Clock Generator Pertemuan Iv
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Supporting Chips 8284 CLOCK GENERATOR AND DRIVER Kuliah Pertemuan IV Sistem Berbasis Mikroprosesor Lie Jasa 1
LIE JASA
SIGNAL CLOCK BERUPA GELOMBANG KOTAK DENGAN PERIODE T YANG TERDIRI DARI ½ GELOMBANG + DAN ½ GELOMBANG NEGATIF
+
+
+ T
T
T
1/2 T
2
LIE JASA
1
SIGNAL CLOCK Misalkan Frekwensi kristal = 15 MHz T = 1 / F detik T = 1 / [ 15 x 10 6 ] detik
+
T = 0,06666 micro detik ½ T = 0,033333 micro detik
-
0,06666 mikro detik
T 1/2 T
0,03333 mikro detik
3
LIE JASA
Perkalian frekwensi 1Xf
2Xf
4Xf
4
LIE JASA
2
CLOCK GENERATOR 8284A X1 CLK
15 MHz
CLK 8086 / 8088
X2 F/C' CSYNC
8284A +5V
10K RESET 8086 / 8088
RES SW
RESET
10 uF
5
LIE JASA
6
LIE JASA
3
SIGNAL CLOCK
7
LIE JASA
8284 CLOCK GENERATOR AND DRIVER • an 18-pin chip • specially designed to be used with 8088/86 microprocessors, • It provides the clock and synchronization for the microprocessor, • also provides the READY signal for the insertion of wait states into the CPU bus cycle. • A description of each pin and how it is connected in the IBM PC follows. 8
LIE JASA
4
Input pins • RES (reset in) • This is an input active-low signal to generate RESET. • In the IBM PC, it is connected to the power-good signal from the power supply. • When the power switch in the IBM PC is turned on, assuming that the power supply is good, • a low signal is provided to this pin • and the 8284 in turn will activate the RESET pin, • forcing the 8088/86 to reset; then the microprocessor takes over. This is called a cold boot. 9
LIE JASA
Input pins X1 and X2 (crystal in) XI and X2 are the pins to which a crystal is attached. The crystal frequency must be 3 times the desired frequency for the microprocessor. The maximum crystal for the 8284A is 24 MHz and 30 MHz for the 8284A-1. The IBM PC is connected to a crystal of 14.31818 MHz. For some turbo compatibles, it is 24 MHz.
• •
•
•
10
LIE JASA
5
Input pins F/C (frequency/clock select) • This pin provides an option for the way the clock is generated. • If connected to low, the clock is generated by the 8284 with the help of a crystal oscillator. • If it is connected to high, it expects to receive clocks at the EFI pin. • Since the IBM PC uses a crystal, this pin is connected to low. 11
LIE JASA
Input pins EFI (external frequency in) • External frequency is connected to this pin if F/C has been connected to high. • In the IBM PC this is not connected since a crystal is used instead of an external frequency generator. • In some cases (such as the Turbo PC), this pin is used to provide clock frequency in place of XI and X2. 12
LIE JASA
6
Input pins • CSYNC (clock synchronization) • This active-high signal • is used to allow several 8284 chips to be connected together and synchronized. • The IBM PC only uses one 8284; therefore, this pin is connected to low.
13
LIE JASA
Input pins • RDY1 and AEN1 • RDY1 is active high and AEN1 (address enable) is active low. • They are used together to provide a ready signal to the microprocessor, • which will insert a WAIT state to the CPU read/write cycle. • In the IBM PC, RDY1 is connected to DMAWAIT and AEN1 is connected to RDY/WAIT. • They allow the wait state to be inserted either by the CPU or by DMA. 14
LIE JASA
7
Input pins • RDY2 and AEN2 • These function exactly like RDY1 and AEN1. • These extra RDY and AEN signals are provided to allow for a multiprocessing system. • It allows other general-purpose CPUs such as the 8088/86 to gain control over the buses. • In the IBM PC, RDY2 is connected to low, AEN2 is connected to high, which permanently disables this function since there is only one 8088/86 microprocessor in the system. • In cases of multiprocessor systems, these signals are used to coordinate access over the 15 buses by different CPUs LIE JASA
Input pins • ASYNC • This is called ready synchronization select. • An active low is used for devices that are not able to adhere to the very strict RDY setup time requirement. • In the IBM PC this is connected to low, making the timing design of the system easier with slower logic gates. 16
LIE JASA
8
Output signals • RESET • This is an active-high signal that provides a RESET signal to the 8088/86 microprocessor. • It is activated by the RES input signal discussed earlier.
17
LIE JASA
Output signals • OSC (oscillator) • This provides a clock frequency equal to the crystal oscillator and it is TTL compatible. • Since the IBM crystal oscillator is 14.31818 MHz, OSC will provide this frequency to the expansion slot of the IBM PC.
