Clonal Propagation

CLONAL PROPAGATION OF “BHADRACHLAM” CLONES OF EUCALYPTUS SPECIES AT TNPL DR. K. SIRNIVAS. CHIEF EXECUTIVE

SRI KIRAN BIOTECH VILLAGE – GOPALPURAM MANDAL – THIRUMALAYPALEM DISTRICT – KHAMMAM – 507 163 ANDHRA PRADESH PH – 08742 248568 , 9849194748

Executors Profile Dr. K. Srinivas.M.Sc (Ag) Ph.D.

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Experience – Worked for 16 years in various wings of Plantation Department at ITC Bhadrachalam - Research, Production, Extension, Marketing, Social Forestry, Farm Forestry, Captive Plantation etc.

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Presently running successfully Eucalyptus Clonal Production and Research center with an annual capacity of 50 lakh plants since 5 years.

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Consultant to TNPL and also Contractor for production of 10 Million Clonal plants of Eucalyptus and Casuarina under green house conditions and turnkey projects in farm forestry and captive plantations.

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Construction of Green houses and designing .

Major accomplishments at ITC ♦

Selection of 89 outstanding, genetically superior, fast growing and disease resistant clones of eucalypts and 10 clones of Casuarina.

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Development and deployment of intra specific and inter specific hybrid clones of eucalypts.

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Selection of Eucalyptus clones adaptable to saline / alkaline soils

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Establishment  of  large  number  of  clonal  testing  areas,  clonal  demonstration  plots  and  gene banks of promising Eucalyptus clones.

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Planting of clonal seed orchards with the most promising clones.

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Management  of  large  scale  containerized  nurseries  and  major  farm  forestry  project  and supply of genetically superior clonal planting stock to farmers.

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Production of clonal planting stock of 6 million saplings per year.

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Providing genetically improved planting stocks matching the clones to site

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 Provide technical extension services from site selection till harvest.

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 Help farmers by arranging logging and transport of the plantation wood.

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Farmers  are  now  able  to  increase  pulp  wood  productivity  by  4-5  folds.  And successfully able to earn profits from there waste lands

Major Achievements • Development of High yielding disease resistant Site specific Eucalyptus clones. • Development of Hybrid Eucalyptus Clones • Volume tables for Eucalyptus Clonal Plantations for predicting yields. • Developed package of practices for raising Eucalyptus nurseries and plantations.

TECHNICAL PAPERS PRESENTED / PUBLISHED BY Dr. K. SRINIVAS 1. Srinivas, K., Manoharachary, C., and Kunwar, I. (2005)  Report on new Fungal Pathogen on Eucalyptus Ind. Phytopath. Vol 58 (4). 2. Srinivas, K.  and  C.  Manoharachary  (2005)  Cultural  measures  to  control  fungal  diseases  of  forestry plantations  with  special  reference  to  Eucalyptus spp.  Paper  presented  in  the  National  Symposium  On Exotics In Indian Forestry P.A.U. Ludhiana 3. Srinivas, K.,  Rao  S.N.  and  Prasad  J.V.N.S.  (2004).Selection  of  Plus  Trees  of  Eucalyptus  for  Forestry  Systems.  Paper  presented  in  the  1st  World  Congress  of  Agro  forestry:  Working  Together  for Sustainable Land –use Systems. Orlando.Florida. 4. S.  N.  Rao,  K.  Srinivas  and  Sanjay  K.  Singh  (2004)  Adoption  of  Eucalyptus-based  Agroforestry Systems  in  Rainfed  Semiarid  Areas  of  Andhra.  Pradesh,  India  .  Proc.  of  1st    World  congress  of  forestry- Working together for sustainable land use .Orlando Florida U.S.A. 5. Srinivas,K.:  (2004).  Pathological  aspects  of  Eucalyptus  camaldulensis Dehnh  and  Eucalyptus Tereticomis Smith.(Prof C Manohara Chary) Botany Dep, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad, 2004 6. Srinivas, K. Prasad, J.V.N.S. and Rao S.N (2003). Eucalyptus based agro forestry systems for improving the  productivity  of  arable  lands.  Paper    presented  in  the  national  symposium  on  Agroforestry  and sustainable production at the IGFRI, Jhansi. 7. J.V.N.S.Prasad, K.V.Rao, G.R.Korwar, C.A.R. Rao, K. Srinivas and S.N.Rao (2003) Industry Promoted agroforestry  systems  forl  pulp  wood  production  under  rainfed  conditions  in  India.  Proc.  of  the international conference on Rural Livelihoods Forests and Biodiversity. Bonn, Germany. 8. Srinivas, K., Manoharachary, C., Kulkarni, H.D. and Desai, V.V (2001) Diseases associated with  Eucalyptus  in  Andhra  Pradesh  .  Proc.  of  Regional  Workshop  on  Problems  and  Prospects  in  forestry. At ITC Bhadrachalam Sarapaka. 9. Srinivas, K.,  Kulkarni,  H.D..  Desai,  V.V  and    Manoharachary,  C.(2001)  A  new  Technique  for inoculation of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza  Proc. National Symposium on Botany in New Millennium          ( UGC- SAP II) in Botany Osmania University Hyderabad. 10. Lal,  P.,  H.D.  Kulkarni,  K. Srinivas,  K.R.  Venkatesh,  and  P.  Santha-Kumar,  (1997).    Genetically Improved Clonal Planting Stock of Eucalyptus - A Success Story from India.   Indian Forester, 123 (12) 1117-1138

