Comets Mar At Hi

  • November 2019
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  • Words: 5,681
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emoYm¨Á`m H$Wm: 4

Yy_Ho$Vy

Am`P±H$ Am{g_m±íh

AZwdmX: gwOmVm JmoS>~moco

1

1 Ho$gmi Vmao

hOmamo dfm«nmgyZ _Zwï`ámUr amÍrÁ`m doir AmH$me Þ`mhmiV Amho H$maU Vo gw¨Xa {XgVo. AmH$memV H$_r A{YH$ M_H$Umao hOmamo Vmao {dIwacoco AmhoV. ho Vmao amoO amÍr Ì`mM R>am{dH$ AmH¦${V~¨YmV {XgVmV Am{U Vo g¨W d {Z`{_V JVrZo {\$aV AgVmV. M¨Ñ BVa Vmé`m¨á_mUo EImÛm {R>nŠ`mgmaIm {XgV Zmhr Va Mm¨Jcm _moR>m {XgVmo. H$Yr H$Yr Vmo g¨nyUª JmocmH$ma {XgVmo nU ~é`mM doim Vmo {Zamú`m AmH$mamV {XgVmo- AYªJmoc qH$dm ZwgVrM H$moa. XaamoO amÍr Vmo Vmé`m¨Á`m nmîdª^y_rda {\$aVmZm {XgVmo. EH$m _Ý`amÍr Vmo EImÛm Vmé`mOdi {Xgoc Va Xwgé`m _Ý`amÍr Vmo Ì`m Vmé`mnmgyZ ~amM Xya Agoc. Vmé`m¨nojm OmòV VoOòdr AgUmé`m AmUIr nmM Jmoð>r S>moú`m¨Zm {XgVmV. AmnU Ì`m¨Zm ~wY, ewH¬$, _¨Ji, Jwë$ Am{U e{Z Ago g¨~moYVmo. Vo XoIrc Vmé`m¨Á`m nmîdª^y_rda {\$aVmZm {XgVmV. `m nmM VoOòdr JmoïQ>tZm ámMrZ cmoH$m¨Zr '{\$aUmao' `m AWmªÁ`m J¬rH$ eäXmdë$Z 'àc±ZoQ>' æhUOo J¬h Ago Zmd {Xco H$maU Vo AmH$memV {\$aVmV. M¨Ñmcmhr J¬hM _mZV AgV, Ì`mMá_mUo {Xdgm VinUmé`m gy`mªcmhr J¬hM _mZV. EHy$U gmV J¬h _mZco OmV AgV. ámMrZ H$mir AZoH$ amÍr AmH$memMm Aå`mg Ho$ì`mda J¬h ho {Z`{_V nÖVrZo ^¬_U H$aVmV Ago Ì`m¨Á`m cjmV Amco. M¨Ñ AmH$memV JmocmH$ma H$joV {\$aVmo. EH$m Vmé`mnmgyZ gwadmV H$ë$Z g¨nyUª JmocmH$ma {\$aì`mda naV Ì`mM Vmé`mnmer `oË`mg Ì`mcm 27 {Xdgm¨hÿZ WmoS>m A{YH$ H$mcmdYr cmJVmo. ho gdª R>aì`má_mUoM hmoV Ago. M¨Ñ Ì`mM _mJmªdë$Z naV naV OmV Ago Am{U ámMrZ H$mimVrc IJmocemôk ^{dï`mVrc EImÛm {d{eñ> {Xder M¨Ñ Hw$R>o Agoc Am{U Ì`mMm AmH$ma H$gm Agoc ho gm¨Jy eH$V. BVa J¬hm¨Mo _mJª A{YH$ Jw¨VmJw¨VrMo hmoVo. H$Yr H$Yr Vo M¨Ñmá_mUoM _mJªH¬$_Um H$aV nU H$mhr doim _mÍ EImÛmMm _mJª H$mhr doimnwaVm {dë$Ö {XeoZo OmVmZm {Xgo. Ì`m¨Mr JVrhr doJir hmoVr d Vo gdªM M¨Ñmnojm g¨WJVrZo {\$aV AgV. VarXoIrc, `m J¬hm¨Mo ~amM H$mi {ZarjU Ho$ì`mg Ì`m¨Á`m {\$aË`mMm AmamIS>m cjmV `oBª. H$mhr H$mimZo áÌ`oH$ J¬hmÁ`m {\$aË`mMr {Xem d nÖVr cjmV Amcr H$s Vmo J¬h ^{dï`mV Hw$R>o Agoc ho AmYrM gm¨JVm `oV Ago.

2

gy`ªJ¬hU qH$dm M¨ÑJ¬hU `m¨gma¼`m H$Yr Var hmoUmé`m KQ>ZmXoIrc AJmoXa dVªdVm `oV AgV. M¨Ñ gy`mªg_moë$Z OmV AgVmZm gy`ªJ¬hU hmoV Ago. Am{U IJmocemôk Vo AJmoXaM gm¨Jy eH$V. M¨Ñ Am{U gy`ª n¦ÐdrÁ`m XmoZ {dë$Ö {Xem¨Zm AgVmZm, n¦ÐdrMr N>m`m M¨Ñmda nS>ì`mZo M¨ÑJ¬hU hmoVo. 3000 dfm¨ªnydu XoIrc J¬hUmMo ^{dï` dVªdVm `oV Ago. áÌ`oH$ J¬hmMm AmH$memV ^¬_U H$aË`mMm EH$ {d{eñ> _mJª AgVmo ho g_Oì`mZo {dîdmMr `¨ÍUm nÖVeranUo MmcV AgVo hm EH$ _moR>mM {Xcmgm hmoVm. AmH$memV Oa hr `¨ÍUm {Z`{_VnUo H$m`ªaV Agoc Va n¦Ðdrdahr Vr í`dpòWVnUo MmcV Agoc Ago _mZUo g`w{»$H$ hmoVo. na¨Vy, _YyZM H$YrVar AmH$memV H$mhrVar doJioM KS>co Va? Â`m~Õc AJmoXa H$mhr ^mH$sV H$aVm `oV Zmhr Ago H$mhrVar Pmco Va? æhUOo gdª `¨ÍUmM {~KS>cr Amho Agm `mMm AWª hmoUma Zmhr H$m? æhUOo n¦ÐdrdaXoIrc H$mhrVar {ZamioM KS>oc Ago Va `mVyZ gy{MV hmoV Zmhr Zm? AYyZ _YyZ Ho$íhmVar amÍrÁ`m AmH$memV EImXr ZdrZM VoOòdr, MH$mH$Umar dòVy {Xgy cmJo. AmVmn`«V AmH$memV {XgUmé`m BVa gdª JmoïQ>tnojm ho {ZamioM Ago. J¬h qH$dm Vmé`m¨á_mUo hm EH$ áH$memMm q~Xy Zgm`Mm. qH$dm M¨Ñ AWdm gy`mªá_mUo ho EH$ VoOmodc` XoIrc Zgm`Mo. ho Oo H$mhr hmoVo Vo Vmé`mnojm _moR>o hmoVo nU Ì`mMr ë$naoIm ònð> ZíhVr. Vo M_H$Umé`m YwŠ`mgmaIo hmoVo Am{U Ì`mÁ`m EH$m ~mOyZo cm¨~ dH¬$ eonQ>mgmaIm Aònð> áH$me {Xgo Am{U Vmo OgOgm cm¨~ hmoBªc VgVgm AmUIr Aònð> hmoV OmBª. OUy H$mhr Vmo EH$ Aònð> Vmam hmoVm Am{U Ì`mVyZ Ho$g ~mhoa nS>V hmoVo. ámMrZ J¬rH$ cmoH$m¨Zr Ì`mcm 'AòQ>oa H$m±_oQ>' Ago Zmd {Xco. `mMm Ì`m¨Á`m ^mfoV AWª hmoVmo, 'Ho$gmi Vmam'. AmVm AmnU `m ZmdmVrc Ho$di Xwgam ^mJ æhUOo H$m±_oQ> qH$dm Yy_Ho$Vy Ago `mcm æhUVmo. H$YrH$Yr Yy_Ho$VyÁ`m H|$ÑòWmZr VoOòdr Vmé`mgmaIm {R>nH$m AgVmo. Ì`mcm 'Þ`wŠcr`g' Ago æhUVmV. `mÁ`m^modVrÁ`m {dIwacoì`m Aònð> áH$memcm 'H$mo_m' Ago Zmd Amho. EH$m ~mOyH$Sy>Z {XgUmé`m áH$memÁ`m cm¨~ ecmHo$cm eonyQ> qH$dm 'Q>oc' Ago æhUVmV. ámMrZ H$mimVrc IJmocemôkm¨Zm Yy_Ho$Vy Ho$íhm Am{U Hw$R>o {Xgoc `mMo ^mH$sV H$aVm `oV Zgo. Ì`mMm AmH$memVrc _mJªhr Ì`m¨Zm dVªdVm `oV Zgo Am{U Vmo H$Yr {XgoZmgm hmoBªc ho hr gm¨JVm `oV Zgo.

3

AmH$memVrc BVa gdª Jmoð>r¨Á`m ^¬_UmMo _mJª _mhrV Pmco, Am{U J¬hUmMr H$maU{__m¨gm ònð> H$aVm Amcr Var XoIrc Yy_Ho$Vy¨Mo H$moS>o CcJ¶¶S>co ZíhVo. Yy_Ho$Vy AMmZH$ `oBª, AmH$memV _mJªH¬$_U H$ë$Z AMmZH$ {XgoZmgm hmoBª. AmH$memVrc Jmoð>tZr R>am{dH$ _mJmªZo H$mcH¬$_Um H$amdr Aer cmoH$m¨Mr Anojm Oer dmT>cr Ver Ì`m¨Zm Yy_Ho$Vy¨Mr A{YH$M ^rVr dmQy> cmJcr. AmH$memVrc gwairV Mmccoì`m `¨ÍUoV AMmZH$ EImXm Yy_Ho$Vy Amcm Va n¦ÐdrdaXoIrc H$mhrVar AKQ>rV KS>oc. EImÛm _hÌdmÁ`m í`»$sMm _¦Ì`w AmoT>doc, `wÖ hmoBªc qH$dm àcoJgmaIr EImXr amoJmMr gmW `oBªc Aer ^rVr dmQ>o. Ooíhm Ooíhm Agm Yy_Ho$Vy {Xgo, Voíhm n¦Ðdrda H$mhrVar dmBªQ> KS>oM (Vgo Zoh_r H$mhrVar hmoV AgVoM). `mMr nydªgyMZm æhUyZM Yy_Ho$Vy {Xgcm hmoVm Ago cmoH$ æhUy cmJco. Ì`mZ¨Va Ooíhm Yy_Ho$Vy naV {Xgo Voíhm Ì`m¨Zm AmUIrM ^rVr dmQy> cmJo. {½òVnydª 44 gmcr AmH$memV EH$ Yy_Ho$Vy {Xgcm Am{U Ì`mM dfu Â`w{c`g grPa `m amo_Z hÿHw$_ehmMm IyZ Pmcm. 1066 _Yo {d{c`_ Am±\$ Zm±_«S>rZo B¨¾c¨S>da MT>mBª H$ë$Z {dO` {_idcm Ì`mdoirhr AmH$memV Yy_Ho$Vy {Xgcm hmoVm. B¨¾c¨S>Á`m Òð>rZo hr \$maM dmBªQ> Jmoð> hmoVr nU {d{c`_cm hm Yy_Ho$Vy ew^gyMH$M R>acm. AmH$memV H$m` Mmcco Amho ho Â`m cmoH$m¨Zm g_OV Zmhr Ì`m¨Zm AmOXoIrc Yy_Ho$VyMr ^rVrM dmQ>Vo. Yy_Ho$Vy {Xgcm æhUOo H$mhrVar AK{Q>V KS>oc qH$dm AmVm OJmMm A¨V Odi Amcm Amho Ago Ì`m¨Zm dmQ>Vo. dòVwV: Yy_Ho$Vy æhUOo AmH$memVrc dòVyM AmhoV. n¦Ðdrdarc KQ>Zm¨er Ì`m¨Mm ~am dmBªQ> Agm H$mhrM g¨~¨Y ZgVmo. nU Omon`«V Yy_Ho$Vy æhUOo H$m`, Vo Hw$Ry>Z `oVmV, Hw$R>o OmVmV, Vo AMmZH$ AmH$memV H$go {XgVmV ho cmoH$m¨Zm g_OV Zmhr Vmon`«V Vo Yy_Ho$Vy¨Mr H$miOr H$aUmaM. gwX¢dmZo, hiy hiy IJmocemôkm¨Zm `m áîZm¨Mr CÏmao {_imcr AmhoV Ì`m_wio {eH$coì`m cmoH$m¨Zm AmVm Ì`m¨Mr ^rVr dmQ>V Zmhr.

