

Kishor C. "Wind of Structural pp.

Center,

"Terrestrial for Use in

NASA Technical Memorandum Space Administration, George AL,

1982.

to the Institute

Lubbock,

Buildings and Space

FL.

C. Kelley Hill. Criteria Guidelines

Aerospace Vehicle Development." 82473, National Aeronautics and C.

Committee on ASCE Paper No. II, pp. 1124-1198,

of Structural Steel National Aeronautics

Space

Turner, Robert E. and Environment (Climatic)

"Task

TX,

Use for

of the Disaster

Wind Load Research,

1988.

Load Provisions ANSI #A58.1-1982," Engineering, Vol. 110, No. 4, April

769-784.

"Standard Building Code." International, Inc., AL,

Southern Building pp. 181-200, 1985.

"Uniform Officials,

International 1982.

Building Code." Pasadena, CA,

Code

Conference

Congress

Building

F-3/F-4

Report

klat_qal A_oq_,utqc S ,4r',(1 ,c-4"_1C t_/'vJm_ usIf,Jl_g__

1. Report No. TN

Documentation

Page

2. Government AccessionNo.

3. Recipient'sCatalogNo.

102782

4. Title and Subtitle

5. ReportDate

Comparison of Analytical of Wind Loads.

Methods

for

Calculation 6. Performing Organization Code

7. Author(s)

8. PerformingOrganization ReportNo.

Donald Larry

J. Minderman L.

KSC-DM-3282

Schultz

10. Work Unit No.

9. PerformingOrganizationName and Address Launch

Structures

11. Contract or Grant No.

Section

Mechanical Engineering Division NASA, Kennedy Space Center, FL 12. S_n_ring

13. Type of Reportand Period Covered

Agency Name and Address

John F. National Kennedy

Kennedy Space Center Aeronautics and Space Space Center, FL 32899

Administration

14. SponsoringAgency Code

15. SupplementaryNotes

16. Abstract The following analysis is a comparison of analytical methods for the calculation of wind load pressures. The analytical methods specified in ASCE Paper No. 3269, ANSI A58.1-1982, the Standard Building Code, and the Uniform Building Code were analyzed using various hurricane speeds to determine the differences in the calculated results. The winds used for the analysis ranged from I00 mph to 125 mph and applied inland from the shoreline of a large open body of water (i.e., a large lake or the ocean) a distance of 1500 feet or ten times the height of the building or structure considered. For a building or structure less than or equal to 250 feet in height acted upon by a wind greater than or equal to 115 mph, it was determined that the method specified in ANSI A58.1-1982 calculated a larger wind load pressure than the other methods. For a building or structure between 250 feet and 500 feet tall acted upon by a wind ranging from i00 mph to Ii0 mph, there is no clear choice of which method to use; for these cases, factors that must be considered are the steady-state or peak wind velocity, the geographic location, the distance from a large open body of water, and the expected design life and its risk factor. 18. DistributionStatement

17, Key Words(SuggestedbyAuthor(s)) WIND LOADS BUILDINGS

19. SecuriW Classif.(ofthisrepo_) UNCLASSIFIED NASA FORM 1626OCT86

Unlimited

!20. Security Classif. (of thispage} UNCLASSIFIED

21. No. of pages

22. Price