11. Srinivas, K.,  Manoharachary, C.,  Kulkarni, H.D.  and  Shanthakumar.P  (1997) Major Fungal diseases  of  Eucalyputs  in  Andhra  Pradesh  .  Proc.  of  National  symposium  on  Fungi  in diversified Habitats. UGC SAP in Botany, Osmania University, Hyderabad. 12. Lal,  P.,  H.D.Kulkarni  and  K. Srinivas  (1996).    Genetic  Improvement  of  Eucalyptus  and Casuarina  through  Clonal  Technology.    In:  Infrastructure  for  Biotech  Development.    Ed. Prabha Chandrasekhar, Tech Facilitators Pvt. Ltd., Chennai  :   P. 41-46 13. Lal, P., H.D. Kulkarni and K.Srinivas (1996 a).  Clonal Planting Stock of Casuarina - ITC Bhadrachalam Experience. In: Recent Casuarina Research and Development, Proceedings of the  Third  International  Casuarina  Workshop,  Da  Nang,  Vietnam.    Eds.  K.Pinyopusarerk, J.W. Turnbull, S.J. Midgley, CSIRO, Canberra, P. 162-166. 14. Lal,  P.,  H.D.  Kulkarni  and  K.Srinivas  (1994).  Four  Years  of  Eucalyptus  Improvement through Clonal Technology by ITC Bhadrachalam Paperboards Ltd.  Poster paper presented at the Second Asia-Pacific Conference on Agricultural Biotechnology, Madras, 6-10  1994. 15. Lal,    P.,  H.D.  Kulkarni  and  K. Srinivas  (1993).    Eucalyptus  Improvement    Programme  of ITC  Bhadrachalam  Paperboards  Ltd.    Proceedings  of  Workshop  on  “Production  of Genetically  Improved  Planting  Material  for  Afforestation  Programmes”.    Field  Document No.7, FAO Project RAS/91/004.  FAO, Los Banos, Philippines :  57-66. 16. Srinivas K,  Shanmugan  N,  Ramaraj  B,(1993)  Note  on  the  mycorrhizal  association  with important tree species under different soil types. Madras.Ag,. Jl. 80 (1): 51 – 53. 17. Lal. P., H.D. Kulkarni and K. Srinivas (1992). Vegetative Propagation for Improvement of Eucalyptus  -  Bhadrachalam  Experience.    In:  Vegetative  Propagation  /  Biotechnologies  for Tree Improvement.  Ed. K. Kesava Reddy, Natraj Publishers, Dehra Dun  :1-10. 18. Srinivas,K.  ,Shanmugam,N  and  Ramaraj,B.  (1988)  Effect  of  VAM  on  growth  and  nutrient uptake  of  Forest  tree  seedlings.  Proc.  of  First  Asian  Conference  on  Mycorrhizae.  Univ.  of Madras: 294 – 297. 19. Srinivas,K.  ,Shanmugam,N  and  Ramaraj,B.  (1988a)  A  New  technique  for  inoculation  of VAM fungi. Proc. of First Asian Conference on Mycorrhizae. Univ. of Madras: 325. 20. Srinivas,K.  ,Shanmugam,N  and  Ramaraj,B.  (1988b)  Survey  for  the  occurrence  of  native VAM Fungi Proc. of First Asian Conference on Mycorrhizae. Univ. of Madras: 111 – 113

Eucalyptus Mycology • Two species, i.e. Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. tereticornis , are more popular species among farmers as being sufficiently drought tolerant while also capable of withstanding, under irrigation, the very hot summer temperatures, suitable for a wide range of sites. The species were, of course, also selected because they are suitable for the manufacturing of quality paper.