4

2 A¨Va Am{U H$jm gw_mao XmoZ hOma dfm«Á`mhr nydu A±[aòQ>m±Q>c ZmdmÁ`m J¬rH$ VÌddoÏ`mZo Yy_Ho$VyMm gdªáW_ J¨^ranUo {dMma Ho$cm. AmH$memVrc dòVy Zoh_r {Z`V _mJmªZo n[a^¬_U H$aVmV na¨Vy Yy_Ho$Vy¨Mm dmda A{Z`{_V nÖVrZo hmoV Agì`m_wio Vo AmH$memVrc dòVy ZgmdoV Aem {ZUª`máV Vmo nmoMcm Vmo H$mi hmoVm {½òVnydª 350 gmcÁ`m gw_mamMm. Yy_Ho$Vy æhUOo hdoMo nw¨OHo$ AgmdoV Am{U H$mhr H$maUmZo Ì`m¨Zm AmJ cmJV Agmdr Ago Ì`mcm dmQ>co. Ago AmJ cmJcoì`m hdoMo nw¨OHo$ g¨WnUo ádmg H$ë$Z AIoa OiyZ OmV AgmdoV. Ago Â`mdoir hmoVo Voíhm Yy_Ho$Vy {XgoZmgm hmoV Agmdm. A±[aòQ>m±Q>c hm ámMrZ H$mimVrc gdmªV _hmZ VÏddoÏmm _mZcm OmV Ago. Ì`mÁ`m _Vm¨Mm Jm¨^r`mªZo {dMma Ho$cm OmV Ago.

Odi Odi 1800 dfm«n`«V IJmocemôkm¨Zm

A±[aòQ>m±Q>cMo _V nQ>co Am{U Yy_Ho$Vy ho AmH$memVrc Vmé`m¨á_mUo ZgyZ Vo OiUmé`m hdoMo nw¨OHo$M AmhoV Agm Ì`m¨Mm {dîdmg ~gcm hmoVm. ~é`mM H$mimn`«V H$moUVohr doJio ònð>rH$aU nwT>o Z `oË`mMo AmUIr EH$ H$maU hmoVo, Vo Ago H$s ámMrZ J¬rH$m¨Á`m Z¨Va cmoH$m¨Zm Yy_Ho$Vy¨Mr `odT>r ^rVr dmQ>V Ago H$s H$moUr Ì`m¨Á`mH$S>o ~maH$mBªZo nhm`cmM V`ma ZíhVo.

1473 gmcr AmH$memV

{Xgcoì`m

Yy_Ho$VyMo {ZarjU H$ë$Z ao{JAmo_m²Q>±Zg ZmdmÁ`m O_ªZ IJmocemôkmZo Ì`mÁ`m AmH$memVrc òWmZm¨Á`m Zm|Xr H$ë$Z R>odì`m.

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrc Yy_Ho$Vy¨g¨~¨YrÁ`m

Aå`mgmMr hr gwadmV _mZmdr cmJoc. 1532 gmcr Ooíhm EH$ Yy_Ho$Vy {Xgcm Voíhm XmoZ IJmocemôkm¨Zm Ì`mMm Aå`mg H$aVmZm EH$ Hw$VwhcnyUª Jmoð> cjmV Amcr. ho XmoZ IJmocemôk æhUOo BQ>crMo {Oamocm_mo \¬$mH$mòQ>moamo Am{U Am±pòQµ>`mMo nrQ>a E{n`Z. XmoKm¨Á`mhr Ag¨ cjmV Amc¨ H$s Yy_Ho$VyMo eonyQ> Zoh_r gy`mªÁ`m {dë$Ö ~mOycm AgVo. Yy_Ho$Vy Ooíhm gy`mª g_moë$Z EH$m ~mOyH$Sy>Z Xwgé`m ~mOyH$S>o OmVmo, Voíhm Ì`mÁ`m eonQ>mMr {Xem ~XcVo. AmVmn`«VMo Yy_Ho$Vyg¨~¨YrMo ho gdmªV _hÌdmMo emôr` {ZarjU hmoVo Am{U gdªM Yy_Ho$Vy¨Á`m ~m~V Vo Iao Agì`mMo AmT>ico Amho. IJmocemôkm¨Zr Aå`mgcoì`m áÌ`oH$

5

Yy_Ho$VyMr eonyQ> hr gy`mªÁ`m {dë$Ö {XeocmM hmoVr. æhUOo gy`ª Am{U Yy_Ho$Vy `m¨Á`mV H$mhrVar naòna g¨~¨Y Agmdm Ago _mZVm `oVo. Ì`mZ¨Va 1577 gmcr AmUIr EH$ AmîM`ªOZH$ emoY cmJcm. Ì`mdfu AmH$memV EH$ Yy_Ho$Vy {Xgcm. Q>m`H$mo ~¬mho (Vmo Ì`mÁ`m Q>m`H$mo `m n{hì`m ZmdmZoM A{YH$ AmoiIcm OmVmo) `m S>±{Ze IJmocemôkmZo `m Yy_Ho$VyMm Aå`mg Ho$cm.

Ì`mZo Yy_Ho$VyÁ`m

AmH$memVrc òWmZmÁ`m {ZarjUmÁ`m Zm|Xr Ho$ì`m BVHo$M Zího Va Vmo {H$Vr Xya A¨Vamda Amho ho XoIrc emoYyZ H$mT>Ë`mMm á`ÌZ H$am`Mo R>adco. AmH$memVrc EImÛm dòVyMo A¨Va emoYyZ H$mT>Ë`mgmR>r 'n±ac±Šg' (parallax) Mm Cn`moJ H$aUo hm EH$ _mJª Amho. Ì`mgmR>r EH$mM dòVyH$S>o XmoZ doJú`m {R>H$mUm¨hÿZ nmhÿZ {VMr OmJm H$er ~Xccocr {XgVo `mMr Zm|X H$amdr cmJVo. áÌ`jmV ho H$go hmoVo ho nmhË`mgmR>r Vw_Mo EH$ ~moQ> Mohé`mg_moa Yam Am{U S>mdm S>moim ~¨X H$ë$Z Ì`mÁ`mH$S>o COí`m S>moú`mZo nhm. Vo nmîdª^y_rÁ`m g¨X^mªV EImÛm Jmoð>rOdi {Xgoc. S>moHo$ Am{U ~moQ> Ì`mM {R>H$mUr R>odyZ AmVm COdm S>moim ~¨X H$ë$Z ~moQ>mH$S>o S>mí`m S>moú`mZo nhm. AmVm Ì`m ~moQ>mMr OmJm _mJÁ`m nmîdª^y_rÁ`m g¨X^mªV ~Xccocr {Xgoc. S>moú`mnmgyZ ~moQ> {H$Vr A¨Vamda Amho `mdë$Z hm ~Xc {H$Vr Agoc Vo R>aVo. (ho Vwæhr òdV: H$ë$Z nhm.) ~moQ> S>moú`mnmgyZ {OVŠ`m A{YH$ A¨Vamda Agoc {VVH$m hm ~Xc æhUOo n±ac±Šg H$_r Agoc. EImXr dòVy S>moú`mnmgyZ Oa Iyn cm¨~ Agoc Va {VMr OmJm ~Xcì`mMo OmUdUmaM Zmhr. Iyn XyaÁ`m A¨Vamda Agcoì`m dòVyÁ`m n±ac±Šg gmR>r EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ Vr dòVy nm{hì`mZ¨Va H$mhr A¨Vamda OmD$Z, CXmhaUmWª EH$ {H$cmo_rQ>a, VrM dòVy naV nhmdr cmJoc . g_Om Vr dòVy Oa M¨ÑmBVH$s Xya Agoc Va EH$ {H$cmo_rQ>aÁ`m A¨VamZo H$mhrM \$aH$ nS>Uma Zmhr. nU Oa H$mhr eoH$S>mo {H$cmo_rQ>aÁ`m A¨Vamdë$Z nm{hco Va? Vmé`m¨Á`m nmîdª^y_rda M¨ÑmÁ`m òWmZmV WmoS>mgm \$aH$ Pmcocm {Xgoc. òWmZmVrc \$aH$ (n±ac±Šg) Am{U Â`m {R>H$mUm¨hÿZ {ZarjU Ho$co Ì`m XmoÞhr {R>H$mUmVrc A¨Va `mdë$Z M¨ÑmÁ`m A¨VamMm {hemo~ H$aVm `oVmo. ámMrZ J¬rH$ IJmocemôkm¨Zr Ago J{UV Ho$co hmoVo. {½òÌnydª 130 gmcmBVŠ`m ámMrZ H$mir hm`nHª$g³ Zo Agm {hemo~ H$ë$Z M¨ÑmMo A¨Va n¦ÐdrnmgyZ gw_mao 3,86,000 {H$cmo_rQ>a Agmdo Ago æh¨Q>co hmoVo.

