Chinese Astrology In Tamil

kdpjDf;Fs; xspe;jpUf;Fk; kpUfk; rPd tpyq;F N[hjplk;

rpj;uh rptFkhh; `hq;fhq; Nk 2009

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«½¢óШà “§ƒ¡¾¢¼õ” ¦º¡ø¾¢¼õ ±ýÈ Å¡÷ò¨¾ ¸¡Äô§À¡ì¸¢ø ÁÚÅ¢ §ƒ¡¾¢¼õ ±ýÚ ¬¸¢Å¢ð¼Ð. ¿¡¨Ç ¿¼ôÀ¨¾ ¡÷ «È¢Å¡÷? ¡ÕÁȢ¡÷. ¿¡¨Ç ¿¼ôÀ¨¾ «È¢Ôõ ¬÷Åõ; ¬¨º ±ø§Ä¡ÕìÌõ ¯ñÎ. ÌÈ¢ôÀ¡¸ ²¾¡ÅÐ º¢ÃÁò¾¢ø º¢ì¸¢ÂÅ÷¸û «ó¾ º¢ÃÁõ ±ô§À¡Ð ¿£íÌõ ±ýÚ «È¢Ôõ ¬Åø Á¢ÌóÐ §ƒ¡¾¢¼÷¸¨Çò §¾Êî ¦ºøÅ¡÷¸û. ¡áÅÐ ƒ¡¾¸ò¨¾ò àì¸¢ì ¦¸¡ñÎ Åó¾¡ø, «øÄÐ ¯ûÇí¨¸Â¢ø ¯ûÇ §Ã¨¸¸¨Çì ¸¡ðÊ ±¾¢÷¸¡Äò¨¾ô ÀüÈ¢ì §¸ð¸ Åó¾¡ø «Å÷¸ÙìÌ Å¢¨ÃÅ¢ø º¢ÃÁõ ¿£íÌõ, ¿øÄ §¿Ãõ ÅÕõ ±ýÚ ¾¢¼õ ¦º¡øÄ §ÅñÎõ ±ýÚ Â¡§Ã¡ ´Õ ¿øÄ ¯ûÇõ ¦º¡øÄ ¯ÕÅ¡¸¢ÂÐ §ƒ¡¾¢¼õ. §ƒ¡¾¢¼õ ±ô§À¡Ð ¡áø ±ôÀÊò ¦¾¡¼í¸ôÀð¼Ð ±ýÚ ¬¾¡Ãõ §¾¼ ÓÊ¡Ð. −ýÚ ±íÌ À¡÷ò¾¡Öõ §ƒ¡¾¢¼õ! À¢Èó¾ ¿¡û ¿ðºò¾¢Ãõ §¿Ãõ −¨Å¸¨Çì ¸½¢òÐ ƒ¡¾¸õ ±Øи¢È¡÷¸û. À𺢠§ƒ¡¾¢¼õ ±ýÚ ¸¢Ç¢¸ÙìÌô À¢üº¢ «Ç¢òÐì ÜðÊø «¨¼òÐ «¨Å¸û ±ÎòÐò ¾Õõ «ð¨¼¸Ç¢ø ¯ûǨŸ¨Çô ÀÊòÐô ÀÄý ÜÚ¸¢È¡÷¸û. ẢôÀÄý ¦ÅǢ¢¼¡¾ Àò¾¢Ã¢ì¨¸¸§Ç −ø¨Ä. ¾¢ÉôÀÄý ±Ø¾¡¾ ¾¢ÉºÃ¢¸û ±íÌõ −ø¨Ä. §Á„õ,â„Àõ,Á¢ÐÉõ,¸¼¸õ,º¢õÁõ ±ýÚ ÀÉ¢¦ÃñÎ −Ả¸Ç¢ý ÀÄý ¦ÅǢ¢¼¡¾ ¿¡§Ç§¼ ¸¢¨¼Â¡Ð. NUMEROLOGY ±ýÚ ±ñ¸¨Çì ¦¸¡ñÎ ÜðÊì ¸Æ¢òÐ Á¡üÚì ÜÚ¸¢È¡÷¸û. §º¡Å¢¨Â ¯ÕðÊô §À¡ðÎô ÀÄý ÜÚ¸¢È¡÷¸û. †¡í¸¡í¸¢ø ź¢ìÌõ ¾¢ÕÁ¾¢. º¢òá º¢ÅìÌÁ¡÷ “º£É Å¢ÄíÌ §ƒ¡¾¢¼õ” ±ýÚ ¿øÄ áø ¾Á¢Æ¢ø ±Ø¾¢Â¢Õ츢ÈÐ. ¿øÄ áø ±ØÐÅÐ º¢òá×ìÌô Ò¾¢¾øÄ. −ó¾ áø Á¢¸×õ º¢ÈôÀ¡¸ ±Ø¾ôÀðÊÕ츢ÈÐ. áÄ¢ý ¦ÀÂ÷ º£É Å¢ÄíÌ §ƒ¡¾¢¼õ. º£É¡Å¢ø Calendar ¸¡Äñ¼÷-§¾¾¢¸û ±ôÀÊì ¸½ì¸¢¼ôÀθ¢ÈÐ? º£É¡Å¢ø ´ù¦Å¡Õ ¬ñÎìÌõ ¦ÀÂ÷ ¯ñÎ. 1. ±Ä¢ 2. ±ÕÐ 3. ÒÄ¢ 4. ÓÂø 5. Êá¸ý 6. À¡õÒ 7. ̾¢¨Ã 8. ¬Î 9. ÌÃíÌ 10. §ºÅø 11. ¿¡ö 12. ÀýÈ¢. ¿õ ¿¡ðÊø À¢ÃÀÅ,Å¢ÀÅ,Í츢Ä, À¢Ã§Á¡à¾ −ôÀÊ 60 ¬ñθÙìÌô ¦ÀÂ÷ ¯ñÎ. 12 ¬ñθÙ즸¡Õ Ó¨È Á¡Á¡í¸õ(Á¸¡Á¸õ) ±ýÚõ 5x12=60 õ ¬ñÎ Á†¡Á¸õ ±ýÚõ ¦¸¡ñ¼¡Î¸¢È¡÷¸û. º£É¡Å¢Öõ 5x12=60 «ÚÀ¾¡õ ¬ñÎ ´Õ º¢ÈôÀ¡¸ì ¦¸¡ñ¼¡Î¸¢È¡÷¸û. ¿¡ðÌÈ¢ôÒ, §¿Ã츽¢ôÒ ±øÄ¡õ ¿¨¼Ó¨ÈìÌ Åó¾Ð ±ô§À¡Ð ±ýÚ ÜÈ ÓÊ¡Ð. −ô§À¡Ð ¯Ä¦¸íÌõ ²üÚì ¦¸¡ñÊÕìÌõ ¸¡Äñ¼÷ Gregorian Calendar 1752 õ ¬ñÊÄ¢ÕóÐ ¿¨¼Ó¨È¢ø −Õ츢ÈÐ. «¾üÌ ÓýÒ ƒ¥Ä¢ÂŠ Julius Calendar ÍÁ¡÷ 2100 ¬ñθÙìÌ ÓýÒ ÀÆì¸òÐìÌ Åó¾Ð. 2

º£É¡Å¢ý Å¢ÄíÌ ¬ñθû Òò¾Ã¡ø ¯ÕÅ¡ì¸ôÀð¼Ð ±ýÚ ÜÚ¸¢È¡÷¸û. Òò¾÷ À¢ÈóÐ, ¿¢÷Å¡½õ «¨¼ó¾Ð, Ó쾢¨¼ó¾Ð ±øÄ¡õ −ó¾¢Â¡Å¢ø ¾¡§É! ¾Á¢ú, ¬í¸¢Ä ¬ñθû Ýâ ¬ñθǡÌõ. º£É ¬ñθû ºó¾¢Ã ¬ñθǡÌõ. −ŠÃ¡Â¢ø,«ÃÒ,Òò¾ Á¾ò¨¾ô ¦ÀÕõÀ¡ý¨Á¡¸ì ¦¸¡ñÎûÇ À÷Á¡,−Äí¨¸,¾¡öÄ¡óÐ,Å¢Âð¿¡õ,¸õ§À¡Ê¡,Ä¡§Å¡Š §À¡ýÈ ¿¡Î¸Ùõ ºó¾¢Ã Á¡¾í¸¨Ç§Â ¨ÅòÐì ¸½¢ì¸¢È¡÷¸û. «ÃÒ ¿¡Î ¾Å¢Ã ÁüÈ ¿¡Î¸û ãýÚ ¬ñÎìÌ ´Õ ¾¼¨Å 13 Á¡¾í¸¨Ç ¬ñÎìÌ «¨ÁòÐì ¦¸¡ûÅ¡÷¸û. −ó¾ ¬Ã¡öìÌò ¾É¢ á§Ä ±Ø¾ §ÅñÎõ. º¢òáŢý ÓÂüº¢ Á¢¸×õ À¡Ã¡ð¼ò¾ì¸Ð. −ó¾ á¨Äô ÀÊôÀÅ÷¸ÙìÌô ÀÄ Å¢ÀÃí¸û ¦¾Ã¢Â ÅÕõ, ¸¢Ã§¸¡Ã¢Âý ¸¡Äñ¼÷ ¸¢.À¢.- ¸¢È¢ŠÐ À¢Èó¾Ð Ó¾ø ±ýÚ ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢Î¸¢È¡÷¸û. ÓŠÄ¢õ¸û †¢ˆÃ¢ ±ýÚ ¿À¢¸û ¿¡Â¸õ Á측ŢĢÕóÐ Á¾¢É¡×ìÌî ¦ºýÈ ¿¡Ç¢Ä¢ÕóÐ ¸½ì¸¢Î¸¢È¡Ã¸û. ¾Á¢ú ¿¡ðÊø ¾¢ÕÅûÙÅ÷ §¾¡ýȢ¾¢Ä¢ÕóÐ ¸½ì¸¢ðÎò ¾¢ÕÅûÙÅ÷ ¬ñÎ ¸½ì¸¢Î¸¢È¡÷¸û. †¢óÐ Á¸¡ºÓò¾¢Ãõ ¸Ä¢Ô¸õ §¾¡ýȢ¾¢Ä¢ÕóÐ ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢Î¸¢È¡÷¸û. ¾¢ÕÁ¾¢. º¢òá º¢ÅÌÁ¡Ã¢ý º£É Å¢ÄíÌ §ƒ¡¾¢¼õ Á¢¸×õ º¢Èó¾ ӨȢø ±Ø¾ôÀðÊÕ츢ÈÐ. º¢òá×ìÌ ÁÉÁ¡÷ó¾ Å¡úòÐì¸û. §ÁÖõ §ÁÖõ ¦¾¡¼÷óÐ ¿øÄ ÀÄ áø¸û ±Ø¾¢ ¦ÅǢ¢¼ Å¡úòи¢§Èý. ÍÀõ. Á¢ì¸ «ýÒ¼ý, ¦º. Ó†õÁÐ äëŠ.

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cs;slf;fk; ePqf ; s; ahh;? ........................................................................................................................ 5 1 JWJW vyp .................................................................................................................. 12 2 ciog;ghsp vUJ ........................................................................................................ 18 3 RWRWg;G Gyp ............................................................................................................... 25 4 mikjp Kay; .............................................................................................................. 31 5 tPu buhfd; .................................................................................................................... 37 6 rhfrf;fhug; ghk;G ........................................................................................................ 44 7 Gj;jprhypf; Fjpiu ....................................................................................................... 50 8 gilghsp ML .............................................................................................................. 56 9 rhJh;af; Fuq;F ........................................................................................................... 63 10 xspT kiwtw;w Nrty; ............................................................................................. 70 11 Njhoik eha; ............................................................................................................. 77 12 MuhAk; gd;wp.............................................................................................................. 84

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ePqf ; s; ahh;? Gj;j ngUkhd; ,e;j cyfj;ij tpl;Lr; nry;Yk; NghJ> cyfpYs;s midj;J tpyq;FfsplKk; tpilngw;Wr; nry;y Ntz;b> re;jpf;f tUkhW miog;G tpLj;jhuhk;. mth; miog;ig Vw;W te;j tpyq;Ffs; gd;dpuz;Nl. miog;gpid Vw;W te;j tpyq;FfSf;F kjpg;Gj; jUk; tifapy;> mtiu ghh;ff ; te;j thpirapd; gb> gd;dpuz;L tUlq;fSf;F xt;nthU tpyq;fpd; ngaiu itj;jjha; rPdhtpy; fij xd;W cz;L. ,d;Wk; rPdh;fs; xt;nthU tUlj;ijAk; xt;nthU tpyq;fpd; ngaiuf; nfhz;Nl Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. kdpjh;fs; jq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j mwpitf; nfhz;L> vj;jidNah tpraq;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;jdh;. vj;jidNah tpe;ijfis Muha;eJ ; njspT ngw;W tUfpd;wdh;. vj;jidNah GJg;GJ fiyfis cUthf;fp tho;fi ; fia Rthurpag;gLj;jp tUfpd;wdh;. mj;jifa fiyfspy; xd;Nw N[hjplf; fiy. gy;NtW ehLfspy; gy;NtW tpjq;fspy; N[hjplk; ifahsg;gl;lhYk;> vy;yhtw;wpYk; xU xw;Wik cz;L. Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy;> Fwpg;gpl;l tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jth;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l rpwg;gpid> Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs; vd;gijAk;> mth;fs; tUq;fhyk; vg;gb ,Uf;Fk; vd;gijAk; fzpj;Jf; $Wtjpy; vy;yh ehLfSk; xd;WgLk;. Mdhy; fzf;fpLk; Kiw kl;LNk NtWgLk;. ,e;jpahtpy; el;rj;jpuq;fspd; Nghf;fpidg; nghUj;J xUthpd; jd;ikiaAk; Fzq;fisAk; tUq;fhyj;ijAk; fzpj;Jf; $Wth;. Nkiy ehLfspy; xt;nthU khjj;jpw;F xt;nthU FwpaPLfisf; $wp> me;jf; FwpaPLfspy; gpwe;jth;fspd; jd;ikiaAk; Fzq;fisAk; tUq;fhyj;ijAk; fzpg;gh;. rPdhtpYk; N[hjplk; vd;gJ nghpa mstpy; ek;gg;gLk; xd;W. th];J rhj;jpuj;jpd; gb gy tpraq;fs; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. xU kdpjhpd; gpwe;j tUlk;> khjk;> Neuk; mbg;gilapy; gy fzpg;Gfs; nra;ag;gl;L> gpd;dh; th];J fzpg;Gfs; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. rPdhtpy; 'cq;fs; taJ vd;d?” vd;W ngUk;ghYk; Nfl;f khl;lhh;fs;. 'ePqf ; s; ve;j tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej ; th;?” vd;W Nfl;ghh;fs;. mjw;F ePqf ; s; gpwe;j Mq;fpy tUl vz;iz Fwpg;gpl Ntz;ba mtrpak; ,y;iy. ve;j tpyq;F tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jth; vd;gijr; nrhd;dhy; NghJk;. cq;fs; taijr; rhpaha; fzpj;J tpLthh;fs;.

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Kd; nrhd;d fijapy; Fwpg;gpl;l gb> rPdhtpy; xt;nthU tUlKk; xt;nthU tpyq;fpidf; Fwpf;Fk;. xt;nthU khjKk; xt;nthU kzp NeuKk; xt;nthU tpyq;fpidf; Fwpf;Fk;. rPdh;fs; xt;nthU kdpjhpd; Fzq;fSk;> nray;fSk;> ntw;wp Njhy;tpfSk; mth;fs; gpwe;j Neuj;jpd; gb mikfpd;wJ vd;gijg; nghpJk; ek;Gfpd;wdh;. fp.K. 2600y; Nguurh; `{thq; jP vd;gtuhy; ,e;j tpyq;Fr; rf;fuk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ vd;W tuthW $WfpwJ. fy;tpahsh;fs; ,e;j N[hjplk; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J rpd; tk;rj;jpd; NghJ Gj;j kj Nghjfh;fshy; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ vd;Wk; $Wth;. rPdhtpy; Kd;Ndhh;fs; tUlq;fis 10 Njt Nyhf jz;LfshfTk; 12 JUtf; fpisfshfTk; fzpj;jdh;. Mdhy; ,it kpfTk; fbdkha; ,Ue;j fhuzj;jhy;> 12 fpisfis tpyq;Fr; rpd;dq;fisf; nfhz;L Fwpg;gpl Muk;gpj;jdh;. 10 jz;Lfs; vd;gd Ie;J %yfq;fs; kw;Wk; apd;-ahq; Kiwfspy; mike;jit. kuk;> neUg;G> G+kp> cNyhfk;> ePh; vd;gd Ie;J %yfq;fs;. ,j;Jld; apd;-ahq; Nrh;ej ; hy; apd; kuk;> apd; neUg;G> apd; G+kp> apd; cNyhfk;> apd; ePh; vd;w Ie;Jk; ahq; kuk;> ahq; neUg;G> ahq; G+kp> ahq; cNyhfk;> ahq; ePh; vd;w Ie;Jk; Nrh;eJ ; gj;jhapd. ,j;Jld; vyp> vUJ> Gyp> Kay;> buhfd;> ghk;G> Fjpiu> ML> Fuq;F> Nrty;> eha;> gd;wp vd;W 12 JUtf; fpisfshd tUlq;fs; gd;dpuz;Lk; Nrh;jJ ; rPdh;fspd; N[hjplq;fs; fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Ie;J %yfq;fs;> apd;-ahq;> gd;dpuz;L tUlk; vd;w ,e;jr; rf;fuk; 60 tUlr; rf;fuk;. re;jpuid mbg;gilaha;; nfhz;Nl tUlj;jpd; Muk;gk; fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j tUlj;jpDs;Ns gd;dpuz;L khjq;fs; rPdg; GJ tUlj;jpd; Muk;gk; Kjy; ,Wjp tiu gFf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,Ugj;J ehd;F kzp Neuj;jpy;> xt;nthU ,uz;L kzp NeuKk; kWgbAk; tpyq;Ffsha; gFf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Kjypy; ePqf ; s; ve;j tpyq;F tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej ; th; vd;gijj; njhpe;J nfhs;Nthkh? fPof ; z;l ml;ltiziaf; nfhz;L mijf; fz;L nfhs;syhk;. vyp vyp 2008 1996 1984 1972 1960 1948 1936 1924

vUJ Gyp Kay; buhfd; 2009 2010 2011 2012 1997 1998 1999 2000 1985 1986 1987 1988 1973 1974 1975 1976 1961 1962 1963 1964 1949 1950 1951 1952 1937 1938 1939 1940 1925 1926 1927 1928

ghk;G Fjpiu 2013 2014 2001 2002 1989 1990 1977 1978 1965 1966 1953 1954 1941 1942 1929 1930

ML 2015 2003 1991 1979 1967 1955 1943 1931

Fuq;F 2016 2004 1992 1980 1968 1956 1944 1932

Nrty; eha; 2017 2018 2005 2006 1993 1994 1981 1982 1969 1970 1957 1958 1945 1946 1933 1934

gd;wp 2019 2007 1995 1983 1971 1959 1947 1935 6

vyp vyp vUJ Gyp Kay; buhfd; ghk;G Fjpiu ML Fuq;F Nrty; eha; gd;wp 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 ,e;jg; gl;bay; rPd tUlj;ij mbg;gilaha;; nfhz;lJ. rPd tUlj;jpd; Muk;gk; KbT Mq;fpy tUlj;jpd; Muk;gk; KbTf;F rw;Nw NtWgLk;. rPd tUlk; [dthp my;yJ gpg;uthp khjj;jpy; tUk; KO epyT ehsd;W Muk;gk; MFk;. xU khjk; 29.5 ehl;fs; nfhz;lJ. Mq;fpy tUl ml;ltizf;F ,izahf;f rpy tUlq;fspy; $Ljyha; xU khjk; Nrh;ff ; g;gLfpwJ. [dthp khjk; gpg;uthp khjk; gpwe;jth;fSf;F rw;W fzf;fpl;Nl tUlj;ij fzpf;f Ntz;b tUk;. rhp> mg;gbg; gpwe;jth;fSk; rhpaha; tUlj;ijf; fzpf;f Ntz;Lkpy;iyah? ,Njh mjw;fhd ml;ltiz. rPd re;jpu tUl ml;ltiz E}W tUlq;fSf;fhd GJ tUl Muk;gj; Njjpfs; rPdg; 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 -

GJ tUlk; [dthp 31 gpg;uthp 19 gpg;uthp 8 [dthp 29 gpg;uthp 16 gpg;uthp 04 [dthp 25 gpg;uthp 13 gpg;uthp 02 [dthp 22 gpg;uthp 10 [dthp 30 gpg;uthp 18 gpg;uthp 06 [dthp 26 gpg;uthp 14 gpg;uthp 03 [dthp 23 gpg;uthp 11 gpg;uthp 01 gpg;uthp 20 gpg;uthp 08 [dthp 28 gpg;uthp 16 gpg;uthp 05 [dthp 25

tpyq;F vyp vUJ Gyp Kay; buhfd; ghk;G Fjpiu ML Fuq;F Nrty; eha; gd;wp vyp vUJ Gyp Kay; buhfd; ghk;G Fjpiu ML Fuq;F Nrty; eha; gd;wp vyp vUJ

rPdg; 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 -

GJ tUlk; gpg;uthp 13 gpg;uthp 02 [dthp 23 gpg;uthp 10 [dthp 30 gpg;uthp 17 gpg;uthp 06 [dthp 26 gpg;uthp 14 gpg;uthp 04 [dthp 24 gpg;uthp 11 [dthp 31 gpg;uthp 19 gpg;uthp 08 [dthp 27 gpg;uthp 15 gpg;uthp 05 [dthp 25 gpg;uthp 13 gpg;uthp 02 [dthp 22 gpg;uthp 10 [dthp 29 gpg;uthp 17

tpyq;F Gyp Kay; buhfd; ghk;G Fjpiu ML Fuq;F Nrty; eha; gd;wp vyp vUJ Gyp Kay; buhfd; ghk;G Fjpiu ML Fuq;F Nrty; eha; gd;wp vyp vUJ Gyp 7

rPdg; 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 -

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

-

GJ tUlk; gpg;uthp 06 [dthp 27 gpg;uthp 14 gpg;uthp 03 [dthp 24 gpg;uthp 12 [dthp 31 gpg;uthp 18 gpg;uthp 08 [dthp 28 gpg;uthp 15 gpg;uthp 05 [dthp 25 gpg;uthp 13 gpg;uthp 02 [dthp 21 gpg;uthp 09 [dthp 30 gpg;uthp 17 gpg;uthp 06 [dthp 27 gpg;uthp 15 gpg;uthp 03 [dthp 23 gpg;uthp 11

tpyq;F Kay; buhfd; ghk;G Fjpiu ML Fuq;F Nrty; eha; gd;wp vyp vUJ Gyp Kay; buhfd; ghk;G Fjpiu ML Fuq;F Nrty; eha; gd;wp vyp vUJ Gyp Kay;

rPdg; GJ tUlk; [dthp 24 gpg;uthp 12 gpg;uthp 01 [dthp 22 gpg;uthp 9 [dthp 29 gpg;uthp 18 gpg;uthp 7 [dthp 26

rPdg; 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 -

GJ tUlk; [dthp 31 gpg;uthp 18 gpg;uthp 07 [dthp 28 gpg;uthp 16 gpg;uthp 05 [dthp 25 gpg;uthp 13 gpg;uthp 02 gpg;uthp 20 gpg;uthp 09 [dthp 29 gpg;uthp 17 gpg;uthp 06 [dthp 27 gpg;uthp 15 gpg;uthp 04 [dthp 23 gpg;uthp 10 [dthp 31 gpg;uthp 19 gpg;uthp 07 [dthp 28 gpg;uthp 16 gpg;uthp 05

tpyq;F buhfd; ghk;G Fjpiu ML Fuq;F Nrty; eha; gd;wp vyp vUJ Gyp Kay; buhfd; ghk;G Fjpiu ML Fuq;F Nrty; eha; gd;wp vyp vUJ Gyp Kay; buhfd;

tpyq;F ghk;G Fjpiu ML Fuq;F Nrty; eha; gd;wp vyp vUJ

8

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

-

gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp

14 3 23 10 31 19

tUq;fhyr; rPd tUlq;fs; Gyp Kay; buhfd; ghk;G Fjpiu ML

rPdh;fs; ,e;j cyfpy; ,Uf;Fk; nghUl;fs; midj;jpYk; Neh;> vjph; vd;W ,U tpjkhd rf;jpfs; ,Ug;gjhf ek;Gfpd;wdh;. ,e;j Neh; vjph; rf;jpfs; vg;NghJk; xd;NwhL xd;W Nghl;b Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L ,ize;Nj cyfj;ij ,af;FtjhfTk; ek;Gfpd;wdh;. ,uTf;F gfy;> ngz;ikf;F Mz;ik> jho;Tf;F cah;T vd;W apd; ahq; vq;Fk; vjpYk; epyTfpd;wJ. fUg;G> vjph;kiw rf;jp> mbikj;jdk;> ePh>; cNyhfk;> G+kp Mfpait apd; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. mJ ,uT> gs;sj;jhf;F> ejpfs;> Xilfs; Mfpatw;iwr; rhh;ej ; J. nts;is> Neh;kiw rf;jp> MSik> neUg;G> kuk;> fhw;W ahq; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. mJ gfy;> kiyfs;> Fd;Wfs; Mfpatw;iwr; rhh;ej ; J. ,t;tpU rf;jpfSk; kdpjh;fspd; eltbf;iffis khw;w mjdhNyNa> N[hjplj;jpy; ,JTk; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;WfpwJ.

ty;yJ.

,g;NghJ tUlq;fis vg;gb apd;-ahq;> kuk;> neUg;G> G+kp> cNyhfk;> ePh; vd;W Fwpg;gplyhk; vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. Mq;fpy tUl vz;izNa ,jw;F cgNahfg;gLj;jyhk;. tUl tUl tUl tUl tUl tUl tUl tUl tUl tUl

KbT KbT KbT KbT KbT KbT KbT KbT KbT KbT

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

,Ue;jhy; ,Ue;jhy; ,Ue;jhy; ,Ue;jhy; ,Ue;jhy; ,Ue;jhy; ,Ue;jhy; ,Ue;jhy; ,Ue;jhy; ,Ue;jhy

ahq; apd; ahq; apd; ahq; apd; ahq; apd; apd; ahq;

cNyhfk;. cNyhfk;. ePh.; ePh.; kuk;. kuk;. neUg;G. neUg;G. G+kp. G+kp.

9

xt;nthU %yfKk; xt;nthU Fwpfspd; jd;ikfis MSk;. %yfq;fs; kuk; neUg;G cNyhfk; ePh; G+kp

tUlf; Fwpfs; Kay;> Gyp(nkype;j)> buhfd;(tYj;j) ghk;G> Fjpiu(tYj;j)> ML(nkype;j) Fuq;F(tYj;j)> Nrty;>; eha; (nkype;j) vyp(tYj;j)> vUJ> gd;wp(nkype;j) buhfd;> ML> eha;> vUJ (rk epiyapy; ,Ug;gjhy; midj;J Fwpfspd; jd;ikfis Ms ty;yJ)

ve;j khjj;jpy; gpwe;NjhNkh me;je;j khjj;jpd; FwpfisAk; mwpe;jhy;> mjd; mbg;gilapYk; Fzq;fis Muhayhk;. fPo; fz;l ml;ltiz mijf; fz;L gpbf;f cjTk;. ,ij xUthpd; cs;Fwp vd;W Fwpg;gplyhk;. #upa Nuif 314 329 344 0 14 29 44 59 74 89 104 119 134 149 164 181 194 211 224 244 251 271 284 301

Njjp gpg; 04-gpg; 18 gpg; 19-khh;r; 05 khh;r; 06-khh;r; 20 khh;r; 21-Vg;uy; 04 Vg;uy; 05-Vg;uy; 19 Vg;uy; 20-Nk 04 Nk 05-Nk 20 Nk 21-[_d; 05 [_d; 06-[_d; 20 [_d; 21-[_iy 06 [_iy 07-[_iy 22 [_iy 23-Mf];l; 06 Mf];l; 07-Mf];l; 22 Mf];l; 23-nrg; 07 nrg; 08-nrg; 22 nrg; 23-mf; 07 mf; 08-mf; 22 mf; 23-et 06 et 07-et 21 et 22-br 06 br 07-br 21 br 22-[d 05 [d 06-[d 19 [d 20-gpg; 03

rPd khjk; 1-Gyp

epiyahd fhyk; %yfk; kuk; tre;j fhyk;

2-Kay;

kuk;

tre;j fhyk;

3-buhfd;

kuk;

tre;j fhyk;

4-ghk;G

neUg;G

Nfhil fhyk;

5-Fjpiu

neUg;G

Nfhil fhyk;

6-ML

neUg;G

Nfhil fhyk;

7-Fuq;F

cNyhfk;

,iyAjph; fhyk;

8-Nrty;

cNyhfk;

,iyAjph; fhyk;

9-eha;

cNyhfk;

,iyAjph; fhyk;

10-gd;wp

ePh;

Fsph; fhyk;

11-vyp

ePh;

Fsph; fhyk;

12-vUJ

ePh;

Fsph; fhyk;

xt;nthU kzp Neuj;jpw;Fk; FwpaPLfs; cz;L. xUth; gpwe;j Neuj;jpd; gb> ,e;j ,ufrpa Fwpfis mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. 10

• • • • • • • • • • • •

23:00 01:00 03:00 05:00 07:00 09:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00

-

01:00: 03:00: 05:00: 07:00: 09:00: 11:00: 13:00: 15:00: 17:00: 19:00: 21:00: 23:00:

vyp vUJ Gyp Kay; buhfd; ghk;G Fjpiu ML Fuq;F Nrty;; eha; gd;wp

tUlf; Fwp> khjf; Fwp> Neuf; Fwp ,k;%d;iwAk; ,izj;Nj xUthpd; Fzhjpaq;fisf; fzpf;fpwJ rPd N[hjplk;. rPd N[hjplj;jpd; rpd;dq;fSf;F ,izaha; ,e;jpa N[hjplj;jpYk;> Nkw;fj;jpa N[hjplj;jpYk; rpd;dq;fs; cz;L. mtw;iw ,q;F ghh;gN ; ghk;. rPdk; buhfd; ghk;G Fjpiu ML Fuq;F Nrty;; eha; gd;wp vyp vUJ Gyp Kay;

,e;jpah -

Nk\k; hp\gk; kpJdk; fhh;jj ; pif rpk;kk; fd;dp Jyh tpUf;rpfk; jDR kfuk; Fk;gk; kPdk;

Nkiy ehLfs; -

Vhp]; lhu]; n[kpdp fhd;rh; ypNah tph;Nfh ypg;uh ];fhh;gpNah rfplhupa]; Nfg;hpfhh;s; mf;thhp]; gprp];

,it midj;ijAk; mbg;gilaha; nfhz;Nl rPd N[hjplq;fs; fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,dp xt;nthU tpyq;Ff; Fwpfisg; gw;wpAk; njhpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.