18
LIE JASA
9
Output signals • CLK (clock) • This is an output clock frequency equal to one-third of the crystal oscillator, or EFI input frequency, • with a duty cycle of 33%. This is connected to the clock input of the 8088/86 and all other devices that must be synchronized with the CPU. • In the IBM PC it is connected to pin 19 of the 8088 microprocessor and other circuitry under the CLK88 label. • This frequency, 4.772776 MHz (14.31818 divided by 3), is the processor frequency on which all of the timing calculations of the memory and I/O cycle are 19 based. LIE JASA
Output signals • PCLK (peripheral clock) • This frequency is one-half of CLK (or one-sixth of the crystal) with a duty cycle of 50% and is TTL compatible. • In the IBM PC this 2.386383 MHz is provided to the 8253 timer to be used to generate speaker tones, and other functions
20
LIE JASA
10
Output signals • READY • This signal is connected to READY of the CPU. • In the IBM PC it is used to signal the 8088 to indicate if the CPU needs to insert a wait state due to the slowness of the devices that the CPU is trying to contact.
21
LIE JASA
Example A certain IBM PC/XT compatible turbo computer has a crystal of 24-MHz frequency for the XI, X2 inputs to the 8244. Calculate the frequencies provided by the outputs of: (a) OSC (b) CLK (c) PCLK Solution: (a) OSC=24 MHz frequency, same as the crystal frequency (b) CLK=8 MHz, one-third of the crystal frequency of 24 MHz (c) PCLK=4 MHz, one-sixth of the crystal frequency of 24 MHz
22
LIE JASA
11
Tugas Tanggal 24 Oktober 2007 Disiapkan komponen elektronika dengan bahan-bahan : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Project board LED 10 biji warna Bateray 6 Volt Resistor 10 K, 4,7 K, 2,2K,1 K, 330 Ohm, 220 Ohm, 100 Ohm. IC 74LS00, 74LS04, 74LS244, 74LS245, 74LS373 Switch push ON Seven Segmen Transistor 2N2222, BC550C Kabel serat tunggal
23
LIE JASA
IMPLEMENTASI TUGAS Rangkaian LED
Rangkaian RESET
Resistor
24
LIE JASA
12
IMPLEMENTASI TUGAS Trafic Light
Uji Coba TL
Rangkaian Relay
Interface LPT1
25
LIE JASA
13
LIE JASA
SIGNAL CLOCK BERUPA GELOMBANG KOTAK DENGAN PERIODE T YANG TERDIRI DARI ½ GELOMBANG + DAN ½ GELOMBANG NEGATIF
+
+
+ T
T
T
1/2 T
2
LIE JASA
1
SIGNAL CLOCK Misalkan Frekwensi kristal = 15 MHz T = 1 / F detik T = 1 / [ 15 x 10 6 ] detik
+
T = 0,06666 micro detik ½ T = 0,033333 micro detik
-
0,06666 mikro detik
T 1/2 T
0,03333 mikro detik
3
LIE JASA
Perkalian frekwensi 1Xf
2Xf
4Xf
4
LIE JASA
2
CLOCK GENERATOR 8284A X1 CLK
15 MHz
CLK 8086 / 8088
X2 F/C' CSYNC
8284A +5V
10K RESET 8086 / 8088
RES SW
RESET
10 uF
5
LIE JASA
6
LIE JASA
3
SIGNAL CLOCK
7
LIE JASA
8284 CLOCK GENERATOR AND DRIVER • an 18-pin chip • specially designed to be used with 8088/86 microprocessors, • It provides the clock and synchronization for the microprocessor, • also provides the READY signal for the insertion of wait states into the CPU bus cycle. • A description of each pin and how it is connected in the IBM PC follows. 8
LIE JASA
4
Input pins • RES (reset in) • This is an input active-low signal to generate RESET. • In the IBM PC, it is connected to the power-good signal from the power supply. • When the power switch in the IBM PC is turned on, assuming that the power supply is good, • a low signal is provided to this pin • and the 8284 in turn will activate the RESET pin, • forcing the 8088/86 to reset; then the microprocessor takes over. This is called a cold boot. 9
LIE JASA
Input pins X1 and X2 (crystal in) XI and X2 are the pins to which a crystal is attached. The crystal frequency must be 3 times the desired frequency for the microprocessor. The maximum crystal for the 8284A is 24 MHz and 30 MHz for the 8284A-1. The IBM PC is connected to a crystal of 14.31818 MHz. For some turbo compatibles, it is 24 MHz.