6

hm`nHª$g³Zo Â`má_mUo M¨ÑmMm n±ac±Šg _moOcm hmoVm Ì`mMá_mUo 1577 gmcr Q>m`H$moZo AmH$memVrc Yy_Ho$VyMm n±ac±Šg _moOË`mMm á`ÌZ H$am`Mo R>adco. Yy_Ho$Vy Oa hdoMm ~Zcm Agoc Va Vmo M¨Ñmnojm IynM Odi Agoc, _J Ì`mMm n±ac±Šghr ~amM _moR>m Agoc. H$mhreo {H$cmo_rQa da O_ªZrVrc EH$m IJmocemôkmZo EH$m R>am{dH$ amÍr R>am{dH$ doir Vmé`m¨Á`m nmîdª^y_rda Yy_Ho$VyÁ`m òWmZmMr Zm|X Ho$cr, ~amo~a Ì`mM doir ~moho{_`mVrc IJmocemôkmZohr Yy_Ho$VyÁ`m òWmZmMr AerM Zm|X Ho$cr Am{U Q>m`H$moZohr S>oÞ_mHª$_Yrc Amnì`m doYemioVyZ Ì`mM doir Yy_Ho$VyÁ`m òWmZmMr Zm|X Ho$cr. `m gdª Zm|XtMm Aå`mg Ho$ì`mda Q>m`H$moÁ`m Ago cjmV Amco H$s Hw$Ry>Zhr nm{hco Var BVa Vmé`m¨Á`m g¨X^mªV Yy_Ho$Vy Odi Odi Ì`mM {R>H$mUr {XgV hmoVm. Ì`mÁ`m òWmZmV \$magm ~Xc ZíhVm. M¨Ñmnojmhr `mMm n±ac±Šg chmZ hmoVm. æhUOo Yy_Ho$Vy M¨Ñmnojm IynM OmòV Xya hmoVm Agm `mMm AWª hmoVmo. hm Yy_Ho$Vy M¨Ñmnojm {ZXmZ Mm¢nQ> A¨Vamda Agcm nm{hOo Ago Q>m`H$moZo R>adco. æhUOoM Vmo n¦ÐdrnmgyZ 15 cmI {H$cmo_rQ>a BVH$m Xya AgUma. ho A¨Vahr ~amo~a ZíhVo. Yy_Ho$Vy `mhÿZhr A{YH$ Xya hmoVm. Varhr Q>m`H$moMm {ZïH$fª _hÌdmMm hmoVm. Yy_Ho$Vy hm EH$ noQ>Ì`m hdoMm PmoV Zmhr ho `mdë$Z {XgyZ Amco Am{U A±[aòQ>m±Q>cMo _V `m_wio MwH$sMo R>aco. BVa J¬hm¨á_mUoM Yy_Ho$Vy XoIrc AmH$memVrc dòVyM hmoVm. Oa Yy_Ho$Vyhr AH$memVrc dòVyM hmoVm Varhr Vmo BVa J¬hVmé`m¨nojm {Zamim H$m {XgV hmoVm Am{U Ì`mMr dVªUyH$ Ì`m¨Á`mhÿZ doJir H$m hmoVr? Q>m`H$moH$S>o `mMo CÏma ZíhVo, na¨Vy Ì`mÁ`m H$mimVhr BVa IJmocemôk {dîdmH$S>o EH$m Zí`m Òð>rZo nhm`cm gwadmV H$ë$ cmJco hmoVo. AmVmn`«V, gdª J¬h n¦Ðdr^modVr {\$aVmV AgoM IJmocemôkm¨Zm dmQ>V Ago. 1543 gmcr {ZH$mocg H$mon{ZªH$g `m nmo{ce IJmocemôkmZo Iar n[apòWVr `mÁ`m Zo_H$s {dë$Ö Agmdr Ago XmIdyZ {Xco. Ho$di M¨Ñ EH$Q>mM n¦Ðdr^modVr {\$aVmo Ago Ì`mZo gm¨{JVco. n¦Ðdr gy`mª^modVr {\$aVo VgoM BVa J¬hXoIrc gy`mª^modVr {\$aVmV. ho Oa IJmocemôkm¨Zr _mÞ` Ho$co Va BVa J¬hm¨Mr hmcMmc g_OyZ KoUo ~aoM gmono hmoVo. (EImXr dòVy Xwgé`m dòVy^modVr {\$aV Agì`mg JmocmH$ma `m AWmªÁ`m c±{Q>Z eäXmdë$Z Ì`mcm 'Am±{~ªQ>' æhUOo ^¬_UH$jm Ago æhUVmV) gy`ª Am{U Ì`mÁ`m^modVr {\$aUmao gdª J¬h `m gdm«Zm EH${ÍV[aÌ`m gy`ª_mcm (gmoca {gòQ>r_) Ago æhUVmV. (c±{Q>Z_Yo gy`mªcm 'gmoc' Ago æhUVmV )

7

`mohmZ Ho$àca hm O_ªZ IJmocemôk Q>m`H$moMm _XVZrg hmoVm, Ì`mcm H$mon{ZªH$gÁ`m {gÖm¨VmVrc H$mhr ^mJ nQ>V ZíhVm. AmH$memVrc J¬hm¨Á`m ^¬_UmMo {ZarjU Ho$ì`mda gy`mª^modVr {\$aË`mMr Ì`m¨Mr H$jm dVwªimH$ma ZgyZ Vr c¨~dVwªimH$ma Amho Ago Ho$àcaZo 1609 gmcr _m¨S>co. c¨~dVwªi EImÛm MnQ>èm JmocmgmaIo {XgVo. H$Yr H$Yr Vo BVHo$ WmoS>ogo cm¨~Q> AgVo H$s Odi Odi Jmocmá_mUoM ^mgVo. H$mhr doim _mÍ Vo nm{hì`m~amo~a cJoM c¨~dVwªimH$ma Agì`mMo cjmV `oVo. EImXo>o c¨~dVwªi EImÛm nmVi {gJmagmaIohr ^mgy eH$Vo. n¦ÐdrMr gy`mª^modVrMr ^¬_UH$jm AJXr WmoS>rerM c¨~dVwªimH$ma Amho æhUOo Odi Odi JmocmH$maM Amho. M¨ÑmMr n¦Ðdr^modVrMr H$jm WmoS>r A{YH$ c¨~dVwªimH$ma Amho Va ~wYmMr gy`mª^modVrMr H$jm Ì`mhÿZ A{YH$ c¨~dVwªimH$ma Amho. Ho$àcaÁ`m H$mir _m{hV Agcoì`m H$moUÌ`mhr J¬hmnojm ~wYmMr H$jm Oar A{YH$ c¨~dVwªimH$ma Agcr Var Vr \$maer c¨~dVwªimH$ma Zmhr æhUyZ Vrhr JmocmH$maM dmQ>Vo. gy`mª^modVr {\$aUmé`m J¬hm¨Mm {dMma H$aVm gy`ª `m gdmª¨Á`m AJXr H|$ÑòWmZr Zmhr. n¦Ðdr Ooíhm gy`mª^modVr {\$aVo Voíhm EH$m Q>moH$mcm Vr gy`mªnmgyZ 147,250,000 {H$cmo_rQ>a A¨Vamda AgVo Va H$joÁ`m Xwgé`m Q>moH$mcm AgVmZm Vr gy`mªnmgyZ 152,078,850 {H$cmo_rQ>a BVŠ`m A¨Vamda AgVo. OdiMo A¨Va Am{U cm¨~Mo A¨Va `mV Ho$di 4 Q>ŠŠ`m¨MmM \$aH$ Amho. ~wYmMr gy`mª^modVrMr ^¬_UH$jm A{YH$ c¨~dVwªimH$ma Agì`m_wio hm \$aH$ A{YH$ Amho. ~wY gy`mªÁ`m gdmªV Odi AgVmZm ho A¨Va 450,00,000 {H$cmo_rQ>a BVHo$M AgVo, Va gy`mªnmgyZ gdmªV Xya AgVmZm Vo 708,00,000 {H$cmo_rQ>a BVHo AgVo. OdiÁ`m Am{U cm¨~Á`m A¨VamV gw_mao 50 Q>ŠŠ`m¨Mm \$aH$ Amho. Ho$àcaZo gdª J¬hm¨Á`m c¨~dVwªimH$ma H$jm¨Mr _moO_mno Z¹$s Ho$cr nU Yy_Ho$VyMo H$m`? Vohr Oa AmH$memVrc dòVy AgVrc Va Ì`m¨Á`mhr {d{eð> ^¬_UH$jm AgVrc H$m? AmH$memV Yy_Ho$VyÁ`m ~XcUmé`m òWmZmg¨~¨Yr CncäY AgUmé`m gdª {ZarjUm¨Mm Ho$àcaZo H$miOrnydªH$, ~maH$mBªZo Aå`mg Ho$cm. AIoa Yy_Ho$Vy ho gai aofoV OmV AgmdoV Ago Ì`mMo _V Pmco. Vo A¨VamimVyZ Iyn Xyadë$Z `oV AgmdoV Am{U gy`mªÁ`m gm{ßÝ`mV `oD$Z naV Xwgé`m {Xeocm Xya A¨VamimV {ZKyZ OmV AgmdoV. gy`mªOdi AgVmZm Am{U gy`mªMm áH$me namd{VªV H$aV AgVmZmM Vo Amnì`mcm {XgV AgmdoV. gy`mªOdi `oBªn`«V Vo Amnì`mcm {XgV ZgUma. gy`mªnmgyZ Xya {ZKyZ

8

Joì`mdaXoIrc Vo {XgV ZmhrV. Ho$àcaÁ`m _Vmá_mUo Vo gy`ª_mcoMm ^mJ ZmhrV. áÌ`oH$ Yy_Ho$Vy gy`ª_mcoVyZ EH$XmM Jocm Am{U Ì`mZ¨Va _mÍ Vmo naV H$YrM {Xgcm Zmhr. {O`modmZr Aì\$moÞgmo ~moaocr `m BQ>m{c`Z IJmocemôkmZo 1664 gmcr AmH$memV {Xgcoì`m EH$m Yy_Ho$VyÁ`m òWmZmMm H$miOrnydªH$ Aå`mg Ho$cm. Vmo Ho$àcaÁ`m _Vmer gh_V hmoD$ eH$cm Zmhr. Ì`mÁ`m _Vo Yy_Ho$VyÁ`m AmH$memVrc ^¬_UmMm AWª cmdË`mMm EH$M _mJª hmoVm, Vmo æhUOo gy`mªg_moë$Z OmVmZm Yy_Ho$Vy {Xem ~XcV Agmdm. Odi Odi gai aofoV Vmo gy`mªÁ`m Odi `oV Agmdm. Ì`mZ¨Va gy`mª^modVr Joì`mda Xya OmVmZmhr Vmo naV VemM aofoV na¨Vy {Xem ~XcyZ OmV Agmdm. ~moaocrZo ho Â`m VéhoZo ònð> Ho$co Ì`mdë$Z c¨~dVwªimH$ma H$jm hr IynM c¨~dVwªimH$ma Agy eH$Vo hoM Ì`mcm XmIdyZ Ûmd`mMo hmoVo. BVH$s c¨~dVwªimH$ma H$jm hr EImÛm ~marH$ {gJmagmaIr {Xgoc. A{YH$m{YH$ MnQ>èm, cm¨~M cm¨~ c¨~dVwªimMr H$ìnZm Ho$cr Va Vo H$YrM g¨nUma Zmhr AgoM dmQ>oc. Ago c¨~dVwªi EH$mM ~mOyZo ~¨X Agoc. Xwgé`m ~mOyZo Vo Vo BVHo$ cm¨~ Agoc H$s ~¨XM hmoUma Zmhr. EH$m ~mOyZo ~¨X AgUmé`m Am{U Xwgé`m ~mOyZo H$YrM Z g¨nUmé`m c¨~dVwªimcm nadc` qH$dm n±am~mocm Ago æhUVmV. Yy_Ho$VyMr ^¬_UH$jm hr n±am~mocmgmaIr AgyZ gy`ª `mÁ`m ~¨X ~mOyOdi Agcm nm{hOo. Yy_Ho$Vy `m nadc`mÁ`m EH$m ~mOyZo `oD$Z gy`mª^modVr OmD$Z Ì`mÁ`m Xwgé`m ~mOyZo ~mhoa {ZKyZ OmVmo. ~moaocrMo _V H$mhrgo Ho$àcagmaIoM hmoVo \$»$ Ì`mZo gwMdcocr ^¬_UH$jm gai aofoV ZíhVr. Ho$àcaá_mUoM, Yy_Ho$Vy gwadmVrcm A{Ve` Xya Agì`m_wio