11

1 JWJW vyp (1900> 1912> 1924> 1936> 1948> 1960> 1972 >1984> 1996> 2008> 2020> 2032> 2044)

Neuk; ,uT 11:00 Kjy; 1:00 tiu chpa jpir Nkw;F chpa fhyq;fs; Fsph;fhyk;> brk;gh; khjk;; epiyahd %yfk; %yfk ePh; apd;-ahq; ahq ahq; Kd;ndhU fhyj;jpy; Gj;j ngUkhd;> tUlq;fSf;Fr; rpd;dkpl vy;yh tpyq;FfisAk; xU $l;ljpw;F mioj;jhuhk;. $l;lk; elf;ftpUe;j Ke;ija ehs; G+id jd;Dila ez;gdhd vypaplk; $l;lj;ijg; gw;wp $wp tpl;L> mjpfhiyapy; Kjypy; vOgth; mLj;jtiu vOg;g Ntz;Lk; vd;W KbT nra;J tpl;L J}q;fr; nrd;wJ. fhiyapy; vyp Kjypy; vOe;jJ. jhd; kl;LNk Kjyhtjha; nry;y vz;zk; nfhz;l vyp G+idia vOg;ghky; $l;ljpw;F nrd;wJ. mJNt $l;lj;jpd; Kjy; MshfTk; ,Ue;jJ. gpwF vUJ> Gyp> Kay;> buhfd;> ghk;G> Fjpiu> Nrty;> eha;> gd;wp vd;W xd;wd; gpd; xd;wha; tpyq;Ffs; te;J Nrh;ej ; d. tpyq;Ffs; te;J Nrh;ej ; thpirapd; gb Gj;j ngUkhd; tUlq;fSf;F rpd;dkpl;lhuhk;. G+id J}q;fp vOe;J ghh;jj ; NghJ> mq;F vyp ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Ntf Ntfkha; $l;lk; elf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;wJ. Mdhy; mJ nrd;W NrUk; NghJ $l;lNk Kbe;Jtpl;bUe;jJ. md;wpypUe;J vyp G+idf;Fg; gifahdJ. ,e;jf; fij vyp tUlk; Vd; Kjypy; te;jJ vd;gijf; Fwpf;f $wg;gLk; fij. fPof ; z;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej ; th;fs; Mthh;fs;. [dthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp

31> 18> 05> 24> 10> 28> 15> 02> 19>

1900 1912 1924 1936 1948 1960 1972 1984 1996

-

mth;fs;

gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp

18> 05> 24> 10> 28> 14> 02> 19> 06>

midtUk;

vyp

1901 1913 1925 1937 1949 1961 1973 1985 1997 12

gpg;uthp 07> 2008 - [dthp 25> 2009 ,dp vypthrpfspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;gN ; ghk;. kf;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhh;fF ; vypiag; gpbf;fhJ. ,Ue;jhYk; rPd N[hjplj;jpy;> vypNa Kjy; tUlj;ija rpd;dk;. ,e;j tpyq;F Mh;tk;> rhJhpak;> vr;rhpf;ifj; jd;ik> nkd;ik> ,zf;fk;> cw;rhfk; Mfpa Fzq;fSf;F rhd;wha; tpsq;Fk; tpyq;F. tUlk; 2008> vyp tUlk;. ,J ahq; - G+kpiar; rhh;ej ; tUlk;. vyp tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jth;fs; trPfukhfTk; NghuhLk; kdg;ghd;ikAk; nfhz;lth;fs;. epfo;fhyj;jpy; ed;wha; tho Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; nfhz;lth;fs;. ve;jr; #oiyAk; jdf;Fr; rhjfkha; Mf;fpf; nfhz;L thoj; njhpe;jth;fs;. Nkk;Nghf;fha; ghh;fF ; k; NghJ kpfTk; mikjpahAk; ed;F rPh; J}f;fpg; ghh;jJ ; r; nray;gLgtuha; njhpe;jhYk;> cs; kdjpy; mth;fs; mikjpaw;wth;fshAk;> rpwpJ gae;j Rghtk; nfhz;lth;fshAk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. vypthrpfs; vspjpy; vjw;Fk; xj;Jg; Nghff; $bath;fs;. fbd ciog;gpy; mjpf ehl;lk; nfhz;lth;fs;. fhhpaq;fis Muk;gpj;jTld;> jhd; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij kl;Lk; mwpe;J tpl;lhh;fs; vd;why;> mjw;Fg; gpwF mth;fis epWj;jNt KbahJ. ve;jr; nraiy Muk;gpj;jhYk; mij Kbf;fhky; tpl khl;lhh;fs;. fUkNk fz;zhf ,Ue;J rhjpf;f ciog;ghh;fs;. Rw;wp gyh; ,Ue;j NghJk; jd;Dila Ntiyiaj; jpwikaha; nra;a ty;yth;fs;. ve;jr; #oiyAk; rhjfkhf;fpf; nfhs;s ty;yth;fs;. rq;flq;fs; Vw;gLk; NghJ mtw;iw kpfj; jpwikaha;; ifahs ty;yth;fs;. nfhf;fpidg; Nghy; re;jh;gq;fSf;fha; fhj;jpUe;J jq;fs; tho;fi ; fia Kd;Ndw;wj; njhpe;jth;fs;. mth;fs; ,aw;ifapNyNa clypy; mgha kzpia itj;jpUg;gth;fs;. Jd;gk; tUk; Kd; fhf;f> nra;a Ntz;ba nray;fisr; nra;a Kay;thh;fs;. ntsp tpraq;fspy; mjpf ehl;lk; nrYj;Jthh;fs;. mLj;jth;fSf;F mwpTiu nrhy;y ty;yth;fs;. Mdhy; jq;fs; gpur;rpidfis mLj;jth;fsplk; nrhy;yj; jaq;Fthh;fs;. mjdhy; kw;wth;fs; tho;fi ; fr; rpf;fy;fspy; ,th;fSk; rpf;fpj; jtpg;ghh;fs;. vypthrpfs; gzj;jpw;F nghpJk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLg;ghh;fs;. fhy; fhRf;Fk; fzf;F ghh;fF ; k; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. vypthrpfisAk; gzj;ijAk; gphpg;gJ kpff; fbdk;. vypthrpfSf;F Nguk; NgRtJ kpfTk; gpbf;Fk;. mth;fs; Njitaw;w nghUl;fisAk; kyptha; fpilf;fpwnjd;why; thq;fp tpLthh;fs;. epidTg; nghUl;fs; mth;fsplk; epiwaNt ,Uf;Fk;. gz tpraq;fspy; mjpf ftdk; Njit. rpy rkak; mth;fspd; fzpg;Gfs; ngha;jJ ; g; Nghdhy; mJ mjpf el;lj;jpy; nfhz;L tpl;L tpLk;. 13

khiyapy; gpwe;j vypthrpfSf;F fhiyapy; gpwe;jth;fis tplTk; rw;Nw fbdkhd tho;fi ; fiag; gpd;gw;w Ntz;b tUk;. njhopy; vypthrpfs; mjpGj;jprhypfs;. epidthw;wy; kpf;fth;fs;. vijAk; vspjpy; fw;f ty;yth;fs;. cz;ikahdth;fs;. mjpfk; gbf;f tpUk;Gthh;fs;. jq;fisg; gw;wp mofha; $wTk; vOjTk;; jFe;jth;fs;. JWJWntd vijahtJ njhpe;J nfhs;Sk; Mh;tk; cs;sth;fs;. vypthrpfs; ,ufrpaq;fis fl;bf; fhg;gjpy; if Njh;ej ; th;fs;. mLj;jth;fspd; ,ufrpaq;fis mwpAk; Mh;tk; mth;fsplj;jpy; mjpfkhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. mth;fspd; ,e;j tpraq;fisj; njhpe;J nfhs;Sk; Mty; mjpfkha; ,Ug;gjpd; fhuzkha;> mth;fs; Njh;ej ; vOj;jhsh;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; mtiug; Nghw;Wk; $l;lj;jth;fs; ,y;yhky; ,Uf;f khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; kdjpw;F gpbj;jkhdth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. vg;NghJk; gspr;nrd;W kfpo;rr ; pAld; ,Uf;Fk; cUt mikg;igg; ngw;wth;fs;. mjdhy; mth;fs; rKjhaj;jpy; kpfTk; Nghw;wj;jf;fth;fshAk; mjpfkhd Ntiy cs;sth;fshAk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fSf;F $l;lq;fSf;Fr; nry;yTk; tpohf;fSf;Fr; nry;yTk; kpfTk; gpbf;Fk;. mth;fs; jdpj;Jtk; tha;ej ; FOf;fspy; ,Uf;f tpUk;Gthh;fs;. mth;fSf;F gy ,ufrpa csthspfs; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. ve;j tpraj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhYk; mjpy; mjpf vspjpy; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; jd;ik fhuzkha; mth;fs; cah;ej ; gjtpfis mila Kayyhk;. mth;fsJ Fzk; fhuzkhAk; rhpahd KbT vLf;Fk; jd;ik fhuzkhAk;> gpur;rpidfSf;F vspjpy; jPhT ; fhZk; jpwk; ngw;wth;fs;. mjdhy; cah;gjtpfSf;F Fwp itf;fyhk;. mJ kjpg;igAk; nry;thf;ifAk; ngw;Wj; jUk;. mth;fs; ey;y v[khdh;fshAk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. GjpJ Gjpjhd fhhpaq;fisr; nra;a tpUk;Gfpwth;fs;. mjdhy; ,ir ty;Yeh;fs;> eifr;Rit tpj;jfh;fs;> murpay;thjpfs;> tof;fwpQh;fs;> fhh; ge;ja tPuh;fs;> Muha;rr ; pahsh;fs;> ,af;Feh;fs;> Nkyhsh;fs;> eph;thfpfs; vd ,Uf;f Kayyhk;. ,tw;wpy; mth;fs; gpufhrpf;f mjpf tha;gG ; fs; fpl;Lk;. cwT cwtpdh;fs; tpraj;jpy; mth;fs; kpfTk; jahs Fzk; kpf;fth;fs;. cwtpdh;fis vg;NghJk; Mjhpf;f vz;Zthh;fs;. ngw;NwhUf;F mjpf kjpg;G nfhLg;ghh;fs;. jq;fs; Foe;ijfspd; Nky; ghrk; kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fSf;F FLk;gk;> tPL> kidtp> kf;fs; kpfg; gpbj;jkhd tpraq;fs;. FLk;g tho;fi ; ff;F kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLg;ghh;fs;. 14

mth;fSf;F Rw;wpYk; kdpjh;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;Gk; fhuzj;jhy;> vg;NghJNk Gjpa Gjpa kdpjh;fisr; re;jpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; cwTfisj; Jz;bf;f tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;. mjdhy; rpy Neuq;fspy; Gjpa el;Gfis Vw;f jilfs; Vw;gLk;. vypthrpfSld; el;G itf;f tpUk;Ggth;fs; mth;fSf;F ,izaha; RWRWg;gha; ,Uf;f Kaw;rp nra;tJ eyk;. cly; eyk; vypthrpfspd; cly; epiy nghJtha; ed;whfNt ,Uf;Fk;. mth;fs; vg;NghJk; RWRWg;ghfNt ,Uf;Fk; fhuzj;jhy;> jq;fs; cly; epiyia ey;y gbahfTk; Neha;fis vjph;jJ ; g; NghuhLk; tifapYk; itj;Jf; nfhs;thh;fs;. vypthrpfs; rQ;rykha; ,Uf;Fk; rkaj;ij vspjha;; fz;L nfhs;syhk;. me;j rkaq;fspy; kpfTk; mikjpaw;wth;fshAk; Nfhgf;fhuh;fshAk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mj;jifa Neuq;fspy; kd mOj;jj;jhy; jtpg;ghh;fs;. kdij mikjpg;gLj;Jk; gapw;rpfis fw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy; eyk;. kw;nwhU FiwAk; mth;fsplj;jpy; cz;L. xNu Neuj;jpy; gy fhhpaq;fspy; n[. n[ayypjh> tpQ;Qhdp rh;. rp. tp. ,uhkd;> Kd;dhs; FbauRj; jiyth; lhf;lh;. v];. ,uhjhfpU\;zd;> tpz;ntsp tPuh; uhNf\; rh;kh> ebif N`kkhypdp> fphpf;nfl; tPuh;fs; nrsut; fq;Fyp> Kj;ijah Kuspjud;> ehkf;fy; ftp> ebfh; uh[; fg+h;> Mq;fpyf; ftpQh; tpy;ypak; N\f;]g ; pah;> Kjy; mnkhpf;f [dhjpgjp [hh;[; th\pq;ld;> ,ir ty;Yeh; cy;gf ; hq; Nkhrhh;l>; ,sturh; rhh;y];> u\;a vOj;jhsh; ypNah lhy;]l ; ha; mjph;\l ; vz;fs;

1> 4> 5> 10> 11> 14> 41> 45> 51> 54

xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; fs : buhfd;> vUJ> Fuq;F xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs; fs : Fjpiu> Kay;> Nrty;> ML %yff; Fzq;fs; vypthrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ ntt;NtW Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha;; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ. 15

neUg;G vyp ([dthp 24> 1936 - gpg;uthp 10> 1937 gpg;uthp 19> 1996 - gpg;uthp 06> 1997) Fzq; Fzq;fs; Mf;Nuhrk;> RWRWg;G> Nghl;bfis vjph; nfhs;Sk; jd;ik> jd;dk;gpf;if> kd cWjp> nfhs;if gpbg;G Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. JLf;Fj;jdkhdth;fs;. gazk; nry;tJ tpUk;gj; jf;f tprak;. Gjpa Ntiyfis tpUk;gp Vw;ghh;fs;. xNu khjphpahd Ntiy Vw;gLj;Jk; Nrhh;tpypUe;J jg;gpf;f tpj;jpahrkhd Ntiyfisr; nra;a Jbg;gh;. gpwuhy; tpUk;gg;gLgth;fs;. ku vyp (gpg;uthp 05> 1924 - [dthp 24> 1925 gpg;uthp 02> 1984 - gpg;uthp 19> 1985) Fzq;fs; Mty;> cs;Szh;T> vspjpy; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;> #oYf;FNfw;g khWjy;> rpuj;ij Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. ntspj;Njhw;wj;jpy; jd;dk;gpf;if kpf;fth;fsha; Njhd;wpa NghJk;> jq;fsJ Fiwfis ntspf;fhl;bf; nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs;. Njhy;tpiaf; fz;L mQ;rpa NghJk;> mth;fs; ntw;wp ngWtJ epr;rak;. ez;gh;fSlDk; FLk;gj;jhUlDk; ,Ug;gJ ,d;gk; juf; $baJ. md;Gk; kjpg;Gk; mth;fs; tpUk;Gk; gz;Gfs;. G+kp vyp (gpg;uthp 10> 1948 - [dthp 28> 1949 gpg;uthp 07> 2008 - [dthp 25> 2009) Fzq;fs; ek;gpf;if> njsptha; Muha;eJ ; KbT vLj;jy;> khWjy;fspy; tpUg;gk;> J}a;ik Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. ];jpuj; jd;ik> ntw;wpfukha; Ntiyia Kbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Mokhd gw;Wjy; tpUk;gg;gLk; Fzq;fs;. nkJtha;> epjhdkha;f; fhhpaq;fisr; nra;tijNa rpwe;j top vd;W vz;Zthh;fs;. cNyhf vyp ([dthp 31> 1900 - gpg;uthp 18> 1901 [dthp 28> 1960 - gpg;uthp 14> 1961) Fzq;fs; vspjpy; czh;rr ; p trg;gLk; jd;ik> cah;ej ; nfhs;ifAld; ,Uj;jy;> vz;zq;fshy; jd;idj;jhNd Cf;Ftpj;jy;> vijAk; tpl;L nfhLf;fhik Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. vt;tsT tpiyahapDk;> jhq;f ; s; tpUk;gpaijg; ngw tplhgpb nfhs;ifAld; miythh;fs;. nghwhik> Nguhir> 16

MSik gpur;rpidfisf; nfhz;L tUk;. Vw;gl tha;gG ; fs; mjpfk;.

cwTfspy; rpf;fy;fs;

ePh; vyp (gpg;uthp 18> 1912 - gpg;uthp 05> 1913 gpg;uthp 15> 1972 - gpg;uthp 02> 1973) Fzq;fs; tpNtfk;> Qhdk;> fy;tpahy; Cf;fk;> vspjpy; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy; Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. trPfuj; jd;ikAilath;fs;. rhkh;jj ; par;rhypfs;. Mo;ej ; mwpT ngw;wth;fs;. rpe;jidahsh;fs;. gpur;rpidfSf;F jPhT ; fhz;gjpy; rkh;jj ; h;fs;. eilKiwthjpfs;. Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; jd;ik vy;NyhhplKk; ed;F gofTk;> gyuhYk; tpUg;gg;gLgtuhfTk; nra;Ak;. ePqf ; s; vyp tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d nfhz;bUg;ghP f ; s; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;.

Fzq;fisf;

vyp tUlg; gyd;fs; s: re;jh;gk;> ey;y vjph;fhyk; ,e;j tUlj;jpd; Kf;fpahk;rq;fs;. njhopy; Jiw nghJtha; ed;wha; ,Ue;jhYk;> tUlj;jpd; gpw;gFjpapy; vjph;ghuhj khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;L tpahghuq;fspy; f\;l e\;lq;fs; Vw;gLk;. vJtha; ,Ue;jhYk;. ,e;j tUlj;jpy; njhlq;fpa fhhpaq;fs; ntw;wp ngWk; tha;gG ; f;fs; kpf mjpfk;.

17

2 ciog;ghsp vUJ (1901>1913>1925>1937>1949>1961>1973>1985>1997>2009>2021>2033>2045)

Neuk; ,uT 1:00 Kjy; 3:00 tiu chpa jpir tlf;F> tl fpof;F chpa fhyq;fs; Fsph;fhyk;> [dthp khjk; epiyahd %yfk; %yfk ePh; apd;-ahq; ahq apd; xU Kiw tUlr; rf;fuj;jpd; Kjy; ,lj;ijg; ngw tpyq;FfspilNa rz;il %z;lJ. flTsh;fsplk; ,e;jg; gpur;rpid vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;lJ. mth;fs; ,jw;Fj; jPhT ; fhz tpyq;FfSf;F xU Mw;iw flf;Fk; Nghl;bia itj;jdh;. ahh; Kjyhtjha; tUfpwhh;fNsh mth;fs; Kjy; tUlj;jpa rpd;dkhAk; mLj;J tUgth;fs; tUfpd;w thpirg;gb rpd;dkha; nfhs;sg;gLth; vd;Wk; jPhk ; hdpf;fg; gl;lJ. xU ehs; vy;yh tpyq;FfSk; Mw;wpd; fiuapy; mzptFj;J epd;wd. Nghl;bAk; Muk;gkhdJ. vUJf;Fj; njhpahky; vyp mjd; Nky; rthhp nra;jJ. vUJ mf;fiuiar; NrUk; NghJ> mjw;Fj; njhpahky; rthhp nra;j vyp> mjw;F Kd;gha; fiuapy; Fjpj;J Kjy; ,lj;ijg; ngw;wJ. vUJ ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ijg; ngw;wJ. ,e;jf; fij vUJ Vd; ,uz;lhtjha; te;jJ vd;gijf; Fwpj;Jf; $wg;gLk; fij. fPof ; z;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej ; th;fs; Mthh;fs;. gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp

19>1901 06>1913 25>1925 11>1937 29>1949 15>1961 03>1973 20>1985 07>1997 26>2009

-

mth;fs;

gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp

midtUk;

vUJ

07>1902 25>1914 12>1926 30>1938 16>1950 04>1962 22>1974 08>1986 27>1998 13>2010

,dp vUJthrpfspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;gN ; ghk;. vUJ tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jth;fs; rhe;jkhdth;fs; Nghy; fhzg;gLthh;fs;. Mdhy; [hf;fpuij. mth;fs; kpfTk; Nfhgf;fhuh;fs;. mth;fs; 18

jd;dk;gpf;if kpf;fth;fs;. jq;fsJ Fwpf;Nfhis mila njhlh;eJ ; mauhJ ghLglj; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. gbg;gbaha; jq;fs; Fwpf;Nfhis vl;l Kaw;rp nra;thh;fs;. mth;fs; gpbthjf;fhuh;fs;.; fh;tk; kpf;fth;fs;. mth;fs; mikjpaha; ,Ue;jhYk; mth;fs; nfhz;lth;fs;.

ntspg;ghh;itapy; ,Wkhg;G kpff;

vUJthrpfs; gz;ghl;il kjpg;gth;fs;. Neh;jj ; paha; jq;fis itj;Jf; nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fsJ ghh;itapypUe;J vJTNk jg;g KbahJ. vijAk; ntspg;gilahfNt ghh;gg ; hh;fs;. vUJthrpfs; kpfTk; Ntfkha; tpraq;fis fpufpf;f ty;yth;fs;. tpraj;jpd; ey;yJ nfl;lij cld; Ghpe;J nray;gLth;. jq;fSf;F Ghpahj tpraq;fis ek;g khl;lhh;fs;. ey;yJ my;yJ nfl;lJ vd;gij kl;LNk ghh;gg ; hh;fs;. vUJthrpfs; kpfTk; Rj;jkhfTk;> cz;ikahfTk;> ciog;ghspfshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fSf;F ey;y epidthw;wy; ,Uf;Fk;. kw;wth;fs; kwf;Fk; rpy rpwpa tpraq;fisAk; epidTg;gLj;jp nrhy;yf; $bath;fs;. xU thuk;> xU khjk;> xU tUl tpraq;isAk; epidtpy; itj;Jf; nfhs;sj; jf;fth;fs;. mth;fSf;F tUj;jk; Vw;gLk; NghJk;> Jd;gk; te;j NghJk; kd mikjp Vw;gLk; tiu VjhtJ Ntiyapy; jq;fis Mo;jj ; pf; nfhz;L tpLthh;fs;. vUJthrpfs; cjtp Nfl;f ntWg;gth;fs;. xU nraiyr; nra;a ,uz;L klq;F NeuKk; Kaw;rpAk; NjitahdhYk; $l> mij ahUila cjtpAk; ,d;wp jhq;fsha;; nra;a Kay;thh;fs;. mLj;jth;fis vjph;ghh;ff ; khl;lhh;fs;. gpwh; nra;Ak; fhhpaq;fisf; ftdkha; ftdpj;J> jq;fis gyg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;thh;fs;. neL ehisa %jyPLfis kpfTk; jpwikAld; ifahs ty;yth;fs;. mth;fs; ngUk;ghYk; #jhl;lj;jpy; ftdk; nrYj;j khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; jq;fs; Fzj;jhYk; Kaw;rpahYk; jq;fs; ntw;wpiaj; Njbr; nry;thh;fs;. mjph;\l ; j;ijAk; mLj;jth; cjtpiaAk; vd;WNk ek;g khl;lhh;fs;. vUJthrpfs; jq;fs; fld;fis vg;NghJk; milj;J tpLthh;fs;. mth;fs; ahUf;NfDk; fld;gl;L ,Ue;jhy;> mjd; filrp fhirf; nfhLf;Fk; tiu Xa khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; ed;wp kwthjth;fs;. jq;fs; ed;wpia moF thh;ji ; jfspy; Ngrhtpl;lhYk;> gy topfspy; jq;fs; ed;wpiaf; fhl;Lthh;fs;. mth;fsJ nray;fs; mth;fsJ thh;ji ; jfis tpl mjpfk; NgRk;. vUJthrpfspd; jd;dk;gpf;if mjpfkha; ,Uf;Fk; fhuzj;jhy;> kw;wth;fis Cf;Ftpf;f ty;yth;fs;. ngUk;ghYk; mikjpAk;> 19

nghWikAk; nfhz;lth;fshjyhy;> msthfNt NgRthh;fs;. Ntz;ba NghJ NgRtdtw;iw thh;ji ; jr; Rj;jkhAk; ftdkhAk; NgRthh;fs;. FWf;F topia ek;ghjth;fs;. ciof;f tpUg;gkpy;yhjth;fisAk; Nrhk;NgwpfisAk; kjpf;fj;jfhjth;fsha; vz;Zgth;fs;. mLj;jth;fspd; mgpg;gpuhaj;ij jpwe;j kdk; nfhz;L Nfl;Lf; nfhs;thh;fs;. jq;fsJ mwpthh;ej ; Muha;rr ; papd; mbg;gilapNyNa KbTfis vLg;ghh;fs;. tajhd fhyj;jpy; mjpf kfpo;rr ; pAld; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. ,e;j tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jth;fsplk; cs;s nfl;l Fzk; gpbthj Fzk;. FWfpa kdk; nfhz;L nray;gLjy; kw;wth;fSldhd el;igf; Fiwf;Fk;. njhopy; vUJthrpfs; kpfTk; ek;gfkhdth;fs;. Ntiyia Kbf;Fk; tiu jq;fsJ nray;fisj; jpl;lkpl;Lj; njhlh;eJ ; nra;j tz;zk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; eLepiy nfhz;lth;fs;. ,t;tsT ew;Fzq;fs; nfhz;l NghJk; mth;fsJ mlKk; NfhgKk; rpy rkak; mth;fsJ gytPdq;fsha; mike;J tpLk;. vUJthrpfspd; ek;gfkhd jd;ikapd; fhuzkha; mth;fs; gy Neuq;fspy; cah;ej ; mjpfhuj;jpYk; nghWg;GfspYk; ,Ug;gth;fsha; jpfo;thh;fs;. mth;fs; cyfpy; vy;yhiuAk; tpl NkNy NkNy nry;y tpUg;gk; nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fs; jhq;fs; nra;Ak; njhopYf;F kl;Lk; mbikahfhky; ,Uf;Fk;gb ghh;jJ ; f; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. vUJthrpfs; rkak; tUk;NghJ jiy rpwe;j jiyth;fshfTk;> Ngr;rhsh;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. fbdkhd Neuq;fspYk; $l mth;fs; mwpT jwpnfl;Lg; Nghfhky; rhpahd topapy; nray;gLk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. xNu khjphpahd Ntiyiar; nra;a tpUk;Gthh;fs;. Mdhy; nra;Ak; Ntiyia Nfhh;itahfTk;> Neh;jj ; pahfTk; nra;a Kay;thh;fs;. vijAk; ftdkha; nra;a vz;Zthh;fs;. vUJthrpfs; $l;L Kaw;rpfspy; mjpfk; fye;J nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs;. tPz; Ngr;Rf;Fk; Mlk;gu gfl;Lf;Fk; ,lk; ju khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fspd; gpwtpf;FzNk jiyik jhq;Fk; Fzk;. mth;fs; ifj;jpwd; kpf;fth;fs; vd;gjhy; kUj;Jth;fshfTk;> mWit rpfpr;ir epGzh;fshfTk;> fl;bl ty;Yeh;fshfTk; ,Uf;fj; jFe;jth;fs;. Nghh;tuP h;fshfTk;> tpahghu ty;Yeh;fshfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;.

20

cwT mth;fs; FLk;gj;ij md;Gld; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;thh;fs;. tPli ; l mjpfk; tpUk;Gthh;fs;. FLk;gj;jpdUf;F Njitahdtw;iw rhpahd Neuj;jpy; ju ty;yth;fs;. jq;fs; ez;gh;fSf;Fk; cwtpdh;fSf;Fk; jq;fs; gq;fpw;F epiwaNt nra;af; $bath;fs;. jhq;fs; tpUk;Ggth;fsplk; mlq;fhj tpRthrk; nfhs;gth;fs;. mth;fs; vjphpfis vg;gb vjphg;g ; hh;fs; vd;W nrhy;yNt KbahJ. mjdhy; vUJthrpfis vjph;ff ; KayhjPhf ; s;. mth;fSld; neUq;fpa el;G nfhs;tjw;F gy fhyk; gof Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. Mdhy; gofptpl;lhNyh> mJ kpfTk; gykhd el;gha; mikAk;. mth;fs; xUth; Nky; ek;gpf;if itj;J tpl;lhy; mth;fSf;F kpfTk; ek;gfkhfTk; md;GlDk; ele;J nfhs;thh;fs;. jdf;F jFe;j $l;lhspfis ePzl ; ehl;fs; gofpa gpd;dNu Njh;T nra;J nfhs;thh;fs;. cwtpy; khw;wq;fis tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;. vUJthrpfSf;F xUth; Nky; ek;gpf;if Ngha;tpl;lhYk;> Nfhgk; Vw;gl;lhYk; mijr; rPh; nra;J kPzL ; k; cwitg; GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;tJ kpfTk; fbdk;. ngz;fs; rpwe;j FLk;gj;jiytpfsha;; jpfo;thh;fs;. Foe;ijfspd; fy;tpf;F kpFe;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;Jr; nray;gLthh;fs;. cly; eyk; mth;fs; nghJthfNt kpfTk; ey;y cly;epiyiaf; nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fs; Neha;tha;gg ; LtJ kpfTk; fbdk;. mjdhy; mth;fs; gykpy;yhjth;fsplk; gof tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; kdij mikjpaha; itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; gapw;rpfisr; nra;jy; eyk; Nrh;fF ; k;. vUJthrpfs; tPlb ; Ny ,Ug;gijNa trjpaha; vz;Zthh;fs;. Ntiyfisj; njhlh;eJ ; nra;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk; fhuzj;jhy; Xa;T gw;wpa ftdk; ,Uf;fhJ. vUJthrpfSf;F Nfhgk; Vw;gl;lhy;> mth;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lk; ,uz;L gl;LtpLk;. me;j Neuq;fspy; ve;j thh;ji ; jfSk; vLglhJ. mth;fsha; mikjpahFk; tiu nghWf;f Ntz;Lk;. vUJ tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs; Kd;dhs; FbauRj; jiyth; ePyk; rQ;[pt nul;b> nld;dp]; tPuh;fs; ypad;lh; gpa];> uNk\; fpU\;zd;> fphpf;nfl; tPuh;fs; rr;rpd; njz;Ly;fh;> jpNd\; fhh;jj ; pf;> tpQ;Qhdp N`hkp ghgh> ebfh; `pUjpf; Nuh\d;> ebif I];th;ah uha; gr;rd;> gpud;R kd;dd; neg;Nghypad; Nghdghh;l>; fhh;^d; epGzh; thy;l; b];dp> mnkhpf;f [dhjpgjp hpr;rh;l; epf;rd;> ebfh; rhh;yp rhg;ypd; 21

mjph;\l ; vz;fs;

1> 5> 12> 15> 33> 35> 51> 53

xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; fs : vyp> Nrty;> ghk;G xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq; tpyq;Ffs; fs : Gyp> Fjpiu> ML %yff; Fzq;fs; vUJthrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ.

NghJ

ntt;NtW

neUg;G vUJ (gpg;uthp 11>1937 - [dthp 30>1938 gpg;uthp 07>1997 - [dthp 27>1998) Fzq;fs; rf;jp tha;ej ; > gzj;jpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;Fk;> NghuhLk; jd;ik nfhz;L> Fwpf;NfhshL thOk; Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. gpwtpj; jiyth;fs;. NtiyapYk;> r%fj;jpy; Kf;fpa nghWg;Gfspy; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. gpwhpd; fUj;Jf;fis rkaq;fspy; Vw;fhky; rpf;fy;fspy; khl;bf; nfhs;sf; $bath;fs;. ku vUJ ([dthp 25>1925 - gpg;uthp 12>1926 gpg;uthp 20>1985 - gpg;uthp 08>1986) Fzq;fs; Ijpfj;jpy; ek;gpf;if> ve;jr; #oiyAk; Vw;wy;> ePjp newpg;gb tho;jy;> eLT epiyik> cz;ikAld; Cf;fj;Jld; nray;gLjy; Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. FOtpy; ed;F nray;gl;lhYk;> mth;fspd; mZFKiw> jd;dk;gpf;if> ed;dlj;ij fhuzkha;> mth;fs; FO jiytuha; ,Ue;jhy; NkYk; rpwg;gha;; nrayhw;Wthh;fs;. vspjpy; Nfhgg;gLgth;fs;. JLf;Fj;jdkha; Ngrf; $bath;fs;. G+kp vUJ ([dthp 29>1949 - gpg;uthp 16>1950 [dthp 26> 2009 - gpg;uthp 13> 2010) Fzq;fs; fs; JzpT> rfpg;Gj; jd;ik> nghWikAld; nray;gLjy;> Fwpf;Nfhis Nehf;fp gazpf;Fk; Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. fbd ciog;ghy; jdp kdpjuha; rhjpf;f ty;yth;fs;. kpjkhd Nghf;Fk;> fz;zpaKk; gpwuhy; tpUk;gg;gLgth;fsha;; jpfor; nra;Ak;. 22

cNyhf vUJ (gpg;uthp 19>1901 - gpg;uthp 07>1902 gpg;uthp 15>1961 - gpg;uthp 04>1962) Fzq;fs; vjph;jJ ; g; NghuhLk; jd;ik> fh;tk;> gspr;nrd;W ,Uj;jy;> jpl ek;gpf;if jUk; Cf;fj;jhy; nray;gLjy; Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. cNyhfj;ijg; Nghd;Nw kpf typik kpf;fth;fs;. jq;fs; Fwpf;Nfhis mila fbdkha; ciof;f jahuha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. czh;rr ; pfis vspjpy; ntspf;fhl;l khl;lhh;fs;. ek;gfkhdth;fs;. gpwuJ czh;Tfis Ghpe;J nfhs;tjpy; rq;flq;fs; ,Uf;Fk;. ePh; vUJ (gpg;uthp 06>1913 - [dthp 25>1914 gpg;uthp 03>1973 - [dthp 22>1974) Fzq;fs; fhhpaq;fis Kiwaha; nra;jy;> kNdhgyj;jpd; %yk; Cf;fk; nfhz;L nray;gLjy;> nghWik> mDgtj;ij ek;Gk; Fzk;> eLT epiyik Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. tise;J nfhLf;Fk; jd;ik fhuzkhf gpwuJ vz;zq;fSf;Fk; czh;TfSf;Fk; kjpg;Gf; nfhLg;ghh;fs;. ,th;fSld; ,Ug;gij gyh; tpUk;Gth;. ePqf ; s; vUJ tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d nfhz;bUg;ghP f ; s; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;. 2009tJ tUlk; apd; G+kp vUJ tUlk;. gpwg;gth;fspd; rpwg;gk;rq;fisg; ghh;gN ; ghkh?

