Communist China Fin

1) Communist Party of China (CPC) / Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China and the world's largest political party. Its paramount position as the supreme political authority in China is guaranteed by China's constitution and realized through control of all state apparatus. The Communist Party of China was founded in 1921, and came to rule all of mainland China after defeating its rival the Kuomintang (KMT) in the Chinese Civil War. 2) Mao Zedong Following the Chinese Civil War and the victory of the Mao Zedong's Communist forces over the Kuomintang forces of Chiang Kai-shek who fled to Taiwan, Mao declared the founding of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949. 3) People's Republic of China (PRC) The Communist Party of China (CPC) has led the PRC under a single-party system since the state's establishment in 1949. The term "Mainland China" is often used to denote the areas under PRC rule, but usually excludes its two Special Administrative Regions: Hong Kong and Macau. Because of its vast population, rapidly growing economy, and large research and development investments, China is considered an "emerging superpower".It has the world's fourth largest economy (second largest in terms of purchasing power parity). China is also a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.ce 1978, China's market-based economic reforms have brought the poverty rate down from 53% in 1981 to 8% by 2001.However, China is now faced with a number of other economic problems, including an aging population, an increasing rural-urban income gap, and rapid environmental degradation. China plays a major role in international trade. The country is the world's largest consumer of steel and concrete, using, respectively, a third and over a half of the world's supply of each. Counting all products, China is the third largest importer and the second largest exporter in the world. 4) Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formerly as Central Executive Committee ( before 1927, is the highest authority within the Communist Party of China elected by the Party National Congresses. The Central Committee has about 300 members and nominally appoints the Politburo of the Communist Party of China. While the Central Committee does not exercise authority as a corporate body in the same way that a legislature would, it is an important body in that it contains the leading figures of the party, state, and army. In contrast to Party Congresses, which have always been ceremonial, full meetings of the Central Committee have been on occasion arenas in which there are real debates and decisions on party policy. An example of this was the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978, at which China formally embarked on a project of Chinese economic reform. The Central Committee is larger and has a somewhat more diverse ideological spectrum than the Politburo. 5) Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference abbreviated CPPCC, is a political advisory body in the People's Republic of China. The organization consists of both Party members and non-Party members, who discuss Chinese communism's principles. The members are chosen by the Communist Party of China, but are from a somewhat broader range of people than normally chosen for government office. In particular, the CPPCC contains members from the United Front parties allied with the CPC and non-Party members. The CPPCC typically holds a yearly meeting at the same time as plenary sessions of the National People's Congress (NCP). Both CPPCC and NPC are often called the Lianghui (Two Meetings), making important national level political decisions. 6) National Congress of the Communist Party of China The National Congress of the Communist Party of China ( is a party congress that is held

about once every five years. The National Congress is theoretically the highest body within the Communist Party of China, but in practice important decisions are made before the meeting. Since 1987 the National Congress has always been held in the months of October or November. The venue for the event, beginning in 1956, has always been the Great Hall of the People in Beijing. In the past two decades the National Congress of the CPC has been pivotal at least as a symbolic part of leadership changes in the People's Republic of China, and therefore has gained international media attention. [the following are termed as the primary organs of power in the Communist Party] 7) The Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China The Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China (PSC; simplified Chinese: 中国共产党中央政治局常务委员会; traditional Chinese: 中國共產黨中央政治局常 務委員會; pinyin: Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng Zhōngyāng Zhèngzhìjú Chángwù Wěiyuánhuì, abbreviated simplified Chinese: 政治局常委; pinyin: Zhèngzhìjú Chángwěi) is a committee whose membership varies between 5 and 9 people, usually men, and includes the top leadership of the Communist Party of China. The inner workings of the PSC are not well known, although it is believed that decisions of the PSC are made by consensus. Formally the membership of the Committee is approved by the Central Committee. In practice, the membership of the PSC appears to be the result of negotiations among the top leadership of the Communist Party. Currently the Politburo Standing Committee acts as the de facto highest decision-making body in China. Its membership is closely followed by both the national media as well as political watchers abroad. Historically, the role of the PSC has varied and evolved. During the Cultural Revolution, for example, the PSC had little power. 8)

Politburo of the Communist Party of China The Politburo of the Communist Party of China formerly as Central Bureau before 1927, is a group of 19 to 25 people who oversee the Communist Party of China. Unlike politburos (political bureaus) of other Communist parties, power within the politburo is centralized in the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China. The Politburo is nominally appointed by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China but the practice since the 1980s has been that the Politburo is self-perpetuating.

The power of the Politburo resides largely in the fact that its members generally simultaneously hold positions within the People's Republic of China state positions and with the control over personnel appointments that the Politburo and Secretariat have. In addition, some Politburo members hold powerful regional positions. How the Politburo works internally is unclear, but it appears that the full Politburo meets once a month and the standing committee meets weekly. This is believed to be much more infrequent than the former Politburo of the CPSU had been. The agenda for the meetings appears to be controlled by the General Secretary and decisions are made by consensus rather than by majority vote. The Politburo was eclipsed by the Secretariat of the Communist Party of China in the early 1980s under Hu Yaobang, but has re-emerged as a dominant force after Hu's ousting in 1987.

9) Secretariat of the Communist Party of China Central Committee The Secretariat of the Communist Party of China Central Committee is the permanent

bureaucracy of the Communist Party of China and forms a parallel structure to state organizations in the People's Republic of China. The most important role of the Secretariat involves making personnel decisions in both the party and state (but not the military). The Secretariat manages the work of the CPC Politburo and its Standing Committee. Also, the Secretariat is involved in coordination of the party structure. It has authority in the Communist Party of China, but does not have policy-making influence. The Politburo and its Standing Committee can elect or appoint officials in the Secretariat. 10) Central Military Commission (CMC) The Central Military Commission (CMC) (simplified Chinese: 中央军事委员会; pinyin: Zhōngyāng Jūnshì Wěiyuánhuì) refers to one of two bodies within the People's Republic of China, either to the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China, a state organ, or the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party, a party organ. The command and control of the People's Liberation Army (Chinese armed forces) is exercised in name by the 'state CMC', supervised by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. The state CMC is nominally considered the supreme military policy-making body and its chairman, elected by the National People's Congress, is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. In reality, command and control of the PLA, however, still resides with the Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee—the 'party CMC'. Both commissions are identical in membership, thus actually forming one identical institution under two different names (simplified Chinese: 一套机构两块牌子; pinyin: yítào jīgòu liǎngkuài páizi), in order to fit in both state government and party systems. Both commissions are currently chaired by President Hu Jintao. The 11-man commission issues directives relating to the PLA, including senior appointments, troop deployments and arms spending. Almost all the members are senior generals, but the most important posts have always been held by the party's most senior leaders. The CMC is housed in the Ministry of National Defense compound ("August 1st Building") in western Beijing. 11) Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Communist Party of China The Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Communist Party of China is the quasi-government body within the People's Republic of China charged with rooting out corruption and malfeasance among Communist Party of China cadres. Its current head is He Guoqiang; the deputy secretary is Ma Wen. According to the Constitution of the Communist Party of China, the Central Commission is directly under the CPC National Congress and on the same level with the CPC Central Committee. It is charged with rooting out corruption and malfeasance among party cadres. On January 4 2006 the DICCPC set up a website for citizens to report on corruption by local officials, allowing whistle-blowers to avoid retribution. [