Chemical Composition Wc

Topic NAME: KHAIRUL ANUAR BIN HUSSAIN I/C: 911114-11-5621 FORM: 4 IKRAM DATE: 6th JUNE 2007 DATELINE: 25th JUNE 2007 THEME: INVESTIGATING THE CELL AS A UNIT OF LIVING THING LEARNING AREA: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL LEARNING OBJECTIVE: UNDERSTANDING ENZYMES LEARNING OUTCOMES: A STUDENT IS ABLE TO: a) EXPLAIN THE USES OF ENZYME IN DAILY LIFE AN INDUSTRY USING EXAMPLES

1

Introduction Grateful to Allah because I can finish this task in the given time. This biology task folio has been prepared and written based on the information from various source such as from teacher explain. Firstly, this appreciation especially to my biology teacher Pn. Shamhanim binti Abdul Jalil because she give more tuition and opinion for this folio from beginning to final this task. This appreciation also refer to my family members and my friends that was helped me to complete the biology folio perfectly. Here, I hope all people were forgiving me if I have some mistake in the process to finish this task. Lastly, I hope this folio can give the accurate description about the important of enzyme in biology detergents and the useful of enzyme industrial catalysts.

2

OBJECTIVE TO DISCUSS WHAT ARE BIOLOGICAL DETERGENTS AND STATE WHY ENZYMES ARE USEFUL AS INDUSTRIAL CATALYSTS

PROBLEM STATEMENT WHAT ARE THE USES OF ENZYMES IN OUR DAILY LIFE

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS

3

-COMPUTER -SCRAP BOOK -TEXT BOOK -reference book

TECHNIQUE INTERNET: news.chemicalonline.com TEXT BOOK: BIOLOGY FORM FOUR REFRENCE BOOK: BIOLOGY SUCCESS OXFORD FAJAR (GAN WAN YEAT)

PROCEDURE DATE / DAY

EVENT 4

24th MAY 2007/THURDAY

TEACHER GIVE THE TASK BIOLOGY FOLIO FIND INFORMATION ABOUT ENZYME AT CYBER CAFÉ/ TEXT BOOK/MAGZINE ANALYSIS THE INFORMATION ABOUT ENZYME ARRANGE THE DATA IN FOLIO FORM UPDATE THE FOLIO PRINT THE FOLIO BINDING THE FOLIO

28th MAY 2007/Monday 29th MAY 2007/TUESDAY 1st JUNE 2007/FRIDAY 2nd JUNE 2007/SATURAY 3rd JUNE 2007/SUNDAY 6TH JUNE 2007/TUESDAY

IMFORMATION FINDING Important of enzymes Applications include the use of enzymes in detergents and foods, and in the development of enzymatic processes for applications in animal feed,

5

pharmaceuticals, and the baking industry. Amylases, for example, are used to convert starch to sugars in baking, brewing, making cereals, syrups and sugars and recovering sugars from scraps. Amylases are also used in producing pastes and binding agents from starches. Catalases are used in the cold pasteurization of milk and in the conversion of latex to foam rubber. Catalases are used for applications where hydrogen peroxide has to be removed, such as in contact lens cleaning systems, for bleaching of textiles and hair, and in industrial processes that generate hydrogen peroxide. Enzymes are also increasingly used in bioremediation. Amylases reduce insoluble carbohydrates in sewage. Proteases are used to break down proteins in sewage. The total industrial enzyme market was close to $395 million in 1997, says a recently published report from Frost & Sullivan in http://news.chemicalonline.com. The enzymes with the highest commercial growth rates are cellulases, catalases, oxido-reductases, and phytases. The single most important use for enzymes worldwide is as the active 'biological' component of modern washing powders. Here, proteases, amylases and lipases are used to break down protein, starch and fatty stains. The last two decades have seen a rapid growth of industrial enzyme applications. Novel enzymes will be making inroads for new and exciting applications for industry within the next decade.