,e;j

Fzq;fisf; tUlj;jpy;

jiyik tfpf;Fk; jd;ik> ek;gfkhd> tpRthrKs;s> nghWikkpf;f> nghWg;Gs;s Fzk; nfhz;lth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. rpwe;j mikg;ghsh;fsha; jpfo;thh;fs;. mth;fs; Ntiy nra;Ak; ,lj;jpy; vy;NyhUlDk; jFe;j Kiwapy; Ngrp Ntiyiar; nra;J Kbf;ff; $bath;fs;. kw;wth;fs; mth;fspd; MNyhridfis Nfl;f tUthh;fs;. kpFe;j Gj;jprhypfs;. mikjpia tpUk;Ggth;fs;. mth;fSld; ,Uf;f midtUk; tpUk;Gthh;fs;. rpyh; Mf;NuhrkhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. Nghl;b kdg;ghd;ik kpf;fth;fs;. mth;fSld; goFgth;fis tpl;Lf; nfhLf;f khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; kpFe;j tPuk; nfhz;lth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. ve;j tpjr; #oypy; ,Ue;jhYk;> mijf; fle;J tUk; JzpT nfhz;lth;fs;. vUJ tUlg; gyd;fs; s: vt;tsT ftdkha; cioj;J ghLgl;lhYk; ntw;wp eOtpr; nrd;WtpLk;. FLk;gr; rpf;fy;fs; epiwa Vw;gl;L 23

njhlh;ej ; f\;lq;fisj; jUk;. me;j tUlj;jpy; xOf;fk; epiwa Njitg;gLk;. FWf;F topfs; ed;ik juhJ.

24

3 RWRWg;G Gyp (1902 1914 1926 1938 1950 1962 1974 1986 1998 2010 2022 2034 2046) Neuk; ,uT 3:00 Kjy; 5:00 tiu chpa jpir fpof;F> tl fpof;F chpa fhyq;fs; Fsph;fhyk;> gpg;uthp khjk; epiyahd %yfk; %yfk kuk; apd;-ahq; ahq ahq; flTsh;fs; itj;j Mw;iwf; flf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; vyp KjypYk; vUJ ,uz;lhtjhAk; te;J Kjy; ,uz;L tUlq;fspd; rpd;dq;fsha; njhpT nra;ag;gl;ld. vj;jid typajha; ,Ue;j NghJk; Gyp %d;whtJ ,lj;ijNa gpbf;f Kbe;jJ. ,J mth;fis Mr;rhpaj;jpw;F cs;shf;fpaJ. fhuzk; Nfl;l NghJ> Gyp ePej ; p tUk; NghJ Mw;wpd; Ntfk; mjpfkha; ,Ue;jjhYk; kpfTk; rpukg;gl;L mij vjph;jJ ; ePej ; p te;j fhuzj;jhYk; rpwpJ jhkjk; Vw;gl;lJ vd;W Gypahh; $wpajha; fij xd;W cz;L. fPof ; z;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej ; th;fs; Mthh;fs;. gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp

08>1902 26>1914 13>1926 31>1938 17>1950 05>1962 23>1974 09>1986 28>1998 14>2010

-

[dthp gpg;uthp gpg;utup gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp

mth;fs;

midtUk;

Gyp

28>1903 13>1915 01>1927 18>1939 05>1951 24>1963 10>1975 28>1987 15>1999 02> 2011

,dp; Gypthrpfspd;; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;gN ; ghk;. rPd N[hjplj;jpy; kpfTk; RWRWg;Gf;F Ngh; Nghd rf;jp tha;ej ; rpd;dk; ,J. Gypthrpfs; trPfuj;jw;Fk;> mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk;> vhpr;rYf;Fk; Ngh; Nghdth;fs;. mth;fs; tbtj;jpy; rpWj;j NghJk; fk;guP khdth;fs;. nghWikrhypfshdhYk; Nfhgf;fhuh;fs;. mikjpahdth;fshdhYk; vjph;ff ; ty;yth;fs;. mr;RWj;jpdhYk; md;ghdth;fs;. mth;fsplk; ,Uf;Fk; gy;NtWgl;l ,e;j Fzq;fspd; fhuzkha; mth;fs; jq;fSila kdj;ij epiy epWj;j rw;Nw fbdkha; 25

czh;thh;fs;. mth;fs; jd;ikiaf; Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;tJ kpff; fbdk;. Gypthrpfs; mjpf jw;ngUik nfhz;lth;fs;. nghwhik nfhz;lth;fs;. Gypthrpfs; fl;Lf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ njhpe;j #oypy; kpfTk; kfpo;rr ; pAld; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; jq;fs; czh;Tfis fl;Lf;Fs; itf;fhky; Nghdhy;> gy gpur;rpidfisr; re;jpf;f NeUk;. mth;fspd;; tho;fi ; f KOtJNk czh;rr ; p G+h;tkha; ,Uf;Fk;. mJNt mth;fSf;F gpbj;j FzKk; $l. tho;fi ; fia tpUk;gp tho Ntz;Lk; vd;w kNdhepiyiaf; nfhz;lth;fs;. epiwtha; tho Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; cs;sth;fs;. VjhtJ xU jPur; nraypy; kaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; czh;Tg;g+h;tkhdth;fs;. jq;fSf;fhfNth my;yJ cwtpdh;fs; ez;gh;fSf;fhfNth Kd;dpd;W Ngr Ntz;ba> nra;a Ntz;ba rkaq;fspy;> mr;rkw;W jq;fis Kd;dpiyg; gLj;jpf; nfhz;L nray;gLth;. rKjhaj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; mePjpfis vjph;ff ; j; Jzpthh;fs;. rhpahd fUj;Jf;fis Vw;W> mjd;gb rKjhak; elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W mjw;fhd fhhpaq;fspy; nray; kw;wth;fis mth;fs; ghy; mth;fs; ey;ytw;wpw;fha; Nghuhb> ,Wjp tiu Nghuhb nty;y Kay;thh;fs;. Nfhgg;gl;lhYk; mth;fs; cz;ikahdth;fshfTk; jhuhs kdk; cs;sth;fshfTk; md;ghdth;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; eifr;Rit jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fs; kf;fsplKk; rKjha eydpYk; kpFe;j mf;fiw nfhz;lth;fs;. Gypthrpfs; nra;tij xj;Jf; nfhs;shjth;fSk; $l cs;Sf;Fs; mth;fisg; Nghw;Wthh;fs;. Gyp fhl;bd; murdha; ,y;yhj NghJk;> kpfr; rhjhuz tpyq;fd;W. Gypthrpfs; jpwik tha;ej ; Rag;gw;W kpf;f kdpjh;fs;. mth;fs; trPfukhdth;fshfTk; eifr;Rit jd;ik nfhz;lth;fshfTk; ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> rpy Neuq;fspy; jdpikia tpUk;Gthh;fs;. Gypthrpfspd; gykhd Fzk; tho;fi ; fapy; caUk; Nehf;fKk; mij mila ,Uf;f Ntz;ba fl;Lg;ghLk; jhd;. GypthrpfSld; goF NghJk; rw;Nw [hf;fpuijaha; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mth;fs; vg;NghJ gha;thh;fs; vd;Nw nrhy;y KbahJ. mth;fsJ 26

czh;Tfs; mjpfkhfNt Cryhl ty;yJ. ,j;jifa Fzk; rpy rkak; mth;fSf;F rhjfkhfTk; ghjfkhfTk; mikfpwJ. Gypthrpfs; fw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba tprak; vy;yhtw;wpYk; kpjkha; ele;J nfhs;tJ. mth;fsJ rf;jpia xUKfg; gLj;jpr; nray;gl;lhy; mth;fshy; vijAk; ey;ygbaha; rhjpf;f KbAk;. mth;fs; vg;NghJk; ve;jf; $l;lj;jpYk; jq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;bf; nfhs;Sk; gb ele;J nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fs; vg;NghJk; nray;fs; nra;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;f tpUk;Gthh;fs;. Rk;kh ,Ug;gJ Rfkd;W vd;w vz;zk; nfhz;lth;fs;. vt;tsT jho;ej ; epiyia mile;j NghJk; mth;fs; kdk; jsu khl;lhh;fs;. KjypypUe;J Muk;gpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;whYk; mijr; nra;aj; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. njhopy; gpwtpapNyNa jiyik jhq;Fk; Fzk; nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fsplk; ,Uf;Fk; mjpfhuj; jd;ik mth; mUNf ,Uf;Fk; midtiuAk; mth;fs; tpUk;gpagb top elj;jpr; nry;y cjTk;. Ntiy ,lq;fspy; mth;fs; jq;fSf;Fs; ,aw;ifahfNt mike;j jiyik Fzj;ijg; gad;gLj;j Kay;th;. mg;gb ,Ue;j NghJk;> mth;fs; jdpNa Ntiy nra;a tpUk;Gthh;fs;. mth;fs; tpahghu ty;Yeh;fshfTk;> rKjha Nghuhl;l tPuh;fshfTk;> Muha;rr ; pahsh;fshfTk;> gazf;Fwpg;ghsh;fshfTk;> ebfh;fshfTk;> tpkhd Xl;Leh;fshfTk;> vOj;jhsh;fshfTk; ,Uf;fj; jFe;jth;fs;. cwT md;G nfhz;lth;fsplk; fhl;Lk; ghpTk; ek;gpf;ifAk; mth;fis trPfukhdthfshAk;> MSk; jd;ik cs;s cUtk; nfhz;lth;fshAk; fhl;Lk;. Gypthrpfs;> goFfpwth;fsplk; kjpg;Gk; khpahijAk; vspjpy; ngw;W tpLthh;fs;. Gypthrpfspd; $l;lhspfSk; mth;fSf;F ,Ug;gJ ey;yJ. mth;fs; cwTfspy; fhl;Lthh;fs;.

,izaha; RWRWg;gha; jq;fsJ Mjpf;fj;ijf;

,q;fpjkha; ele;J nfhs;gth;fisf; fz;lhy; mth;fSf;F kpfTk; gpbf;Fk;. gw;gy ghpRfisj; je;J mth;fis Mjhpf;fj; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. tpUe;J itj;jhy;> tpUe;jhspfis kpfTk; md;GlDk; MjuTlDk; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fs; czh;Tfisg; Gz;gLj;Jk; gb ele;J nfhs;tJ ey;yjy;y. mth;fs; vspjpy; ahiuAk; kd;dpf;f khl;lhh;fs;. 27

cly; eyk; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shFk; NghJ kpfTk; Nkhrkha; ele;J nfhs;thh;fs;. czh;rr ; p nfhe;jspg;gpy; %o;fp tpLgth;fs;. mth;fspd; nray;fs; ez;gh;fisAk; gifth;fisAk; kpfTk; mr;RWj;Jk;. GypthrpfSf;F clypy; VJk; fhak; gl;lhy; mth;fs; vy;yhhpd; mDjhgj;ijAk; vjph;ghh;gg ; hh;fs;. ve;j tpj yh[pf;Fk; ghh;ff ; khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fSf;F cly; epiy rPuhtNj Kf;fpa Nehf;fkha; ,Uf;Fk;. mjdhy; ahh; vijr; nrhd;dhYk; mij rpuNkw;nfhz;L mg;gbNa nra;a Kw;gLthh;fs;. Ntiy nra;tjpy; kw;w vy;yh tpraq;fisAk; kwe;J tpLthh;fs;. mjdhy; tpiutpy; fisg;gile;J tpLthh;fs;. gpwF ntF tpiutpNyNa ghaj; jahuhfp tpLthh;fs;. mjdhNyNa mth;fspd; cly; epiy ghjpg;Gf;F cs;shFk;. mjdhy; tho;fi ; fiar; rkepiyAld; vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; jd;ikiag; ngw Kay Ntz;Lk;. Gyp tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs; vOj;jhsh; NjtNeag; ghthzh;> %jwpQh; uh[h[p> ebfh; u[pdpfhe;j>; ghlfp v];. [hdfp> ebfh; tp[a;> nld;dp]; tPuh;fs; kNf\; G+gjp> rhdpah kph;rh> u\;ahtpd; fhh;y; khh;f] ; >; ebif kh;ypd; kd;Nuh> ntdp]; efu thzpfd; khh;Nfh NghNyh> ,uz;lhk; vyprngj;> ebfh; lhk; F&]; mjph;\l ; vz;fs;

4> 5> 7> 9> 13> 34> 44> 45> 54

xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; fs : eha;> Fjpiu> buhfd; xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs; fs : ML> vUJ> Fuq;F %yff; Fzq;fs; Gypthrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ ntt;NtW Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ. neUg;G Gyp (gpg;uthp 13>1926 gpg;uthp 09>1986 -

gpg;utup 01>1927 [dthp 28>1987)

Fzq;fs; cjhu Fzk;> cjTk; jd;ik> Mh;tk;> Cf;fk; Nghd;w Fzq;fspd; ,Ug;gplk;. ey;y gf;fj;ijNa ghh;fF ; k; Rghtk; cs;sth;fs;. kw;wth;fis kfpo;tpf;Fk; gz;G nfhz;l fhuzj;jhy; jiyth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. 28

kug; Gyp ([dthp 26>1914 - gpg;uthp 13>1915 [dthp 23>1974 - gpg;uthp 10>1975) Fzq;fs; trPfuk;> jiyik> $l;Lwtpy; ehl;lk;> nghWik> cjTk; kdg;ghd;ik Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. gpwUld; ,ize;J gzpahw;w Ntz;ba NghJ rpwg;gha;; nray;gLthh;fs;. G+kp Gyp ([dthp 31>1938 [dthp 28>1998 -

gpg;uthp 18>1939 gpg;uthp 15>1999)

Fzq;fs; fbd ciog;G> gbg;gjpy; mf;fiw> eLT epiyik> nghWg;G> Fwpf;Nfhspd; Nky; gw;Wjy; Mfpa Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. #o;epiyf; ifjpahf khl;lhh;fs;. gha;tjw;F Kd; vy;yh gf;fq;fisAk; myrp MuhAk; jd;ik ngw;wth;fs;. cNyhf Gyp (gpg;uthp 17>1950 - gpg;uthp 05>1951 gpg;uthp 14> 2010 - gpg;uthp 02> 2011) Fzq;fs; Mf;Nuh\k;> trPfuk;> Raeyk;> Cf;fk; Nghd;w Fzq;fshy; Mdth;fs;. Fwpf;Nfhis milAk; tiu Xa khl;lhh;fs;. jtwhd Kbit vLg;gjpy; ty;yth;fs;. mjdhy; mijj; jpUj;jpf; nfhs;tJ eyk; gaf;Fk;. ePh; Gyp (gpg;uthp 08>1902 - [dthp 28>1903 gpg;uthp 05>1962 - [dthp 24>1963) Fzq;fs; $h;eJ ; Nehf;Fjy;> eLT epiyik> Neh;ik> jpwe;j kdk;> rhe;jk; Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. mLj;jth;fspd; thh;ji ; jfSf;F nrtp kLg;gth;fs;. mth;fsJ MuhAk; jd;ik> fbdkhd #o;epiyfspYk; rhpahd Kbit vLf;f itf;Fk;. ePqf ; s; Gyp tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d nfhz;bUg;ghP f ; s; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;.

Fzq;fisf;

29

Gyp tUlg; gyd;fs; s: Gyp tUlk; epiyaw;w jd;ik nfhz;lJ. me;j tUlj;jpy; Nghh;> ,aw;if rPww ; k;> Nghuhl;lq;fs; Vw;gLk;. khw;wq;fs; epiwe;J fhzg;gLk;. mit ed;ikapy; KbAk; jd;ikAk; nfhz;ldtha; mikAk;.

30

4 mikjp Kay; (1903 1915 1927 1939 1951 1963 1975 1987 1999 2011 2023 2035 2047) Neuk; fhiy 5:00 Kjy; 7:00 tiu chpa jpir fpof;F chpa fhyq;fs; tre;j fhyk;> khh;r; khjk; epiyahd %yfk; %yfk kuk; apd;-ahq; ahq apd; flTsh;fs; itj;j Mw;iwf; flf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; vyp KjypYk; vUJ ,uz;lhtjhfTk;> Gyp %d;whtjhfTk; te;J Kjy; %d;W tUlq;fspd; rpd;dq;fsha; njhpT nra;ag;gl;ld. Kay; kpfTk; rhJthdJk; nkd;ikahd cly; nfhz;ljhfTk; ,Ue;j NghJk; mJ ehd;fhtjha; te;jJ flTsh;fSf;F Mr;rhpaj;ijj; je;jJ. fhuzk; Nfl;l NghJ> jhd; Kjypy; Mw;iw flf;f vd;d nra;tJ vd;W Nahrpj;jjhAk;> gpwF Mw;wpd; eLNt ,Ue;j ghiwfspd; Nky; Fjpj;J Fjpj;J ghjp J}uj;ijf; fle;jjhAk; Kay; $wpajhk;. gpwF vd;d ele;jJ vd;W flTsh;fs; Mtyha; Nfl;f> ghiw KbTw;wJk; jhd; Nghl;bapy; n[apf;f KbahJ vd;W vz;zpa Neuj;jpy; me;jg; gf;fk; xU kuf; fl;il kpje;J tu mijg; gw;wpf; nfhz;L jhd; fiuiar; Nrh;ej ; jha; Kay; $wpajhk;. ,e;jf; fij Kay; Vd; ehd;fhtjha; $wg;gLk; fij. fPof ; z;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej ; th;fs; Mthh;fs;. [dthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp

29>1903 14>1915 02>1927 19>1939 06>1951 25>1963 11>1975 29>1987 16>1999 03>2011

-

gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp

te;jJ vd;gijf; Fwpj;Jf; mth;fs;

midtUk;

Kay;

15>1904 02>1916 22>1928 07>1940 26>1952 12>1964 30>1976 16>1988 04> 2000 22> 2012

,dp Kay;thrpfspd;; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;gN ; ghk;. Kay; tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej ; th;fs; mjph;\l ; uhrpiag; ngw;wth;fs;. me;j uhrpfhuh;fs; ePzl ; MAs; ngw;wth;fs;. epytpd; mj;jidr; rf;jpiaAk; ngw;wth;fs;. mth;fs; moif Muhjpg;gth;fs;. 31

trPfukhdth;fs;. kpfTk; nkd;ikaha; NgRgth;fs;. mth;fs; uh[ je;jphpfs;. mikjp tpUk;gpfs;. rhe;jkhd tho;fi ; f tho tpUk;Gthh;fs;. mth;fSf;F mikjpahd khiyg; nghOJ kpfTk; gpbf;Fk;. mth;fs; fiyeak; kpf;fth;fs;. ey;y mwpthh;ej ; gz;ghsh;fs;. mth;fs; kpfTk; mjph;\l ; rhypfsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. Nfl;fhkNyNa gy mjph;\l ; g; ghpRfs; te;J FtpAk;.

mth;fSf;F

mikjpahd> rhJthd> tpUk;gj;jf;f tifapy; cs;s Kay;thrpfs; kpfTk; cah;ej ; Nehf;fk; nfhz;lth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mth;fspd; cs;Szh;T nfhz;Nl Cfpj;J nray;gLk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. ngUk;ghYk; Kay;thrpfs; jq;fisAk; jq;fisr; Rw;wpas;s ,lq;fisAk; kpfTk; mofhfTk; Rj;jkhfTk; itj;Jf; nfhs;th;. mth;fSf;F fiy> moFgLj;Jjy;> cilayq;fhuk; Mfpatw;wpy; mjpf mth;fs; gpwtpapNyNa kpFe;j vr;rhpf;ifj; jd;ikAk; tpNtfKk; nfhz;lth;fs;. Kay;thrpfs; ve;jr; nraiyAk; KOikaha; myrp Muhahky;> jpBnud KbT vLj;J fhhpaj;ijr; nra;a Kd; tu khl;lhh;fs;. nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W rl;nld Fjpf;f khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fspd; rhe;jkhd Fzk; Nghl;bfis vjph; nfhs;s jilr; nra;Ak;. mjdhy; mghafukhd nray;fisr; nra;a Mh;tk; fhl;l khl;lhh;fs;. rpy rkak; ey;y re;jh;gj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jhky; tpl;L tpLthh;fs;. mth;fs; Rfthrpfisg; Nghy; njhpe;jhYk; mth;fs; rpwe;j je;jphpfs;. mth;fs; kNdhgyk; kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;. mjdhy; jq;fs; Nehf;fj;ij mila mth;fs; mikjpahfTk; cWjpahfTk; nray;gLth;. mth;fs; ve;jtpjj;jpYk; Mh;gg ; hl;lk; nra;J nraypy; rkaj;jpy; cq;fisNa Ke;j ty;yth;fs;. mth;fs; kpfTk; nkj;jdkha; ,Ug;gJ Nghy; Njhd;Wk;. Mdhy; mJ mth;fs; vr;rhpf;if jd;ik fhuzkha; mg;gb ,Uf;Fk;. vy;yhtw;iwAk; jPu Muha;eJ ; > thpf;F thp gbj;J tpl;Nl jq;fs; ifnahg;gj;ij ,Lthh;fs;. vy;NyhUk; Xbf;nfhz;L ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> mth;fs; mikjpahfNt ,Ug;ghh;fs;. nraypNy ntw;wpAk; ngWthh;fs;. jhDk; tho;eJ ; mLj;jtiuAk; tho tpLk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. 32

ve;jg; gpur;rpidfspYk; rpf;fpf; nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs;. f\;lq;fisf; fz;L mDjhgg;gl;L cjt Kd; tUthh;fs;. Mdhy; mjw;fhf vjph;jJ ; g; Nghuhl Ntz;Lnkd;why;> Ms; fz;fspy; gl khl;lhh;fs;. clNd ntspNawp tpLthh;fs;. mth;fSf;Ff; f\;lq;fSk; Jd;gq;fSk; gpbf;fhj xd;W. Kay;thrpfs; f\;lq;fistpl;L ntF njhiytpy; Xl vj;jdpg;ghh;fs;. gak; Vw;gLk; NghJ mth;fs; vd;d nra;thh;fs; vd;Nw njhpahJ. mth;fis kpfTk; tw;GWj;jpdhy;> cwNt Ntz;lhk; vd;W ntl;br; nry;Yk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fsplk; gpwtpapNyNa vjph;fF ; k; jd;ik fpilahJ. mth;fs; jq;fs; topapy; gpur;rpidfis vjph; nfhs;thh;fs;. jq;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s ed;F mwpe;jth;fs;. jq;fs; nrhe;j tpraq;fisAk; nghUl;fisAk; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;s vd;d tpiy nfhLf;fTk; jahuha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. vd;d ele;jhYk; mth;fSf;F jq;fs; fhypNyNa epw;Fk; jpwidg; ngw;W jilfisj; jhz;l ty;yth;fs;. jq;fs; Nky; mjpf ek;gpf;if nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fs; jpUg;jpahd tho;fi ; f tho tpUk;Gthh;fs;. njhopy; Ntiy ,lq;fspYk; mth;fspd; mikjpAk;> gzpTk; mth;fis ek;gfkhdth;fsha; fhl;Lk;. kpfTk; fbdkhd tpahghug; Ngr;Rf;fis mikjpahd Kiwapy; Ngrp Kbf;Fk; jpwd; mth;fsplk; ,Uf;Fk;. mth;fs; ed;F njsptha; NgRk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs; vd;gjhy; mwpe;jth;fSk; ez;gh;fSk; ,th;fspd; mwpTiufisf; Nfl;f tUthh;fs;. ve;jnthU FOtpy; ,Ue;jhYk;> Kay;thrpfs; mikjpf;Fg; ngah; Nghdth;fs;. rz;il rr;ruTfs; Vw;gl;lhy;> mq;F rkhjhdk; nra;a Kd;dpw;gth;fs; mth;fshf ,Ug;ghh;fs;. ve;jr; #oypYk; mikjpiaf; filgpbj;J> Mj;jpuk; nfhs;shky; nraiy Kbf;f ty;yth;fs;. mth;fSf;F NfhgNk mjpfk; tuhJ. Ntfkha; Nfhgk; tuhj Mrhkpfs; Kay;thrpfs;. mjdhy; mth;fs; murpay;thjpfshfTk;> mjpfhupfshfTk; ,Uf;fj; jFe;jth;fs;. mth;fs; Mrphpah;> ebfh;fs;> cil myq;fhuk; nra;gth;fs;> Gj;jf ntspaPll ; hsh;> nghJr; Nrit nra;gth; Nghd;w njhopy;fspy; xUtiu ed;F fzpj;J> mth;fsplk; vg;gbg; gof Ntz;LNkh mg;gbg; gof ty;yth;fs;. 33

Kay;thrpfs; ed;F ftdkha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mLj;jthpd; Ngr;rpid rhpaha; nrtpkLj;Jr; nray;gLthh;fs;. mth;fs; ,uf;f Fzk; ngw;wth;fs;. ,aw;ifapNyNa ,dpikahd jd;ik ngw;wth;fs;. mjdhy; mth;fs; cwtpdh;fs; ez;gh;fs; kj;jpapy; gpugykhdth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fSf;F ek;gj;jFe;j ez;gh;fs; gyh; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. Kay;thrpfSf;F tpNuhjpfs; mt;tsthf ,Uf;f khl;lhh;fs;. kdpjh;fis rhpaha;; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; Fzk; mth;fsplk; gpwtpapNyNa ,Ug;gjhy;> mth;fs; rw;Nw mfe;ijAld; elg;gJ Nghy; Njhd;Wk;. mth;fs; vg;NghJk; el;GlDk; ghrj;Jld; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. nghJ ,lq;fspy; ahiuAk; jh;k rq;flkhd epiyf;Fj; js;s khl;lhh;fs;. vg;gb xUtiuf; fhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ mth;fSf;Fj; njhpAk;. czh;TfSf;F kjpg;Gf; nfhLf;fj; njhpe;jth;fs; vd;gjhy;> midtuhYk; tpUk;gg;gLk; [Ptd;fs; ,th;fs;. kpf neUq;fpa cwtpdh;fs; kj;jpapy; rhfrpfsha; kaf;Fgth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. Mdhy; mth;fsplk; ,Uf;Fk; gpwtpf; Fzkhd vr;rhpf;ifj; jd;ik mth;fis epiyahd cwT itj;Jf; nfhs;s jil nra;Ak;. mjdhy; fz;lJk; fhjy; vd;gJ ,th;fsplk; rw;W fbdNk. el;Gk; NjhoikAk; kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;. rr;ruT Vw;gLk; NghJ vjph; jug;gpdiug; gw;wpAk; vz;zpg; ghh;gg ; h;. mth;fs; ez;gh;fisAk; cwtpdh;fisAk; ek;gp tpl;lhy; mjpy; tYthf ,Ug;ghh;fs;. cly; eyk; mth;fSf;F vg;gb> vg;NghJ Xa;T vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ed;F njhpAk;. mth;fs; kd mikjpapd;wp jtpf;Fk; NghJ kpfTk; tpj;jpahrkha; ele;J nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fs; kdr;rq;flq;fs; Vw;gLk; NghJ mijg; gw;wp ntspapy; fhl;bf; nfhs;shky; jq;fSf;Fs;shfNt itj;J kUFthh;fs;. mjdhy; cly;epiy ghjpg;Gf;F cs;shFk; epiy $l Vw;gLk;. mth;fsJ rq;flq;is jpdrhp fhhpaq;fs; nra;J> kwf;fr; nra;jhy; cly; epiy rPuhFk;. Kay; tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuh; mtpehrypq;f nrl;bah;> ghNte;jh;; ghujpjhrd;> ftpQh; fz;zjhrd;> jhtputpayhsh; gPh;gy; rfdp> ngUe;jiyth; fhkuhrh;> je;ij nghpahh;> ebfh;fs; rpth[p fNzrd;> #h;ah> ebif =Njtp> ghlfh; NaRjh];> jgyh ,ir fiyQh;; rhfph; `_ird;> tpQ;Qhdp My;gh;l; Id;]B ; d;> gjpdhd;fhk; Nghg; Ngdbf;l>; fhy;ge;jhl;l tPuh; Nltpl; ngf;fhk;> Nfhy;g; tPuh; ilfh; Cl;]>; ebif tpl;dp `_];ld; 34

mjph;\l ; vz;fs;

1> 3> 5> 9> 15> 19> 35.

xj;Jg; g; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; fs : gd;wp> eha;> ML xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs; fs :

Nrty;> vyp

%yff; Fzq;fs; Kay;thrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ.

NghJ

ntt;NtW

neUg;G Kay; (gpg;uthp 02>1927 - [dthp 22>1928 [dthp 29>1987 - gpg;uthp 16>1988) Fzq;fs; md;G> czh;rr ; p trg;gLjy;> $h;eJ ; Nehf;Fjy;> ghuhl;il vjph;ghh;jJ ; cioj;jy; Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. jP Kay;thrpfis Gjpa gjpa rhfrq;fis vjph; nfhs;s itf;Fk;. ku Kay; (gpg;uthp 14>1915 - gpg;uthp 02>1916 gpg;uthp 11>1975 - [dthp 30>1976) Fzq;fs; ,uf;fk;> jhuhsj; jd;ik> $h;eJ ; Nahrpf;Fk; jd;ikfisg; ngw;wth;fs;. mLj;jth;fis jpUg;jpg; gLj;j Kay;th;. gpwUf;fhf mjpfkha; Ntiy nra;af; $bath;fs;. mth;fSf;Ff; njhpahkNyNa mth;fsplk; vy;NyhUk; fhhpaq;fisr; rhjpj;Jf; nfhs;th;. G+kp Kay; (gpg;uthp 19>1939 - gpg;uthp 07>1940 gpg;uthp 16> 1999 - gpg;uthp 04> 2000) Fzq;fs; nry;tj;jpy; ehl;lk;> Mh;tk;> rk Nehf;F> ftiy Nghd;w jd;ikfisg; ngw;wth;fs;. mth;fsJ MNyhridfs; kpfTk; cz;ikahditaha; ,Uf;Fk;. FLk;g tho;fi ; ff;F kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUth;. cNyhf Kay; (gpg;uthp 06>1951

-

[dthp 26>1952 35

gpg;uthp 03>2011

-

[dthp 22> 2012)

Fzq;fs; fiyeak;> rhe;jk;> czh;rr ; p trg;gLjy;> Muha;eJ ; mwpAk; jd;ik Mfpa Fzq;fisg; ngw;wth;fs;. mth;fs; gyrhypfshfTk; Fwpf;NfhSilath;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. nra;Ak; nraypy; fz;Zk; fUj;Jkha; ,Ug;gh;. ePh; Kay; ([dthp 29>1903 - gpg;uthp 15>1904 [dthp 25>1963 - gpg;uthp 12>1964) Fzq;fs; nkd;ik> mikjp jUk; Cf;fk;> eLT epiyik> mjpfk; ntspahl;fSld; gofhj Fzk; Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. tho;fi ; f NghFk; jpirapy; nry;Yk; jd;ik> gpur;rpidfis jtph;fF ; k; jd;ik> mLj;jtUf;F cjtp nra;Ak; jd;ik ngw;wth;fs;. ePqf ; s; Kay; tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;ghP f ; s; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;. Kay; tUlg; gyd;fs; s: Kay; tUlk; Gyp tUlj;ijg; Nghd;W ntbf;fhky; kpfTk; mikjpiaj; juf; $ba tUlk;. f\;lq;fs; mjpfk; ,uhky;> kpjkhd tUlkha; ,Uf;Fk;.