• •
•
•
10
LIE JASA
5
Input pins F/C (frequency/clock select) • This pin provides an option for the way the clock is generated. • If connected to low, the clock is generated by the 8284 with the help of a crystal oscillator. • If it is connected to high, it expects to receive clocks at the EFI pin. • Since the IBM PC uses a crystal, this pin is connected to low. 11
LIE JASA
Input pins EFI (external frequency in) • External frequency is connected to this pin if F/C has been connected to high. • In the IBM PC this is not connected since a crystal is used instead of an external frequency generator. • In some cases (such as the Turbo PC), this pin is used to provide clock frequency in place of XI and X2. 12
LIE JASA
6
Input pins • CSYNC (clock synchronization) • This active-high signal • is used to allow several 8284 chips to be connected together and synchronized. • The IBM PC only uses one 8284; therefore, this pin is connected to low.
13
LIE JASA
Input pins • RDY1 and AEN1 • RDY1 is active high and AEN1 (address enable) is active low. • They are used together to provide a ready signal to the microprocessor, • which will insert a WAIT state to the CPU read/write cycle. • In the IBM PC, RDY1 is connected to DMAWAIT and AEN1 is connected to RDY/WAIT. • They allow the wait state to be inserted either by the CPU or by DMA. 14
LIE JASA
7
Input pins • RDY2 and AEN2 • These function exactly like RDY1 and AEN1. • These extra RDY and AEN signals are provided to allow for a multiprocessing system. • It allows other general-purpose CPUs such as the 8088/86 to gain control over the buses. • In the IBM PC, RDY2 is connected to low, AEN2 is connected to high, which permanently disables this function since there is only one 8088/86 microprocessor in the system. • In cases of multiprocessor systems, these signals are used to coordinate access over the 15 buses by different CPUs LIE JASA
Input pins • ASYNC • This is called ready synchronization select. • An active low is used for devices that are not able to adhere to the very strict RDY setup time requirement. • In the IBM PC this is connected to low, making the timing design of the system easier with slower logic gates. 16
LIE JASA
8
Output signals • RESET • This is an active-high signal that provides a RESET signal to the 8088/86 microprocessor. • It is activated by the RES input signal discussed earlier.
17
LIE JASA
Output signals • OSC (oscillator) • This provides a clock frequency equal to the crystal oscillator and it is TTL compatible. • Since the IBM crystal oscillator is 14.31818 MHz, OSC will provide this frequency to the expansion slot of the IBM PC.
18
LIE JASA
9
Output signals • CLK (clock) • This is an output clock frequency equal to one-third of the crystal oscillator, or EFI input frequency, • with a duty cycle of 33%. This is connected to the clock input of the 8088/86 and all other devices that must be synchronized with the CPU. • In the IBM PC it is connected to pin 19 of the 8088 microprocessor and other circuitry under the CLK88 label. • This frequency, 4.772776 MHz (14.31818 divided by 3), is the processor frequency on which all of the timing calculations of the memory and I/O cycle are 19 based. LIE JASA
Output signals • PCLK (peripheral clock) • This frequency is one-half of CLK (or one-sixth of the crystal) with a duty cycle of 50% and is TTL compatible. • In the IBM PC this 2.386383 MHz is provided to the 8253 timer to be used to generate speaker tones, and other functions
20
LIE JASA
10
Output signals • READY • This signal is connected to READY of the CPU. • In the IBM PC it is used to signal the 8088 to indicate if the CPU needs to insert a wait state due to the slowness of the devices that the CPU is trying to contact.
21
LIE JASA
Example A certain IBM PC/XT compatible turbo computer has a crystal of 24-MHz frequency for the XI, X2 inputs to the 8244. Calculate the frequencies provided by the outputs of: (a) OSC (b) CLK (c) PCLK Solution: (a) OSC=24 MHz frequency, same as the crystal frequency (b) CLK=8 MHz, one-third of the crystal frequency of 24 MHz (c) PCLK=4 MHz, one-sixth of the crystal frequency of 24 MHz
22
LIE JASA
11
Tugas Tanggal 24 Oktober 2007 Disiapkan komponen elektronika dengan bahan-bahan : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Project board LED 10 biji warna Bateray 6 Volt Resistor 10 K, 4,7 K, 2,2K,1 K, 330 Ohm, 220 Ohm, 100 Ohm. IC 74LS00, 74LS04, 74LS244, 74LS245, 74LS373 Switch push ON Seven Segmen Transistor 2N2222, BC550C Kabel serat tunggal
23
LIE JASA
IMPLEMENTASI TUGAS Rangkaian LED
Rangkaian RESET
Resistor
24
LIE JASA
12
IMPLEMENTASI TUGAS Trafic Light
Uji Coba TL
Rangkaian Relay
Interface LPT1
25
LIE JASA
13
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