Uses of enzymes in daily life DEU - Ultra Daily Enzymes Your Key To Long Life

6

Maximize Your Health, Energy and Longevity with The Natural Power of Enzymes Human life could not exist without enzymes. Every moment of our lives depends upon millions of remarkably potent enzymes busily working within our bodies. These enzymes power thousands of biochemical reactions that keep us alive, functioning and healthy. Without enzymes we couldn't see, think, breathe, hear, walk, talk, eat or do anything else. Life could not exist in humans, plants or animals without these tiny miracle workers building, maintaining and rejuvenating us. As the human body ages, enzyme levels decline rapidly, diminishing our health and vitality. Tests have shown that a 70-year-old has less than 10 percent of the cellular enzymes found in infants. One bottle contains 90 capsules. See Pricing Information or Place Order DEU Ultra Daily Enzymes

Retail Price

Dealer/Preferred Customer Price

DEU01 (1 bottle)

$33.30

$23.50

DEU06 (6 bottles)

$199.20

$134.40

Ultra Daily Enzymes • • •

•

Maximizes your health, energy and longevity by supporting the body's metabolic enzymes Reverses enzyme depletion that may be robbing you of a longer, healthier, more vigorous life Improves nutrition by fully extracting the life-sustaining nutrients from your food Supports digestion by replacing food enzymes destroyed by cooking and processing food.*

You may be doing all the right things, such as eating a good diet, taking nutritional supplements and exercising daily, but still feel tired and run down. Foods that lack 7

Uses of enzymes in food processing Enzymes have many applications in modern food processing. Enzyme properties benefit both the food industry and the consumer. Their specificity offers food manufacturers finer product control, while their efficiency, requiring low energy inputs and mild conditions result in distinctive environmental advantages. Specialty Enzymes and Biochemicals Co. has established a wide range of protease enzyme products used to produce food-protein hydrolysates with reduced viscosity, improved solubility, flavor, nutritional, and emulsifying characteristics. Products like SEB-Brolase and SEB-Prolase rapidly hydrolyze both animal and plant proteins to reduce or eliminate gel formation on heating. They are used to hydrolyze soy, pea, yeast, maize and wheat-flour proteins to produce non-bitter, protein hydrolysates. Pre-processed or separated plant and milk proteins such as soya isolates and concentrates, casein and whey can be easily hydrolyzed to produce non-bitter protein hydrolysates suitable for use as active ingredients in dietary supplements, functional beverages, fermented foods, baked goods and other foods. Our lines of food processing protease enzyme products are also used as a meat tenderizer and to hydrolyze meat and fish proteins to produce nonbitter, protein hydrolysates. SEB-Acid, SEB-Alkaline and SEB-Neutral are different types of protease enzymes used in food processing applications to break down and increase the solubility, dispersibility and digestibility of proteins. They also hydrolyze vegetable and animal proteins to peptides, polypeptides, and small amounts of amino acids.

8

SEBzyme-XL and CelluSEB is used for extraction, for liquefaction of plant materials and for downstream processing in the food, starch, alcohol and brewing industries. In the food industry, these products are used to improve the processing and extraction of wheat and corn gluten, soybean protein, cereal starch, seed and nut oils, flavors and colors, coffee, tea and other botanical extracts. All of our food processing products are Kosher and non-GMO and are manufactured under a quality management system consistent with International Quality System Standard ISO 9002. Purity specifications comply with FAO/WHO JECFA, FCC and IFOAM recommended standards for food-grade enzymes. We also specialize in making custom-made enzyme blends to fit our client's needs

Food Processing Product Range Protein - Functional Foods

9

Home

Product

Application

SEB-Prolase PL SEB-Prolase P100L SEB-Prolase PX SEB-Prolase P600X SEB-Prolase P Conc

Protease used to hydrolyze Soya, pea, yeast, maize, and wheat-flour proteins to produce nonbitter, protein hydrolysates SEB-Neutral P Protease used SEB-Neutral PL for production meat/plant food flavor enhancers SEB-Alkaline P Protease used to SEB-Alkaline hydrolyze Soya, PL pea, yeast, maize, and wheat-flour proteins to produce functional, protein hydrolysates