{Xgy eH$V ZíhVm

AgoM ~moaocrMohr _V hmoVo. gy`mªÁ`m Odi `oBªc VgVer Ì`mMr VoOpòdVm dmTy>Z Vmo {Xgy cmJo Am{U gy`mªnmgyZ Xya OmVmZm Vmo naV Aònð> hmoD$Z {XgoZmgm hmoBª. Yy_Ho$Vy ho gy`ª_mcoMm ^mJ ZmhrV; Yyy_Ho$Vy EH$XmM gy`ª_mcoVyZ OmVmo Am{U H$YrM naV `oV Zmhr AgoM Ho$àcaá_mUo ~moaocrMohr _V hmoVo.

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3 naV Amcocm Yy_Ho$Vy c¨~dVwªimH$ma H$joMr Ho$àcaMr H$ìnZm J¬hm¨Á`m ~m~VrV `mo¾` dmQ>cr Var Ì`mVyZ AZoH$ áîZ AZwÏm[aV am{hco. J¬h gy`mª^modVr JmocmH$ma OmË`mEodOr c¨~dVwªimH$ma H$joVM H$m OmVmV? Xwgé`m EImÛm AmH$mamÁ`m H$joV H$m {\$aV ZmhrV? gy`mªOdi AgVmZm Ì`m¨Mm doJ H$m dmT>Vmo Am{U gy`mªnmgyZ Xya AgVmZm Vmo H$_r H$m hmoVmo? Am`P±H$ Þ`wQ>Z `m B¨J¬O emôkmZo `m Am{U BVa AZoH$ áîZm¨Mr CÏmao {Xcr. 1687 gmcr Ì`mZo EH$ nwòVH$ á{gÖ Ho$co. Ì`mV Ì`mZo Amncm 'd¢pîdH$ JwêÌdmH$fªUmMm {gÖm¨V' ònð> Ho$cm. `m {gÖm¨VmZwgma {dîdmVrc áÌ`oH$ dòVycm {dîdmVrc BVa gdª dòVy¨Mo AmH$fªU AgVo. XmoZ dòVyVrc naòna AmH$fªUmMm Omoa Ì`m Ì`m dòV¨yÁ`m dòVw_mZmda Am{U Ì`m¨Á`mVrc A¨Vamda Adc¨~yZ AgVmo. EH$m gmÝ`m J{UVr g_rH$aUmZo `m AmH$fªUmMo _moO_mn H$aVm `oVo. M¨ÑmMr n¦Ðdr^modVrMr H$jm Am{U n¦Ðdr d AÞ` J¬hm¨Mr gy`mª^modVrMr H$jm {~ZMyH$nUo H$mT>Ë`mgmR>r ho g_rH$aU H$go Cn`moJmV AmUVm `oVo Vo Þ`wQ>ZZo XmIdyZ {Xco. áÌ`oH$ J¬hmMr JVr H$mhr doim OcX Am{U H$mhr doim g¨W H$m AgVo Am{U H$mhr J¬h BVam¨nojm OcX JVrZo H$m {\$aVmV ho hr `m g_rH$aUmÁ`m ghmç`mZo ònð> H$aVm Amco. gdª J¬h ho gdmªV _moR>èm Aem gy`mªÁ`m JwêÌdmH$fªUmV ~m¨Yco Joco Agco Var `m J¬hm¨Á`m hmcMmcrVrc chmZ ghmZ \$aH$ ho BVa J¬hm¨Á`m H$_r A{YH$ AmH$fªUm_wio H$go KS>VmV ho hr `m g_rH$aUmZo XmIdyZ {Xco. n¦Ðdrdarc ^aVr-AmohmoQ>r `m¨Mr Am{U BVa AZoH$ Jmoð>tMr H$maU{__m¨gm `m_wio g_OyZ KoVm Amcr.

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Varhr AmH$memVrc Yy_Ho$Vy¨Mo H$moS>o H$mhr CcJS>V ZíhVo. Yy_Ho$Vy Oa nadc`H$joV (n±am~mocm) {\$aV AgVrc , Va Þ`wQ>ZÁ`m {gÖm¨VmV Vo ~gV hmoVo. nU g_Om hr H$jm Oa nadc` Zgoc Va? g_Om hr H$jm Oa Iyn áM¨S> c¨~dVwªimH$ma Agoc Am{U Ì`mMo Xwgao Q>moH$hr ~¨X Agoc Va? Yy_Ho$Vy \$»$ Ì`mÁ`m H$joÁ`m EH$m Q>moH$mcm æhUOo gy`mªOdi AgVmZmM AmnU Ì`mMo {ZarjU H$ë$ eH$Vmo. hr H$jm áM¨S c¨~dVwªimH$ma Agoc Va H$joÁ`m EH$m N>moQ>èmem ^mJmMr dH¬$Vm AJXrM H$_r AgUma. c¨~dVwªi AmUIr cm¨~ Agì`mg H$joMm hm ^mJ qH${MV A{YH$ ë¨$X Agoc, c¨~dVwªi AmUIr _moR>o Agoc Am{U Oa Ì`mMr Xwgar ~mOy ~¨X Zgoc, æhUOoM ho Oa nadc` Agoc Va hm H$moZ A{YH$ ë¨$X Agoc. Þ`wQ>ZÁ`m {gÖm¨Vmá_mUo AmnU nmhÿ eH$V AgUmé`m H$joÁ`m N>moQ>èm ^mJmÁ`m H$moZmVrc \$aH$ BVH$m gyû_ Ago H$s Þ`wQ>ZÁ`m H$mimVrc IJmocemôk hm \$aH$ AmoiIy eH$V ZíhVo. Yy_Ho$VyMr H$jm c¨~dVwªimH$ma Amho H$s nadc` Amho hohr Vo {ZpîMVnUo gm¨Jy eH$V ZíhVo. ho g_OUo \$maM _hÌdmMo hmoVo. Yy_Ho$VyMr H$jm Oa nadc` Agoc, Va Vmo Amnì`m gy`ª_mcoV EH$Xm `oBªc Am{U naV H$YrM {XgUma Zmhr. nU Ì`mMr H$jm Oa Iyn _moR>r, c¨~dVwªimH$ma Agoc Va _mÍ Vmo Yy_Ho$Vy c¨~dVwªimÁ`m Xwgé`m Q>moH$mcm nmoMì`mda naV {\$ë$Z AIoa gy`mªH$S>o naV `oBªc. æhUOoM Yy_Ho$Vy naV `oBªc. Iao Va Yy_Ho$VyÁ`m H$joMr cm¨~r AMyH$ g_Ocr Va IJmocemôk Yy_Ho$Vy Ho$íhm naV `oBªc `mMo ^m{H$V XoIrc dVªdy eH$Vrc. Þ`wQ>ZÁ`m {gÖm¨VmMm hm EH$ _moR>mM {dO` R>aoc. ES>_¨S> hocr ZmdmMm Þ`wQ>ZMm EH$ Vë$U {_Í hmoVm. Ì`mZo Þ`wQ>Zcm Ì`mMm J¬¨W áH$m{eV H$aË`mV _XV Ho$cr hmoVr Am{U Ì`mcm Yy_Ho$VyMo H$moS>o gmoS>dË`mV IynM êMr hmoVr. 1682 gmcr Amcoì`m Yy_Ho$VyÁ`m òWmZmMm Am{U AmH$memVrc ^¬_UmMm Ì`mZo AJXr H$miOrnydªH$ Aå`mg Ho$cm . H$joÁ`m Ì`mcm {Xgcoì`m N>moQ>èm ^mJmdë$Z hm Yy_Ho$Vy naV `oBªc qH$dm Zmhr ho Vmo {ZpîMVnUo gm¨Jy eH$cm Zmhr. na¨Vy, Oa EImXm Yy_Ho$Vy naV Amcm Va Vmo {ZpîMVnUo {Z`{_V H$mimZoM, æhUOo R>am{dH$ dfm«ZrM `oBªc Ago Ì`mcm dmQ>co, VgoM Ì`mMr AmH$memVrc H$jmhr VrM H$m`_ Agoc Agohr Ì`mcm dmQ>V hmoVo. æhUyZ Ì`mZo AmVmn`«V {Xgcoì`m Yy_Ho$Vy¨Á`m òWmZmg¨~¨YrMr {_ioc VoíhT>r gdª _m{hVr O_dm`cm gwêdmV Ho$cr. 1705 gmcmn`ª¨V Ì`mcm Odi Odi XmoZ S>PZ Yy_Ho$Vy¨Á`m Zm|Xr {_imì`m Am{U Ì`mZo Ì`m¨Mr VwcZm H$am`cm gwêdmV Ho$cr.

