Communication-processes-principles-and-ethics.pdf

COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES, AND ETHICS CHAPTER 1 ENGLISH 3A

COMMUNICATION was derived from the Latin words Con – which means “with” Munus – “a business” Communis – “common” Communico – “to confer” or “to relate with one another” - the imparting or exchanging of information or news - means of sending or receiving information - A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behaviour (Merriam-Webster) - is also the exchange of information and the expression of feeling that can result in understanding (Cambridge Dictionary)

COMMUNICATION According to Sanchez (2017), effective communication is the most critical component of total quality management. The way in which individuals perceive and talk to each other at work about different issues is a major determinant of the business success. It has been proven that poor communication reduces quality, weakens productivity, and eventually leads to anger and a lack of trust among individuals within the organization.

ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION 1. Communication is integrated in all parts of our lives. Communication is valued in the real world. At any given moment, we explore how communication is integrated into all episodes of our lives. Our lives consist of four domains: a. Academics. Communication skills are tied to academic success. b. Professional. Desired communication skills vary from one career to another. c. Personal. Having vocabulary to name the communication phenomena in our lives increases our ability to alter consciously our communication. d. Civic. There is a connection between communication and a person’s civic engagement.

ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION 2. Communication meets needs. Communication is far more than the transmission of information. The exchange of messages and information is important for many reasons, but it is not enough to meet the various needs we have as human beings. a. Physical needs. The need to communicate keep out bodies and minds functioning. b. Instrumental needs. Communicating for instrumental needs helps us get things done in our day-to-day lives and achieve short- and long-term goals. c. Relational needs. Communicating for relational needs helps us maintain social bonds and interpersonal relationships. d. Identity needs. Communication allows us to present ourselves in a distinct manner.

ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION 3. Communication is guided by culture and context. O’Neil (2006) defines culture as the full range of learned human behavior patterns. It includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.

4. Communication is learned. We are born with the capacity to learn a language and the ability to communicate. However, our manner of communication varies from one person to another based on culture and context.

5. Communication has ethical communications. Communication ethics deals with the process of negotiating and reflecting on our actions and communication regarding what we believe to be right and wrong.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION 1. Verbal Communication It is a form of transmitting messages using word symbols in representing ideas and objects which comes in two forms: oral and written. It includes a face-toface interaction with another person, speaking to someone on the phone, participating in meetings, delivering speeches in programs, and giving lectures or presentations in conferences.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT VERBAL COMMUNICATIONS: 1. Tone of voice 2. Use of descriptive words 3. Emphasis on certain phrases 4. Volume of voice

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION 2. Non-verbal Communication It is a form of communication which refers to the sending of messages to another person using methods or means other than spoken language. It involves those non-verbal stimuli In a communication setting that are generated by both the source and her or his use of environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver (Samovar et al. as cited by Tidwell, 2016).

Non-verbal communication includes-but is not limited to: touch

glance

eye contact (gaze)

volume

vocal nuance

proximity

gestures

facial expression pause (silence)

intonation

dress

posture

smell

context

formality

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION 2. Non-verbal Communication Non-verbal communication is one of the key aspects of communication especially in a high-context culture where the manner of saying a word is more important than the word itself. Tidwell (2016) presents its multiple functions: 1. Used to repeat the verbal message 2. Often used to accent a verbal message 3. Often complements the verbal message but also may contradict 4. Regulate interactions. Non-verbal cues convey when the other person should speak or not to speak. 5. May substitute for the verbal message, especially if it is blocked by noise or interruption.

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS 1. Sender – is a person, group, or organization who initiates communication. 2. Message – is an element transmitted in communication. 3. Channel – is a pathway or medium through which the message travels to reach its destination. 4. Receiver – is a person who receives, analyzes, understands, and interprets the message. 5. Feedback – is the receiver’s response that provides information to the sender. 6. Adjustment – is done if the message is distorted or is not clearly understood by the receiver. 7. Noise – is a form of a distortion, barrier, or obstacle that occurs in any of the phases of the oral communication process.

THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS Communication is a process of mutual interaction of people through sensory stimuli. It is a two-way process which occurs in an orderly and systematic sequence that involves giving and receiving ideas, feelings, and attitudes between two or more persons and results in a response. ADJUSTMENT

SENDER

MESSAGE

CHANNEL

FEEDBACK

N O I S E

RECEIVER

FIVE STEPS TO THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS IN THE WORKPLACE 1. Creation. Creating the message is the first step of the process. It is forming the communicative intent where the sender generates an idea. 2. Transmission. After a message is created, it must be transmitted. This transmission may be as simple as meeting with the intended recipient of the message and orally sharing the message, or calling the individual to communicate orally over the phone. 3. Reception. After transmitting the message, the communication duties change hands and fall upon the receiver of the message. 4. Translation. Once receiving the message, the recipient must translate the message into terms that s/he can easily understand. 5. Response. Communication is a two-way street and response is often necessary.

ISSUES IN COMMUNICATION 1. Content refers to the information and experiences that are provided to the receiver of the communication process. It is what the receiver derives value form. 2. Process refers to the way the message is presented or delivered – the non-verbal elements in speech such as the tone of voice, the look in the sender’s eyes, body language, hand gestures, and state of emotions such as anger, fear, uncertainty and confidence that can be detected. 3. Context refers to the situation or environment in which your message is delivered.

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION 1. Principle of clarity. The information or message should be coded or worded clearly. The receiver understands what the sender intends to say or mean. 2. Principle of attention. The receiver’s attention should be drawn to the message to make communication effective. People are different in several aspects like in their behavior, attention, emotion, preference, culture, belief, and principle, so the respond differently to the message. 3. Principle of feedback. The feedback is very important in effective communication. There should be a feedback information from the

receiver to know where s/he understood the message in the same sense in which the sender has meant it.

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION 4. Principle of informality. In business and professional contexts, formal communication is generally used for transmitting messages and other information. However, informal communication may prove effective in situations when formal communication may not achieve its desired results.

5. Principle of consistency. This principle states that communication should always be consistent with policies, plans, programs, and objectives of the organization and not in conflict with them. 6. Principle of timeliness. Timeliness and speed of transmission significantly contribute to the communication process. This principle states that communication should be done in real time so that it helps in implementing plans. 7. Principle of adequacy. The communicated information should be adequate and complete in all respect. Inadequate information may delay action and create confusion.

COMMUNICATION ETHICS Communication ethics deals with the behavior of an individual or a group which is governed by their morals and in turn affects communication. It is integrated into academic, professional, personal, and civic contexts. The National Communication Association or NCA’s “Credo for Ethical Communication” was approved by the NCA Legislative Council in November 1999, and it reminds us that communication ethics is relevant across contexts and applies to every channel of communication. The council stipulates that “ethical communication is fundamental to responsible thinking, decision making, and the development of relationships and communities within and across contexts, cultures, channels, and media. Moreover, ethical communication enhances human worth and dignity by fostering truthfulness, fairness, responsibility, personal integrity, and respect for self and others.

COMMUNICATION ETHICS 1. Advocate truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and reason as essential to the integrity of communication. 2. Endorse freedom of expression, diversity of perspective, and tolerance of dissent to achieve the informed and responsible decision making fundamental to a civil society. 3. Strive to understand and respect other communicators before evaluating and responding to their messages. 4. Promote access to communication resources and opportunities as necessary to fulfill human potential and contribute to the well-being of families, communities, and society. 5. Promote communication climates of caring and mutual understanding that respect the unique needs and characteristics of individual communicators.

COMMUNICATION ETHICS 6. Condemn communication that degrades individuals and humanity through distortion, intimidation, coercion, and violence, and through the expression of intolerance and hatred. 7. Commit to the courageous expression of personal convictions in pursuit of fairness and justice.

8. Advocate sharing information, opinions, and feelings when facing significant choices while also respecting privacy and confidentiality.

9. Accept responsibility for the short- and long-term consequences for our own communication and expect the same of others.

COMMUNICATION ETHICS Meanwhile, the Ethics Resource Center (Free Word Press, 2017) has a simple three-part guide for ethical business communication.

Be Honest

Show sensitivity to cultural differences

Be Respectful

COMMUNICATION ETHICS IN THE ACADEMIC CONTEXT 1. Writing should be done carefully. 2. Uphold research ethical standards.

3. When dealing with the faculty and staff, students should show their respect toward them by showing politeness, humility, honesty, and sincerity. 4. Transactions or communication plans should follow a protocol for their acceptance or approval. 5. Never tell a lie or misrepresent facts to your teachers, classmates, or to any people.

Prepared by: BSA 1A Henson, Jessica Franco, Camille Joy Ruiz, Bea Fritz Zabala, Colyn Angela Zapanta, Roanne Abegail Submitted to: Prof. Florence G. Sapasap