SEB-Pro P SEB-Pro PX SEB-Pro PL

Protease used to hydrolyze Soya, pea, yeast, maize, and wheat-flour proteins to produce nonbitter, savory protein hydrolysates SEB-Brolase PL Protease used to SEB-Brolase PX hydrolyze Soya, SEB-Brolase pea, yeast, P600X maize, and SEB-Brolase wheat flour P1200X proteins to SEB-Brolase P produce nonConc bitter protein hydrolysates SEBAcid-P Acid protease SEBAcid-PL used for the production of meat and plant food flavor enhancers SEB-CTmP Chymotrypsin used to hydrolyze milk and milk

Benefits

• Increases protein solubility and reduces viscosity • Increases protein nutritional value • Improves functional, non-bitter protein hydrolysates • Improves protein flavor and taste • Increases protein emulsifying and foaming properties • Increases water absorption capacity

• Hydrolyzes both animal and vegetable proteins • Breaks down and increase protein dispersibility, solubility, palatability and digestibility • Increases protein solubility, particularly at isoelectric point • Reduces protein viscosity, and gel forming characteristics • Increases protein emulsifying and foaming properties • Increases water absorption capacity • Easily controllable protein hydrolysis at high temperatures • Low to no salt content compared to acid hydrolyzed proteins • High quality protein hydrolysates with no undesirable chlorinated by-products • Increases protein solubility and reduces viscosity • Increases protein nutritional value • Improves functional, non-bitter protein hydrolysates • Improves protein flavor and taste • Increases protein emulsifying and foaming properties • Increases water absorption capacity

• Increases protein solubility and reduces viscosity • Increases protein nutritional value • Improves functional, non-bitter protein hydrolysates • Improves protein flavor and taste • Increases protein emulsifying and foaming properties • Increases water absorption capacity

• Breaks down and increase protein dispersibility, solubility, palatability and digestibility

• Increases protein nutritional value 10 • Improves protein flavor and taste

Protein - Industrial Protein

Product SEBDigest-BP SEBDigest-BL

Application Protease used for extraction of intracellular components from animal tissue and for production of feed protein

Benefits • Rapidly liquefies animal tissue to improve extraction of cellular components

Uses of enzyme in the textile industry Denim is back in fashion. And today, simple variations in the enzymatic wash cycle make a wide range of denim looks possible. Specialty Enzymes and Biochemicals has enzyme blends that make desizing, fading and biopolishing in denim processing more efficient. Specialty Enzymes’ variety of desizing agents, such as SEBdsize-5XL, (low temp. 35 – 40°C), Supersize (moderate temp. 52 – 58°C) and SEBstar-HTL (stable at high temp. above 85°C), are effective for use in the first step of desizing. Washing involves two 11

enzymatic wash cycles. The size (normally starch based) needs to be removed to allow the action of the fading enzyme in the first step of desizing. The look of a garment depends entirely on the enzyme-based formulations used for fading (Faders). Specialty Enzymes has faders acting at acidic and neutral pH levels. The performance of a product during garment washing depends not only on the enzymes but also on the ingredients used in the formulation. Specialty Enzymes’ range of products in liquid (Denicell and Denifade) and powder (Nutrastone NC and Fadex 500) form offer laundry managers a choice in achieving the desired effect on a garment. Another major application for enzyme-based formulations in the garment industry is biopolishing. Specialty Enzymes’ biopolishers, such as Denisoft and Denistone PW help manufacturers achieve a permanent soft feel, increased absorbency and cool breathing nature of the fabric. More and more manufacturers are reducing the use of chemicals, like cationic softeners and silicones, and opting for enzyme-based biopolishing agents, particularly due to their ability to obtain permanent softness.

Enzymes for Textile At Maps, we continuously develop our product line in order to have innovative enzymes with unique performance features for existing and new applications within the textile industry. Our R&D aims to provide innovative products for fabric treatment reducing process time, chemical consumption and energy costs in compliance with sustainable development. We provide a range of enzymes like amylases, cellulases, catalase, pectinase and protease for various textile wet-processing applications like desizing, bio-polishing, denim finishing, bleach clean-up, bio-scouring and de-wooling. Desizing