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1682 gmcr Ì`mZo òdV: nm{hcoì`m Yy_Ho$VyMr AmH$memVrc H$jm hr 1607 gmcÁ`m Yy_Ho$VygmaIrM hmoVr. 1532 gmcÁ`m Yy_Ho$VyZohr Ì`mM H$joV _mJªH¬$_U Ho$co hmoVo (\¬±$H$òQ>moamo Am{U E{n`Z `m¨Zr `mMm Aå`mg Ho$cm hmoVm) Am{U 1456 Á`m Yy_Ho$VyZohr Ì`mM _mJmªZo ^¬_U Ho$co hmoVo. ho Yy_Ho$Vy 75 Vo 76 dfmªÁ`m A¨VamZo Amco hmoVo. æhUOo Xa 75 dfm«Zr VmoM Yy_Ho$Vy naV Amcm Agoc H$m? æhUOoM Vmo {d{eïR> H$mcmdYrZo `oUmam Yy_Ho$Vy Agoc H$m? hocrZo Xa 75 dfmª¨Zr `oUmé`m d 1682 gmcÁ`m Yy_Ho$VyZo AmH$memVyZ Ho$coì`m ádmgmMr H$jm AgUmé`m Yy_Ho$VyMr ^¬_UH$jm _m¨S>cr. Ì`mMo {ZïH$fª AmîM`ªH$maH$ hmoVo. eZr hm gy`mªnmgyZ gdmªV Xya AgUmam J¬h (hocrÁ`m H$mir _m{hV AgUmam) gy`mªnmgyZ H$YrM 1,500,000,000 {H$cmo_rQ>ahÿZ OmòV Xya ZíhVm. 1682 gmcMm Yy_Ho$Vy gy`mªnmgyZ 5,150,000,000 {H$cmo_rQ>a da Amnì`m c¨~dVwªimH$ma H$joÁ`m Xwgé`m Q>moH$m`«V OmD$Z _J naV {\$aV Ago. gy`mªnmgyZ eZrÁ`m A¨VamÁ`m {VànQ> A¨Vamda hm Yy_Ho$Vy OmV Ago. `mCcQ>, hm Yy_Ho$Vy Amnì`m c¨~dVwªimH$ma H$joV gy`mªÁ`m gdmª{YH$ Odi AgVmZm Vmo gy`mªnmgyZ Ho$di 87,000,000 {H$cmo_rQ>a A¨Vamda Ago. ho A¨Va n¦ÐdrÁ`m gy`mªnmgyZÁ`m A¨VamÁ`m {Zæ_oM hmoVo. `mH$joÁ`m Aå`mgmdë$Z, 1682 gmcMm Yy_Ho$Vy 1758 gmcr naV `oBªc Am{U Ì`mMr AmH$memV EH$ {dd{jV H$jm Agoc Ago hocrZo dVª{dco. hm Yy_Ho$Vy naV Amcocm nhmË`mBVHo$ _moR>o Am`wï` hocrcm cm^co Zmhr. 1742 gmcr hocr _aU nmdcm Ì`mdoir Vmo 86 dfm«Mm hmoVm. Yy_Ho$Vy naV `oË`mg AOyZ ~amM AdH$me hmoVm. nU BVa IJmocemôk `m Yy_Ho$VyH$S>o cj R>odyZ hmoVo. A±coŠgr ŠcmoX Šcoamo `m \¬|$M IJmocemôkmZo hocrZo dVª{dcoì`m H$joMm ~amM {dMma Ho$cm. Jwë$ Am{U eZr `m XmoZ _moR>èm J¬hm¨Á`m JwêÌdmH$fªUmÁ`m á^mdmZo Yy_Ho$Vycm WmoS>m Cera hmoBªc d Ì`m_wio 1759 gmcÁ`m AmYr Vmo gy`mª^modVr OmUma Zmhr Ago Ì`mÁ`m cjmV Amco. 1758 gmcr AmH$memÁ`m Â`m ^mJmV Yy_Ho$Vy `oBªc Ago hocrZo dVª{dco hmoVo Ì`mH$S>o IJmocemôk AmVwaVoZo cj R>odyZ hmoVo. Q>m`H$mogma¼`m BVa IJmocemôkm¨á_mUo AmVm Ì`m¨Zm Ho$di Amnì`m S>moú`m¨da Adc¨~yZ ahmË`mMr JaO ZíhVr. 1609 gmcr Xw{~ªUrMm emoY cmJcm hmoVm. 25 {S>g|~a 1758 cm, ZmVmiÁ`m {Xder `mohmZ Om±Oª n±{cÌN> `m hm¢er IJmoc {ZarjH$ O_ªZ eoVH$é`mcm Yy_Ho$Vy {Xgcm. 1682 gmcMm Yy_Ho$VyM hocrZo dVª{dcoì`m {R>H$mUr

12

AmH$memV AdVacm hmoVm Am{U Ì`mZo hocrZo dVª{doì`má_mUoM _mJªH¬$_U Ho$co. Ì`mMr gy`mª^modVr OmË`mMr doi ŠcoamoZo dVª{dcoì`m doioÁ`m AJXr OdiMrM hmoVr. hm 1682 gmcMmM Yy_Ho$Vy hmoVm Am{U Vmo naV Amcm hmoVm `m {df`r e¨H$m KoË`mg AmVm OmJmM ZíhVr. Yy_Ho$Vy¨g¨~¨YrMo JyT> AmVm ~é`mM á_mUmV CcJS>co hmoVo. AmH$memVrc BVa J¬h Vmé`m¨Mo {Z`_ Yy_Ho$Vy¨Zmhr cmJy hmoV hmoVo, \$aH$ BVH$mM H$s Ì`m¨Mr H$jm A{YH$ c¨~dVwªimH$ma hmoVr. 1682 gmcMm Yy_Ho$Vy 1759 gmcr naV `oD$Z gy`mª^modVr Jocm Ì`mcm AWmªVM 'hocrMm Yy_Ho$Vy' Ago Zmd {_imco. hocrMm Yy_Ho$Vy hm gdmªV á{gÖ Yy_Ho$Vy Amho. 1066 gmcr {d{c`_ Am±\$ Zm±_«S>r B¨¾c¨S>da MT>mBª H$aË`mÁ`m V`marV AgVmZm Vmo {Xgcm hmoVm. {½òVnydª 11 gmcr Â`mdoir `oew {½òVmMm OÞ_ Pmcm Agmdm Ì`mdoirhr Vmo AmH$memV hmoVm. '~oWcoho_Mm Vmam' æhUOo XoIrc hmM Yy_Ho$Vy Agmdm Ago H$mhr cmoH$m¨Zm dmQ>Vo. n±{cÌN> Zo nm{hì`mZ¨Va Vmo AmUIr XmoZXm naV Amcm Amho. 1835 gmcr 'Q>m±_ gm±`a' Am{U 'hH$c~oar {\$Z' `m á{gÖ H$mX¨~é`m¨Mm coIH$ _mHª$ Q‰>oZMm OÞ_ Pmcm Voíhm Vmo AmH$memV M_H$V hmoVm. Ì`mZ¨Va 1910 gmcr _mHª$ Q‰>oZ _aU nmdcm Ì`mdoirhr Vmo AmH$memV VinV hmoVm. 1986 gmcr Vmo naV `oBªc. hocrMm Yy_Ho$Vy Xa 75 dfm«Zr naV `oË`mgmaIr Ì`mMr H$jm chmZ Amho hr _moR>rM gwX¢dmMr Jmoð> Amho. Ì`mMr H$jm Oa `mhÿZ A{YH$ _moR>r AgVr Va? _J Ì`mcm naV `oË`mgmR>r eoH$S>mo qH$dm hOmamo df} cmJcr AgVr. 19í`m eVH$mV, 1812, 1861 Am{U 1882 `m dfmªV {Xgcoco Yy_Ho$Vy Iyn _moR>o Am{U VoOòdr hmoVo. Ì`m¨Á`m ^¬_UH$jm BVŠ`m _moR>èm AmhoV H$s Ì`m¨Zm naV `oË`mg hOmamo df} cmJVrc. `mnydu Vo Ooíhm gy`mªOdi Amco hmoVo Voíhm _Zwï`ámUr JwhoV ahmUmé`m ámMrZ AdòWoV hmoVm Am{U Ì`mZo Yy_Ho$Vy¨Mm \$magm {dMma Ho$cm ZgUma. Vo Ooíhm naV `oVrc Voíhm ho OJ Am{U Ì`mVrc cmoH$ H$go AgVrc H$moU OmUo! Aem Yy_Ho$Vy¨Á`m ^¬_UH$joMm Omo N>moQ>mgm ^mJ Amnì`mcm {XgVmo Ì`mdë$Z Ì`m¨Á`m H$joMo _moO_mn H$aUo eŠ` hmoV Zmhr. IJmocemôk AmH$memMo {ZarjU H$aV Agcoì`m H$mimV Vo naV Amco Zgì`m_wio, hocrZo Â`má_mUo Yy_Ho$VyÁ`m ^¬_UH$joMm Aå`mg H$ë$Z Ì`m¨Mr VwcZm Ho$cr Vgo `m¨Á`m ~m~VrV H$aVm `oV Zmhr. hocrÁ`m Yy_Ho$VyMr H$jm hr BVa H$moUÌ`mhr VoOòdr Yy_Ho$Vynojm chmZ Agì`m_wio, Am{U Vr AmVm _m{hV Agì`mZo Vmo Ho$íhm naV `oBªc ho {ZpîMVnUo gm¨JVm `oVo.

13

Yy_Ho$Vy ho XoIrc gy`ª_mcoMmM EH$ ^mJ AmhoV, Ì`m¨Á`m H$jm c¨~dVwªimH$ma AmhoV Am{U Oa Vo A{YH$ doim {Xgco Va Ì`m H$jm¨Mo _moO_mnhr IJmocemôkm¨Zm H$aVm `oBªc .

4 Yyga Yy_Ho$Vy 1682 gmcMm Yy_Ho$Vy hocrZo dVª{dcoì`m doioZwgma 1759 gmcr naV Amì`m_wio IJmocemôk Yy_Ho$Vy¨H$S>o A{YH$ cj XoD$ cmJco. Ì`m¨Zm AmVm VoOòdr Yy_Ho$Vy¨Mr dmQ> nhmË`mMo H$maU ZíhVo H$maU Vo _moR>èm H$mcmdYrZ¨Va H$YrVar `oV AgV. gmÝ`m S>moú`m¨Zr Z {XgUmao AZoH$ Yyga Yy_Ho$Vy Ì`m¨Zm Xw{~ªUrVyZ nmhVm `oV hmoVo. AmH$memV Ago AZoH$ Yy_Ho$Vy gmnS>co. Xa dfu Aem H$mhr Yy_Ho$Vy¨Mm emoY cmJcm. 1770 gmcr A²S>gª OrZ coŠgooc `m pòd{S>e IJmocemôkmZo EH$m Yy_Ho$VyMm emoY cmdcm. Ì`mÁ`m AmH$memVrc ^¬_UmÁ`m Zm|Xr H$aVmZm, Ì`mMr ^¬_UH$jm _m¨S>Uo gmono Amho Ago Ì`mÁ`m cjmV Amco. hocrÁ`m Yy_Ho$Vynojm `mMr c¨~dVwªimH$ma H$jm ~arM chmZ hmoVr. `mdë$Z Ago {XgyZ Amco H$s Xa gmS>onmM dfm«Zr hm Yy_Ho$Vy gy`mªÁ`m Odi `oBªc. _J Vmo `mnydu H$YrM H$m {Xgcm ZíhVm? coŠgocÁ`m Yy_Ho$VyÁ`m _mJmªdë$Z Jococm H$moUVmM Yy_Ho$Vy AmOda nhmË`mV Amcm ZíhVm. hm Yy_Ho$Vy Òð>rnWmV `oË`mnydu Vmo AdH$memV Â`m {R>H$mUr Agoc VoWn`«VMm Ì`mMm _mJ coŠgocZo emoYyZ H$mT>cm. Vmo Jwë$OdiyZ Jocm Agmdm Ago coŠgocÁ`m cjmV Amco. Vmo Jwë$Á`m BVŠ`m OdiyZ Jocm AgUma H$s Jwë$Á`m Mma _moR>èm CnJ¬hm¨~amo~aM Ì`mMr n[aH¬$_m Pmcr AgUma.