36

5 tPu buhfd; (1904 1916 1928 1940 1952 1964 1976 1988 2000 2012 2024 2036) Neuk; fhiy 7:00 Kjy; 9:00 tiu chpa jpir fpof;F> njd; fpof;F chpa fhyq;fs; s; tre;j fhyk;> Vg;uy;; khjk; epiyahd %yfk; %yfk kuk; apd;-ahq; ahq ahq;; buhfd; vd;gJ rpq;fk; Nghd;w jiyAk; ghk;G Nghd;w tisthd ePzl ; clYk; nfhz;l tpyq;F. flTsh;fs; itj;j Mw;iwf; flf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; vyp KjypYk; vUJ> Gyp> Kay; mLj;jLj;J te;J Kjy; ehd;F tUlq;fspd; rpd;dq;fsha; njhpT nra;ag;gl;ld. tPuKk; gyKk; nfhz;l buhfd; thapy; neUg;igf; ff;fpf; nfhz;Nl> Ie;jhtjha; gwe;J te;J epd;w NghJ flTsh;fSf;F Mr;rhpaj;ijj; je;jJ. fhuzk; Nfl;l NghJ> buhfd; cyf caph;fSf;fhfTk; kf;fSf;fhfTk; kioiaj; ju Ntz;b ,Ue;jjhy; rpwpJ gpd; jq;fpajhfTk;> fiuia te;jilAk; rkak; Kay; kuf;fl;iliag; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L jpz;lhbf;nfhz;bUe;jijj; ghh;jj ; Jk; mjw;Ff; fiu Nru cjt vz;zp xU nghpa Kr;ir mjd; gf;fk; tpl;l gpd; te;jjhy; jkhjkhfp tpl;lJ vd;W $wpajhk;. ,ijf; Nfl;l flTsh;fs; kfpo;jJ ; mij tho;jj ; p tUlr; rf;fuj;jpd; Ie;jhk; rpd;dkha; njhpT nra;jhh;fs; vd;gJ fij. fPo; fz;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; buhfd; tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej ; th;fs; Mthh;fs;. gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp

16>1904 03>1916 23>1928 08>1940 27>1952 13>1964 31>1976 17>1988 05> 2000 23> 2012

-

gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp

03>1905 22>1917 09>1929 26>1941 13>1953 01>1965 17>1977 05>1989 23>2001 09>2013

,dp; buhfd;thrpfspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;gN ; ghk;. Ie;jhk; ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; buhfd; tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jth;fs; kpfTk; mjph;\l ; r; rpd;dj;jpy; gpwe;jth;fshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,J Kf;fpakhd kpfTk; rf;jp tha;ej ; rpd;dkhff; fUjg;gLk; xd;W. 37

buhfd; vd;gJ cz;ikahd tpyq;F fpilahJ. ,J fw;gidapy; jPll ; g;gl;l> cUthf;fg;gl;l tpyq;F. rPdhtpy; buhfd; rpq;fj;jpw;F ,izahd rf;jp nghUe;jpa tpyq;fha; fUjg;gLfpwJ. buhfd;thrpfs; neUg;Gg; ge;Jfs; vd;Nw nrhy;yyhk;. mth;fs; cly; cuk; nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fSf;F tPuk; cld;gpwe;j xd;W. buhfd;thrpfspy; mfe;ijAk; mfq;fhuKk; nfhz;lth;fSk; cz;L. gpj;jh;fs;. mjpfhuk; nrYj;Jgth;fs;. ve;jr; rkaj;jpYk; cjtpf;fuk; ePll ; ty;yth;fs;. tpl;Lf; nfhLf;ff; $bath;fs;. mth;fs; vijAk; Neubaha; vjph; nfhs;sj; Jzpthh;fs;. NgRthh;fs;. tho;fi ; fia tho tpUk;Ggth;fs;. tho;fi ; fia Nerpg;gth;fs;. tho;fi ; fia KOikahf kpfTk; Mlk;gukha; mDgtpf;f vz;Zgth;fs;. buhfd;thrpfSf;F tho;fi ; ff;F xU mh;jj ; k; Ntz;Lk;. Nghuhl VjhtJ fhuzk; Ntz;Lk;. mila Ntz;ba ,yf;F Ntz;Lk;. vjpYNk Mh;tk; fhl;lhj buhfd;thrpfs; kpfTk; ftiyf;fplkhdth;fs;. vg;NghJNk Xbf;nfhz;Nl ,Ug;gth;fs;. me;j Xl;lj;jpy; jdf;nfd xU $l;lj;ijAk; nfhz;L nrYj;jf; $bath;fs;. jq;fsJ cah;ej ; nfhs;ifapd; Nky; gw;W nfhz;L> mij mila Kaw;rp nra;gth;fs;. mth;fs; Ngr;Rk; nray;fSk; midtiuAk; ftuj;jf;fit. VjhtJ $l;lj;jpy; buhfd;thrpfs; Eioe;jhy;> clNd mijf; fz;Ltplyhk;. mth;fs; $lNt mth;fsJ Rthurpakhdr; nray;fSk; Ngr;Rk; $l;lj;jpdh; kj;jpapYk; Clhb mth;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;ijf; fhl;bf; nfhLf;Fk;. mth;fsJ nkd;ikahd czh;Tg;G+h;tkhd nray;fs; mth;fis njhpe;jth;fs; kj;jpapy; tpUk;gj;jf;fth;fsha; cah;jJ ; k;. kpFe;j Mh;tKk; ek;gpf;ifAk; vg;NghJk; ntspf;fhl;Lk; tifapy; ele;J nfhs;thh;fs;. mjdhy; mth;fsJ Neh;ikAk; JLf;Fj;jdKk; midtiuAk; mth;fsplk; ek;gpf;if nfhs;Sk;gbr; nra;Ak;. vg;NghJNk mth;fs; Ngr;R cs;sj;jpypUe;J ,Uf;Fk;. mit cz;ikAk; fglkw;Wk; Kw;Nghf;fhdth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.

tUk; thh;ji ; jfsha; ,Uf;Fk;. mth;fs;

mth;fs; ,aw;ifapy; Ml;lKk; NtfKk; nfhz;lth;fs;. vijAk; mirf;fty;y kdpjh;fs;. jdf;F Ntz;baijg; ngw ve;jnthU ntl;fKk; glhky; nray;gl ty;yth;fs;. mth;fs; mjpfhuj; jd;ikNa mth;fSf;F gy rkak; vjphpahfptpLk; tha;gG ; cz;L. mth;fs; rpy Neuq;fspy; Mo;eJ ; rpe;jpf;fhky; Ngrp vjpuhspapd; kdijg; Gz;gl itf;Fk; jd;ik cilath;fs;. jq;fs; Kl;lhs;jdkhd nray;fs; kw;Wk; KbTfshy; tUj;jg;gl;lhYk;> clNd mij tpl;L ntspNa tu Kaw;rp nra;thh;fs;. jq;fsJ jtiw czh;eJ ; NkYk; mjpf 38

jd;dk;gpf;ifAld; clNd nray;glf; $bath;fs;. mth;fsJ Gj;jprhypj;jdKk; gpbthjKk; mth;fs; ve;jj; Jiwf;Fr; nrd;whYk;> mjpy; gpufhrpf;fr; nra;Ak;. mth;fs; rhjpf;fg; gpwe;jth;fs; vd;Nw nrhy;yyhk;. vjph;ff ; Ntz;ba rkaq;fspy;> tpjpia nehe;J nfhz;L mikjpaha; ,Uf;f khl;lhh;fs;> vjph;ff ; j; Jzpthh;fs;. mth;fs; Ntiy nra;tjpYk; mjpfhuk; nra;tjpYk; jpwik tha;ej ; th;fs;. Nky; jl;by; ,Uf;f vd;d nra;a Ntz;LNkh mijr; nra;J nfhz;Nl ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fSf;F kpf cah;ej ; nray;fisr; nra;J rhjpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w cWjpAk;; Mh;tKk; ,Ue;j NghJk;> mth;fshy; mij mila kpfTk; Nghuhl Ntz;Lk;. kpf cauj;jpw;F vspjpy; nry;y Kbahky; jtpg;ghh;fs;. buhfd;thrpfs; ey;yNjh nfl;lNjh vijr; nra;jhYk;> mLj;jth; fz;zpypUe;J jg;gNt KbahJ. mth;fs; nra;Ak; fhhpaq;fs; vg;NghJNk vy;yhUf;Fk; njhpAk; nra;jpahfptpLk;. thjk; nra;tjpYk; mth;fs; ty;yth;fs;. mth;fis ntw;wp nfhs;tJ kpfTk; fbdkhd fhhpak;. mth;fs; rthiy Neubaha; vjph; nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fis vjphpahfNth Nfhgk; nfhs;sNth nra;Jtpl;lhy;> mth;fs; tplhky; Juj;jf; $bath;fs;. mth;fs; jq;fis vy;NyhUk; tpUk;Gthh;fs; vd;W jhdhfNt vz;zpf; nfhz;L nray;gLthh;fs;. mth;fs; gpbthjkha; ,Ue;jhYk; mw;gFzk; nfhz;lth;fsha; ,Uf;f khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; jq;fsJ czh;Tfis kiwj;Jf; nfhs;tJ fbdk;. mij kiwf;fTk; Kay khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; jq;fsJ ufrpaq;fisNaf; fhf;fj; jLkhWthh;fs;. mjdhy; ek;gpf;ifia neLehl;fSf;F jhf;Fg;gpbf;f KbahJ. nray;fisr; nra;J Kbg;gjpNyNa Fwpaha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. buhfd; nray;ghl;bw;F ngah; Nghd rpd;dnkd;gjhy; mth;fs; mLj;jth;fis Cf;Ftpf;f ty;yth;fs;. mth;fs; Ntfkha;r; nray;gl vz;zk; nfhz;lth;fs; vd;gjhy; mth;fSf;F mijr; nra;tjpy; Vw;gLk; jtWfisf; ftdpf;f Neuk; fpilf;fhJ. mjdhy; buhfd;thrpfNs> vg;NghJk; nray;fisr; nra;a jiyfPoha; tpOtij tpl;L> mij Muha;eJ ; nray;gLjy; eyk; gaf;Fk;. mth;fs; jq;fisr; rf;jp tha;ej ; th;fsha;; fUJthh;fs;. gy nray;fis xNu Neuj;jpy; jpwk;glr; nra;Ak; jd;ikAk; mth;fsplj;jpy; cz;L. mfyf; fhy; itg;gth;fs;. nky;tjw;F mjpfkhfNt fbj;Jr; rhg;gpLthh;fs;. Jd;gg;gLk; Neuq;fspy;> mfe;ijapd; fhuzkha; mLj;jth;fsplk; cjtp Nfl;f tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; mfe;ijAk; fh;tKk; nfhz;l fhuzj;jhy; jdpNa nray;gLtJ Nghd;W Njhd;wpdhYk;> mit Kf;fpaf; fhuzq;fshfh. mth;fs; kpFe;j Nfhgf;fhuh;fs;. Nfhgk; te;jhy; vd;d elf;Fk; vd;W nrhy;yNt KbahJ. 39

buhfd;thrpfsplk; ,Uf;Fk; JLf;Fj;jdkhd ehf;Fk; jhd;.

Ntz;lhj

Fzk;

jiyf;fdKk;>

typik> RWRWg;G> Xbf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk; jd;ik ngw;wth;fs;. jq;fsplkpUe;J vij vjph;ghh;ff ; pwhh;fNsh mijNa mLj;jthplKk; vjph;ghh;ghh;fs;. rpy rkaq;fspy; nrhy;tijj; jhd; nra;ahky; mLj;jth;fSf;F Nghjpg;gJk; elf;Fk;. mjpfj; jd;dk;gpf;if> mLj;jth;fis Fiw nrhy;tJ> jhNd $l;lq;fSf;Fj; jiytd; vd;w vz;zk;> mjpf RWRWg;ghd NghjpYk; kpf Ntfj;Jld; nray;gLk; jd;ik Jd;gj;ij tutiof;f ty;yJ. njhopy; murpay;thjpfs;> kUj;Jth;fs;> mikr;rh;fs;> fiyQh;fsha; ,Uf;fj; jFe;jth;fs;. mth;fs; rhpahdj; njhopiy Njh;T nra;Jtpl;lhy;> mjpy; mth;fSf;F ntw;wp epr;rak;. mjw;Nf jq;fis mh;gg ; zpj;Jf; nfhz;LtpLthh;fs;. mjdhy; mth;fis ntw;wp ngWtjpypUe;J jLf;fNt KbahJ. nry;thf;Fk; Fwpf;NfhSk; nfhz;lth;fs;. ,th;fs; jhq;fshf tpjpj;j tpjpfspd;gb jq;fs; tho;fi ; fia tho;gth;fs;. jdpahf tpl;lhy;> ngUk;ghYk; mth;fs; ntw;wp ngWthh;fs;. mth;fs; Ra Cf;fk; nfhz;L> Nghl;bfis vjph;nfhz;L> Jzpe;J fhhpaq;fisr; nra;a ty;yth;fs;. mth;fs; nra;Ak; fhhpaq;fis tpUk;gpr; nra;thh;fs;. mij gpuk;khz;lkha;; nra;a tpUk;Ggth;fs;. ,e;j tpUg;gKk; Mh;tKk; rpy rkak; mth;fis Nrhh;tilr; nra;J mjpUg;jpiaAk; juf; $Lk;. buhfd;thrpfs; kw;wth; gpd; Nghtijf; fhl;bYk;> top elj;jpr; nry;y tpUg;gk; nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fs; GjpJ Gjpjha; gilf;Fk; gilj;jy; njhopypy; Nkyhsh;> fzpg;nghwp ty;Yeh;> tof;fwpQh;> nghwpahsh;> fl;bl epGzh;> tpahghhp> jufh; Nghd;w Ntiyfs; ,th;fSf;F cfe;j NtiyfshFk;. cwT fhjypy; mth;fs; ngUk;ghYk; Njhy;tpiaj; jOTthh;fs;. mth;fs; ,jaq;fis cilf;f ty;yth;fs;. mth;fs; ,stajpy; ngUk;ghYk; kzk; nra;J nfhs;s tpUk;gkhl;lhh;fs;. jdpaha; tho;tjpy; kfpo;rr ; pAk; jpUg;jpAk; nfhs;gth;fs;. buhfd;thrpfSf;F mstpw;F mjpfkhd ez;gh;fSk;> Nghw;Wgth;fSk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; kpfTk; nkd;ikahdth;fs;. mjdhy; gphpTfs; mth;fisg; nghpJk; ghjpf;Fk;. mjdhNyNa jdp tho;fi ; f tho tpUk;Ggth;fs;. 40

mth;fs; ez;gh;fSf;Fk; cwtpdh;fSf;Fk; cz;ikahdth;fsha; ele;J nfhs;thh;fs;. Ntz;ba NghJ fhg;ghw;w Kd; epw;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; jhd; cjtpf;F Kjy; Msha; epw;ghh;fs;. mbf;fb mLj;jtUf;F cjtp nra;Ak; buhfd;thrpfs;> jq;fSf;nfd cjtp Nfl;fj; jaq;Fthh;fs;. mth;fsJ jd;ikAk;> elj;ijAk; gyiu mth;fSld; gof itj;jhYk;> mth;fs; mbg;gilapy; jdpik tpUk;gpfs;. mjdhNyNa mth;fs; jdpj;J tplg;gl;lhy; fhhpaq;fisr; nrt;tNdr; nra;J Kbg;ghh;fs;. fhjiy tpl;Lf; nfhLj;jhYk; nfhLg;ghh;fNsnahopa> Rje;jpuj;ij tpl;Lf; nfhLf;f tpUk;gkhl;lhh;fs;. mth;fsJ JLf;Fj;jdkhd Ngr;Rk; NfhgKk; mth;fs; cld; ,Ug;gth;fis tUj;jf; $baJ. mjdhy; mth;fs; jplk; kpf;fth;fsha; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mth;fs; neUq;fpa ez;gh;fsplKk; cwtpdh;fsplKk; kl;LNk jq;fspd; Rf Jf;fq;fis vLj;Jr; nrhy;yp md;igg; nghopaf; $bath;fs;. cly; eyk; fbd ciog;ig tpUk;Gk; ,th;fs; ngUk;ghYk; MNuhf;fpak; kpf;fth;fs;. Jzpfukhd fhhpaq;fspy; mjpfk; elj;jy; Nghd;w gapw;rpfs; mth;fsJ cliyAk; kdijAk; ed;Kiwapy; itf;f cjTk;. mth;fs; kpfTk; czh;Tg;G+h;tkhdth;fs;. kdf;fpsh;rr ; p nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs;.

,Ue;jhYk;

mth;fs;

buhfd; tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs; ghuj; uj;dh tpUJ ngw;w ghlfp vk;. v];. Rg;Gyl;Rkp> ghlfp vk;. vy;. tre;jFkhhp> fhh; ge;ja tPuh; eNud; fhh;jj ; pNfad;> Njrgf;jh; jpUg;G+h; Fkud;> njhopyjpgh; N[. Mh;. b. lhlh> Kd;dhs; FbauRj; jiyth; fpahdp n[ay; rpq;> cjtpf;fuk; ePlb ; a Gshud;]; iel;bq;Nfy;> tPuhq;fid N[hd; Mg; Mh;f>; kNdhjj;Jt epGzh; rpf;kz;l; gpuhl;> ebfh; fpD hPt] ; >; fhy;ge;jhl;l tPuh; Nuhdhy;Nlh mjph;\l ; vz;fs;

3> 4> 5> 6> 15> 21> 34> 35> 36> 45.

xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; fs : Fuq;F> vyp> ghk;G> Nrty; xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs; fs :

vUJ> ML> eha;

%yff; %yff; Fzq;fs; buhfd;thrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ.

NghJ

ntt;NtW 41

neUg;G buhfd; (gpg;uthp 03>1916 - [dthp 22>1917 [dthp 31>1976 - gpg;uthp 17>1977) Fzq;fs; ,uf;fk;> vjph; nfhs;Sjy;> Neh;ik Nghd;w ew;Fzq;fs; cilath;fs;. czh;rr ; pg; Nghuhl;lk; mjpfk; nfhz;lth;fs;. mtruKk;> Mh;tKk; jtwhd KbTfis vLf;fj; J}z;Lk;. mj;jifath;fspd; Ntfk; fl;Lg;gl Ntz;Lk;. czh;Tfis fl;Lf;Fs; itf;f Kay Ntz;Lk;. ku buhfd; (gpg;uthp 16>1904 - gpg;uthp 03>1905 gpg;uthp 13>1964 - gpg;uthp 01>1965) Fzq;fs; mfq;fhuk;> tpl;Lf; nfhLj;jy;> ntFspj;jdk;> fglkw;w jd;ik cilath;fs;. mLj;jth;fspd; vz;zq;fSf;F kjpg;Gf; nfhLg;gth;fs;. mth;fs; fiy eak; rpwe;jJ. mLj;jth;fsplk; ed;F gofpdhYk;> mjpfhuk; nrYj;Jthh;fs;. mth;fs; gilg;G Kaw;rpfspy; ifj; Njh;ej ; th;fs;. G+kp buhfd; ([dthp 23>1928 - gpg;uthp 09>1929 gpg;uthp 17> 1988 - gpg;uthp 05> 1989) Fzq;fs; tPuk;> tpNtfk;> epiyahd jd;ik cilath;fs;. cy;yhrpfs;. buhfd; epyj;jpy; Cd;wp ,Ug;gjhy;> mth;fs; KbTfisr; rhpaha; vLg;ghh;fs;. rkNehf;F cilath;fs;. jq;fsJ nray;fisf; fl;Lf;Fs; itj;jpUg;gth;fs;. mLj;jth;fis Mjhpj;jhYk;> jd;id Nghw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;Zthh;fs;. eilKiwr; nray;ghLfis ek;Ggth;fs;. cNyhf buhfd; (gpg;uthp 08>1940 - [dthp 26>1941 gpg;uthp 05>2000 - [dthp 23> 2001) Fzq;fs; cz;ik> Ntfk;> tisahj jd;ik> jplk;> JzpT nfhz;lth;fs;. cNyhfk;> buhfd; rpd;dj;jpd; gyj;ij NkYk; gyg;gLj;jf; $baJ. mth;fs; nfhs;if gpbg;Gf; nfhz;lth;fs;. jhd; ek;Gtij nray;gLj;jg; NghuhLthh;fs;. jd;Dila fUj;Jfis vjph;gg ; th;fSld; ,Uf;f mjpfk; tpUk;Gthh;fs;. jiyik jhq;Fk; Fzk; ngw;wth;fs;. mth;fspd; gpd; elf;f gyh; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. 42

ePh; buhfd; ([dthp 27>1952 - gpg;uthp 13>1953 [dthp 23> 2012 - gpg;uthp 09>2013) Fzq;fs; ePh>; buhfdpd; Mf;Nuh\j;ij rw;Nw kl;Lg;gLj;j ty;yJ. mh;gg ; zpg;G Fzk; nfhz;lth;fs;. ek;gpf;iff;Fg; ghj;jpukhdth;fs;. ek;gj; jFe;jth;fs;. mLj;jth;fspd; fzpg;Gfis rPh; J}f;fpg; ghhg;g ; th;fs;. mth;fs; vg;NghJNk rhpahd KbTfis vLf;ff; $bath;fs; my;y. mth;fs; KbTfs; Muhag;gl;l Kbtha; ,Ue;jhy;> kw;wth;fspd; fUj;JfSk; mjpy; mlq;fp ,Ue;jhy;> KbT rhpahdjha; ,Uf;ff; $Lk;. ePqf ; s; buhfd; tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;ghP f ; s; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;. buhfd; tUlg; gyd;fs; buhfd; tUlk; re;Njhrj;ijAk; s: mjph;\l ; j;ijAk; jUk;. mJ rf;jp tha;ej ; > gyk; nghUe;jpa rpd;dk;. mjdhy; ,aw;ifr; rPww ; k; mjpfk; ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> ey;yd gy elf;Fk;. jpUkzk; nra;gth;fs;> Gjpa njhopiy Muk;gpg;gth;fs; ,e;j tUlj;jpy; nra;jhy;> ed;ik ngWthh;fs;.

43

6 rhfrf;fhug; ghk;G (1905 1917 1929 1941 1953 1965 1977 1989 2001 2013 2025 2037 2049) Neuk; fhiy 9:00 Kjy; 11:00 tiu chpa jpir njw;F> njd; fpof;F chpa fhyq;fs; tre;j fhyk;> Nk khjk; epiyahd %yfk; %yfk neUg;G apd;-ahq; ahq apd; flTsh;fs; itj;j Mw;iwf; flf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; vyp> vUJ> Gyp> Kay;> buhfd; Kjy; Ie;J ,lq;fspy; te;jd. buhfd; te;J Nrh;ej ; gpd;> Fok;Gr; rj;jk; Nfl;L flTsh;fs; me;jg; gf;fk; ghh;jj ; dh;. fiuia vl;Lk; Neuj;jpy; jpBnud Fjpiuapd; Fok;gpypUe;J ghk;G ntsp te;jJ. ,ijf; fz;L gae;J gpd; thq;fpaJ Fjpiu. ghk;G Mwhtjha; Nghl;bapy; te;jJ. flTsh;fs; mij tho;jj ; p tUlr; rf;fuj;jpd; MwhtJ rpd;dkha; njhpT nra;jhh;fs; vd;gJ fij. fPo; fz;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; ghk;G tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej ; th;fs; Mthh;fs;. gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp

04>1905 23>1917 10>1929 27>1941 14>1953 02>1965 18>1977 06>1989 24>2001 10>2013

-

[dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp

24>1906 10>1918 29>1930 14>1942 02>1954 20>1966 06>1978 26>1990 01> 2002 30> 2014

,dp ghk;Gthrpfspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;gN ; ghk;. Mokhd Mw;iwg; Nghy;> ghk;Gthrpfs; NkNyhl;lkha; mikjpaha;; njhpe;jhYk;> mth;fsJ vz;zq;fSk; czh;TfSk; kpfTk; MokhdJ> Mh;gg ; hl;lkw;wJ. ghk;Gthrpfs; rhfrf;fhuh;fshfTk; trPfuk; kpf;fth;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; Mo;ej ; rpe;jidahsh;fs;. mth;fs; vg;NghJk; G+lfkhdth;fs;. nkd;ikahdth;fs;. Gj;jfq;fis tpUk;gpg; gbg;gth;fs;. vy;yhf; fiyfisAk; Nghw;Wthh;fs;. tho;fi ; fapd; nky;ypa czh;TfisAk; urpf;f ty;yth;fs;. kw;w vy;yhiuAk;tplj; jq;fs; Nky; mjpf ek;gpf;if nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fs; jtW nra;tJ kpff; fbdk;. %lek;gpf;if nfhz;lth;fs;. re;Njfthjpfs;. kaf;ff; 44

$bath;fs;. NgRthh;fs;.

je;jputhjpfs;.

NgRk;

Kd;

kpfTk;

Nahrpj;Nj

mikjpahfTk; Mh;gg ; hl;lkpy;yhkYk; jhDz;L jd; NtiyAz;L vd;W ,Uf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. mLj;jth;fspd; ftdj;ijg; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mh;gg ; hl;lkhd nray;fspy; mijj; jpUk;gTk; nra;a khl;lhh;fs;. rj;jpak; jtWjiy mth;fs; kd;dpf;f khl;lhh;fs;. Njhy;tpia ntWg;gth;fs;. gz tpraj;jpy; kpfTk; mjph;\l ; rhypfs;. mth;fs; gzj;ijr; Nrkpg;gth;fs;. rpf;fdkhfTk; ftdkhfTk; mijg; ghJfhg;gh;. kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd tpraq;fspy;> mLj;jth;fspd; vz;zq;fisAk; MNyhridfisAk; ek;ghky;> jq;fsJ kdk; fhl;Lk; ghijapd; Nky; mjpf ek;gpf;if itj;Jr; nray;gLthh;fs;. jhd;> jdJ vz;zk;> jdJ nray; vd;W ,Ug;gth;fs; tho;fi ; fapy; Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfis vjph; Nehf;Fk; NghJk;> jq;fs; Mo;kdj;jpd; KbTfis Vw;W> nray;gl;L> me;j gpur;rpidfisj; jPhf ; f ; top NjLthh;fs;. ghk;Gthrpfs; kdj;jhy; Mo;rpe;ijAk;> ,aw;ifapy; nghwhik Fzk; nfhz;lth;fshAk;> tpyf;fg;gl;lhy; mij Vw;f Kbahj jd;ikiaAk; nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fisf; Nfhgk; nfhs;s itj;jhy;> mth;fs; thh;ji ; jfshy; fj;jhky; mikjpaha; ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. mth;fs; tQ;rk; itj;Jf; ftpo;ff ; Neuk; ghh;jJ ; f; fhj;jpUf;f ty;yth;fs;. ,aw;ifahfNt vijAk; $h;eJ ; Nehf;Fthh;fs;. MdhYk; re;Njfq;fisg; gfph;eJ ; nfhs;shky;> jq;fSf;Fs;shfNt itj;Jf; nfhs;thh;fs;. mLj;jth; tpraq;fspy; jiyapLjiy tpUk;ghjth;fs;. Ch; tk;G NgRtJ gpbf;fhj tprak;. ghk;Gthrpfs; mofha; cilayq;fhuk; nra;J nfhs;thh;fs;. ed;dlj;ij cilath;fs;. Kd; [hf;fpuijthrpfs;. mikjpahfNt fhzg;gLthh;fs;. jq;fs; cz;ik czh;TfSf;F kjpg;Gf; nfhLj;J elg;ghh;fs;. mth;fSf;F eifr;Rit czh;T mjpfk; ,Uf;Fk;. f\;lkhdr; #oypYk;> ,e;j czh;thy;> #oiy mD$ykhf;f ty;yth;fs;. jq;fisf; f\;lj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhYk;> mth;fs; jq;fs; gspr;rpLk; vz;zq;fistpl;Lf; nfhLf;f khl;lhh;fs;. gyKs;s J}z;fisg; Nghd;w mth;fspd; vz;zq;fs;> mth;fSf;F Fog;gf; fhyj;jpYk;> gpur;rpidfs; epiwe;j Neuj;jpYk;> epjhdkha; ftdkha; nray;gl itf;Fk;. 45

mth;fs; jq;fisg; gw;wpa mUikahd vz;zq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. tpiy kjpg;Gs;s nghUl;fis tpUk;Gthh;fs;. Nghypfis tpUk;ghky; cz;ikahd ey;y nghUl;fis thq;fpf; nfhs;s tpUk;Gthh;fs;. ghk;Gthrpfs; mjpfhuj;ijg; nghpJk; tpUk;Gthh;fs;. ntw;wpahsh;fisj; jq;fisr; Rw;wp ,Uf;Fk;gb ghh;jJ ; g; nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fis mjph;\l ; Kk; GfOk; jhNd Njb tUk;. Gj;jprhypj;jdk;> ed;dlj;ij> nghUs; Nky; gw;W vd;w Fzq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. KbTfs; vLf;f Ntz;ba Neuq;fspy; mth;fs; fzf;fha; Nahrpj;Jr; nray;gLthh;fNsnahopa> jtwhd #oiy cUthf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; tifapy; KbTfis vLf;f khl;lhh;fs;. jdf;F Ntz;Ltdtw;iw ngw> nra;a Ntz;baijr; nra;J> mr;nraiy Kbf;f ty;yth;fs;. tho;fi ; fapy; ngw Ntz;ba midj;Jg; nghUl;fisAk; jq;fisr; Rw;wp itj;Jf; nfhs;s tpUk;Gk; nghUshir nfhz;lth;fs; ,th;fs;. mth;fsJ ,y;yq;fisf; fhZk; NghJ mJ njhpAk;. kpfTk; Mlk;gukhdg; nghUs;fshy; tPli ; l myq;fhpj;J> mikjp Njl tpUk;Gthh;fs;. njhopy; mth;fsJ gy tpjkhd jpwikfSk; ,ay;ghd jd;ikfSk; mth;fis jiyik epiyf;F cah;jj ; ty;yit. ghk;Gthrpfis ed;F Ghpe;J nfhs;s Kbahtpl;lhYk;> kf;fs; mth;fisf; fz;L gpukpg;ghh;fs;. ghk;Gthrpfs; rpwe;j murpay;thjpfshfj; jpfo KbAk;. mth;fs; vij Ntz;LkhdhYk; Nguk; Ngr ty;yth;fs;. vd;d ele;jhYk;> ghk;Gthrpfs; jhq;fshfNt ve;jr; nraiyAk; nra;a Kay;thh;fs;. mth;fSf;F kdpjh;fis vg;gbg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ed;F njhpAk;. mth;fs; nra;Ak; nray;fs; gyTk; Kd;Ng jpl;lkplg; gl;litaha; ,Uf;Fk;. jq;fs; gjtpia filrp tiu jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;s Kay;thh;fs;. mjpf Ntiy nra;a tpUk;ghky;> nra;aj; jFe;j kpjkhd Ntiy gSit tpUk;Gk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fSf;F gzk; xU ghlha; ,Uf;fhJ. KjyPLfisg; gw;wp mth;fs; ftiyg;gl Ntz;ba mtrpak; ,Uf;fhJ. gzk; Njitg;gLk; NghJ> jtwhky; fpilj;J tpLk;. gz tpraj;jpy; mjph;\l ; k; ,Ue;j NghJk;> mth;fs; #jhl;lj;jpy; ehl;lk; itj;jy; Mgj;ij tpistpf;Fk;. ngUj;j e\;lj;ijg; ghh;ff ; Ntz;b tUk;. fbd ciog;ghspfsha; ,Ue;jhYk;> mbf;fb Ntiy khw;wk; nra;Ak; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. xNu khjphpahd Ntiy nra;tjhy;> Ntfkha; Nrhh;T mile;J> mLj;j Ntiyiaj; Njl Muk;gpg;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; gilg;ghspfshfTk; kpFe;j RWRWg;Gs;sth;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. 46

mth;fs; gpur;rpidfisj; jPhg ; g ; jpy; ty;yth;fs;. kpfTk; ,Wf;fkhdr; #oypYk; thoj; njhpe;jth;fs;. tpQ;Qhdp> Xtpah;> ghid tpidQh;> Mrhhp> Nrhjplh;> [hytpj;ijf;fhuh;> r%f Ma;thsh;> vOj;jhsh;> jj;JtQhdp> Mrphpah; Nghd;w Ntiyapy; rpwe;j epiyia mila KbAk;. tpahghu tptfhuq;fspy;> ghk;Gthrpfs; jq;fs; rhjidfis mLj;jth;fs; kjpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;Zthh;fs;. tpahghu tpraq;fspy; vr;rhpf;if mjpfk; Njit. cwT ghk;Gthrpfs; cwTfis nrhe;jk; nfhz;lhlj; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; jPtpuf; fhjyh;fshd NghJk; nghwhik kpf;ff; fhjyh;fs;. jq;fs; Fwpf;Nfhis mila vt;tsT J}uk; nry;thh;fs; vd;W ahUk; nrhy;y KbahJ. ,uf;fkw;wth;fs;. mth;fsJ %is fzpg;nghwp Ntfj;jpy; rjpahNyhrid nra;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;. ghk;Gthrpfs; jq;fs; Jizfis kpfTk; kjpg;Gf; nfhLj;J nrhe;jkhf;fpf; nfhs;s vz;Zthh;fs;. mjpy; nghwhikAk; nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fNs cwTfis ve;j mstpw;F itj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W KbT nra;gth;fs;. jd;Dila Jiziaj; Njh;T nra;j gpd;dNu> mth;fsJ kWgf;fj;ijf; fhl;Lthh;fs;. ghk;Gthrpfs; jq;fs; czh;Tfis mjpfkha; ntspf;fhl;bf; nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs;. jq;fSf;Fs;shfNt itj;Jf; nfhs;thh;fs;. vg;NghJk; mth;fis Vkhw;w vz;zhjPhf ; s;. Vndd;why; mijj; jpUg;gpf; nfhLf;fr; rkak; fpilf;Fk; tiu kwf;fTk; khl;lhh;fs;. ez;gh;fSf;F fld; nfhLf;f nghpJk; jaq;Fthh;fs;. mtrpaj;jpw;F mth;fs; fl;lhak; cjtj; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. f\;lg;gLgth;fisf; fz;lhy; kdkpuq;fp jd;dhyhdijr; nra;thh;fs;. ek;gpath;fSk; md;G nfhz;lth;fSk; Vkhw;Wk; NghJ Jf;fk; mjpfk; nfhs;thh;fs;. cly; eyk;; mikjpahd tho;fi ; f tho tpUk;Gthh;fs;. rj;jj;ij tpUk;ghky; mikjpia tpUk;Gk; kdk; cilath;fs;. kd mOj;jk; vspjpy; ngWth;. mikjpahd tho;fi ; fg; Nghf;F ,y;iynad;why; tUe;jp mOj;jk; nfhz;L jtpg;gh;. mg;gb mjpfkha; Ntiy nra;J nray;gl;lhy;> mth;fs; tho;ehs; FiwAk; jd;ik Vw;glyhk;.

