Chernobyl Disaster

LOCATION OF THE CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR POWER PLANT. The plant and its surroundings The Chernobyl power station is situated near the Belarus-Ukraine border on the River Pripyat in a marshy, wooded area. Four kilometres away from the reactor complex lies the town of Pripyat, which was built especially for the power station employees. At the time of the accident, 45 000 people were housed there. A total of 76 settlements lay within a radius of 30 km around the reactor. 100 km to the south of the power station lies Kiev, the capital of Ukraine. THECNICAL DATA ON THE REACTOR. Reactor no. 4 was a light-water-cooled graphite-moderated reactor. In this type of reactor, the neutrons released by the fission of uranium-235 nuclei are slowed down (moderated) by graphite so as to maintain a chain reaction. The heat produced by the nuclear fission in this type of reactor is used to boil water. The steam thus generated drives the turbines of the power station. Western nuclear experts have criticised this type of reactor primarily because it lacks a containment structure and requires large quantities of combustible graphite within its core. THE EXPLOSION OF THE REACTOR. What was the sequence of events? The accident in reactor no. 4 at the Chernobyl nuclear power station took place in the night of 25 to 26 April 1986, during a test. The operating crew planned to test whether the turbines could produce sufficient energy to keep the coolant pumps running in the event of a loss of power until the emergency diesel generator was activated. In order to prevent the test run of the reactor being interrupted, the safety systems were deliberately switched off. For the test, the reactor had to be powered down to 25 per cent of its capacity. This procedure did not go according to plan: for unknown reasons, the reactor power level fell to less than 1 per cent. The power therefore had to be slowly increased. But 30 seconds after the start of the test, there was a sudden and unexpected power surge. The reactor's emergency shutdown (which should have halted the chain reaction) failed. Within fractions of a second, the power level and temperature rose many times over. The reactor went out of control. There was a violent explosion. The 1000-tonne sealing cap on the reactor building was blown off. At temperatures of over 2000°C, the fuel rods melted. The graphite covering of the reactor then ignited. In the ensuing inferno, the radioactive fission products released during the core meltdown were sucked up into the atmosphere.

What caused the accident? Determining the causes of the accident was not easy, because there was no experience of comparable events to refer to. Eyewitness reports, measurements carried out after the accident, and experimental reconstructions were necessary. The causes of the accident are still described as a fateful combination of human error and imperfect technology. The test during which the accident happened was conducted under time pressure. Shortly after it started, on Friday 25 April 1986, the test run was interrupted for nine hours. Electricity still had to be supplied to the capital, Kiev. The test then took place at night. Today, several flaws in the technical design of the reactor type are thought to have been decisive. These include the handling of the control rods. In a reactor, the power level is controlled by raising and lowering the control rods: the fewer control rods are positioned between the fuel elements, the greater the reactor power. In this type of reactor, however, the management of the "braking" process has a fatal flaw. If the control rods are raised and then, to "put on the brakes", lowered between the fuel elements, the initial effect is the exact opposite: reactor power is increased. If, as was the case in the test at Chernobyl, too many control rods are raised at once and then reinserted simultaneously during an emergency shutdown, the power level rises so dramatically that the reactor is destroyed. A similar error, but with much less severe consequences, had already occurred in a reactor of the same type in Lithuania in 1983. This experience, however, was not passed on to the operating crew in Chernobyl.