14

`m Yy_Ho$VyMr ^¬_UH$jm Iyn _moR>r c¨~dVwªimH$ma Agì`m_wio Vmo `mAmYr H$Yr {Xgcm ZgUma Ago coŠgoccm dmQ>co. Ooíhm Vmo Jwë$OdiyZ Jocm Voíhm Jwë$gma¼`m _moR>èm J¬hmÁ`m JwêÌdmH$fªUm_wio `m Yy_Ho$VyMr H$jm ~Xccr. Ì`mMr Zdr c¨~dVwªimH$ma H$jm nydunojm ~arM chmZ hmoVr. na¨Vy hr Zdr chmZ H$jmhr H$m`_ {Q>H$cr Zmhr. coŠgocMm Yy_Ho$Vy naV H$YrM {Xgcm Zmhr. AmUIr ~arM AmH$S>o_moS> Ho$ì`mda Ago cjmV Amco H$s 1770 gmcr gy`mªOdiyZ {ZKyZ OmVmZm Vmo naV EH$Xm Jwë$OdiyZ Jocm. Ì`mdoirhr Ì`mMr H$jm naV EH$Xm ~Xccr. `mdoir Ì`mMr H$jm BVH$s ê¨Xmdcr H$s {VMo Xwgao Q>moH$ CKS>oM am{hco. nadc`mnojm XoIrc hr A{YH$ ë¨$X hmoVr, Vmo EH$ hm`na~mocm hmoVm. Jwë$Zo coŠgocÁ`m Yy_Ho$Vycm gy`ª_mcoÁ`m ~mhoaM CS>dyZ cmdco hmoVo. Aem VéhoZo H$Yr H$Yr H$mhr Yy_Ho$Vy H$m`_Mo {ZKyZhr OmVmV. coŠgocÁ`m Yy_Ho$VyÁ`m ~m~VrV Oo KS>co Ì`mdë$Z EImÛm Yy_Ho$VyMr H$jm {H$Vr H$miOrnydªH$ Aå`mgmdr cmJVo ho cjmV `oVo. BVa J¬hm¨_wio Yy_Ho$VyÁ`m ^¬_UH$joV ~Xc KSy> eH$VmV. coŠgocMm Yy_Ho$Vy Jwë$ Am{U Ì`mÁ`m CnJ¬hm¨Á`m BVŠ`m OdiyZ Jocm Var Ì`m gdm«Á`m ^¬_UH$joV _mÍ H$mhrM ~Xc Pmco ZmhrV hr EH$ \$maM _hÌdmMr Jmoð> `mdë$Z cjmV Amcr. coŠgocÁ`m Yy_Ho$VyMo dòVw_mZ BVHo$ H$_r AgUma H$s Ì`mcm Odi Odi H$mhrM JwêÌdmH$fªU ZgUma. Yy_Ho$Vy æhUOo AmH$memV {\$aUmé`m YmoH$mXm`H$ dòVy AgyZ Ì`m¨Á`mer Q>¹$a Pmì`mg Ì`m_wio n¦Ðdr XoIrc Zð> hmoD$ eHo$c Agm EH$ g_O Vmon`«V áM{cV hmoVm. AmVm Yy_Ho$Vy ho Vgo chmZM AgVmV ho IJmocemôkm¨Zm g_Oco. Ì`m¨Á`m^modVrMm H$mo_m ~arM OmJm í`mnV Agmdm Am{U Ì`m¨Á`m eonQ>èm cmImo {H$cmo_rQ>an`«V ngacoì`m Agmí`mV. na¨Vy H$mo_m Am{U eonQ>r `mVrc áÌ`j dòVw_mZ _mÍ AJXrM H$_r AgUma. Am{U ho dòVw_mZM Iao _hÌdmMo AgVo. Yy_Ho$Vy ùm gy`ª_mcoVrc gdmªV chmZ dòVy AmhoV. 18í`m eVH$mVrc IJmocemôkm¨Mr Yy_Ho$Vy¨Zr AmUIr EH$m ~m~VrVhr {Zamem Ho$cr. hocrÁ`m Yy_Ho$VyMr ^¬_UH$jm hocrZo _m¨Sy>Z XmI{dì`mZ¨Va AmUIrhr ~é`mM Yy_Ho$Vy¨Mr H$jm g_OyZ KoVm `oBªc Aer Ì`m¨Zm Amem hmoVr-- nU hocrZ¨VaÁ`m 100 dfmªV Hw$R>ì`mhr

15

Yy_Ho$VyMr H$jm g_OyZ KoVm Amcr Zmhr. H$mhr H$mi coŠgoccm EH$m Yy_Ho$VyÁ`m ~m~VrV `e {_imco Amho Ago Ì`mcm dmQ>co nU Yy_Ho$VyZo Vr H$jmhr ~Xccr. 1818 gmcr Om±¨ cwBª nm² `m \¬o$¨M IJmocemôkmZo emoYyZ H$mT>cocm Yy_Ho$Vy Zdm Amho Ago Ì`mcm dmQ>co. `mohmZ \¬²$P EÞHo$ `m O_ªZ IJmocemôkmZo Ì`mÁ`m ^¬_UH$joMm Aå`mg Ho$ì`mda Ì`mcm Ago AmT>ico H$s 1786, 1795 Am{U 1805 gmcÁ`m Yy_Ho$VyZo ùmM H$joVyZ ^¬_U Ho$co hmoVo. `m _m{hVrdë$Z EÞHo$Zo `m Yy_Ho$VyMr H$jm _m¨S>cr Am{U Ì`mÁ`m Ago cjmV Amco H$s ho c¨~dVwªi BVHo$ chmZ Amho H$s hm Yy_Ho$Vy Xa 3.3 dfm«Zr gy`mªOdi `oVmo. hr c¨~dVwªimH$ma H$jm BVH$s chmZ hmoVr H$s Vr Jwë$Á`m H$joÁ`mhr AmVM hmoVr. `m Yy_Ho$Vycm 'EÞHo$Mm Yy_Ho$Vy' Ago Zmd {_imco. hocrÁ`m Yy_Ho$VyZ¨Va H$jm _m¨S>cm Jococm Am{U Ì`mZwgma ^¬_U H$ë$Z R>aì`m doir naV `oUmam hm n{hcmM Yy_Ho$Vy hmoVm. EÞHo$Mm Yy_Ho$Vy hm AìnmdYrZo naV `oUmam Yy_Ho$Vy Amho. EÞHo$Á`m Z¨VaÁ`m H$mimV AZoH$ Yy_Ho$Vy¨Mr H$jm _m¨S>Ë`mV Amcr na¨Vy EdT>r chmZ H$jm AgUmam Am{U R>am{dH$ H$mcmdYrZo daModa gy`mªOdi `oUmam Xwgam Hw$R>cmM Yy_Ho$Vy AmT>icm Zmhr. EÞHo$Á`m Yy_Ho$VyMo IJmocemôkm¨Zr gy`mªOdiyZ OmVmZm 50 doim {ZarjU Ho$co Amho. EÞHo$Mm Yy_Ho$Vy Iyn Yyga Agì`m_wio Vmo Ho$di Xw{~ªUrVyZM nmhVm `oVmo. Xw{~ªUrVyZhr Ì`mMm chmZgmM H$mo_m {XgVmo Am{U Ì`mcm H$YrM eonyQ> ZgVo. AìnmdYrV, daModa gy`mªOdiyZ OmUmao Yy_Ho$Vy Zoh_rM AJXr Yyga AgVmV. Xadoir V`ma hmoUmam H$mo_m eonQ>rV CSy>Z OmVmo Am{U H$YrM naV `oV Zmhr. áÌ`oH$ doir Yy_Ho$Vy naV Amcm H$s H$mo_m Am{U eonyQ> ~ZË`mgmR>r Ì`mVrc dòVw_mZ AmUIrM H$_r hmoVo. `mMmM AWª Yy_Ho$Vy Xa doir H$_r H$_r VoOòdr hmoUma Am{U H$mcm¨VamZo {XgoZmgmM hmoUma. chmZ H$jm AgUmao Am{U daModa gy`mªOdiyZ OmUmao AZoH$ Yy_Ho$Vy Iyn nyduM {XgoZmgo Pmco. Iyn _moR>r ^¬_UH$jm AgUmao Am{U ~é`mM _moR>èm H$mcmdYrZo gy`mªÁ`m Odi `oUmao Yy_Ho$VyM naV Amì`mdahr VoOòdr {XgVmV.

16

5 Yy_Ho$VyMm _¦Ì`w Yy_Ho$Vy {XgoZmgm hmoVmo æhUOo Zo_Ho$ H$m` hmoVo? EÞHo$Á`m Yy_Ho$VyÁ`m AZw^dmdë$Z chmZgm XJS>r Jm^m {e„H$ ahmV Agmdm. Xa doir AgoM hmoV Agoc H$m? áÌ`oH$ doir XJS>r Jm^m {e„H$ ahmVmo H$m ? `m áîZmMo CÏma 19í`m eVH$mV {_imco. 1826 gmcr {dìho_ \$m±Z {~Ecm `m Am±òQµ>o{c`Z IJmocemôkmcm EH$ Yy_Ho$VyMm emoY cmJ>cm. AZoH$ amÍr Ì`mZo Ì`mÁ`m òWmZmMm Aå`mg Ho$cm.

Ì`mÁ`m AmH$memVrc

_mJmªdë$Z Ì`mMr ^¬_UH$jm chmZ c¨~dVwªimH$ma Amho Ago Ì`mÁ`m cjmV Amco. chmZ Agcr Var Vr EÞHo$Á`m Yy_Ho$VyBVH$s chmZ ZíhVr. hm Yy_Ho$Vy Xa 6.8 dfm«Zr gy`mªOdi `oVmo Ago J{UVmdë$Z Ì`mÁ`m Ý`mZmV Amco. Ì`mdë$Z hm Yy_Ho$Vy `mnyduhr AZoH$Xm {Xgcm AgUma. 1772 gmcr {Xgcocm Yy_Ho$Vy hm AmVm '{~EcmMm Yy_Ho$Vy' æhUyZ AmoiIcm OmUmam Yy_Ho$VyM AgUma. AìnmdYrZo `oUmé`m Yy_Ho$Vy¨n¢H$s H$jm _m¨S>cr OmUmam {~EcmMm Yy_Ho$Vy hm Xwgam Yy_Ho$Vy hmo`. EÞHo$Á`m Yy_Ho$Vyá_mUoM Vmo hr {Z`mo{OV H$mcmdYrZo naV `oD$ cmJcm.