47

ghk;G tUlj;ija gpugyq; gpugyq;fs; ,iraikg;ghsh; v. Mh;. u`khd;> kfhj;kh fhe;jp> Kd;dhs; jkpof Kjy;th; vk;.[p.Mh;> ftpQh; ituKj;J> fphpf;nfl; tPuh;fs; kfpy [ath;jNd> mutpe;j b rpy;th> ebfh; \hUf; fhd;> nld;dp]; Ml;l tPuh; tp[a; mkph;juh[;> Kd;dhs; mnkhpf;f mjpgh; [hd;. vg;. nfd;db> Xtpah; gg;Nyh gpfhNrh> mnkhpf;f murpay;thjp bf; rPdp> mnkhpf;fg; ghlfh; ghg; ilyd; mjph;\l ; vz;fs;

1> 2> 4> 6> 13> 24> 42> 46

xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; fs : Nrty;> vUJ xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs; fs :

gd;wp> Fuq;F

%yff; Fzq;fs; ghk;Gthrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ.

NghJ

ntt;NtW

neUg;G ghk;G (gpg;uthp 10>1929 - [dthp 29>1930 gpg;uthp 06>1989 - [dthp 26>1990) Fzq;fs; jd;dk;gpf;if> tise;J nfhLf;fhj jd;ik> gjtp kw;Wk; gyk; fhuzkha; Cf;fk; ngWk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. ntspg;gilahdth;fs;. vg;NghJk; jq;fsJ fUj;Jf;fisAk;> jq;fs; kdj;jpy; Njhd;WtijAk; khw;whwplk; nrhy;ypa tz;zk; ,Ug;gh;. midtUk; ,th;fspd; Ngr;irf; Nfl;L kfpo;th;. mth;fs; jhq;fs; nrhy;tNj rpwe;jJ vd;W ek;g itf;Fk; nrhy;td;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. ku ghk;G ([dthp 23>1917 - gpg;uthp 10>1918 gpg;uthp 18>1977 - gpg;uthp 06>1978) Fzq;fs; ,uf;f kdk;> cz;ik> ];jpuj; jd;ik> gFj;jwpT> trPfuk; ,th;fspd; ,ay;ghd Fzq;fs;. cwtpdh;fsplKk; ez;gh;fsplKk; rpwe;j gykhd cwT nfhz;L> mth;fSld; ,Ug;gijNa nghpJk; tpUk;Gth;. vt;tsT MjuT ,Ue;j NghJk;> kw;wth;fspd; MNyhridfisf; Nfl;gJ kpfTk; mhpJ.

48

G+kp ghk;G ([dthp 27> 1941 - gpg;uthp 14>1942 [dthp 24> 2001 - gpg;uthp 01> 2002) Fzq;fs; mikjp> jpUg;jp> Njhoik> Mo;ej ; mwpT cilath;fs;. MNyhridg; ngwj; jFe;jth;fs;. fbd ciog;ghy; tho;fi ; fapy; ey;y gyd;fis milth;. jq;fspd; Muha;eJ ; czUk; mwptpd; Nky; mjpfk; ek;gpf;if itj;J mijr; rhh;eJ ; ,Ug;gh;. ek;gpf;iff;F cfe;jth;. ek;gj; jFe;jth;. cNyhf ghk;G (gpg;uthp 14>1953 - gpg;uthp 02>1954 gpg;uthp 10> 2013 - [dthp 30> 2014) Fzq;fs; vr;rhpf;if jd;ik> tplhKaw;rp> jpl;lkpLk; jd;ik> RWRWg;G nfhz;lth;fs;. fw;gidf;Fk; vl;lhj mstpw;F> Fwpf;Nfhs; Nehf;fpNa mth;fs; vz;zk; ,Uf;Fk;. jq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;f Ntz;baij ve;jj; jil te;j NghJk; ngWk; Kaw;rp ,th;fsplj;jpy; cz;L. Njhy;tp vd;gJ ,th;fspd; mfuhjpapy; fpilahJ. gzj;ijf; nfhz;L jq;fSf;nfd njhlh;eJ ; vijNaDk; thq;fpa tz;zk; ,Ug;gh;. ePh; ghk;G (gpg;uthp 04>1905 - [dthp 24>1906 gpg;uthp 02>1965 - [dthp 20>1966) Fzq;fs; gzj;jpd; kPJ gw;W> Mo;ej ; rpe;ij> nghWik cilath;fs;. nry;thf;F> Cf;fk;> $hpa mwpT ,th;fspd; Fzj;ijf; Fwpj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gLk; thh;ji ; jfs;. FOtpy; rpwe;j Kiwapy; gzp nra;th;. ftdpg;igAk; ghuhl;ilAk; vjph;ghh;gg ; h;. kpf neUf;fkhdth;fsplk; kl;LNk jq;fs; czh;Tfisg; gfph;eJ ; nfhs;th;. ePqf ; s; ghk;G tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d nfhz;bUg;ghP f ; s; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;.

Fzq;fisf;

ghk;G tUlg; gyd;fs; s: ghk;G tUlk; khw;wq;fs; gytw;iwf; nfhz;L tUk;. Kaw;rpfSk;> NahridfSk; mjpfkha; ,Uf;Fk;.; mikjpaha; gy Gjpa Gjpa tpraq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gLk;. Mdhy; mikjpahd tUlkha; ,Uf;fhJ. kpfTk; fbdkhdr; #oy;> Ntw;Wikfs; jPhf ; f ; g;glhj fhuzq;fshy;> Nghh;> Nghuhl;lq;fs; mjpfkha; ,Uf;Fk;. ghk;G tUlk; kpfTk; vjph;kiwahd rf;jpfis cUthf;Fk; tUlk;. 49

7 Gj;jprhypf; Fjpiu (1904 1918 1930 1942 1954 1966 1978 1990 2002 2014 2026 2038 2050) Neuk; fhiy 11:00 Kjy; kjpak; 1:00 tiu chpa jpir njw;F chpa fhyq;fs; Nfhil fhyk;> [{d; khjk; epiyahd %yfk; %yfk neUg;G apd;-ahq; ahq ahq; fPof ; z;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; Fjpiu tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej ; th;fs; Mthh;fs;. [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp

25>1906 11>1918 30>1930 15>1942 03>1954 21>1966 07>1978 27>1990 12> 2002 31>2014

-

gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp

12>1907 31>1919 16>1931 04>1943 23>1955 08>1967 27>1979 14>1991 31>2003 18>2015

,dp Fjpiuthrpfspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;gN ; ghk;. Fjpiuthrpfs; rpwe;j Gj;jprhypfs;. Gjpa tpraq;fis clDf;Fld; Ghpe;J nfhs;s ty;yth;fs;. cw;rhfk; kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;. vy;NyhuhYk; tpUk;gg;gLgth;fs;. gpbthjf;fhuh;fs;. rkaq;fspy; vhpr;rYl;bdhYk;> goFtjw;F cfe;jth;fs;. cz;ik> Njhoik> jpwe;j kdk; Nghd;w Fzq;fisg; ngw;wth;fs;. Rje;jpukha;> eLT epiyik nfhz;ltuha;> jpwikfs; gyTk; nfhz;ltuha;> #oYf;F Vw;g jd;id nghUj;jpf; nfhs;gtuha;> vg;NghJk; JWJWg;Gld; caph;gG ; ld; ,Ug;gth;fs;. czh;Tg;G+h;tkhdth;fs;. kdpjh;fisAk; #oiyAk; rhpaha; vil Nghl ty;yth;fs;. jq;fSf;Fg; gpbj;jij jd; topapNyNa nra;Ak; Rje;jpuj;ij tpUk;Ggth;fs;. Ntfkha; KbTfis vLf;ff; $bath;fs;. kwjp> rkaq;fspy; gpur;rpidfisf; nfhLf;Fk;. ,Ue;jhYk; nra;tijr; nra;J Kbf;f Kay;th;. ek;gfkhdth;fs;. nghwhik Fzkw;wth;fs;. Neuj;ij tPzhf;Fgth;fs;. ml;ltizg;gb elf;f tpUg;ghjth;fs;. ez;gh;fs; FOtpy; gyh; ,Ue;jhYk; jhd; nra;a Ntz;ba Ntiyiaj; jhd; tpUk;gpa topapy; nra;a vz;zk; nfhz;L nray;gLth;. 50

gyk;> Ntfk;> gof ,yFthd Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. Kf;fpa eguha; vz;zg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fpNyNa nray;gLth;. re;Njhrkha; tho;fi ; f tho Ntz;Lk; vd;w Fwpf;Nfhs; nfhz;lth;fs; vd;gjhy;> $l;lq;fspy; jq;fsJ eifr;Rit %yk; $bAs;sth;fis re;Njhrg;gLj;Jth;. gy Ntiyfis xNu Neuj;jpy; nra;af; $ba rf;jp gilj;jth;fs;. Mdhy; njhlq;fpa gy Ntiyfis Kbf;f khl;lhh;fs;. Vndd;why; mLj;j re;jh;gg ; j;ij vjph;ghh;jN ; j Ntiy nra;fpd;w fhuzj;jpdhy;> ,Uf;Fk; Ntiyfis mg;gbNa Nghl;L tpl;L> mLj;j Ntiyf;Fj; jhtp tpLthh;fs;. mth;fs; jq;fisg; gw;wpNa mjpfk; vz;zpf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk; fhuzkha;> VjhtJ jhd; tpUk;gpagb elf;ftpy;iynad;why;> mjw;fhff; Nfhgg;gl;L> gf;fj;jpy; cs;sth;fisr; rhLthh;fs;. mth;fs; NgRtjpy; Rfk; fhz;gth;fs;. mth;fs; cw;rhfk; kpff; nfhz;L> khWjy;fis tuNtw;gth;fs;. rpy Neuq;fspy; mth;fs; mjpff; Nfhgk;> mfe;ij> %h;ff ; jdk; nfhz;lth;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. ,d;W tho;. ehis ghh;jJ ; f; nfhs;syhk; vd;w nfhs;if cilath;fs;. FjpiuthrpfSf;F mth;fsJ czh;Tfisf; fhl;l tha;gG ; nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. nghWikaw;wth;fs;. Nfhgk; kpff; nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fs; vr;rhpf;ifAld; nray;gl Kay Ntz;Lk;. Jzpr;ry;kpf;fth;fs;. $h;ikahd mwpT nfhz;lth;fshjyhy; gz tpraq;fis jpwk;glf; ifahsf; $bath;fs;. Rakha; vijAk; nra;a ty;yth;fs;. cw;rhfg; Ngh;topfs;. clw;gapw;rpAk; kdg;gapw;rpAk; tpUg;gkhdit. Ntfkha; Xlhlf; $bath;fs;. Ntfkha; NgrpdhYk; espdkha; NgRth;. jhd; tpUk;gpa topapy; vJk; elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mirg;gLth;. mg;gb elf;ftpy;iynad;why; MNtrg;gLth;. vij tplTk; jq;fs; Rje;jpuj;ij tpUk;Gth;. ahiuAk; Nguhirf; fz;NzhL ghh;ff ; khl;lhh;fs;. vijAk; cilik nfhz;lhl khl;lhh;fs;. kpfTk; mikjpaha; ,Ug;gh;. cs;Szh;itr; rhh;ej ; pUg;gh;. Fjpiuthrpfs; Gjpa Gjpa vz;zq;fs; nfhz;lth;fs;. fbdkhd gpur;rpidfSf;Fk; Gjpa topapy; jPhT ; fhz;gh;. xU fUj;Jj; Njhd;wpaJNk> mijr; nra;J Kbf;fj; Jbg;gh;. Ntiyia Kbf;Fk; tiu Neuk; fhyk; ghh;ff ; khl;lhh;fs;. Neukpd;ik fhuzkha; ve;j KbitAk; tpiutpy; vLf;fj; Jbg;gh;. jtwhd Kbtha; ,Ue;jhYk; rhp> Neuj;ij tPzbf;fhky; KbT vLj;jhy; rhp. njhopy; gy fhhpaq;fis xNu Neuj;jpy; nra;Ak; jpwk; gilj;jth;fs;. nray;fs; ele;J nfhz;L ,Uf;Fk; NghNj> mijj; jd; topNa nra;a ty;yth;fs;. Neuk; fhyk; ghuhky; ciof;ff; $bath;fs;. mth;fs; 51

nghpJk; fisg;gilAk; NghJ kl;LNk Ntiyr; nra;tij epWj;Jthh;fs;. mth;fSf;F md;whlk; nra;Ak; Ntiy ml;ltiz vd;gnjy;yhk; gpbf;fhj xd;W. Neug;gb fhhpak; nra;a tpUk;ghjth;fs;. vg;NghJk; jq;fis VNjhnthU nraypy; mth;fs; vy;yh NtiyfisAk; jpwk;glr; nra;thh;fs;. mth;fs; ey;y kf;fs; njhlh;ghsh;fs;. gjtp> mjpfhuk;; tpUg;gj;jf;f tpraq;fs;. ftpQh;> gazf;fl;Liuahsh;> vOj;jhsh;> murpay;thjp> Jzpfur; nray;fs; nra;gth;> gj;jphpf;ifahsh;> nkhopngah;gg ; hsh;> nkhop fw;gpg;gth;> Rw;Wyh cjtpahsh;> E}yfh;> tpkhd Xl;Leh;> tpw;gidahsh;> tpsk;gug;gzpahsh; gzpfs; cfe;jit. cwT midtiuAk; ftuj;jf;fth;fs;. mth;fs; Njhoik Fzk; mjpfk; nfhz;lth;fshjyhy;> epiwa kdpjh;fs; $bapUf;Fk; $l;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhs;s tpUk;Gthh;fs;. Nerpf;Fk; mNj Ntfj;jpy; ntWf;fTk; nra;thh;fs;. Ntfkhf ez;gh;fshthh;fs;. mNj Ntfj;jpy; goFtjpy; Mh;tkw;Wk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. rl;nld KbT vLf;ff;$bath;fs; vd;gjhy;> vijAk; Ntfj;Jld; nra;th;. mjdhy; cld; ,Ug;gth;fSf;F mth;fSld; xj;Jg; NghtJ rw;Nw rpukk;. xt;nthU Gjpa cwtpYk;> jd;Dila KO xj;Jiog;igAk; juf; $bath;fs;. ,j;jifa jd;ik mth;fsJ gpw;fhy tho;tpy; ];jpukhd> gykhd cwtpid Vw;gLj;jf; $baJ. md;gpw;fhf vijAk; nfhLf;fj; jahuha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. Fjpiuthrp tPlb ; y; ,Ue;jhy;> tPlb ; y; ,Ug;gth;fs; midtuJ ftdKk; mth;fsplk; ,Uf;Fk;gb ele;J nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fs; vg;NghJk; eLehafkha; ,Ue;J> vy;yhk; mth;fisr; Rw;wp elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;Zk; ,ay;gpdh;. mjw;F ghprhf> cioj;J> vy;NyhUlDk; mijg; gfph;eJ ; nfhs;th;. cly; eyk; eyk; MNuhf;fpakhd cly; nfhz;lth;fs;. tho;fi ; fiar; rhp Nehf;fpy; fhz;gjhy;> mth;fs; cly;epiy ed;whfNt ,Uf;Fk;. tpisahl;by; Mh;tk; mjpfk; cs;sth;fs;. mth;fis ntl;l ntspapy; tpl;L tpl;lhy;> kpFe;j cw;rhfj;Jld; nray;gLth;. fl;bg; Nghl;lhy; kl;LNk NehAWth;. J}f;fkpd;ik Nehapdhy; jtpf;Fk; tha;gG ; k; cz;L. 52

Fjpiu tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs; kfhftp ghujpahh;> fh;ehlf ,irf;fiyQh;; ghyKusp fpU\;zh> Kd;dhs; gpujkh; ,e;jpuh fhe;jp> Kd;dhs; [dhjpgjp lhf;lh; rq;fh; jahs; \h;kh> ftpQh; gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahzRe;juk;> vOj;jhsh;fs; Mh;. Nf. ehuhazd;> rptrq;fhp> ebfh;fs;; fky`hrd;> mkpjhg; gr;rd;> ebfh;fs; fpspz;l; ,];lT ; l;> `hprd; Nghh;l>; ghlfp [Ndl; [hf;rd;> Fj;Jr; rz;il tPuh; ikf; ilrd;> Kd;dhs; mnkhpf;f mjpgh; Nll;b &];nty;l>; njhopyjpgh; thud; gngl; mjph;\l ; vz;fs;

1> 3> 4> 8> 13> 14> 41> 43

xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; fs : eha;> Gyp> ML xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs; fs :

vyp> Fuq;F

%yff; Fzq;fs; Fjpiuthrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ.

NghJ

ntt;NtW

neUg;G Fjpiu ([dthp 25>1906 - gpg;uthp 12>1907 [dthp 21>1966 - gpg;uthp 08>1967) Fzq;fs; cWjpahdth;fs;. Kuzhdth;fs;. kd cWjp %yk; nray;gLth;fs;. kaf;Fgth;fs;. cs;Sf;Fs; vg;NghJk; jP nfhOe;J tpl;L vhpe;J nfhz;L ,Uf;Fk;. mth;fs; tho;fi ; fapd; Kidapy; tho tpUk;Ggth;. khw;wq;fSf;F vg;NghJk; jahuha; ,Ug;gh;. khw;wNk Rthurpak; vd;W vz;Zgth;fs;. fUj;jpy; cWjpAilath;fs;. vq;FNk neUg;Gf; Fjpiuthrpfs; fUj;Jf;fspd; vy;iyapy; epw;f khl;lhh;fs;. ku Fjpiu (gpg;uthp 03>1954 - [dthp 23>1955 [dthp 31>2014 - gpg;uthp 18>2015) Fzq;fs; cjTjy;> ek;gfj; jd;ik Fzq;fs;. Kd;Ndw;wk; ngw ngw Cf;fj;Jld; ciof;f ty;yth;fs;. cWjp> typik> jpwkhd KbT mth;fspd; Kf;fpa jd;ikfs;. khw;whUld; ed;F goFth;. mth;fsplk; neUq;fpa cwTfspYk; njhopy; rhh;ej ; tpraq;fspYk; ntw;wp ngWk; jpwk; cz;L. G+kp Fjpiu 53

(gpg;uthp 11>1918 - [dthp 31>1919 gpg;uthp 07>1978 - [dthp 27>1979) Fzq;fs; ek;gfj;jd;ik> tpNtfk;> epjhdk;> jPhf ; khd KbT vLf;Fk; jd;ik cilath;fs;. vt;tsT fhykhdhYk;> jq;fs; Fwpf;NfhSf;fhf Kaw;rp nra;J nfhz;Nl ,Ug;gh;. vy;yhg; gf;fq;fspypUe;Jk; #oiy Muhae;J ed;Kbit vLg;gh;. #oYf;F Vw;g jq;fis nghUj;jpf; nfhs;th;. mth;fs; Ntbf;ifahdth;fSk; $l. cNyhf Fjpiu ([dthp 30>1930 - gpg;uthp 16>1931 [dthp 27>1990 - gpg;uthp 14>1991) Fzq;fs; ghrk;> mfe;ij> gpbthjk; nfhz;lth;fs;. Nghl;bapdhy; Cf;fk; nfhz;L ciog;ghh;fs;. nrhd;d thf;if rhjhuzkhf vLj;Jr; nray;gLth;. nghWg;igf; nfhLj;J mth;fis vspjpy; mr;RWj;jyhk;. xU cwtpypUe;J kw;nwhU cwT> xU NtiyapypUe;J kw;nwhU Ntiy vd;W ,Uf;f tpUk;Gth;. mjdhy; Jizia tplTk; mth;fSf;F ez;gh;fs; mjpfk; ,Ug;gh;. ePh; Fjpiu Fjpiu (gpg;uthp 15>1942 - gpg;uthp 04>1943 gpg;uthp 12> 2002 - [dthp 31>2003) Fzq;fs; Ra fUj;Jf;fspy; gw;Wilath;fs;. nrayhy; Cf;fk; nfhs;gth;fs;. cy;yhrg; Ngh;topfs;. Kuzhdth;fs;. #oYf;F jq;fis vspjpy; nghUj;jpf; nfhs;th;. Mdhy; vspjpy; KbT vLf;f Kbahjth;fs;. XLfpw Xl;lj;jpy; nry;y tpUk;Gth;. jpwkhd KbTfis vLf;f Kbahj fhuzj;jhy; vg;NghJk; mLj;jth;fis Fog;gj;jpy; Mo;jj ; ty;yth;fs;. ,J rw;Nw njhe;juthf ,Ue;j NghJk;> ePh; Fjpiuthrpfs; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ kfpo;rr ; p juf;$baNj. mjdhy; cld; ,Ug;gth;fs; mjw;Fg; gofp tpLth;. ePqf ; s; Fjpiu tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;ghP f ; s; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;. Fjpiu tUlg; gyd;fs; s: Fjpiu tUlk; Kd;Ndw;wk; jUk; tUlk;. kfpo;rr ; pfukhdJ. Jzpr;ryhd fhhpaq;fs; nra;aj; jFe;j tUlk;. jpUg;jpiaj; jUk; tUlk;. JzpTk;> ijhpaKk; mjpfkha; nray;gLkhjyhy; tsh;rr ; p cau caur; nry;Yk;. ];jpukhd #oy; 54

,Ue;jNghJk;> kw;w tUlq;fspy; rk;gtq;fs; epr;rak; elf;Fk;.

elg;gd

Nghd;W

mjpu

itf;Fk;

55

8 gilghsp ML (1907 1919 1931 1943 1955 1967 1979 1991 2003 2015 2027 2039 2051) Neuk; kjpak; 1:00 Kjy; 3:00 tiu chpa jpir njw;F> njd;Nkw;F chpa fhyq;fs; Nfhil fhyk;> [_iy khjk; epiyahd %yfk; %yfk neUg;G apd;-ahq; ahq apd; flTsh;fs; itj;j Mw;iwf; flf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; vyp> vUJ> Gyp> Kay;> buhfd;> ghk;G> Fjpiu Kjy; VO ,lq;fspy; te;jd. Fjpiu te;J Nrh;ej ; gpd;> ML> Fuq;F> Nrty; %d;Wk; flTsh;fspd; fz;fspy; njd;gl;ld. ,k;Kd;W tpyq;FfSk; xUtUf;F xUth; cjtp nra;J nfhz;Nl fiuia te;J Nru Kad;wd. Nrty; xU kug; gyifiaf; fz;Lgpbj;J> kw;w ,uz;L tpyq;FfisAk; mjpy; Vwr; nra;J mioj;J te;jJ. topapy; ,Ue;j Gjh;fspy; gyif khl;bf; nfhz;l Nghnjy;yhk; Fuq;Fk;> MLk; mij tpyf;fp top Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;J> ,Wjpapy; fiuia te;jile;jd. flTsh;fs; mtw;iw tho;jj ; p tUlr; rf;fuj;jpd; vl;lhtJr; rpd;dkha; Ml;ilj; njhpT nra;J Fuq;if xd;gjhtjhfTk;> Nrtiy gj;jhtjhfTk; mwptpj;jhh;fs; vd;gJ fij. ,e;jf; fij ML Vd; vl;lhtjha; $wg;gLk; fij.

te;jJ

fPof ; z;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej ; th;fs; Mthh;fs;.

mth;fs;

gpg;uthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp

13>1907 01>1919 17>1931 05>1943 24>1955 09>1967 28>1979 15>1991 01>2003 19>2015

-

gpg;uthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp

vd;gijf; Fwpj;Jf; midtUk;

ML

01>1908 19>1920 05>1932 24>1944 11>1956 29>1968 15>1980 03> 1992 21> 2004 07> 2016