• Major losses due to fungal pathogens occurred where E. camaldulensis and E. tereticornis was grown in uniform and genetically susceptible stands. Fungal diseases are a major problem in all growth stages. •

During screening the diseases of Eucalyptus Clonal plants in open nursery & field plantation many fungal species have been isolated viz., Alternaria alternata, Cylindrocladium parvum, Pestalotiopsis versicolor, Corticium salmanicolor, Phytophthora cinomomi, Glomerella cingulata, Armelaria mellea, Capnodium sp., Fusarium dimerum , Curvularia lunata, Chaetomella raphigera, etc.

Nitrogen Deficiency

Intraveinal Chlorosis

Yellowing of juvenile leaf

Phosphorus Deficeincy

Necrotic spots on expanding and juvenile leaf

Potassium Deficiency

Marginal leaf necrosis in fully expanded leaf 

Boron Deficiency

Drought

Water Logging

BREAKTHROUGH BY CLONAL TECHNOLOGY • Productivity per hectare raised to a level - 24 to 58 CuM (tons)/year/ha i.e. 3 to 7 times higher than seed route plantations. • Survival rate - More than 90% • Proved alternative to commercial agri & horti crops

Characteristics for CPT selection •VERY LARGE GIRTH •LONG BOLE •DOMINANT HEIGHT •FREE FROM DISEASES •SELF PRUNING •LESS TAPER

PARAMETERS FOR GENETIC SUPERIORITY OF CLONES

•ADAPTABILITY •GROWTH RATES •DISEASE RESISTANCE •TREE BOLE •WOOD QUALITY .

BHADRACHALAM CLONE NO.6 IN CTA AT SARAPAKA – AGE 7 YEARS

Vegetative Propagation

•3 MONTHS OLD CONTANARIZED CLONAL PLANT - READY FOR PLANTING

•SEPARATE IDENTITY OF EACH CLONE IS MAINTAINED

Clonal Testing Area

Clonal Testing Area

Clone No. 271 in highly alkaline soils

Clonal Seed Orchard (CSO) • Developed ‘Bhadrachalam’ Clonal Seed Orchard on 1 ha. area, able to collect genetically improved seeds & supplying to entrepreneurs.

Hybridization • Inter and Intra specific crossing between E.tereticornis, E.camaldulensis, E.urophylla, E.grandis, E.torelliana, E.pallita and E.alba. • Short listed 30 promising hybrids.

Breeding Orchard

Controlled Pollination

Advancements by Clonal Technology • • • • • •

Selection of Plus Trees Macro Propagation Clonal Testing Gene Bank Clonal Seed Orchards Advance Generation Breeding

CLONAL MULTIPLICATION AREA • Ensuring the production of juvenile materials for mass multiplication. • Regular pruning of the ramets to remove old branches and also to induce continuous production of juvenile shoots. • Application of commercial fertilizer rich in nitrogen or organic fertilizer to the clones will induce the production of more vegetative parts in addition to maintaining the general health of the clones.

SAND BED TECHNOLOGY

DESIGNS FOR CMA Sl.No

Spacing

Area Gestation period

1

1 x 1 mt.

4 ha

18 months

2

50 x 50 Cm High density

2 ha

6 months

3

0.8 ha 25 days

FARM FORESTRY PLANTATIONS MEAN A  WIN WIN SITUATION FOR ALL •  HIGHER ECONOMIC RETURNS FROM                                                                PLANTATIONS AND INTERCROPS •  HUGE DOMESTICTIC VALUE ADDTION •  SUSTATINED DEMAND FOR PLANTATION        WOOD •  LARGE EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES •  AMELIORATION OF ENVIRONMENT •  CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY OF RICH           NATURAL FOREST