Clinical Characteristics

Clinical characteristics The clinical characteristics of viruses may differ substantially among species within the same family: Type

Family

Treatment Transmission

adenovirus

adenoviridae

•

droplet contact (mainly)

•

fecal-oral

•

venereal

Diseases • •

pharyngoconjunc tival fever

•

epidemic keratoconjunctiv itis

•

Coxsackievirus Epstein-Barr virus

direct contact • infantile (ocular gastroenteritis infections) Picornaviridae fecal-oral, droplet Coxsackie infections contact Herpesviridae Saliva • infectious mononucleosis •

Hepatitis A virus

acute febrile pharyngitis

Picornaviridae fecal-oral

Laboratory diagnosis Prevention

None

None

None

None

None

None

Immunoglobulin (post-exposure prophylaxis)

virus neutralization

•

hemagglutination assay

•

ELISA

Cell culture, antibody detection

Burkitt lymphoma

acute hepatitis

•

•

Vaccine

•

immuno globulin (postexposur e

•

Antibody detection

•

immunoflourescence

•

ELISA

• Nucleic acid detection antibody detection

prophyla xis)

Hepatitis B virus

Hepatitis C virus

Herpes simplex virus, type 1

Hepadnavirid ae

Flaviviridae

Herpesviridae

•

All body fluids (blood, semen, saliva, mother's milk etc.)

acute hepatitis

•

chronic hepatitis

•

hepatic cirrhosis

•

Adefovir

hepatocellular carcinoma

•

Entecavir

•

Pegylated interferon alfa-2[5]

•

Lamivudin e[5]

•

Pegylated interferon alfa-2

•

•

blood

•

acute hepatitis

•

(sexual)

•

chronic hepatitis

•

hepatic cirrhosis

•

hepatocellular carcinoma

•

primary HSV-1 infection

direct contact with saliva and lesions

•

•

○

(gingivost omatitis in children, tonsillitis

•

immunoglo bulin

•

avoid foodcontami nation

•

vaccine

•

viral antigen detection

•

immuno globulin (perinata l and postexposur e prophyla xis)

•

antibody detection

•

nucleic acid detection

•

antibody detection

•

nucleic acid detection

•

immunofluorescence

•

immunoperoxidase

•

nucleic acid detection

None

Ribavirin

•

acyclovir

•

famciclovi r

•

foscarnet

•

penciclovi

None

& pharyngiti s in adults, keratoconj unctivitis)

Herpes simplex virus, type 2

cytomegalovirus

Herpesviridae

Herpesviridae

•

sexually

•

birth

•

tears

•

urine

•

semen

•

saliva

•

vaginal secretions

•

mother's milk

•

crosses placenta

•

blood

r

•

latent HSV-1 infection (herpes labialis, cold sores)

•

primary HSV-2 infection

•

acyclovir famciclovir

•

latent HSV-2 infection

• •

foscarnet

•

aseptic meningitis

•

penciclovir

•

cidofovir

•

infectious mononucleosis

•

ganciclovir

•

cidofovir

Cytomegalic inclusion disease

•

foscarnet

•

•

•

None

contactavoidan ce with lesions safe sex

•

cell culture

•

immunofluorescence

•

immunoperoxidase

•

nucleic acid detection

antibody and nucleic acid detection

Human herpesvirus, Herpesviridae type 8

HIV

Influenza virus

Retroviridae

Orthomyxovir idae

•

sexual

•

blood

•

mother's milk

droplet contact

•

Kaposi sarcoma

•

multicentric Castleman disease

•

primary effusion lymphoma

AIDS

many in evaluationstage

HAART

•

influenza

•

amantadine

•

(Reye syndrome)

•

rimantadine

•

zanamivir

•

oseltamivir

None

•

Paramyxoviri dae

droplet contact

•

measles

•

postinfectious encephalomyeli tis

None

zidovudi ne (perinata lly)

•

blood product screenin g

•

safe sex

•

Influenz a vaccine

•

amantad ine

•

measles virus

Nucleic acid and antibody detection

•

nucleic acid,

•

p24

•

antibody detection

•

Hemagglutination assay

•

antigen detection

rimantad ine MMR vaccine antibody detection

Mumps virus Human papillomavirus

Parainfluenza virus

Paramyxoviri dae Papillomaviri dae

Paramyxoviri dae

droplet contact direct contact

droplet contact

Mumps •

hyperplastic epithelial lesions (common, flat, plantar and anogenital warts, laryngeal papillomas, epidermodyspla sia verruciformis) 55+ (hands/ feet) 30+ (anogenital/ some are oral/ throat/ respiratory)

•

Malignancies for some species (cervical carcinoma, squamous cell carcinomas)

•

croup

•

pneumonia

•

bronchiolitis

None

MMR vaccine

antibody detection

•

liquid nitrogen

•

HPV vaccine

•

Visual inspection

•

laser vaporization

•

•

Antigen detection

•

Nucleic acid detection

•

cytotoxic chemicals

wart tissue avoidan ce

•

interferon

•

safe sex

•

cidofovir

None

None

Antibody detection

•

Poliovirus Rabies virus

Picornaviridae fecal-oral Rhabdovirida • Animal e bite

common cold Poliomyelitis Rabies

None Post-exposure prophylaxis

•

Respiratory syncytial virus

Rubella virus

Varicella-zoster virus

Paramyxoviri dae

Togaviridae

Herpesviridae

droplet contact droplet contact, hand-to-mouth

droplet contact

droplet contact

(ribavirin)

Polio vaccine Pre- and postexposure prophylaxis

•

handwashing

influenza-like syndrome

•

avoidan ce

•

severe bronchiolitis with pneumonia

•

•

German measles

•

congenital rubella

•

Varicella

•

herpes zoster

•

bronchiolitis

•

pneumonia

•

Varicella:

•

Varicella vaccine

•

varicella -zoster immune globulin

acyclovir

•

famciclovir

•

valacyclovir

Zoster: •

antibody and antigen detection

palivizu mab in high risk individu als MMR vaccine Antibody detection

None

•

Antibody detection Histology (postmortem)

acyclovir

•

Cell culture

•

antigen and nucleic acid detection

•

famciclovir