,dp MLthrpfspd;; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;gN ; ghk;. rPd N[hjplj;jpy; ML tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jth;fNs kpfr; rpwe;j gilg;ghspfsha; fUjg;gLfpd;wdh;. mth;fs; ngUk;ghYk; fiy 56

eak; kpf;fth;fshfTk;> ,dpikahdth;fshfTk;> trPfukhdth;fshfTk; ,Ug;gh;. gilg;G> Gj;jprhypj;jdk;> mikjp> rhh;ej ; pUj;jy; Mfpa Fzhk;rq;fs; nfhz;lth;fs;. jdpikia tpUk;Ggth;fs;. kdj;jpd; Xl;lj;ij Muha;eJ ; nfhz;L ,Ug;gJ gpbj;j tprak;. $l;lj;jpdUld; ,Ug;gJ gpbj;jhYk;> eLehafkha; ,Uf;f tpUk;gkhl;lhh;fs;. mth;fsJ ftdpf;Fk; jpwd; mth;fis ey;y ghJfhtyh;fsha; ,Uf;fr; nra;Ak;. mth;fs; mlf;fKk;> mikjpAk; nfhz;lth;fs;. mjpf Neuj;ij jq;fs; vz;z Xl;lq;fis ftdpg;gjpNyNa nrytopg;gh;. ,aw;ifapy; $r;r Rghtk; cs;sth;fs;. mth;fs; ew;gz;Gfisg; ngw;wpUe;jhYk;> tho;fi ; f eilKiwfis Vw;Wf; nfhs;shjth;fs;. jtwhd Neuq;fspy; jtwhdtw;iwf; $wp khl;bf; nfhs;Sk; gz;G gyhplj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,Ue;jhYk; mth;fsJ trPfuKk;> fglkw;w jd;ikAk; mth;fSf;F Fiwtpy;yhj ez;gh;fisAk;> njhz;lh;fisAk; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;Fk;. mth;fs; ,aw;ifapNyNa #uh;fs;. nfl;ldtw;iw Cfpf;f ty;yth;fs;. mth;fs; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; jd;ikAk;> kd;dpf;Fk; FzKk;> ,sfpa kdKk; nfhz;lth;fs;. ntspAUtpy; mth;fs; fw;gidapy; kjpg;gth;fsha; ,Ue;j NghjpYk; cs;Sf;Fs; mth;fs; kpFe;j MtYs;s gj;jpuj; jd;ikaw;w kdk; nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fSf;F md;whl tho;fi ; fNa fbdkhdjhfTk; jLkhw;wkhdjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. jq;fisr; Rw;wp mofpag; nghUl;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;Gth;. mth;fs; ed;Kiwapy; jq;fis myq;fhpj;Jf; nfhs;th;. rpy rkaq;fspy; cUtj; Njhw;wj;jpy; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jTk; nra;th;. jq;fSf;F rpwe;j Njhw;wj;ijj; ju> mjpfkha; nryT nra;J rpwe;j cilfisg; ngw Kay;th;. tho;fi ; ff;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fisg; ngw nryT nra;j NghJk;> mth;fs; nrythopfshfTk; gfl;lhfTk; ,Uf;f khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; vg;NghJk; ebg;G> iftpidf; fiyfs; Nghd;w gilg;G Kaw;rpfspy; jq;fis
57

mth;fisg; gw;wp gpwh; tpkh;rdk; nra;tJ mth;fSf;Fg; gpbf;fhj tprak;. czh;TfSf;F mbikahfpg; Nghdth;fs;. mbf;fb vijNaDk; Nahrpj;Jf; nfhz;Lk;> tUj;jg;gl;Lf; nfhz;Lk;> Jf;fpj;Jk; ,Ug;ghh;f ; s;. MLthrpfis ahNuDk; xOq;Fg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mth;fsJ jpwikiag; gad;gLj;j vLj;Jf; $wpr; nra;ar; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. ahNuDk; mth;fis md;Gld; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; ghh;jJ ; f; nfhs;sTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mth;fsplk; mbf;fbg; Ngrp> ek;gpf;if ju Ntz;Lk;. MLthrpfs; jq;fis thl;Lk; tpraq;fis Neubaha; nrhy;y khl;lhh;fs;. ePqf ; s; nky;y nky;y mth;fsplkpUe;Jj; JUtpj; JUtp Nfl;L mwpa Ntz;Lk;. vy;yh Kaw;rpAk; Njhw;why;> mth;fsplk; Nfhgkha; Ngrpdhy; NghJk;. tpraq;fs; ntspte;J tpLk;. nrhy;y Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; mth;fs; kdjpy; gjpa Ntz;Lk;. gpd; vy;yh ufrpaq;fisAk; nfhl;b tpLth;. MLthrpfs; gy rkaq;fspy; ftiyAlNd ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fis kw;wth;fs; cw;rhfg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. vy;yhk; eyNk vd;W vLj;Jf; $wp nray;gl itf;f Ntz;Lk;. ghuhl;Lf;fs; mth;fis kfpor; nra;Ak;. Cf;Ftpj;jhy; mth;fs; neLe;njhiyT nry;y ty;yth;fs;. MLthrpfSf;F ey;y vjph;fhyk; ,Uf;Fk;. mjph;\l ; Kk; cz;L. mth;fSf;F nrhj;J> capy; tpraq;fspy; ey;y gyd; fpilf;Fk;. f\;lkhd #oypYk;> MLthrpfSf;Fj; Njitahdit vspjpy; fpilj;JtpLk;. mth;fs; mr;RWj;jypd;wp jq;fs; fhhpaq;fisr; rhptur; nra;af; $bath;fs;. mth;fsJ nghWikAk; rfpg;Gj; jd;ikAk; rkaq;fspy; kw;wth;fis igj;jpakhfr; nra;Ak;. mth;fsJ rkhjhdr; rhf;F jsur; nra;J tpLk;. mth;fis cilf;fNt KbahJ. MLthrpfs; mjpfr; nrythspfshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; gz tptfhuq;fspy; mjpfk; Nuh[hf;fs;> ,dpa ,ir> nkOFth;jj ; p xsp mth;fis kaf;Fk;. mth;fs; cyfj;ij mofpa fz;zhb nfhz;L ghh;ff ; tpUk;Gth;. mth;fs; vg;NghJk; fbdkha; ciof;f Ntz;b ,Uf;fhJ. ey;y tpraq;fs; jhdhfNt elf;Fk;. mth;fSf;F kpfTk; ntspr;rkhd fhw;Nwhl;lkhd #oy; gpbf;Fk;. gilf;Fk; njhopypy; rpwe;J tpsq;Fth;. tPlb ; y; kl;LNk mth;fs; kpFe;j Rfj;ijg; ngWth;. mq;Nf mth;fs; jq;fs; fiy eaj;ijf; fhl;l KbAk;. Xtpak;> rikay; fiy vd;W 58

gw;gyf; fiyfspy; jq;fs; vz;zq;fis Muhayhk; my;yth? gazk; nra;Ak; NghJk;> kfpo;rr ; p juf; $ba epfo;rr ; pfSf;Fr; nry;Yk; NghJk;> MLthrpfs; FOtha;r; nry;yNt tpUk;Gth;. mjpf kf;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lq;fSf;Fr; nry;y tpUk;Gth;. njhopy; njhopy; $l;lj;Jld; Nrh;eJ ; Ntiy nra;a tpUk;Gthh;fs;. mjpfhuk;> gjtp mth;fSf;F xU nghUl;Nl my;y. mth;fs; Neubahff; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhy; kl;LNk jiyikg; nghWg;ig Vw;fr; rk;kjpg;ghh;fs;. G+f;filahsh;> tPlL ; myq;fhu epGzh;> Foe;ijf; fhg;ghsh;> Foe;ij kUj;Jth;> ebfh;> xspg;gjpthsh;> rpif myq;fhuk; nra;gth;> Xtpah;> ,iraikg;ghsh;> fiy gapw;Wtpg;gth;> tuyhw;W Mrphpah; Nghd;w gzpfSf;F cfe;jth;fs;. jq;fSf;fhd Ntiy Neuq;fis mikj;Jf; nfhz;L nray;gLth;. mth;fs; kpf mjpfkhd xOf;f Kiwfisf; filgpbf;f tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;. tpahghu tpraq;fspy; mth;fs; rw;Nw xOq;fpd;ik cilath;fs;. mj;jid mf;fiw nrYj;j khl;lhh;fs;. fbdkhd rkaq;fspy; Ntiyiar; rhpaha; nra;J Kbf;f Kbahky; jtpg;gh;. mth;fsJ Nghf;fpy; tpl;lhy; nraiyr; nrt;tNd nra;J Kbg;gh;. MLthrpfs; cah;ej ; Nehf;fk; nfhz;lth;fsha; ,y;yhj NghJk;> mth;fsJ jpwikf;Nfw;w Ntiy fpilj;J tpl;lhy; mijr; nra;tjpy; jPtpuKk; NguhtYk; nfhz;L nray;gLth;. cwT MLthrpfs; me;juq;fthrpfs;. mjdhy; mth;fis mwpe;J nfhs;tJ> Ghpe;J nfhs;tJ kpfTk; fbdk;. mth;fshfNt vq;Nf> vg;NghJ ahUld; jq;fsJ me;juq;f tpraq;fisg; gfph;eJ ; nfhs;tJ vd;gij KbT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy; ngUk;ghyhd MLthrpfSf;F neUq;fpa ez;gh;fs; ,Uf;f khl;lhh;fs;. MdhYk; mth;fs; Nerpg;gth;fSf;fhf kpff; fLikaha; ciog;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; jhq;fs; tpUk;Ggth;fis ntWg;Gf;F cs;shf;f tpUk;ghjth;fs;. MLthrpfs; FLk;gj;jpy; gw;Wilath;fs;. mth;fs; ahUila gpwe;j ehisAk; kwf;f khl;lhh;fs;. ePqf ; Sk; mth;fSilaij kwf;fhky; ,Ug;gJ ey;yJ. cly; eyk; MLthrpfs; mikjpaha; ,Uf;Fk; fhuzj;jhy;> mth;fSf;F cly; NfhshWfs; kpff; FiwNt. mth;fsJ ey;y ntspj;Njhw;wk;> 59

mth;fis vg;NghJk; MNuhf;fpakhdth;fshfNt fhl;Lk;. mth;fs; kfpo;Tld; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ MNuhf;fpak; kpf;fth;fs;. kfpo;rr ; papd;wp ,Uf;Fk; Neuq;fspy;> mJTk; md;Gnfhz;lth;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfs; tUk;NghJ> Nrhh;Tw;W Neha;tha;gg ; Lthh;fs;. f\;lq;fs; kpfTk; rq;flg;gLj;Jk;. vspjpy; czh;rr ; ptag;glf; $bath;fs;. rkaq;fspy; msTf;F mjpfkhfTk; nray;gLth;. ML tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs; Kd;dhs; FbauRj; jiyth; lhf;lh; mg;Jy; fyhk;> njhopyjpgh;fs; gpy; Nfl;]>; tp[a; khy;ah> tlY}h; ts;syhh;> tpQ;Qhdp tpf;uk; rhuhgha;> ghl;kpd;ld; Ml;lf;fhuh; gpufh\; gLNfhd;> ghlfp b. Nf. gl;lk;khs;> ftpQh; thyp> ebif khJhp bf;rpj;> nld;dp]; Ml;lf;fhuh; Nghhp]; ngf;fh;> tpkhdj;ijf; fz;Lgpbj;j Mh;tpy; iul;> Xtpah; ikf;fNyd;[Nyh> mnkhpf;f vOj;jhsh; khh;f; bitd;> ebfh; g&]; tpy;]>; vOj;jhsh; N[d; M];bd; mjph;\l ; vz;fs;

3> 4> 5> 12> 34> 45> 54

xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; fs : Kay;> gd;wp> Fjpiu xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs; fs :

vyp> vUJ

%yff; Fzq;fs; MLthrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ ntt;NtW Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ. neUg;G ML (gpg;uthp 13>1907 - gpg;uthp 01>1908 gpg;uthp 09>1967 - [dthp 29>1968) Fzq;fs; njspT> Mf;Nuh\k;> cw;rhfk; nfhz;lth;fs;. kw;w MLthrpfisg; Nghd;wy;yhJ mLj;jthpd; mDkjpia vjph;ghh;ff ; khl;lhh;fs;. vg;NghJk; kw;wth;fspd; eLtpy; jq;fis Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;th;. mth;fs; r%f tpUk;gpfs;. mjdhy; mth;fspd; FLk;gk;> ez;gh;fs; tl;lk; kpfTk; gykhdjha; ,Uf;Fk;. ku ML ([dthp 24>1955 - gpg;uthp 11>1956 gpg;uthp 19>2015 - gpg;uthp 07>2016)

60

Fzq;fs; ek;gfj; jd;ik> gue;j kdk;> ek;gpf;ifahy; Cf;fk;> czh;rr ; p trg;gLk; jd;ik cilath;fs;. ez;gh;fSk; cwtpdh;fSk; ,th;fSld; ,Uf;f nghpJk; tpUk;Gth;. mjdhy; FOtpy; mth;fs; vg;NghJk; Rfkha; ,Ug;gh;. cjtp nra;tijg; nghpJk; tpUk;Gth;. mth;fspd; me;j ,uf;f Fzk; gy Neuq;fspy; kw;wth;fshy; rhjfkha; gad;gLj;jgLk;. ku MLthrpfs; jq;fisg; ftdpj;Jj; jw;fhj;Jf; nfhs;s rkak; xJf;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. G+kp ML (gpg;uthp 01>1919 - gpg;uthp 19>1920 [dthp 28>1979 - gpg;uthp 15>1980) Fzq;fs; fbd ciog;G> Ra mjpfhuk;> ey;yJ elf;Fk; vd;w ek;gpf;if cilath;fs;. ];jpukhdth;fs;. epyj;jpy; nfl;baha; fhy; gjpj;J epw;gh;. Rje;jpukhdth;fs;. cyf mDgtk; kpf;fth;fs;. Mdhy; jd;dk;gpf;if rw;Nw FiwT. mth;fSf;F tho;fi ; fapd; Kf;fpa tprak; FLk;gNk. tho;fi ; f jUk; vijANk kfpo;rr ; pAld; Vw;gh;. cNyhf cNyhf ML (gpg;uthp 17>1931 - gpg;uthp 05>1932 gpg;uthp 15>1991 - gpg;uthp 03> 1992) Fzq;fs; s nghwhik> jw;fhg;Gj; jd;ik> ];jpuj; jd;ik cilath;fs;. ntspj;Njhw;wj;jpy; cWjpaha; Njhd;wpdhYk;> cs;sj;jhy; kpfTk; ,sfpath;fs;. ed;F Ghpe;J nfhz;l neUq;fpa ez;gh;fs; ,ij epr;rak; MNkhjpg;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; fyhr;rhuj;ij Nerpg;gth;fs;. vy;yhf; fiyfisAk; cah;tha; kjpg;ghh;fs;. ePh; ML (gpg;uthp 05>1943 - [dthp 24>1944 gpg;uthp 01>2003 - [dthp 21> 2004) Fzq;fs; jd;dk;gpf;if FiwT> trPfuk;> MNyhridfs; toq;FtJ> Neuj;ij rkNahrpjkha; gad;gLj;Jk; jd;ik cilath;fs;. ftiyaw;w cy;yhrpfs;. tho;fi ; f Nghfpw Nghf;fpy; nry;y tpUk;Gth;. mjdhy;> mth;fs; ek; mUfpy; ,Ue;jhy;> kfpo;rr ; p jUk;. jhq;fs; epidj;jJ elf;ftpy;iynad;why; kpfTk; Gyk;Gthh;fs;. ePqf ; s; ML tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d nfhz;bUg;ghP f ; s; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;.

Fzq;fisf; 61

ML tUlg; gyd;fs; s: ML tUlk; mikjpAk; epjhdKk; nfhz;l tUlkha; ,Uf;Fk;. xUtiu xUth; ed;F ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;th;. fw;gidAk;> gilg;Gj; jpwDk; mjpfkha; ntspf;fhl;Lk;. kpjthjj;jpy; xw;Wik vd;w nfhs;if gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

62

9 rhJh;af; Fuq;F (1908 1920 1932 1944 1956 1968 1980 1992 2004 2016 2028 2040 2052) Neuk; khiy 3:00 Kjy; 5:00 tiu chpa jpir Nkw;F> njd;Nkw;F chpa fhyq;fs; ,iyAjph; fhyk;>; Mf];l; khjk; epiyahd %yfk; %yfk cNyhfk; apd;-ahq; ahq ahq;; flTsh;fs; itj;j Mw;iwf; flf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; vyp> vUJ> Gyp> Kay;> buhfd;> ghk;G> Fjpiu> ML Kjypad Kjy; vl;L ,lq;fspy; te;jd. ML> Nrty; ,uz;bd; cjtpAld; Fuq;Fk; fiuia te;jile;jJ. flTsh;fs; mtw;iw tho;jj ; p tUlr; rf;fuj;jpd; xd;gjhtJr; rpd;dkha; Fuq;ifj; njhpT nra;J mwptpj;jhh;fs; vd;gJ fij. ,e;jf; fij Fuq;F Vd; xd;gjhtjha; $wg;gLk; fij.

te;jJ vd;gijf; Fwpj;Jf;

fPo; fz;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; Fuq;F tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej ; th;fs; Mthh;fs;. gpg;uthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp

02>1908 20>1920 06>1932 25>1944 12>1956 30>1968 16>1980 04>1992 22>2004

-

[dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp

21>1909 07>1921 25>1933 12>1945 30>1957 16>1969 04>1981 22>1993 08> 2005

,dp Fuq;Fthrpfspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;gN ; ghk;. mofhdth;fs;. trPfukhdth;fs;. fw;gid tsk; kpf;fth;fs;. Rl;bj;jdk;> Gj;jprhypj;jdk;> mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; Mh;tk; mjpfk; cilath;fs;. tpisahl;Lj; jdj;Jld; vg;NghJk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. eifr;Rit czh;T nfhz;lth;fs;. RWRWg;ghdth;fs;. mwpTf;Fk; Gj;jprhypj;jdj;jpw;Fk; Ngh; Nghdth;fs;. rthiyr; re;jpg;gjpy; rkh;jj ; h;fs;. Njh;ej ; uh[Pathjp. mwpQh;fs;. epidthw;wy; kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;. mwpTj; jhfKk;> Gjpadtw;iw njhpe;J nfhs;Sk; Mh;tKk; mjpfk; nfhz;lth;fshjyhy;> tpraq;fis njhpe;J nfhs;Sk; NghJk; 63

fpufpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; NghJk; kpfTk; kfpo;rr ; p milthh;fs;. fw;wjidj;ijAk; glq;fsha; jq;fsJ kdjpy; gjpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; jpwk; ngw;wth;fs;. mth;fs; fz;l> Nfl;l> gbj;jwpe;j cz;ikfis kpf el;gkhd tpraq;fisAk; Jy;ypakhf epidtpy; itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; jpwk; gilj;jth;fs;. mth;fs; KOf;f KOf;f ,e;j epidthw;wiyr; rhh;eN ; j ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vndd;why; gyh;; epiyahd Gj;jpaw;wth;fs;. kdk; vg;NghJk; miygha;eJ ; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;. gpur;rpidfSf;Fs; GFe;J vspjpy; ntspNa tuj; njhpe;jth;fs;. Ra gpur;rpidfisAk; gpwUf;F Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfisAk; vj;jid nghpjha; ,Ue;j NghJk; rhpahd tifapy; jPhT ; fhz ty;yth;fs;. kpfTk; fbdkhd gpur;rpidfis kpf vspa tifapy; GJ Kiwapy; jPhf ; F ; k; rf;jpiag; ngw;wth;fs;. mjdhy; njhopy; rk;ge;jg;gl;lth;fs; kj;jpapYk; ez;gh;fs; kj;jpapYk; ghuhl;Lk; kjpg;Gk; ngw ty;yth;fs;. mth;fsJ rpwe;j fth;rr ; pfukhd Njhw;wj;jhYk;; ele;J nfhs;Sk; tpjj;jhYk; rhJh;aj;jhYk; midtiuAk; jq;fs; gf;fk; kw;wth;fis NtfkhfNt jzpe;JtpLk;. ve;jf; fhhpaKk; mth;fSf;F mrhjhuzkha; ,Uf;fhJ. mth;fs; vjpYk; rpwg;ghdth;fs;. jq;fs; Nky; gykhd KO ek;gpf;if nfhz;lth;fs;. jq;fs; rhjidfis vz;zp kfpo;tjpy; Fuq;Fthrpfis kpQ;r ahuhYk; KbahJ. Fuq;Fthrpfs; gz tpraq;fspy; ke;jputhjpfs; vd;W $l nrhy;yyhk;. mth;fs; epidj;jhy; ahiu Ntz;LkhdhYk; Vkhw;wf; $bath;fs;. Vkhw;wj;ij Vkhw;wf; $bath;fs;. Fuq;Fthrpfis Vkhw;w epidj;jhy; khl;bf; nfhs;tijj; jtpu NtW top ,Uf;fhJ. Fuq;FthrpfSf;F gzk; mj;jpatrpakhd xd;W. mijg; ngUk;ghYk; mth;fs; jl;Lg;ghby;yhky; itj;jpUg;ghh;fs;. ,y;iynad;why; mijg; ngWk; fhhpaq;fspy; jPtpukha; me;jf; fhhpaj;jpypUe;J ntspNa tur; rkak; ghh;jJ ; > rhJh;akha; ntspNa te;J tpLthh;fs;. Neuk; fhyk; ghh;jJ ; fhhpaq;fisr; nra;tjpy; ty;yth;fs;. ve;j tpjj;jpYk; ey;y re;jh;gg ; j;ijf; fz;L nfhs;sf; $bath;fs;. mth;fs; kw;nwhU re;jh;gg ; j;jpw;fhf fhj;jpUf;f tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;. jpl;lkpd;wp vijAk; nra;aj; Jzpa khl;lhh;fs;. jpl;lkpLjypy; ty;yth;fs;. 64

,aw;ifapNyNa kfpo;Tld; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. gazk; nry;tijg; nghpJk; tpUk;Gthh;fs;. mijAk; trjpAld; Kjy; tFg;gpy; rpwe;j Kiwapy; nra;a vz;Zthh;fs;. jq;fs; tho;fi ; fapy; Rthurpakhd tpraq;fis vjph; Nehf;fp fhj;jpUg;ghh;fs;. Fuq;Fthrpfs; jhq;fs; tpUk;gpaij f\;lkpy;yhky; ngwj;jf;fth;fs; vd;gjhy; jhq;fs; rhjpj;jtw;iw gw;wp mj;jidf; fz;L nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; ntF tpiutpy; Mh;tj;ij ,of;ff; $bath;fs;. mjdhy; nra;aj; njhlq;fpa fhhpaq;fis tpiutpy; Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iynad;why; ghjpapNyNa Mh;tkw;W tpl;Ltplf; $bath;fs;. vJNk ];jpukhdjy;y vd;gij ed;F czh;ej ; th;fs;. mth;fs; jq;fs; gzpia njhlh;eJ ; nrk;ikg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lgth;fs;. rpy rkak; jq;fs; nraiyf; fz;L mre;J Nghff; $bath;fs;. Fuq;FthrpfSf;F nra;jpfisj; njhpe;J nfhs;tJ tpUg;gkhd nghOJNghf;F. mryhdth;fs;. rhJhpakhdth;fs;. Fuq;Fthrpfs; vg;NghJk; Kd; epw;gth;fs;. mth;fs; vz;zk; ey;yjha; ,Ue;j NghJk;> rpy Neuq;fspy; mth;fs; nra;Ak; nray;fSk; Ngr;Rf;fSk; kw;wth; kdijg; Gz;gLj;Jtjha; mikaf; $Lk;. mwpTk;> Mw;wYk;> Mf;fG+h;tKk; gpwtpapNyNa cs;s NghJk;> gy rkaq;fspy; me;jj; jd;ikfis ntspNa fhl;l khl;lhh;fs;. mJ ntspNa njhpAk; NghJ> kw;wth;fs; Fok;gp tpLthh;fs;. mth;fs; jhd; vd;w mfe;ij kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;. mJ mth;fSf;F gy rkaq;fspy; ey;yijr; nra;af; $baJk; cz;L. Fuq;Fthrpfs; fpuhk tho;fi ; fia tpl efu tho;fi ; fiaNa mjpfk; tpUk;Gthh;fs;. Neuj;ij tPzbf;f khl;lhh;fs;. Mdhy; mth;fs; kdpjh;fisf; $h;eJ ; ftdpg;gjpy; Neuk; fopg;gij nghOJNghf;fhff; nfhs;s tpUk;Gthh;fs;. njhopy; fhhpak; nra;aj;Jzpe;J tpl;lhy;> fUkNk fz;zhd fbd ciog;ghspaha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. nghpa fhhpaq;fisr; rpwg;ghfr; nra;Ak; jpwk; gilj;jth;fs;. mth;fsplk; ,Uf;Fk; jpwikAk; Rakhd mryhd fhhpaq;fs; nra;Ak; jd;ikAk; Fuq;Fthrpfis mjph;\l ; rhypfshf;Fk;. mth;fs; ve;jj; njhopypy;
65

mth;fSf;F E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd Nahridfs; Njhd;wpa tz;zk; ,Uf;Fk;. mtw;wpy; gytw;iw nra;J fhl;Lk; jpwKk; ngw;wth;fs;. ve;j Ntiyia vLj;Jr; nra;jhYk; mijj; jpwk;gl nra;a KbAk;. khWk; #oYf;F Vw;g jq;fis khw;wpf; nfhs;sf; $bath;fs;. Ntfkha; Ntiyiar; nra;thh;fs;. Mdhy; nra;Ak; Ntiyf;F ,uz;L klq;F $ypia vjph;gg ; hh;gg ; hh;fs;. mth;fs; tq;fp kw;Wk; fzf;fply; Jiwapy; rpwg;ghh;fs;. gpur;rpidfSf;F jPhT ; fhz;gtuha;> tpQ;Qhdpaha;> Ma;thsuha;> fz;Lgpbg;ghsuha; mth;fs; gpugykhtJ kpfTk; vspJ. NkYk;> nghwpahsh;> gq;Fr; re;ij tpahghhp> jpiu ,af;Feh;> eif tpahghhp> tpw;gidahsh;> tpahghhp Mfpa njhopy;fspy; rpwf;f mjpf tha;gG ; f;fs; cz;L. cwT mth;fs; ahiuAk; vspjpy; ek;g khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; kpfTk; vr;rhpf;ifAld; jq;fs; $l;lhspfisj; Njh;en ; jLj;J mth;fSld; kl;LNk gof tpUk;Gthh;fs;. ez;gh;fsplk; tpRthrKk; gf;jpAk; cila Fuq;Fthrpfs; vspjpy; fhjy; tag;glj; jf;fth;fs;. Mdhy; kpf tpiutpNyNa jhq;fs; tpUk;gpajpd; NkYs;s gw;iw Mh;tkpd;ikahy; tpl;Ltpl;L kw;nwhd;iw ehl ty;yth;fs;. mNjg; Nghd;W jq;fs; Ntiyia ehl;lj;Jld; Muk;gpj;j NghJk;> rpy fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpwF tpUk;ghky; tpl;Lr; nry;yf; $bath;fs;. mth;fs; mLj;jth;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis nrtp kLj;Jf; Nfl;f tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;. ,Ue;jNghJk; mth;fSld; ,Ue;jhy; mth;fis Nfhgpj;Jf; nfhs;sNt KbahJ. Fuq;Fthrpfs; fhjypy; rw;Nw vr;rhpf;ifAld; ,Ug;gJ ey;yJ. vt;tsTjhd; ntspg;gilahd kdk; cilath;fshd NghJk;> rkaj;jpy; jq;fsJ ey;y cwthf vz;z Kbahj NghJ> mth;fs; Nky; Mh;tkw;W> gphpa rw;Wk; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. Fuq;Fthrpfs; cwT tpraq;fspy; tpiutpy; gzpaf; $bath;fs; fpilahJ. vjpYk; tpiutpy; Mh;tk; ,of;ff; $bath;fs; vd;w fhuzj;jhy;> cwTfs; gykhdjha; ,Uf;fhJ. vy;yhtw;iwAk; kPwp ahNuDk; mjpfkhf ek;gp jd; Jizaha; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhy;> me;j cwit jq;fs; tho;ehs; KOf;f njhlu KOikaha; nray;gLthh;fs;. cly; eyk; czT tptfhuj;jpy; mtru fjpapy; cz;gijNa tpUk;Gth;. mth;fsplj;jpy; Neuk; vLj;J KO czit cz;z mj;jid Mh;tk; ,Uf;fhJ. cz;gjpy; Neuj;ij tpuakhf;FtJ mth;fSf;Fg; gpbf;fhJ. 66

NehAw;w NghJ Xa;T vLg;gJ Neu tpuak; vd;W czh;ej ; fhuzj;jhy;> mth;fs; Neha;tha;g; gLtJ kpfTk; mG+h;tk;. RWRWg;ghd tho;fi ; f KiwfSk;> nray;ghLfSk; mth;fis vg;NghJk; MNuhf;fpakha; itj;Jf; nfhs;s cjTk;. mth;fs; Neha;tha;gLtJ ngUk;ghYk; gjw;wk; fhuzkha; ,Uf;FNknahopa NtW nghpa fhuzq;fs; ,Uf;fhJ. Fuq;F tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs; ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth;fs; lhf;lh; ,uhN[e;jpug; gpurhj;> Nf. Mh;. ehuhazd;> eifr;Rit ebfh; fiythzh;> ,e;jpag; gpujkh;fs; uh[Pt; fhe;jp> lhf;lh; kd;Nkhfd; rpq;> ,ir ty;Yeh; nrk;khq;Fb rPdpthr Iah;> tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tPuh; t.C.rp> gwit epGzh; ryPk; myp> fpNuf;f kd;dd; [_ypa]; rPrh;> ebif vyprngj; ilyh;> gy;fiy mwpQh; ypahdhh;Nlh lh tpd;rp mjph;\l ; vz;fs;

3> 4> 5> 7> 16> 23> 34> 45> 54.

xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; : buhfd;> vyp xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs; :

Gyp> ghk;G> gd;wp

%yff; Fzq;fs; Fuq;Fthrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ.

NghJ

ntt;NtW

neUg;G Fuq;F (gpg;uthp 12>1956

-

[dthp 30>1957)

Fzq;fs; MSik> caph;gG ; > Mf;fg;G+h;tk;> vjph;gG ; fshy; Cf;fk; nfhz;L nray;gLjy; Mfpa Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. Mw;wYk;>; ek;gpf;ifAk; nfhz;lth;fs;. Fwpf;Nfhis KbT nra;tjpy; cs;s rhkh;jj ; pak; mij miltjpYk; ,Uf;Fk;. ve;jr; #oypYk; jhNd cah;ej ; tuha; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; ,Ue;j NghJk; mtUld; goFtij kw;wth;fs; tpUk;Gth;. ku Fuq;F ([dthp 25>1944

-

gpg;uthp 13>1945)

Fzq;fs; kw;wth;fsplk; Ngrpg; gofpj; njhlh;G nfhs;tjpy; if Njh;ej ; th;fs;. mjdhy; gyUld; fye;J Ngrpf; nfhs;Sk; jd;ik cilath;fs;. fbd ciog;ghspfs;. fhhpaq;fs; vg;gb elf;fpd;wd vd;gijg; Ghpe;Jf; nfhs;tjpy; ty;yth;fs;. vr;rhpf;ifAilath;fs;. tha; Ngr;R mjpfk; ,Uf;Fk;. Ghpe;J nfhs;tjpy; rhJh;ak; ,Uf;Fk;. mikjpaw;wth;fs;. 67

G+kp Fuq;F (gpg;uthp 02>1908 - [dthp 21>1909 [dthp 30> 1968 - gpg;uthp 16> 1969) Fzq;fs; ew;FzKk;> KiwNahL nray;fisr; nra;Ak; jd;ikAk; nfhz;lth;fs;. r%f Mh;tyh;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. tho;fi ; fia rhpahd tifapy; tho tpUg;gk; nfhz;lth;fs;. Ntiyf;Fk; cwTfSf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLg;ghh;fs;. ek;gj; jFe;jth;fs;. vy;yh NtiyapYk; jq;fs; E}W rjtPj Kaw;rpia fhl;Lthh;fs;. gpwh; jq;fsplk; kjpg;GlDk; khpahijAlDk; ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W vjph;ghh;g;ghh;fs;. rw;Nw fLfLf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. cNyhf Fuq;F (gpg;uthp 20>1920 - gpg;uthp 07>1921 gpg;uthp 16>1980 - gpg;uthp 04> 1981) Fzq;fs; jd;dk;gpf;if kpff; nfhz;l Fwpf;NfhSilath;fs;. mjdhy; vg;NghJk; ntw;wp ngWk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fs; tpUk;gj;jf;fth;fshfTk;> md;ghdth;fshfTk; vz;zg;gl;lhYk; mth;fs; jdpikia tpUk;Gthh;fs;. mth;fs; jq;fs; njhopy; Kiw ez;gh;fsplKk;> v[khdh;fsplKk; tpRthrk; cilath;fs;. md;G> Neh;jj ; p> cWjp Nghd;w Fzq;fSf;F rhd;wha; tpsq;Fthh;fs;. ePh; Fuq;F (gpg;uthp 06>1932 - [dthp 25>1933 gpg;uthp 04>1992 - [dthp 22>1993) Fzq;fs; Gj;jprhypj;jdk;> $b Ntiy nra;tjpy; tpUg;gk;> gl;Lk; glhkYk; ele;J nfhs;tJ mj;jifath;fspd; Fzq;fs;. mjpf czh;Tg;G+h;tkhdth;fs;. kw;wth;fs; $Wtijf; Nfl;L mbf;fb kdr; rq;flk; nfhs;Sk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. jq;fs; czh;Tfis ntspf; fhl;l khl;lhh;fs;. mjdhy; mij kiwf;f eifr;Rit czh;Tld; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fsplk;; ngUk;ghYk; Fwpf;NfhspypUe;J kpf vspjpy; eOTk; jd;ik ,Ug;gjhy;> mth;fs; xNu Ntiyapy; ftdk; nrYj;jpdhy;> epr;rak; ntw;wp fpl;Lk;. ePqf ; s; Fuq;F tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;ghP f ; s; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;. 68

Fuq;F tUlg; gyd;fs; s: vJthdhYk; vy;yhKk; epr;rak; elf;ff;$ba tUlk;. gy mjprakhd fhhpaq;fs; elf;Fk; rhj;jpaf; $Wfs; mjpfk; cila tUlk;. rhj;jpakpy;yhj tpraq;fSk; ele;J ntw;wp juf;$ba tUlk;. vl;Lj; jpf;fpYk; ntw;wp ntw;wp vd;w Ngr;Nr ,Uf;Fk; vd;w fhuzj;jhy;> ahh; vd;d nra;jhh;fs; vd;gNj njhpahky; NghFk;. mjph;\l ; tUlk;. ,e;j tUlj;jpy; ahUk; ,y;iy vd;w gjpiy Vw;Wf; nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs;.