17

EH$m IJmocemôkmZo {~EcmZo dVª{dcoì`m H$joMm Aå`mg H$ë$Z Ago gm¨{JVco H$s {~EcmMm Yy_Ho$Vy 27 Zmoíh|~a 1832 `m {Xder gy`mªÁ`m gdmª{YH$ Odi Agoc. Ì`mMo ^m{H$V V¨VmoV¨V Iao R>aco. Ì`mZ¨Va {~EcmMm Yy_Ho$Vy 1839 gmcr naV Amcm. Ì`m dfu n¦Ðdr Am{U {~EcmMm Yy_Ho$Vy AmH$memV Aem òWmZmda hmoVo H$s Ì`m_wio Yy_Ho$Vy gy`mªÁ`m \$maM Odi Agì`mgmaIm {Xgo. Aem n[apòWVrV Vmo IynM Yyga {XgV Agì`mZo Ì`mMo {ZarjU H$aUo H$R>rU hmoVo. IJmocemôkm¨Zm Ì`mMr \$maer H$miOr dmQ>cr Zmhr. 1846 Á`m \o$~¬wdmar _{hÞ`mV Vmo naV `oBªc Ì`mdoir Ì`mMo {ZarjU H$aVm `oBªc `mMr Ì`m¨Zm ImÍr hmoVr. Vo Ì`mMr dmQ> nhmV hmoVo. {S>g|~a 1845 _Yo IJmocemôkm¨Zm {~EcmMm Yy_Ho$Vy {Xgcm. Vmo Amnì`m {Z`mo{OV doiodaM `oV hmoVm. nU `mdoir Vmo nydunojm {Zamim {XgV hmoVm. _±Ð`w \$m²Q>oZ _moar `m A_o[aH$Z emôkmZo Ago XmIdyZ {Xco H$s {~EcmÁ`m Yy_Ho$Vy~amo~a Yyga {XgUmam AmUIr EH$ Yy_Ho$Vy Amho. ho XmoÞhr Yy_Ho$Vy EH${ÍV[aÌ`m gy`mªH$S>o ^¬_U H$aV hmoVo. Ago H$go Pmco? ~hÿYm 1839 gmcr Yy_Ho$Vy gy`mªOdi Amcm AgVmZm, Ooíhm Ì`mMo {ZarjU H$aVm Amco ZíhVo, Ì`mdoir Ì`mMo Vmn_mZ dmT>ì`m_wio Ì`mVrc Jm^m AmoT>cm OmD$Z Ì`mMm AmH$ma S>æ~oc gmaIm Pmcm Agoc. AmVm Ì`m S>æ~ocMo XmoZ VwH$S>o hmoD$Z EH$m Yy_Ho$VyMo XmoZ Yy_Ho$Vy Pmco AgmdoV. 1852 gmcr Vmo Ooíhm naV gy`mªOdi `oBªc Voíhm H$m` hmoBªc? {nEQµ>mo A²Oocmo goMr `m BQ>m{c`Z IJmocemôkmcm ho Yy_Ho$Vy gdªáW_ {Xgco. Ì`mdoirhr ho XmoZ Yy_Ho$Vy hmoVo nU AmVm Ì`m¨Á`mV ~aoM A¨Va nS>co hmoVo. AmOw~mOyÁ`m J¬hm¨Á`m JwêÌdmH$fªUmMm XmoKm¨da {^ß n[aUm_ hmoD$Z Ì`m¨Á`m H$jmhr AmVm WmoS>èm\$ma

{Zamú`m hmoÌ`m. goMrÁ`m

J{UVmZwgma `m XmoZ Yy_Ho$VyV AmVm 2,414,000 {H$cmo_rQ>aMo A¨Va hmoVo. 1859 gmcr Vmo naV `oUma hmoVm nU `mdoirhr Vmo AmH$memV \$»$ g¨YráH$memÁ`m doirM {XgUma hmoVm æhUyZ Iao Va {XgUma ZíhVm. IJmocemôkm¨Zm 1866 n`«V dmQ> nhmUo ^mJ hmoVo. Ì`mdoir Vmo ZrQ> {XgUma hmoVm. nU Vgo Pmco Zmhr. 1866 gmc `oD$Z Joco Var {~EcmÁ`m Yy_Ho$Vy¨n¢H$s EH$mMmhr nÏmm ZíhVm. {deof æhUOo Ì`mZ¨Va Vmo H$YrM {Xgcm Zmhr. Vmo ZmhrgmM Pmcm. Jwë$Á`m Ì`m doiÁ`m AmH$memVrc òWmZm_wio Ì`mÁ`m JwêÌdmH$fªUm_wio Yy_Ho$Vycm Zdr H$jm {_imcr

18

AgË`mMr eŠ`Vm ZíhVr. 1859 gmcÁ`m \o$arÁ`mdoir

Yy_Ho$VyÁ`m Caì`mgwaì`m

gm{hÌ`mVyZ Jm^m Am{U eonyQ> ~Zco Am{U AmVm Vo gdªM Zmhrgo Pmco Ago Va Pmco Zgoc? EÞHo$Á`m Yy_Ho$VyMo Ago H$mhrM Pmco Zmhr. H$Xm{MV EÞHo$Á`m Yy_Ho$VyMm Jm^m XJS>r Agoc Am{U {~EcmÁ`m Yy_Ho$VyMm Vmo Vgm Zgoc. nU {~EcmÁ`m Yy_Ho$VyMo H$mhr Adeofhr {e„H$ Caco ZmhrV H$m? `m áîZmdë$Z Amnco cj EH$m doJú`mM _w>ÛmH$S>o doYco OmVo. AYyZ _YyZ Amnì`mcm AmH$memV CìH$m {XgVmV. CìH$m æhUOo H$mhr Iam Vmam Zího. CìH$m æhUOo A¨VamimV {\$aUmar chmZer dòVy (_±Q>a) BH$S>o {VH$S>o {\$aV AgVmZm n¦ÐdrÁ`m g¨nH$mªV `oD$Z AmXiVo . dmVmdaUmVyZ Iyn doJmZo {\$aV AgVmZm hdoVrc KfªUmZo `m dòVyMo Vmn_mZ dmT>Vo. Ja_ Pmì`m_wio áH$me_mZ hmoD$Z áH$memMr EH$ ecmH$m {XgVo Am{U cdH$aM Zð> hmoVo. H$Yr H$Yr Aer Ja_ Pmcocr dòVy Oa Iyn AdOS> Agcr Va Vr g¨nyUªnUo OiyZ, {dViyZ OmV Zmhr. `mVrc Cacocm ^mJ XJS>mÁ`m qH$dm cmoI¨S>mÁ`m òdë$nmV O{_Zrda `oD$Z AmXiVmo. Ì`mcm CìH$m qH$dm CìH$mnmfmU Ago æhUVmV. Ago º${MVM KS>Vo. ~hÿVoH$ gdª CìH$m `m N>moQ>èmM AgVmV, Ì`m_wio Ì`m¨Mo CìH$mnmfmU ~ZV ZmhrV. Ì`m Q>mMUrdaÁ`m Jmoú`mEdT>èm N>moQ>èm Agy eH$VmV. EdT>èm N>moQ>èm Jmoð>rXoIrc VoOòdr Am{U áH$me{H$aUmgma¼`m {Xgy eH$VmV. Aem chmZ CìH$m Zoh_r {XgVmV. H$Yr H$Yr n¦Ðdr Aem CìH$m¨Á`m T>JmVyZ OmV Amho Ago dmQ>Vo. `mcm AmnU 'CìH$mdfmªd' Ago æhUVmo. 1833 gmcr A_o[aHo$VyZ EH$ Img Agm CìH$mdfmªd {Xgcm hmoVm. AmH$memVyZ ~\ª$d¦ð>r íhmdr Ì`máH$maÁ`m áH$memÁ`m aofm AmH$me^a {XgV hmoÌ`m. Vo nmhUmé`m H$mhr cmoH$m¨Zm dmQ>co H$s AmH$memVyZ gJio VmaoM nS>V AmhoV Am{U hm OJmMm A¨VM Amho.

nU

CìH$mdfmªd Ooíhm Wm¨~cm Voíhm gdª Vmao AmH$memVM hmoVo. `m N>moQ>èm Jmoð>r hdoV nyUªnUo OiyZ OmVmV. CìH$mdfmªd {H$Vrhr _moR>m Agcm Var Ì`mn¢H$s H$mhrM O{_Zrn`«V nmoMV Zmhr. 1833 gmcMm CìH$mdfmªd nmhÿZ, n¦Ðdr _YyZ _YyZ Aem H$Um¨Á`m T>JmVyZ OmVo Ì`mg¨~¨Yr IJmocemôk {dMma H$ë$ cmJco. Ago T>J gy`mª^modVr {ZpîMV H$joV ^¬_U H$aV AgVrc H$m? {O`moíhmZr íh{Oª{ZAmo {M`mnaocr `m BQ>m{c`Z IJmocemôkmZo `mMm Aå`mg Ho$cm. CìH$mdfmªd Ho$íhm Pmcm Am{U AmH$memÁ`m H$moUÌ`m ^mJmVyZ Pmcm Agmdm `m{df`r {_ioc VoíhT>r _m{hVr O_dË`mg Ì`mZo gwë$dmV Ho$cr. 1860Á`m XeH$mVrc Ì`mÁ`m