69

10 xspT kiwtw;w Nrty; (1909 1921 1933 1945 1957 1969 1981 1993 2005 2017 2029 2041 2053) Neuk; khiy 5:00 Kjy; 7:00 tiu chpa jpir Nkw;F chpa fhyq;fs; ,iyAjph; fhyk;>; nrg;lk;gh;; khjk; epiyahd %yfk; %yfk cNyhfk;; apd;-ahq; ahq apd; flTsh;fs; itj;j Mw;iwf; flf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; vyp> vUJ> Gyp> Kay;> buhfd;> ghk;G> Fjpiu> ML> Fuq;F Kjypad Kjy; xd;gJ ,lq;fspy; te;jd. ML> Fuq;F ,uz;bd; cjtpAld; NrtYk;; fiuia te;jile;jJ. flTsh;fs; mtw;iw tho;jj ; p tUlr; rf;fuj;jpd; gj;jhtJr; rpd;dkha; Nrtiyj; njhpT nra;J mwptpj;jhh;fs; vd;gJ fij. ,e;jf; fij Nrty; Vd; gj;jhtjha; $wg;gLk; fij.

te;jJ vd;gijf; Fwpj;Jf;

fPo; fz;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; Nrty; tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej ; th;fs; Mthh;fs;. [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp

22>1909 08>1921 26>1933 13>1945 31>1957 17>1969 05>1981 23>1993 09>2005

-

gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp

09>1910 27>1922 13>1934 01>1946 17>1958 05>1970 24>1982 09>1994 28> 2006

,dp Nrty;thrpfspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;gN ; ghk;. Nrty;thrpfs; gz;ghsh;fs;. rkNahrpj Gj;jpAs;sth;fs;. midj;ijAk; ftdpf;Fk; jd;ik kpf;fth;fs;. gFj;jwpAk; czh;Tilath;fs;. Neh; Nehf;Filath;fs;. fhhpaq;fisf; Fw;wkw G+h;zkha; nra;gth;fs;. JWJWg;GlDk;> gakw;wth;fshfTk;> Ngr;rhsh;fshfTk;> jk;gl;lk; mbj;Jf; nfhs;gtuhfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. fz;zpak;> ek;gpf;if Nghd;w Fzq;fisg; gpwtpf; Fzkha; nfhz;l Nrty; tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jth;fs;> goFtjw;Ffe;jth;fshfTk;> ngUk;ghYk; ey;y cil mzpgth;fshfTk;> rpwe;jth;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. ehzKk;> gzpTk; nfhz;l Nrty;thrpfs;> jq;fs; 70

Njhw;wj;jpd; Nky; mf;fiw nfhz;lth;fs;. mzpa tpUk;Gthh;fs;.

ehfhpfkhd cilfis

Nrty;thrpfis Fiwj;J kjpg;gplhjPhf ; s;. mth;fs; elg;gnjy;yhk; ed;ikf;Nf vd;W vz;Zgth;fs;. gakwpahjth;fs;. cyfNk jtW vd;W nrhd;dhYk;> jq;fs; topia khw;wpf; nfhs;s vz;z khl;lhh;fs;. vz;zpa> ek;g Kbahj> fw;gid fhZk; jpl;lq;fisr; nray;gLj;Jtjpy; fz;Zk; fUj;Jkha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. rpy rkaq;fspy; mij elj;jpAk; fhl;b tpLthh;fs;. mth;fsJ gy jpwg;gl;l tpNehjkhd topfSk; Kaw;rpfSk; mth;fis nghpjha; rhjpf;f itf;Fk;. $h;ej ; mwpTk;> Muha;eJ ; zUk; gz;Gk; mth;fis Mo;ej ; rpe;jidahsh;fsha; fhl;Lk;. mth;fs; Njhw;gJ kpf mhpJ. Nrty;thrpfs; eilKiwahsh;fsha; ,Ue;j NghJk;> nghpa fdTfs; fhz;gth;fsha; ,Ug;gh;. mth;fs; ,aw;ifapNtNa jPuk; kpf;fth;fs;. jhq;fs; tpUk;gpaij vg;gbg; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mwpe;jth;fs;. nghpa ,yl;rpaj;ij milAk; ghijapy; jlq;fy; Vw;gl;lhy;> mij vz;zp tUe;jKk; ftiyAk; nfhs;thh;fs;. MdhYk; mth;fs; Njhy;tpapypUe;J ntF tpiutpy; kPzL ; tpLthh;fs;. mth;fs; ePzl ; fhyk; mikjpaha; ,Ug;gJ kpf mhpJ. vg;NghJk; jq;fis VjhtJ gzpfspy;
kw;nwhU

rPd N[hjplj;jpy; Nrty;thrpfs; rw;Nw tpNehjg; ghq;F nfhz;lth;fsha; fUjg;gLfpwhh;fs;. fdTyfpy; mjpfk; rQ;rhpg;ghh;fs;. tz;z tz;z cilfis mzpe;J gpwiuf; ftUk; tifapy; tpsq;Fth;. jq;fisg; gw;wp fh;tk; ,Uf;Fk;. nra;Ak; fhhpaq;fisr; rhpaha;> jpwk;gl> thpirg;gLj;jpr; nra;th;. vy;yh fhhpaq;fspYk; EZf;fkhd tpraq;fSf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J ftdk; nrYj;Jk; fz;fs; nfhz;bUg;ghh;fs;. nrk;ikthjpfs;. kdpjj; jtWfSf;F ,lk; nfhLf;f khl;lhh;fs;. rpy Neuq;fspy; mth;fNs jtW nra;fpwhh;fs; vd;W gpwh; vz;zpdhYk;> mJ VjhtJ xU tifapy; rhpaha; ,Uf;Fk; tha;gG ; fs; mjpfk;. f\;lkhd fhhpaq;fisr; rthyha; Vw;Wf; nfhs;th;. jq;fisg; gw;wp nrk;ikaha; NgrTk; vOjTk; $bath;fs;. thf;Fthjq;fisj; Jtf;fp itg;gijg; nghpJk; tpUk;Gthh;fs;. ve;jg; nghUisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;whYk;> mth;fs; mjpy; Njh;ej ; Qhdk; ngw;wth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fsplk; rthy; tpl;lhy;> ePskhd rz;ilf;Fj; jahuha; ,Uf;f Ntz;b ,Uf;Fk;. mth;fsJ cly; cuk; gpukpf;fj; jf;fJ. jq;fsJ fUj;Jf;fis vj;jid tpiy nfhLj;Jk; nty;y itj;J tpLthh;fs;. 71

mth;fs; cUthf;fTk;> ,Uf;Fk; #oYf;F Vw;gj; jq;fis khw;wpf; nfhs;sTk; tpUk;ghjth;fs;. Mdhy; ftdpj;J> tpUJfis toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;Zth;. tpthjj;jpw;Fk; rz;ilapLtjw;Fk; Mtyha;f; fhj;jpUg;gh;. Kul;Lj;jdkhdth;fs;. gz tpraq;fspy; kpfTk; rpwe;j tifapy; nray;gLthh;fs;. tuTf;Fs; nryTfis itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Rafl;Lg;ghL ,th;fsplj;jpy; cz;L. fQ;rj;jdk; ,Uf;fhJ. mjpf jahs FzKk;> gpwUf;F nfhLj;JjTk; FzKk; mth;fsplj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. jhq;fs; Nrfhpj;j nry;tj;ijr; rhpahd Kiwapy; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zpr; nray;gLthh;fs;. mijNa kw;wth;fSf;Fk; vLj;Jr; nrhy;thh;fs;. Nrty;thrpfis jd;dk;gpf;if> Mlk;guk;> Cf;fk; Mfpa Fzq;fSf;F milahskha;r; nrhy;yyhk;. tpRthrKk;> ek;gfKk; kpf;f kdpjh;fs;. xspT kiwtw;w fUj;Jf;fisj; njhptpg;gjpy; vg;NghJk; gpd;thq;f khl;lhh;fs;. fPoj ; ukhd Fzky;y mJ. cz;ikahdth;fs; vd;w fhuzj;jhNyNa mj;jd;ikiaf; nfhz;lth;fs;. gpwhplKk; mijNa vjph;ghh;ff ; Tk; nra;thh;fs;. fhhpaj;ijr; nrt;tNd nra;J Kbg;gjpy; mf;fiwAk; jpwikAk; nfhz;lth;fs;. rhjpf;ff; fpsk;gp tpl;lhy;> nra;J Kbf;f topapy; rpf;Ftdtw;iwnay;yhk; jpUg;gpg; Nghlhky; tpl khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; RWRWg;ghd Mty;kpFe;j kdj;ij Mokha; MuhAk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fs; xU NghJk; mirtw;W ,Uf;fNt khl;lhh;fs;. Nrty;thrpfs; rpy tpraq;fSf;F Neuk; vLf;fNtr; nra;Ak; vd;gijg; Ghpe;J nfhz;L nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j cyfj;jpd; ,af;fq;fisj; jq;fs; fhy ml;ltizf;Fs; GFj;j KbahJ vd;gij czu Ntz;Lk;. mth;fs; kpfTk; mw;Gjkhd tpraq;fisAk; rhjpf;f ty;yth;fs;. Mdhy; mth;fs; kpfTk; EZf;fkhd tpraq;fis vg;NghJk; Nfhl;iltpl;L tpLthh;fs;. r%fj;jpd; Nky; mf;fiw cs;sth;fs;. goFjw;F ,dpikahdth;fs;. $l;lj;jpy; ftdpf;fj;jf;f ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;Zgth;fs;. mjdhy; jd;idg; gw;wpAk;> jhd; rhjpj;jtw;iwg; gw;wpAk; ngUik NgRk; jd;ik cilath;fs;. mth;fspd; njhlh;ej ; ,e;jg; Nghf;F rpy Neuq;fspy; njhy;iyahff; $l mike;J tpLk;. Nrty;thrpfs; jq;fs; Nky; vt;tsTf;nft;tsT fh;tkha; ,Uf;fpwhh;fNsh> mNjasT jq;fs; tPlb ; d; NkYk; FLk;gj;jhh; NkYk; fh;tk; nfhz;lth;fs;. nra;Ak; gzpfisr; nrt;tNdr; nra;thh;fs;. mjdhy; mth;fspd; tPLfs; kpfTk; Rj;jkhfTk; Neh;jj ; pahfTk; fhzg;gLk;. jhuhs kdg;ghd;ikaw;wth;fs;. ,ij ntspf;fhl;lhky; ,Uf;f jq;fisj; jd;dk;gpf;ifAk; NghuhLk; jd;ikAk; cs;sth;fsha;f; fhl;bf; nfhs;th;. 72

mth;fs; vy;Nyhh; ftdj;ijAk; jq;fs; gf;fk; Ntiyiar; nra;J> gy Gjpa Aj;jpfisg; GFj;jp nty;th;. ,sikapNyNa tho;fi ; fia tho Muk;gpj;J> jq;fs; ,s tajpNyNa ntw;wpg; gbapy; Nkd;NkYk; nry;th;. Ra tpahghuj;jpy; rpwg;gh;. Kf;fpakhd fhhpaq;fis mth;fisg; Nghy; rhptur; nra;a ahuhYk; KbahJ. MizapLk; NghJ rhpahd Miziaf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. Njitf;Nfw;g Ntiyia khw;wpr; nra;a cld;gl khl;lhh;fs;. nra;aTk; tpUk;gkhl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; ve;jj; Jiwapy; ,Ue;jhYk; gilj;jth;fs;. tpsk;guk;> Nfspf;if> Ntiyfspy; rpwf;f tha;gG ; fs; cz;L.

ntw;wp ngWk; jpwk; cztfk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l

gz tpraq;fspy; rpwe;jth;fs;. mth;fs; kdpjf; Fiwfis vd;Wk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs;. mDkjpf;fTk; khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; kdk; mwptpay; hPjpapy; Ntiy nra;J eilKiwAld; xj;jf; fhhpaq;fisr; nra;aj; Jbf;Fk;. Nrty;thrpfs; Cf;fk; kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;. fbd ciog;ghspfs;. ,f;Fzq;fs; mth;fis ntw;wpfukhd epiyf;F cah;jj ; f; $bait. mth;fs; ey;y ebfh;fshfTk;> eldf; fiyQh;fishfTk;> ,irf; fiyQh;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. gy; kUj;Jth;> MAl;fhg;ghsh;> cjtpahsh;> E}yfh; Nghd;w njhopy;fspYk; mth;fs; cjtp NfhUk; Kd;Ng rpf;fiyj; jPhf ; f ; Kad;W> ntw;wpAk; ngWthh;fs;. me;jf; Fzk; rpf;fypy; khl;bath;fSf;F gpbf;fhj NghJk;> jPhT ; fhZk; rkaj;jpy; kfpo;th;. Neuk; gw;wp mjpfk; vr;rhpf;if Fzk; cilath;fs;. mth;fSld; goFk; NghJ> Neuk; fhyk; ghh;jJ ; > jpl;lkpl;Lr; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. gpwUf;F cjTk; jd;ikapy; ek;gfkhdthh;fs;. Nrty;thrpfspd; xspTkiwtw;w cz;ikahd Fzk;> gy ,lq;fspy; rhpg;glhJ. czh;Tg;G+h;tkhd kdpjh;fs; mth;fshy; nghpJk; ghjpf;fg;gLth;. mjdhy; mth;fs; kpfTk; jplkhd kdk; 73

nfhz;lth;fSld; goFtJ ey;yJ. mth;fspd; jplkhd kdj;jpw;Fs; kpfTk; md;ghd ,jak; ,Ug;gij mth;fshy; kl;LNk Ghpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;. rpy rkak; jq;fs; vz;zNk rhp vd;W mth;fs; elf;Fk; NghJ> gpwUf;F gpbf;fhky; Nghfyhk;. Mdhy; gy rkaq;fspy; mth;fs; vz;zk; rhpahdjhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. Nrty;thrpfs; jq;fs; ez;gh;fisAk; jq;fs; md;gpw;Fg; ghj;jpukhdth;fisAk; kfpo;Tld; itj;Jf; nfhs;s gytw;iwr; nra;aj; JzptJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. mjpy; ntw;wp ngwhtpl;lhy;> kpfTk; tUj;jKWth;. mth;fsJ cz;ikahd md;Gk;> MjuTk;> Neubf; fz;fhzpg;Gk; mth;fsplk; ez;gh;fSk; cwtpdh;fSk; mth;fs; ghy; md;Gk; kjpg;Gk; khpahijAk; nfhs;s itf;Fk;. Nrty;thrpfs; NeUf;F Neh; NgRk; jd;ik mth;fisr; rpwe;j uh[Pathjpaha; fUj tplhJ. jq;fs; kdj;jpy; gl;lij gl;nld;W vLj;Jf; $Wk; NghJ> gpwuJ czh;Tfis Nahrpf;fhky; nra;tJ gy rkaq;fspy; gpur;rpidfspy; khl;b tpLk;. gpwiu Vd; tUj;jg;gl itf;f Ntz;Lk;? Nrty;thrpfs; vg;NghJk; rhpahfNt nra;thh;fs; vd;W kw;wth;fs; vz;z Ntz;Lk;. mg;gb vz;zpdhy; kdj;jhq;fy;fs; tpyfp tpLk;. kw;wth;fis kfpo;tpf;f tpUk;Gthh;fs;. mth;fs; Vw;ghL nra;Ak; tpohf;fs; Nfspf;iffs; epr;rakha;; nghpajhfTk;> ePzl ; ehl;fs; epidtpy; epw;gitahfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. cly; eyk; Nrty;thrpfs; ngUk;ghYk; RWRWg;ghdth;fs;. mth;fs; jq;fis vg;NghJk; ,af;fpa tz;zk; ,Ug;gjhy;> cly; eyk; ed;whfNt ,Uf;Fk;. VjhtJ Neha;tha;gl;lhYk;> Ntfkha; mjpypUe;J kPzL ; tpLthh;fs;. vg;NghNjDk; mjpfkha; Neha;tha;gl;lhy;> mOj;jj;JlDk; Nrhfj;JlDk; fhzg;gLthh;fs;. Nrty; tUlj;ija gpugyq; gpugyq;fs; njhopyjpgh;fs; KNf\; mk;ghdp> mrPk; gpNuk;[p> Rdpy; kpl;ly;> jPu[;yhy; `puhee;j; mk;ghdp> jkpof Kjy;th;fs; NguwpQh; mz;zh> gf;jtr;ryk;> fphpf;nfl; tPuh;fs; kNfe;jpu rpq; Njhdp> rdj; n[a#h;ah> Atuh[; rpq;> rJuq;f tpisahl;L tPuh; tp];tehjd; Mde;j>; khz;lhpd; rPdpth];> mikr;rh; g. rpjk;guk;> Mq;fpyg; vOj;jhsh; ul;ahh;l; fpg;ypq;> ebfh; gPll ; h; c];jpdht;> n[h;kdpapy; gpwe;J u\;ag; Nguurpahd fhj;jhpd; jp fpNul; mjph;\l ; vz;fs;

1>5>6>12.15>16>24>51

xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; fs : vUJ> ghk;G> buhfd; xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs; fs :

Kay;> eha; 74

%yff; Fzq;fs; Nrty;thrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ.

NghJ

ntt;NtW

neUg;G Nrty; Nrty; ([dthp 31>1957

-

gpg;uthp 17>1958)

Fzq;fs; fbd ciog;ghspfs;. Rje;jpukhdth;fs;. rhpaha;r; nra;gth;fs;. epjhdkw;wth;fs;. r%fj;jpd; Kd; jq;fsJ gpk;gj;ij rhp nra;J nfhs;tjpNyNa ngUk;ghyhd Neuj;ijf; fopg;gh;. mth;fs; r%f njhz;lh;fs;. jiyrpwe;j jiyth;fs;. mjpf xspTkiwT mw;wth;fs;. ,e;j mth;fsJ Fzk; gyiuAk; tUj;jf;FbaJ. ku Nrty; (gpg;uthp 13>1945 - gpg;uthp 01>1946 gpg;uthp 09>2005 - [dthp 28> 2006) Fzq;fs; cz;ikahdth;fs;. rpe;jidthjpfs;. mlf;fkhdth;fs;. Raeykw;wth;fs;. FOitr; rhh;eJ ; ,Uf;f tpUg;gk; nfhz;lth;fs; vd;gjhy;> ez;gh;fSk; njhpe;jth;fSk; mjpfk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. vg;NghJNk kdpjh;fsplj;jpy; nfl;l Fzq;fisj; jtph;jJ ; ey;y Fzq;fis kl;LNk fz;L goFth;. tho;fi ; fapYk; ey;ydtw;iwNa Nehf;Fth;. mth;fsplk; Fiw vd;W nrhy;y Ntz;Lnkd;why;> Muk;gpj;jf; fhhpaj;ij Kbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Ntfk; ,y;yhjJ kl;LNk. ,J ngUk;ghYk; jq;fs; rf;jpf;F vl;lhj gzpfis vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjd; fhuzkha; ,Uf;Fk;. G+kp Nrty; ([dthp 22>1909 - gpg;uthp 09>1910 gpg;uthp 17>1969 - gpg;uthp 05>1970) Fzq;fs; mwpQh;fs;. gz;ghdth;fs;. xOq;fha;f; fhhpaq;fisr; nra;gth;fs;. tpraq;fis Muha;eJ ; nray;gLgth;fs;. gy fhhpaq;fis xNu Neuj;jpy; nra;af; $bath;fs;. ntw;wpahy; Cf;fk; nfhz;L> nray;gLth;. cahpa fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L> kw;wth;fSk; mjd; top elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W vjph;ghh;gg ; hh;fs;. me;j vjph;ghh;gG ; rpy rkaq;fspy; kw;wth;fis Jd;GWj;j ty;yjha; mike;JtpLk; vd;gjhy; kpjkha; ele;J nfhs;tJ eyk; gaf;Fk;. 75

cNyhf Nrty; (gpg;uthp 08>1921 - [dthp 27>1922 gpg;uthp 05>1981 - [dthp 24>1982) Fzq;fs; fbd ciog;ghsp. eilKiwthjp. mfk;ghtk;> jw;ngUik kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;. me;jj; jw;ngUikiag; nghpjha; ntspg;gLj;Jk; ez;gh;fis vg;NghJk; Njba tz;zk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fsJ ez;gh;fSlDk; cwtpdh;fSlDk; cs;s cwTfis J}ug;gLj;Jk;. vy;yhtw;iwAk; MuhAk; jd;ik kpf;fth;fs;. fw;gid mjpfk;. re;jh;gq;fis gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;gth;fs;. ePh; Nrty; ([dthp 26>1933 - gpg;uthp 13>1934 [dthp 23>1993 - gpg;uthp 09>1994) Fzq;fs; jpwik kpf;fth;fs;. fy;tpahsh;fs;. eilKiwthrpfs;. Gj;jp rhJh;aj;jhy; Cf;fk; nfhs;gth;fs;. cw;rhfkhdth;fs;. Nrty;thrpfisr; rhe;jg;gLj;Jk; jd;ik ePUf;F cz;L. mth;fs; $l;lj;jpy; Kf;fpaj;j];jh;fsha; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w czh;T mjpfk; ,y;yhjth;fs;. Ngr;Rj; jpwik nrk;ikg;gLj;jg; gl;ljha; ,Uf;Fk;. vg;NghJk; RWRWg;G> tpraq;fis $h;eJ ; ftdpf;Fk; jd;ikfs; Fwpg;gpl;l fhhpaj;ijf; ftdkha;r; nra;tjpy; ey;y gyd; fpilf;Fk;. ePqf ; s; Nrty; tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d nfhz;bUg;ghP f ; s; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;.

Fzq;fisf;

Nrty; tUlg; gyd;fs; s: rf;jp kpFe;j tUlk;. thjk; tpjz;lhthjk; epiwaNt ,Uf;Fk;. vr;rhpf;ifaha; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba tUlKk; $l. ahUk; ahUilaf; fUj;Jf;fisAk; Nfl;f tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;. mjdhy; ngUj;j Ntw;Wikfs; Vw;gl;L rz;ilr; rr;ruTfs; mjpfkhFk;. ,Ue;jhYk; ahUk; ngUj;j f\;lq;fis mDgtpf;f khl;lhh;fs;.

76

11 Njhoik eha; (1910 1922 1934 1946 1958 1970 1982 1994 2006 2018 2030 2042 2054) Neuk; ,uT 7:00 Kjy; 9:00 tiu chpa jpir Nkw;F> tlNkw;F chpa fhyq;fs; ,iyAjph; fhyk;> mf;Nlhgh;; khjk; epiyahd %yfk; %yfk cNyhfk; apd;-ahq; ahq ahq; flTsh;fs; itj;j Mw;iwf; flf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; vyp> vUJ> Gyp> Kay;> buhfd;> ghk;G> Fjpiu> ML> Fuq;F> Nrty; Kjypad Kjy; gj;J ,lq;fspy; te;jd. eha; ePrr ; y; mbg;gjpy; rpwe;jJ vd;whYk;> gjpndhd;whtjha; te;jJ. Vd; jhkjk; vd;W flTsh;fs; Nfl;ljw;F> ePzl ; Neuk; ePrr ; y; mbj;j gpd;dh; rw;Nw Xa;T vLj;Jf; nfhz;L> Fsph;ej ; ePhpy; Rfkha; xU Fspay; Nghl;L tpl;L tu Neuk; Mfptpl;lJ vd;wjhk; eha;. flTsh;fs; tho;jj ; p tUlr; rf;fuj;jpd; gjpndhd;whtJr; rpd;dkha; ehiaj; njhpT nra;J mwptpj;jhh;fs;. ,e;jf; fij eha; Vd; gjpndhd;whtjha; $wg;gLk; fij.

te;jJ vd;gijf; Fwpj;Jf;

fPo; fz;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; eha; tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej ; th;fs; Mthh;fs;. gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp

10>1910 28>1922 14>1934 02>1946 18>1958 06>1970 25>1982 10>1994 29>2006

-

[dthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp

29>1911 15>1923 03>1935 21>1947 07>1959 26>1971 12>1983 30>1995 17>2007

,dp eha;thrpfspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;gN ; ghk;. Njhoik kpf;fth;fs;. cz;ikahdth;fs;. Neh;ikahdth;fs;. Nehpilahd Nghf;Filath;fs;. tpRthrk;> ek;gfj; jd;ik> cz;ik Nghd;w Fzq;fis eha;thrpfspd; Fzq;fsha;r; nrhy;yyhk;. mth;fs; kdpjhgpkhdk; kpf;fth;fs;. cyf kf;fSld; f\;lg;glj; jahuha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; tpisahl;L jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. kpf;fth;fs;. mth;fs; tpiutpy; czh;rr ; p

eifr;Rit czh;T trg;glf; $bath;fs;. 77

Gj;jprhypfs;. rkd;ghLilath;fs;. fglkw;wth;fs;. je;jpurhypfsha; ,Uf;f khl;lhh;fs;. ngha; nrhy;tijj; jtwhf vz;Zgth;fs;. czh;Tfspy; my;yhl;lk; nfhz;lth;fs;. eha;thrpfs; jq;fisg; nghpath;fsha;f; fhl;bf; nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs;. gyh; $Lk; ,lq;fpspy; gy rkaq;fspy; ehzj;Jld; ele;J nfhs;th;. mth;fs; gpwh; nrhy;tij ey;y ftdj;Jld; Nfl;gtuha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. gpwtpapNyNa tPuh;fsha; ,Uf;Fk; eha;thrpfs; mUfpy; ,Ug;gth;fsplk; Fiyg;gNjhL thh;ji ; jahy; fbf;fTk; nra;thh;fs;. jq;fsJ flikfis mth;fstpw;F nra;ahjth;fis tpkh;rpg;ghh;fs;. vjph;kiwahf rpy eha;thrpfs; kpfTk; mikjpahfTk; ,Uf;ff;$bath;fs;. ,isa eha;thrpfs; jtWfisAk; ePjpaw;wr; nray;fisf; fz;L nfhjpj;jhYk;> Kjph;ej ; eha;thrpfs; taJ Mf Mf ngUk;ghYk; mtw;iwg; nghpJ gLj;jhky; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fhky; ,Ue;J tpLthh;fs;. ,Ue;jhYk; r%fj;jpy; elf;Fk; jtwhd tpraq;fisr; rhb> vjph;jJ ; > ghJfhg;G mspf;Fk; mbg;gil Fzk; kl;Lk; mth;fsplk; vg;NghJk; ,Uf;Fk;. mbkl;lj;jpy; ,Ug;gth;fSf;Fk;> ePjp Nfl;L NghuhLgth;fSf;Fk; Jizahfg; Ngr eha;thrpfs; vd;Wk; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. Kd;dpd;W gzpahw;Wthh;fs;. mth;fs; jq;fisAk;> jq;fs; md;gpw;Fg; ghj;jpukhdth;fisAk; kpfTk; ghJf;fhg;Gld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;Gthh;fs;. ePjpf;Fk; Neh;ikf;Fk; jPtpu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;Fk; Fzk; nfhz;ljhy;> mth;fs; Jauj;jpy; cs;sth;fis xt;nthU KiwAk; fhg;ghw;wj; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; jj;J gpj;njd;W rpy rkaq;fspy; cswpdhYk;> jtiw Neh; nra;Ak; tiu Xa khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; Nky; kw;wth;fs; fhl;Lk; mf;fiw> rKjhaj;jpy; elj;jg;gLk; tpohf;fs; mth;fisf; ftuhJ. $h;ikahd fz;fshy;> kdpjh;fisr; rhpaha; vil Nghl;L mth;fsJ cj;Njrq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; jpwikg; gilj;jth;fs;. kdpj ,aw;ifiag; gw;wp njs;sj; njsptha; njhpe;J itj;jpUg;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; Fzq;fis vil NghLtjpy; rkh;jj ; h;fs;. eha;thrpfs; xUtiug; gFj;J mwpe;J nfhz;L tpl;lhy;> gpwF mth;fsJ kdij khw;wNt KbahJ. mth;fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; fUg;G nts;isapy; ghh;jJ ; czh;thh;fs;. ePqf ; s; xU ez;gh;> ,y;yhtpl;lhy; vjphp. ntl;L xd;W Jz;L ,uz;L vd;w kdg;ghd;ikapdh;. rhpahd Neuj;jpy;> eha;thrpfs; ePzl ; Neuk; fbd ciog;igr; nra;aj; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fSf;F Xa;ntLf;fTk; cw;whh; cwtpdNuhL md;G nfhz;lth;fNshL kfpo;rr ; pAld; mDgtpf;fTk; ed;whfNtj; njhpAk;. 78

mth;fis tUj;jpdhy; gjpYf;F tQ;rk; jPhf ; f ; > jpwikAld; mtkhdg;gLj;jhky; tpl khl;lhh;fs;. rpy rkaq;fspy; nra;jij> kwe;J> mNj Ntfj;jpy; kd;dpf;fTk; nra;thh;fs;. ngUk;ghyhd eha;thrpfSf;F ey;y trjpahd tho;fi ; f jhdhfNt mike;JtpLk;. vy;yh trjpfSk; tPLk; mikAk;. mth;fs; vg;NghJk; jq;fs; nghUl;fisj; jw;fhj;Jf; nfhs;thh;fs;. mjw;F ngU kjpg;Gk; nfhLg;gh;. tPLk; FLk;gKk; Kjyplk; ngWk;. eha;thrpfs; mjpy; rpwe;jtw;iwg; ngWk; tiu Xa khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fSf;F gzk;> nrhj;J> ntw;wp Mfpait ,uz;lhk; gl;rNk. tpRthrk;> Neh;ik> ek;gpf;if nfhz;l ,th;fs; ey;y jplkhd nfhs;ifAld; ,Ug;gh;. xj;Jg; NghFk; jd;ik> ,uf;fk;> tpRthrk; Mfpa Fzq;fspd; cUtkha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. eha;thrpfs; mbf;fb md;ghd thh;ji ; jfisf; $wp> Njitahd cjtpfukhd mwpTiufisf; $wp> NgRtijf; nrtpkLj;J> mtrpak; Vw;gLk; NghJ> Njhs; nfhLj;JjTthh;fs;. rpy rkak; mLj;jth; tho;fi ; fapy; mjpfkhf gq;Nfw;W> %f;if Eioj;Jf; nfhs;tJk; cz;L. mLj;jth;fs; kfpo;rr ; paha; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W cWjpAld; nray;gLthh;fs;.; tPli ; l ed;F eph;tfpg;ghh;fs;. xOf;fhd tPL mth;fSf;F Kf;fpakhdJ. Rj;jkhd tPL> Ntiyapy; cjtp Mfpait mth;fisr; RWRWg;ghfTk;> nghWg;ghfTk; nray;glr; nra;Ak;. gzj;ijr; rhkh;jj ; pakhfr; nryT nra;thh;fs;. tUq;fhyj; Njitf;Fr; Nrkpf;fTk; nra;thh;fs;. eha;thrpfs; rpy rkak; Nfhgf;fhuh;fshfTk;> FWfpa kdk; nfhz;lth;fshfTk; gpbthjf;fhuh;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. me;jr; rkaj;jpy; mth;fs; gpur;rpidfisr; rhp nra;a jdpj;Jr; nray;gl Kay;th;. njhopy; tpyq;Ffspy; kpfTk; gpugykhd eha; tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jth;fis vy;NyhUf;Fk; gpbf;Fk;. flikapypUe;J tpyf vz;z khl;lhh;fs;. Ntiyfspy; jq;fs; gq;ifr; rhptur; nra;th;. fhuzq;fisr; nrtpkLg;gh;. cjtpf;F miog;gth;fisj; jl;bf; fopf;f khl;lhh;fs;. jq;fsJ gpur;rpidfis js;sp tpl;L> gpwUf;F cjt vd;Wk; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. nghwhik Fzk; mw;wth;fs;. ahiuAk; Neubahf vjph; nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fs; tptfhuj;jpy; jiyapLjiy tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;. cldb gjpy;fs; mth;fsplj;jpy; vg;NghJk; ,Uf;Fk;. eha;thrpfs; nry;te;juhf Ntz;Lk; vd;w Mir mw;wth;fs;. tho;fi ; f trjpfisg; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; vz;z khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fsJ jpwikAk; cld; gpwe;j Fzq;fSk; mth;fisr; rKjhag; gzpapy; rpwg;ghdth;fshf;Fk;. mth;fs; Mrphpah;> kUj;Jth;> 79

nrtpypaha; ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; tpahghuj;jpy; rpwg;gth;fs;.

rpwg;gha;r;

nray;gLthh;fs;.

eha;thrpfs; jplkhd kdpjh;fs;. vg;NghJk; Gjpa tpraq;fspy; Njh;ej ; Qhdk; ngw tpUk;Gth;. Muk;gpj;j Ntiyia Kbj;Jf; fhl;Lth;. mjdhy; Muk;gpf;Fk; Kd;dNu> me;j Ntiyiag; gw;wp ed;F mwpe;j gpd;dNu Muk;gpg;gh;. mth;fsJ jplkhd kdk;> mth;fis mwpTiuahsh;fshfTk;> kNdhjj;Jt kUj;Jth;fshfTk; rpwg;gha;r; nray;gl cjTk;.; mth;fs; ve;jf; fbdkhd #oiyAk; vjph; nfhs;s ty;yth;fs;. ek;fgkhdth;fs;. ,ufrpaq;fis fhg;ghw;wj; njhpe;jth;fs;. jpwik tha;ej ; murpay; Fzq;fs; nfhz;ljhy;> jq;fs; tpUg;G ntWg;Gfis kiwf;fj; njhpe;jth;fs;. murpay;thjpfshf ,Uf;fj; jFe;jth;fs;. cld; gzp Ghpgth;fs; eha;thrpfis cjtpf;F vg;NghJk; miof;fyhk;. Gjpjha; fw;gjw;Fk;> Ntiy gSitf; Fiwg;gjw;Fk; mth;fis KOtJkha; ek;gyhk;. kjpg;G kpf;f Ntiyfhuh;fs;. fhtyhsp> tpQ;Qhdp> mwpTiuahsh;> tPli ; l myq;fhpg;gth;> tphpTiuahsh;> klhjpgjp> nrtpyp> cjtpahsh;> ePjpgjp> GNuhfpjh; Mfpa njhopy;fspy; ek;gpf;ifAk; jUk; thh;ji ; jfisf; $wp vg;NghJk; Njitg;gLgth;fSf;F cjtp nra;af; fhj;jpUg;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; Gfo; ngw;w kdpjh;fSf;F ey;y ez;gh;fsha; NjhoilAilath;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. jd; md;gpw;Fg; ghj;jpukhdth;fsplk; Nfhgg;gLk; gb ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba re;jh;gj;jpYk; md;gpd; fhuzkha; epahak; fw;gpj;J ,dpjhfNt elg;ghh;fs;. ez;gh;fis ngw ghLgLthh;fs;. el;gpw;F kjpg;Gf; nfhLg;gh;. eha;thrpfs; ez;gh;fs; tpraj;jpy; kpfTk; kpjthjpfs;. cq;fis ez;guha; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Kd;G gy tpj re;jpg;GfSk; Ngr;R thh;ji ; jfSk; nra;j gpd;dNu nky;y el;ig tsh;jJ ; f; nfhs;th;. cq;fis mwpe;J nfhz;L ez;guha; Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ltpl;lhy;> ePqf ; s; mth;fsJ cs;sj;jpy; ePqf ; h ,lj;ijg; ngw;W tpLtPhf ; s;. cq;fSf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; NghJ epr;rak; te;J epw;ghh;fs;. cjtp nra;thh;fs;. jq;fsJ tho;fi ; fia gpuj;jpNafkhdjha; Mf;fpf; nfhs;s tpUk;Gth;. mth;fsJ FLk;g tpraq;fspy; %f;if Eioj;jhy;> ,ufrpakha; nray; gl Muk;gpj;J tpLthh;fs;. mth;fsJ ek;gpf;iff;Fg; ghj;jpukhdth;fsha; Mfptpl;lhy;> kdk; jpwe;J fhl;lj; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. 80

eha;thrpfs; ek;gfkhdth;fsha; ,Ue;j NghJk;> mth;fs; kw;wth;fis ek;GtJ kpff; fbdk;. xUtiu jd; ez;guha; Vw;f> gy fhyk; gpbf;Fk;. ek;gpf;if nfhs;shj tiu mth;fs; goFk; NghJ rw;Nw fbdkhdth;fsha;j; Njhd;Wk;. fhjy; vd;W te;jhYk;> fbdkhd Neuk; jhd;. ftiy> gj;jpukw;w jd;ik> tpah$yk; mth;fisf; fz;L gae;Njhlr; nra;Ak;. eha;thrpfs; czh;Tg; G+h;tkhdth;fs;. Fiw fhz;gth;fs;. cly; eyk; eha;thrpfs; Xa;T vLf;ff; fw;Wf; nfhs;sTk; tpNtfj;Jld; elf;fTk; fw;gJ ey;yJ. eha;thrpfs; MNuhf;fpakhdth;fs;. cly; epiy rhpapy;yhjij mth;fs; Nrhfj;Jld;> tUj;jKld; ,Ug;gijf; nfhz;Nl fzpj;J tplyhk;. Nehia vjph;jJ ; g; Nghuhb kPzL ; tu eha;thrpfs; Kay;th;. eha; tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs; r%f Nrtfp md;id njurh> ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth;fs; gpujpgh ghby;> Mh;. ntq;fl;uhkd;> Nehgy; ghpR ngw;w ,e;jpa ngsjpftpayhsh; Rg;ukzpak; re;jpuNrfh;> Nrhdpah fhe;jp> ,q;fpyhe;Jg; gpujkh; tpd;]l ; d; rh;rr ; py;> mnkhpf;f mjpgh; gpy; fpspd;ld;> ghlfp nkNlhdh> tpQ;Qhdp ngQ;rkpd; gpuhq;fpspd;> mnkhpf;fj; njhopyjpgh; Nlhdhy;l; [hd; buk;g>; ,e;jpaj; njhopyjpgh; ehuhaz%h;jj ; p> fphpf;nfl; tPuh;fs; fgpy; Njt;> khh;td; rhk;rd; mj;jgl;L mjph;\l ; vz;fs;

1> 4> 5> 9> 10> 14> 19> 28> 30> 41> 45> 54

xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; fs : Fjpiu> Gyp> Kay;. xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs; fs :

buhfd;> ML> vUJ> Nrty;

%yff; Fzq;fs; eha;thrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ ntt;NtW Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ. neUg;G eha; (gpg;uthp 02>1946 - [dthp 21>1947 [dthp 29> 2006 - gpg;uthp 17>2007) Fzq;fs; Mf;Nuhrkhdth;fs;. kaf;ff; $bath;fs;. kd typikahy; Cf;fk; ngWgth;fs;. cz;ikahdj; jiyth;fs;. kw;wth;fs; mth;fSld; ,Ug;gjpy; kfpo;rr ; pia mDgtpg;ghh;fs;. 81

trPfukhd> jd;dk;gpf;ifapd; cUtkha; ,Ug;gth;fs;. nfhz;Nl ,Uf;f tpUk;Gth;.

Xbf;

ku eha; (gpg;uthp 14>1934 - gpg;uthp 03>1935 gpg;uthp 10>1994 - [dthp 30>1995) Fzq;fs; jhuhs kdk; nfhz;lth;fs;. jplKk;> ghrKk; kpf;fth;fs;. ,th;fs; jd;dk;gpf;ifia tsh;gjd; fhuzkha;> $l;lj;jpy; mq;fk; tfpg;ijNa tpUk;Gthh;fs;. Muk;gj;jpy; mikjpaha;f; fhzg;gl;l NghJk;> fhyg; Nghf;fpy; kpfr;; rpwe;j ez;gh;fsha; MFk; jd;ik cilath;fs;. tise;J nfhLf;fTk; #o;epiyf;Nfw;g jq;fis khw;wpf; nfhs;sTk; md;ghd tpRthrpfshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. G+kp eha; (gpg;uthp 18>1958

-

gpg;uthp 07>1959)

Fzq;fs; eilKiwthjpfs;. vr;rhpf;ifAld; nray; gLthh;fs;. Gjpuhdth;fs;. Kd; [hf;fpuijthrpfs;. ek;gfk;> rhUk; jd;ik Mfpa fhuzq;fshy; jiyrpwe;j jiyth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fsJ Neh;ik> cz;ikapd; ghy; nfhz;l nfhs;if midtUf;Fk; MjuT mspf;Fk; Fzj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;. jq;fspd; Nky; mjpf ek;gpf;if nfhz;lth;fsha; ,Ug;gNjhL> gpwiuAk; jd;dk;gpf;ifNahL nray;gl Cf;Ftpg;ghh;fs;. cNyhf eha; (gpg;uthp 10>1910 - [dthp 29>1911 gpg;uthp 06>1970 - [dthp 26>1971) Fzq;fs; jhuhs kdg;ghd;ik> ePjp> jplk;> fUiz cilath;fs;. gzpapYk;> cwTfspYk; G+uz gq;F tfpg;ghh;fs;. jq;fs; NkYk; gpwh; NkYk; vjph;ghh;gG ; fs; kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;. ePh; eha; ([dthp 28>1922 - gpg;uthp 15>1923 [dthp 25>1982 - gpg;uthp 12>1983) Fzq;fs; jj;Jtthjpfs;. cs;Szh;T kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;. Rje;jpukha; ,Uf;f> nray;gl vz;z khl;lhh;fs;. ,th;fs; $l;lj;jhUld; NrUk; NghJ mjpfj; jd;dk;gpf;if nfhz;L nray;gLthh;fs;. $l;lj;jpd; jiytuha; ,Ug;gij tplTk; mq;fk; tfpg;gijNa mjpfk; tpUk;Gthh;fs;. mth;fs; 82

tpRthrk;> ghrk;> tise;J nfhLf;Fk; jd;ik cilath;fs;. Nfspf;if Ngh;topaha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mDgtpf;f mDgtpf;f Cf;fk; kpff; nfhz;L ciog;ghh;fs;. ePqf ; s; eha; tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d nfhz;bUg;ghP f ; s; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;.

Fzq;fisf;

eha; tUlg; gyd;fs; : eha; tUlk; jq;fisj; jhq;fNs kjpg;gpl itf;Fk; tUlkha; mikAk;. njhe;juTfs;> Nghuhl;lq;fs; ,Uf;Fk;. eha; vg;NghJk; ftdpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk; Fzk; nfhz;ljhy;> ,e;j tUlj;jpy; Neh;ikNa Kf;fpa tpjpaha; mikAk;. fw;gidf;nfl;lhj tpraq;fSk; eilKiwg; gLj;jg;gLk;. gy vjph;ghuhj khw;wq;fs; tUk;. fz;zpak;> jhuhs kdg;ghd;ikfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gl;L> midtuhYk; Mjhpf;fg;gLk;.

83

12 MuhAk; gd;wp (1911 1923 1935 1947 1959 1971 1983 1995 2007 2019 2031 2043 2055) Neuk; khiy 9:00 Kjy; 11:00 tiu chpa jpir tlf;F> tlNkw;F chpa fhyq;fs; ,iyAjph; fhyk;> etk;gh; khjk; epiyahd %yfk; %yfk ePh; apd;-ahq; ahq apd; flTsh;fs; itj;j Mw;iwf; flf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; vyp> vUJ> Gyp> Kay;> buhfd;> ghk;G> Fjpiu> ML> Fuq;F> Nrty;> eha; Kjypad Kjy; gjpndhU ,lq;fspy; te;jd. eha; fiuiar; Nrh;ej ; Jk;> Nghl;bia Kbf;f vz;zpa NghJ gd;wp %r;rpiuf;f tUtijf; flTsh;fs; ghh;j;jdh;. gd;wp topapy; vd;d nra;jJ vd;W Nfl;l NghJ> Nghl;bapd; NghJ grpapd; fhuzkha; czT cz;ljhYk;> cz;l fisg;G ePqf ; rpwpJ J}q;fp vOe;j te;j fhuzj;jhYk; jhkjk; Vw;gl;ljha; $wpajhk;. gpd;dh; flTsh;fs; gd;wpia tho;jj ; p tUlr; rf;fuj;jpd; gd;dpuz;lhtJr; rpd;dkha;j; njhpT nra;J mwptpj;jhh;fs;. ,e;jf; fij gd;wp Vd; gd;dpuz;lhtjha; $wg;gLk; fij.

te;jJ vd;gijf; Fwpj;Jf;

fPo; fz;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; gd;wp tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej ; th;fs; Mthh;fs;. [dthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp

30>1911 16>1923 04>1935 22>1947 08>1959 27>1971 13>1983 31>1995 18>2007

-

gpg;uthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp [dthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp gpg;uthp

17>1912 04>1924 23>1936 09>1948 27>1960 14>1972 01>1984 18>1996 06>2008

,dp gd;wpthrpfspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;gN ; ghk;. nrk;ikthjpfs;. Gj;jprhypfs;. tPuh;fs;. nghWikrhypfs;. ey;y Mrhdha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mjph;\l ; rhypfs;. Nfhgf;fhuh;fs;. mwpitj; Njb miythh;fs;. gbg;gij Nerpg;ghh;fs;. mwpTj; jhfk; kpf;fth;fs;. mjpfkha; Ngr khl;lhh;fs;. re;jh;gk; tha;fF ; k; NghJ> gpbj;j tpraq;fisg; gw;wp> xj;j tpUg;gk; cs;sth;fSld; kzpf;fzf;fpy; thjplTk; NgrTk; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. 84

mwpthh;ej ; Mh;tk;> Neh;ik> nghWik Mfpa Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs; gd;wpthrpfs;. tpRthrj;jpy; ek;gpf;if itf;fyhk;. tho;ehs; ez;gh;fsha;f; nfhs;sj; jf;fth;fs;. goq;fhyj;jpa murh;fs; Nghd;W gd;wpthrpfs; tPuj;jpw;Fk;> cs;sj; J}a;ikf;Fk; ngah; Nghdth;fs;. gpwUf;F cjTtjw;fhf jq;fisNa gyp nfhLf;fTk; jahuha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; jpifg;G+l;Lgth;fsha; ,Uf;f khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fis ek;GtJ kpfTk; vspJ. mikjpahd czh;Tfis ntspf;fhl;Lth;. ek;gfkhd gof;f tof;fq;fis nfhz;lth;fs;. jplkhd khh;ff ; j;ij Nkw;nfhs;s tukspf;fg;gl;lth;fs;. kpFe;j nghWikAld; fhhpaj;ij Kbf;Fk; tiu Ntiyia epjhdkha;r; nra;a mth;fshy; KbAk;. kpfTk; mikjpahdth;fs;. mikjpia vd;Wk; ehLgth;fs;. mijg; ngwj; Njitahdtw;iw vg;NghJk; nra;j nfhz;Nl ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fsJ me;jf; Fzj;jpdhy; kw;wth;fs; mth;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L> vspjhf rpf;fy;fspy; khl;b tpl Kay;thh;fs;. gd;wpthrpfs; jq;fisg; Nghd;Nw vy;NyhiuAk; tpRthrpfshfTk;> ghJfhtyh;fshfTk; vz;Zthh;fs; vd;gjhy; rpf;fy;fspy; rpf;fpf; nfhs;tJ rhjhuzkha; elf;Fk;. mth;fspd; kpFe;j mikjpAk;> fglkw;w jd;ik kl;LNk> mth;fsJ Fiwaha;f; $lf; nfhs;syhk;. Neh;ikAk; ek;gfKk; Fzq;fsha;f; nfhz;ljhy;> Vkhw;w epidg;gth;fspd; #Jfisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;tJ mth;fSf;Ff; fbdkhd fhhpakha; ,Uf;Fk;. ed;ikNa elf;Fk; vd;W jplkha; ek;Ggth;fs;. rz;ilfis tpUk;ghjth;fs;. mth;fsJ Nfhgk; Ntfkha;j; jzpe;J tpLk;. mwpTiufis Vw;f tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;. rkak; fpilf;Fk; Nghnjy;yhk;> jq;fsJ ew;Fzq;fisg; gpwh; mwpAkhW ele;J nfhs;thh;fs;. gpwUf;F cjTtijNa jq;fs; tho;fi ; fapd; Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;lth;fs;. vt;tsT f\;lkhd #o;epiy Vw;gl;l NghJk;> vLj;jf; fhhpaj;ij> Kaw;rpia tpl;Lr; nry;y tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;. vy;yhk; ed;ikf;Nf vd;W KbT nra;J nfhz;L Nkd;NkYk; Kaw;rpiaj; njhluj; Jzpthh;fs;. gd;wpthrpfs; goFtjw;F Vw;w> ek;gfkhd> jPtpuf; nfhs;if cilath;fs;. cl;gif nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs;. tpthjq;fis ntWg;gth;fs;. Kidfisr; Nrh;ff ; Kay;thh;fs;. tho;fi ; fapy; Mokhd ePzl ; el;gpid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;thh;fs;. gd;wpthrpfs; vy;yh tpjkhd r%ff; $l;lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W kfpo;rr ; pAld; mDgtpg;ghh;fs;. $l;lq;fis vjph; Nehf;fpf; fhj;jpUg;ghh;fs;. gd;wpthrpfs; vg;NghJk; jq;fs; nray;fspd; Nky; ftdk; nrYj;JtJ eyk;. mDgtpf;Fk; Nghf;fpd; fhuzkha;> kw;w Ntiyfisr; nra;ahky; tpl mjpf tha;gG ; fs; Vw;gLk;.

85

fofj;jpy; cWg;gpdh;fsha; ,Ug;gh;. epjp Nrh;gg ; jpy; Njh;ej ; th;fs;. mth;fs; r%fg; gzpr; nra;tjpYk; jUkk; nra;tjpYk; jdp topiaf; filgpbg;ghh;fs;. gpur;rpidfisf; fhJ nfhLj;Jf; Nfl;gh;. gpur;rpidfspy; GFe;J jPhT ; fhz Ntz;Lnkd;why; ve;j mr;rKk; ftiyAkpd;wp Eiothh;fs;. gue;j kdk; gilj;jth;fs;. gd;wpthrpfs; xU KbTf;F te;J tpl;lhy;> mjd; gpwF mth;fis epWj;j KbahJ. me;j KbTf;F tUk; Kd;dh; ey;yJ nfl;lJ midj;ijANk Muha;tJ mth;fsJ ,uj;jj;jpy; Cwpa gz;G. gpur;rpidfisj; jtph;ff ; tpUk;Gthh;fs;. rpy rkaq;fspy; ntFtha; Ma;eJ ; ghh;jJ ; re;jh;gq;fisj; jtw tpLk; tha;gG ; fSk; cz;L. Mdhy; mjw;Ff; ftiyg;gl khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; vg;NghJk; mw;Gjq;fis ek;Gthh;fs;. mth;fsJ tho;fi ; fapy; mw;Gjq;fs; elg;gJk; cz;L. tpjp mth;fSf;F ed;ikNa tpistpf;Fk;. Nfl;fhkNyNa mth;fSf;F kw;wth;fs; Njitg;gLk; NghJ cjtp nra;a Kd; tUthh;fs;. jd;dyk; fUjhjth;fs;. kw;wth;fs; mij ed;F gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;thh;fs;. vy;NyhiuAk; ek;Gthh;fs;. Nfl;gjidj;ijAk; ek;Gthh;fs;. gpwUf;F cjtp nra;J ,d;GWth;. vspjpy; Vkhwf; $bath;fsha; ,Ue;jhYk;> mth;fs; cz;ikapy; Gj;jprhypfs;. jq;fisf; fhj;Jf; nfhs;s mwpe;jth;fs;. mth;fis kd tUe;jr; nra;jhy;> me;j typia fhyj;jpw;Fk; kwf;f khl;lhh;fs;. md;ghdth;fsplk; ,y;iy vd;W nrhy;y tUe;Jthh;fs;. mth;fSf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iw mth;fspd; tho;fi ; fg; ghij mikj;Jf; nfhLj;J tpLk;. rPdh;fs; gd;wpthrpfis Vuhskha; vy;yhKk; fpilf;Fk; uhrp cs;sth;fsha;f; fUJfpwhh;fs;. gz tpraq;fspy; gd;wpthrpfs; Nrkpj;J itg;gij tplTk; nryT nra;tjpy; kfpo;rr ; p fhz;gh;. mth;fs; ngah; ngw;w gpugykhd nghUl;fis thq;fpg; gad;gLj;jNt vz;Zth;. fQ;rj;jdk; fhl;LtJ kpff; FiwNt. ed;dlj;ijAk;> ,uridAk; cs;sth;fs;. gpur;rpidfisr; rPff ; puk; jhz;lf; $bath;fs;. gpwh; KOtJkha; jtW nra;fpwhh;fs; vd;W njhpe;j NghJk;> mth;fs; fUj;Jf;fisAk; ftdpj;Jf; Nfl;ghh;fs;. vg;NghJk; kfpo;rr ; pAld; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. ve;jr; #o;epiyapYk;> gpd;dpd;W gzpahw;Wthh;fs;. mthplk; Nfl;Lg; ghh;ff ; Ntz;Lk;” vd;w xUth; nrhd;dhy;> ez;gh; “mtiu vspjpy; rk;kjpf;f itj;J tplyhk;” vd;W nrhy;Yk; tifapy; gpwh; mth;fis Vw;Wf; nfhs;th;. njhopy; ve;jj; Jiwapy; ,Ue;jhYk;> ek;gfk; kpf;fj; Jizaha; mth;fisf; nfhs;syhk;. mth;fs; r%f eyg; gzpahsuhfTk;> 86

murpay;thjpahfTk;> gpufhrpg;ghh;fs;.

Nfspf;if

epfo;rr ; p

elj;JgtuhfTk;

jq;fsplkpUf;Fk; mghpkpjkhd rf;jpia vg;NghJk; Ntiyapy; Nrhh;eJ ; Nghfhky;> mjpypUe;J kPzL ; Gjpa tho;fi ; fiaj; njhlq;Fk; rf;jp ngw;wth;fs;. ey;y tUkhdk; ngWk; topia mth;fs; mwpe;jpUg;ghh;fs;. Ntiyapy; cjtp nra;tij tpUk;Gth;. mth;fis nghpJk; ek;gyhk;. mth;fsJ gilf;Fk; Mw;wiy ntspf;fhl;Lk; re;jh;gq;fis ed;Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jp ,d;GWth;. tpraq;fis MAk; mwpT mjpfk;. Nkyjpfhhpfs; mijg; nghpJk; ghuhl;Lk; epiyapy; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. nghWg;Gfis Vw;gjw;F mQ;r khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fSf;F nghOJNghf;fhsh;> cztf epGzh;> kUj;Jth;> tpyq;F kUj;Jth;> tPli ; l myq;fhpg;gth; Nghd;w njhopy;fs; cfe;jit. tpUe;Njhk;gy; mth;fs; $lg; gpwe;j gz;G. mjdhy; mjw;Nfw;w Ntiyfspy; ey;y vjph;fhyk; ,Uf;Fk;. cwT vg;NghJk; gpwUf;F cjTtijNa Fwpf;Nfhsha;f; nfhz;ljhy;> ve;j tifapNyDk; cjt Kay;thh;fs;. Mdhy; jq;fSf;fhf gpwhplk; cjtp Nfl;gJ mhpJ. ,J mth;fisj; jsur; nra;jhYk;> mijg; gw;wp rpwpJk; ftiyg;gl khl;lhh;fs;. ,e;j ghuhl;lj;jf;f Fzk;> gy rkaq;fspy; gpwuhy; vspjpy; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sg;gLk;. mjd; fhuzkha; cwtpdh;fs; ez;gh;fs; mth;fisr; Rw;wp vg;NghJk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.; gd;wpthrpfs; tho;fi ; fia ,d;gkha;f; fopg;gh;. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; mth;fs; gpwUld; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ,d;GWtJk;> kw;wth;fs; urpf;fj; jf;f tifapy; nghOJNghf itg;gJk; jhd;. gpwUf;F cjtp nra;tjpy; mjpf ,d;gk; ngWtjd; fhuzkha;> Mj;khh;jj ; kha; cjtpfisr; nra;th;. rkaj;jpy; mjpfkha;f; $lr; nra;thh;fs;. Neh;ikaha; kw;wth;fsplk; ele;J nfhz;L> mijNa gpwhplkpUe;Jk; vjph; ghh;gg ; hh;fs;. fhjy; tptfhuq;fspy; vr;rhpf;ifaha; ,y;yhtpl;lhy;> rpf;fypy; khl;bf; nfhs;Sk; tha;gG ; fs; Vw;glyhk;.

gd;wpthrpfs;

Mjhpg;gJ> nfhLjTtJ Nghd;w Fzq;fs; fhuzkha; gd;wpthrpfis Njhoik nfhs;tJ rpwe;jJ. md;ghdth;fs;. ntspNa nry;tij tplTk; tPlb ; y; ,Ug;gijNa mjpfk; tpUk;Gthh;fs;. ,Ug;gijf; nfhz;L ,d;GWth;. tPL> FLk;gk; ,uz;by; ,d;gk; fhz;gh;. rhpahd 87

$l;lhspfisg; njhlUk;.

ngw;W

tpl;lhy;>

ePzl ;

neLq;fhyk;

me;j

cwT

cly; eyk; ,d;gj;ijNa vd;Wk; Njbf; nfhz;bUg;gjhy;> mstpw;F mjpfkhfNt mDgtpg;ghh;fs;. mjpf czT> Fbg; gof;fk;> Gif gpbj;jy; cly;eyf; Fiwit Vw;gLj;Jk;. RWRWg;gha; ,y;yhj gd;wpthrpfs;> mth;fsJ elj;ijapd; fhuzkha; mjpf vil NghLk; tha;gG ; mjpfk;. goFtjw;F tpUg;gk; nfhz;l fhuzj;jhy;> jdpikapy; ftiy nfhs;th;. ey;y MNuhf;fpahkhd tho;fi ; f Kiw mth;fSf;F ey;y gyidj; jUk;. gd;wp tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs; fzpj Nkij rPdpthr ,uhkhD[k;> ghlfh;fs; gp.Rrpyh> b. vk;. nrse;juuh[d;> jkpof Kjy;th; [hdfp uhkre;jpud;> njhopyjpgh; mdpy; mk;ghdp> ebfh; m[Pj>; taypd; tpj;thd; Fd;df;Fb itj;jpaehjd;> fphpf;nfl; tPuh; fpU\;zk;khr;rhhp =fhe;j>; vOj;jhsh;fs; R[hjh ,uq;fuh[d;> vh;nd];l; n`k;kpq;Nt> ebfh; Mh;dhy;l; Rthh;nrdpfh;> ,af;Feh; My;gpul; `pl;rf ; hf;> mnkhpf;f njhiyfhl;rp epfo;rr ; p mikg;ghsh; Nltpl; nyl;lh;Nkd;; mjph;\l ; vz;fs;

1> 3> 4> 5> 8>16> 18> 34> 41> 48

xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; fs : Kay;> ML xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs; fs :

ghk;G> Fuq;F> gd;wp

%yff; Fzq;fs; gd;wpthrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha;r; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ.

ntt;NtW

neUg;G gd;wp ([dthp 22>1947 - gpg;uthp 09>1948 gpg;uthp 18>2007 - gpg;uthp 06>2008) Fzq;fs; Mokhdth;fs;. gpbthjf;fhuh;fs;. md;gpdhy; Cf;fk; nfhz;L ciog;gh;. czh;Tg;G+h;tkhdth;fs;. rpyh; nghWg;gw;wth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. nra;Ak; nray;fs; midj;jpYk;> [_tiy njhpAk;. ve;jr; nraiyAk; gakpd;wpr; nra;aj; Jzpthh;fs;. VjhtJ gzpapy; KOikaha; jq;fis v[khdh;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. Ntiy> fhjy;> Fwpf;Nfhs; vJthdhYk; gakpd;wp KOr; rf;jpiaAk; gad;gLj;jpr; nray;gLth;. 88

ku gd;wp (gpg;uthp 04>1935 - [dthp 23>1936 [dthp 31>1995 - gpg;uthp 18>1996) Fzq;fs; ,sfpa kdk; gilj;jth;fs;. kpFe;j cjtp nra;gth;fs;. jpl;lkpl;Lr; nray;gLthh;fs;. Fwpf;Nfhspdhy; Cf;fk; ngWth;. JWJWg;ghdth;fs;. kw;wth;fSld; ,ize;J gzp nra;a top ghh;jJ ; f; nfhz;L ,Ug;ghh;fs;. Njitapy;iy vd;W nrhd;d NghJk;> gpwUf;F cjtp nra;thh;fs;. gue;j kdk;> cWjp ,th;fspd; gpwtpf; Fzq;fs;. rpyh; Vkhw;Wf;fhuh;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. G+kp gd;wp (gpg;uthp 08>1959

-

[dthp 27>1960)

Fzq;fs; mikjpahdth;fs;. RWRWg;ghdth;fs;. rkd;ghLilath;fs;. tpUe;Njhk;gy; gz;G cilath;fs;. vg;NghJk; kfpo;rr ; pAld; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. tPL> FLk;gk; mth;fis jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jk; tpraq;fs;. jpl;lkpy;yhky; ve;j xU NtiyiaAk; njhlq;f khl;lhh;fs;. jiytuha; ,Ug;gij tplTk; top elj;jg;gLk; kdpjuhfNt ,Uf;f tpUk;Gth;. cNyhfg; gd;wp ([dthp 30>1911 - gpg;uthp 17>1912 [dthp 27>1971 - gpg;uthp 14>1972) Fzq;fs; mjpfhuj;ijf; fhl;Lgth;fs;. nghWikAilath;fs;. ngUkpjk; nfhs;gth;fs;. ntspg;gilahdth;fs;. cw;rhfkhdth;fs;. kpFe;j jplfhj;jpukhd cUtk; nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fsJ tho;fi ; fapd; vy;yh epfo;TfspYk; mth;fsJ gyj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. fbdkhd ciog;ghspfs;. jhq;fs; ngw;w midj;ijAk; tpUk;Gth;. mjpfkha; NgRk; jd;ik cilath;fs;. vy;NyhiuAk; xNuabaha; ek;gp tpLthh;fs;. ePh; gd;wp (gpg;uthp 16>1923 - gpg;uthp 04>1924 gpg;uthp 13>1983 - gpg;uthp 01>1984) Fzq;fs; trPfhpg;gth;fs;. Mo;ej ; mwpTilath;fs;. ek;gpf;ifapdhy; Cf;fk; ngWth;. ve;jj; jtWk; $w Kbahj mstpw;F ek;gfkhdth;fs;. gpwh; mth;fis vspjpy; kaf;fp tpLthh;fs;. Mdhy; ,th;fs; jq;fSf;F Ntz;baijg; ngw 89

gpwiu kaf;fTk; Nehf;Filath;fs;. vz;Zthh;fs;.

nra;thh;fs;. Neuj;ij

mth;fs; kpFe;j rKjha tPzhf;fhky; mDgtpf;f

ePqf ; s; gd;wp tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;ghP f ; s; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;. gd;wp tUlg; gyd;fs; s : fUiz epiwe;j tUlk;. ey;yit elf;Fk;. Vuhskha; vy;yhNk fpilf;Fk; tUlk;. njhopy; rpwf;Fk;. tho;fi ; fia KOikaha; thoyhk;. vjph;ghuhj tpraq;fs; elg;gJ kpff; FiwthfNt ,Uf;Fk;. nry;tr; nropg;G kpf;f tUlk;. gz tptfhuq;fspy; vr;rhpf;if Njit. kpFe;j tPuKk;> xw;WikAk; gd;wpf;fhd Fwpfs; vd;gjhy; xw;Wik Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;Fk; tUlkha; ,Uf;Fk;. KbT : ,e;jj; njhliu gbj;J te;j thrfh;fs; midtUf;Fk; vd; kdkhh;ej ; ed;wpfs;. ,jpy; tUq;fhyj;ijg; gw;wp mjpfk; $wg;glhtpl;lhYk;> rPd N[hjplj;jpd; xU mq;fkhd me;j tpyq;Ff; Fwp gw;wpa nra;jpfs; gpwhplk; goFk; NghJ mth;fspd; Fzeyd;fis czu cjTk;. ey;ydtw;iw Vw;W my;ydtw;iw tpLj;J tho;fi ; fapy; ntw;wp ngw vd; cskhh;ej ; tho;jJ ; f;fs;.

90