19

J{UVm¨dë$Z Ago {Xgco H$s CìH$m¨Mo T>J _moR>èm c¨~dVwªimH$ma H$joV gy`mª^modVr ^¬_U H$aVmV. `m H$jm ~é`mMem Yy_Ho$Vy¨gma¼`m hmoÌ`m. Yy_Ho$Vy Am{U ho CìH$m¨Mo T>J `m¨Mm naònam¨er H$mhr g¨~¨Y Agoc H$m? Agm H$mhr g¨~¨Y Agmdm Ago {M`mnaocrcm dmQ>co. EH$ CìH$mdfmªd gm_mÞ`V: Am±JòQ> _{hÞ`mV hmoV Ago Am{U Vmo n{gª`g `m ZjÍmVyZ Amì`mgmaIm ^mgV Ago. Ì`m_wio Ì`m¨Zm 'n{gªES³>g' Ago Zmd XoË`mV Amco. {M`mnaocrZo Ago XmIdyZ {Xco H$s 'Q>Q³>cMm Yy_Ho$Vy' Am{U 'n{gªES³>g' `m¨Mr H$jm EH$M Amho. (1853 gmcr Mmcªg doòcr Q>Q³>c `m A_o[aH$Z IJmocemôkmZo `m Yy_Ho$VyMm emoY cmdcm. Xa 14 dfm«Zr Vmo gy`mªOdi `oVmo.) gy`mªÁ`m CïUVoZo Ì`mVrc Ñí`mMo dm`yV ë$nm¨Va Pmì`mZo Yy_Ho$Vy V`ma hmoV AgmdoV Ago AmVm dmQy> cmJco. `m dm`yÁ`m ngmé`mV H$mhr XJS>mgmaIo ~marH$ H$U AgmdoV. hm dm`y Â`mdoir {XgoZmgm hmoBª Voíhm {eìcH$ am{hcoco ho H$U M_H$V AgmdoV. Yyy>_Ho$VyÁ`m H$mo_mV Am{U eonQ>mV hoM H$U {XgV AgmdoV. H$X{MV Vmncoì`m Yy_Ho$Vy¨_Yrc ho XJS>m¨Mo ~marH$ H$U n¦ÐdrÁ`m dmVmdaUmV CìH$m æhUyZ {XgV AgVrc. áÌ`oH$ doir Yy_Ho$Vy gy`mªOdiyZ OmVmZm H$mhr ~marH$ H$U _mJo ahmV AgVrc Am{U òdV:hÿZ gy`mª^modVr {\$aV AgVrc. H$mcm¨VamZo Yy_Ho$VyMr g¨nyUª H$jm `m H$Um¨Zr ^ë$Z OmV Agoc. gm_mÞ`V: Yy_Ho$VyOdi Ago A{YH$ H$U AmT>iVmV Am{U A¨Va dmT>oc Vgo Vo {dai hmoV OmVmV. AIoa EImÛm Yy_Ho$VyMm Jm^m Oa XJS>m¨Mm Zgoc Va Vmo nyUªnUo `m H$Um¨Mm T>JM Agoc. {~EcmÁ`m Yy_Ho$VyMo H$mhrgo AgoM Pmco Agoc H$m? 'n{gªES³>g'ho Q>Q³>cÁ`m Yy_Ho$VyVyZ Amco AgmdoV Ago {M`mnaocrZo XmIdyZ {Xì`mda IJmocemôkm¨Zr {~EcmÁ`m Yy_Ho$VyMm `mÒð>rZo {dMma Ho$cm. {~EcmÁ`m Yy_Ho$VyMr H$jm Va _mhrV hmoVrM æhUyZ `m H$joV gdªÍ CìH$m AgVrc Aer Ì`m¨Mr Anojm hmoVr. Yy_Ho$Vy áÌ`j Â`m {R>H$mUr Agm`cm hdm hmoVm Ì`m {R>H$mUr CìH$m A{YH$ á_mUmV AgUma. n¦Ðdr Ì`m òWmZmOdi `oË`mMr Ì`m¨Zr dmQ> nm{hcr. Bª. dog `m IJmocemôkmZo Ago dVª{dco H$s 28 Zmoíh|~a 1872 amoOr CìH$mdfmªd hmoBªc. Ì`mMm A¨XmO \$»$ EH$m {XdgmZo MwH$cm; 27 Zmoíh|~acmM CìH$mdfmªd Pmcm. `m CìH$mdfmªdmcm '{~E{cS³>g' Ago Zmd XoË`mV Amco. hm CìH$mdfmªd Ì`mZ¨Va AZoH$ doim {Xgcm Am{U Ì`mZ¨Va {XgoZmgm Pmcm. {e„H$ am{hcoco H$U H$joV gdªÍ ngacoco hmoVo nU Vo BVHo$ {dai hmoVo H$s Ì`m_wio {XgË`mgmaIm CìH$mdfmªd hmoD$ eH$cm Zmhr.

20

6 Yy_Ho$Vy H$go AgVmV gy`mªnmgyZ ~é`mM cm¨~ A¨Vamda chmZ chmZ dòVy¨Mm _moR>m nÆ>m Agmdm Ago `±Z h|{Sµ>H$ D$Q>ª `m S>M IJmocemôkmZo 1950 gmcr gwM{dco. hm nÆ>m ~hÿYm H$moQ>èmdYr {H$cmo_rQ>a A¨Vamda Agmdm Ì`m_wio gdmªV _moR>èm Xw{~ªUrVyZhr Vmo {Xgy eH$V Zmhr. Ì`m XyaÁ`m nQ³>`mV Ago AäOmdYr H$U AgmdoV. gy`mªOdi Amì`mda `m¨MoM Yy_Ho$Vy ~ZVmV. \¬o$S> cm±aoÞg píhnc `m A_o[aH$Z IJmocemôkmZo Ago gwM{dco H$s BVŠ`m XyadaMo dmVmdaU A{Ve` W¨S> Agoc Ì`m_wio ho XyadaMo Yy_Ho$Vy n¦ÐdrÁ`m dmVmdaUmV dm`wë$nM AgVrc. ho Yy_Ho$Vy, A_mo{Z`m, {_WoZ, H$m`ZmoOoZ (H$m~ªZ Am{U Zm`Qµ>moOoZ) `m gdª ~\$mªgma¼`m KZ òdë$nmVrc dm`w¨Mo ~Zcoco AgVrc. Yy_Ho$Vy¨_Yo ~\ª$ qH$dm JmoR>coco nmUrhr Agy eHo$c.

21

`m gdª JmoR>coì`m gm{hÌ`mV XJS>mÁ`m gyû_ H$Um¨MmXoIrc g_mdoe Agoc. H$X{MV `mMm Jm^m XJS>mMm Agoc qH$dm Zgochr. _YyZM H$YrVar `m A{VXyaÁ`m Yy_Ho$VyMr JVr Iyn _moR>èm H$joVyZ gy`mª^modVr OmVmZm WmoS>r\$ma H$_r hmoV Agoc. EH$_oH$m¨er hmoUmé`m Q>H$ar_wio qH$dm EImÛm XyaÁ`m Vmé`mÁ`m JwêÌdmH$fªUm_wio Aem VéhoZo JVr H$_r hmoV Agoc. Aem VéhoZo JVr H$_r Pmcocm Yy_Ho$Vy gy`mªOdi `oD$Z Ì`mMr H$jm Iyn _moR>r c¨~dVwªimH$ma ~ZVo. J¬hm¨Á`m OdiyZ OmVmZm Vmo Oa nwaogm gy`mªOdi Amcm Va VoOòdr, M_H$Xma Pmì`m_wio Amnì`mcm {Xgy eH$Vmo. _J Vmo gy`mª^modVr OmD$Z Amnì`m XyaÁ`m ádmgmcm naV {ZKyZ OmVmo. Ì`mÁ`m `m Zí`m H$joV H$Xm{MV Vmo H$mhr cmI dfm«Zr naV gy`mªOdi `oBªc. Aem VéhoZo Ooíhm EImXm Yy_Ho$Vy gy`mªOdi `oVmo Voíhm Ì`mVrc ~\$mªgma¼`m KZ nXmWmªMo ~mïnr^dZ hmoVo. Ì`mVrc XJS>mMo gyû_ H$U gwQ>o hmoD$Z Ì`m¨Mm H$mo_m ~ZVmo. 1958 gmcr `wOrZ Zm±_ªZ nmHª$a `m A_o[aH$Z emôkmZo Ago XmIdyZ {Xco H$s AUynojmhr chmZ H$U gy`mªVyZ A{Ve` doJmZo gdªM {Xem¨Zm H$m`_ \o$H$co OmV AgVmV. `m H$Um¨MmM 'gm¢admV' (gmoca qdS>) ~ZVmo. hm gm¢admV Yy_Ho$VyÁ>`m Jmå`mda AmXiVmo d Ì`mVyZM Yy_Ho$VyMr eonyQ> gy`mªÁ`m {dë$Ö ~mOycm {Z_ªmU hmoVo. gy`mªOdi n{hì`m¨XmM `oUmé`m Yy_Ho$Vy¨Mm H$mo_m áM¨S> _moR>èm AmH$mamMm AgyZ Vmo gy`mªnojmhr A{YH$ OmJm í`mnVmo Am{U Ì`mMr cm¨~M cm¨~ eonyQ> H$moQ>èmdYr {H$cmo_rQ>a n`«V ngë$ eH$Vo. H$Yr H$Yr EImÛm J¬hm_wio, ~hÿYm Jwë$gma¼`m gdmªV _moR>èm J¬hm_wio, Aem Yy_Ho$VyMr H$jm ~Xcy eH$Vo. _J Ì`mMr H$jm chmZ c¨~dVwªimH$ma ~ZVo. AZoH$ doim gy`mªOdiyZ OmVm OmVm Ì`mÁ`mVrc áH¦${VÑí` H$_r H$_r hmoV OmD$Z Vmo cdH$aM Aònð> hmoVmo. hocrMm Yy_Ho$Vyhr AmVm Aònð> hmoD$ cmJcm Amho. XyadaÁ`m A¨VamimVyZ ~hÿYm n{hì`m¨XmM Amì`mZo Iyn VoOòdr Agcocm Yy_Ho$Vy 1882 gmcr {Xgcm hmoVm. 1882 gmcmnmgyZ AemM Xya A¨Vamdë$Z `oUmé`m EImÛm Zí`m Yy_Ho$VyMr emôk dmQ> nhmV AmhoV æhUOo Joì`m eVH$mV {Z_mªU Pmcocr Zdr gmYZo Am{U Zí`m kmZmÁ`m gh`moJmZo Ì`m¨Zm Aem Zí`m Yy_Ho$VyMm A{YH$ Mm¨Jì`m áH$mao Aå`mg H$aVm `oBªc. AIoa 1973 gmcr ì`w~mog H$mohÿQ>oH$ `m PoH$ IJmocemôkmcm n¦ÐdrnmgyZ Iyn Xya A¨Vamda Agm

22

EH$ Yy_Ho$Vy {Xgcm.

Vmo AmH$mamZo IynM _moR>m AgUma, ZmhrVa BVŠ`m Xyadë$Z

{XgË`mBVH$m áH$me Vmo nad{VªV H$ë$ eH$cm ZgVm. H$joÁ`m Aå`mgmdë$Z H$mohÿQ>oH$Mm Yy_Ho$Vy

Xya A¨Vamda AgUmé`m gyû_ H$Um¨Á`m

nQ>èmH$Sy>Z Amcm Agmdm Ago dmQ>Vo. 28 {S>g|~a 1973 amoOr Vmo gy`mªÁ`m gdmª{YH$ Odi hmoVm. IJmocemôkm¨Á`m AnojoBVH$m Vmo VoOòdr {Xgcm Zmhr, na¨Vy A¨VamimVrc òH$m`c±~ `m CnJ¬hmdarc cmoH$m¨Zr Ì`mMm Aå`mg Ho$cm, Am{U gy`mªH$Sy>Z Xya OmVmZmÁ`m Ì`mÁ`m _mJmªda Ì`mMm nwÞhm Aå`mg Ho$cm OmBªc. H$X{MV ^{dï`mV Ooíhm Agm EImXm Zdm Yy_Ho$Vy Xyadë$Z `oBªc Ì`mdoir IJmocemôk am±Ho$Q>`mZmdë$Z Ì`mÁ`mda CVaË`mÁ`m V`marV AgVrc. _J EImXo Aey^gyMH$ {MÞh æhUyZ Ì`mMr ^rVr dmQ>Ë`mEodOr A¨Vamidra Ì`mda CVaVrc Am{U Ì`mMo H$mhr VwH$S>o Img Aå`mgmgmR>r n¦Ðdrda KoD$Z `oVrc.

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