12

For fabrics made from cotton or blends, the warp threads are coated with an adhesive substance know as 'size‘; to prevent the threads breaking during weaving. Although many different compounds have been used to size fabrics, starch and its derivatives have been the most common sizing agent. After weaving, the size must be removed again in order to prepare the fabric for dyeing and finishing. This process (desizing) must be carried out by treating the fabric with chemicals such as acids, alkali or oxidising agents. However starchbreaking enzymes (amylases) are preferred for desizing due to their high efficiency and specific action. Amylases bring about complete removal of the size without any harmful effects on the fabric. Another benefit of enzymes compared to strong chemicals mentioned above is that enzymes are environment friendly. Maps offers a range of amylases for desizing which work at different temperatures and for different equipments. Palkozyme Palkozyme Ultra Palkozyme Plus Palkozyme HT Palkozyme CLX

Alpha amylase for low-medium temperature conventional desizing. Alpha amylase for low-medium temperature desizing Alpha amylase for high temperature desizing Heat-stable alpha amylase for high temperature desizing Alpha amylase for low temperature desizing | TOP |

Bio-Polishing Cotton and other natural fibres based on cellulose can be improved by an enzymatic treatment known as BioPolishing. This treatment gives the fabric a smoother and glossier appearance. The treatment is used to remove 'fuzz' - the tiny strands of fibre that protrude from the surface of yarn. A ball of fuzz is called a 'pill' in the textile trade. After BioPolishing, the fuzz and pilling are reduced. The other benefits of removing fuzz are a softer and smoother handle, and superior colour brightness. Maps offers a range of cellulases for bio-polishing which work on depending on fibre, fabric type and equipments.

13

Palkofeel Palkofeel C Palkosoft

Cellulase for bio-polishing cotton and blended fabric and garment Cellulase for bio-polishing cotton fabric and garments Cellulase for bio-polishing cotton and blended fabric and garment | TOP |

Denim Finishing Many garments are subjected to a wash treatment to give them a slightly worn look; example is the stonewashing of denim jeans. In the traditional stonewashing process, the blue denim was faded by the abrasive action of pumice stones on the garment surface. Nowadays, denim finishers are using a special cellulase. Cellulase works by loosening the indigo dye on the denim in a process know as ‘BioStonewashing'. A small dose of enzyme can replace several kilograms of pumice stones. The use of less pumice stones results in less damage to garment, machine and less pumice dust in the laundry environment. BioStonewashing has opened up new possibilities in denim finishing by increasing the variety of finishes available. For example, it is now possible to fade denim to a greater degree without running the risk of damaging the garment. Productivity can also be increased because laundry machines contain fewer stones or no stones and more garments. Maps offers a range of cellulases for denim finishing, each with its own special properties. These can be used either alone or in combination with pumice stones in order to obtain a specific look.

Palkowash Palkostone Palkocel

Cellulase for bio-stonewashing denims used in garment wetprocessing Cellulase for bio-stonewashing denims used in garment wetprocessing Cellulase for bio-stonewashing denims used in garment wetprocessing | TOP |

Bleach Clean-up Natural fabrics such as cotton are normally bleached with hydrogen peroxide before dyeing. Bleaches are highly reactive chemicals and any peroxide left on the fabric can

14

interfere with the dyeing process. A thorough 'Bleach Cleanup' is necessary. The traditional method is to neutralize the bleach with a reducing agent, but the dose has to be controlled precisely. Enzymes present a more convenient alternative because they are easier and quicker to use. A small dose of catalase is capable of breaking down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Compared with the traditional cleanup methods, the enzymatic process results in cleaner waste water or reduced water consumption. Maps offer catalase for removing residual hydrogen peroxide after the bleaching of cotton. It reduces the rinsing necessary to remove bleach or it can be used to replace chemical treatments. Palkoperox

Catalase for bleach clean-up i.e. removal residual hydrogen peroxide after the bleaching of cotton. | TOP |

Bio-Scouring Cotton yarn or fabric, prior to dyeing or printing, goes through a number of processes in a textile processing unit. A very important process is scouring. In this process, noncellulosic components from native cotton are completely or partially removed. Scouring gives a fabric with a high and even wet ability so that it can be bleached and dyed successfully. Today, highly alkaline chemicals caustic soda are used for scouring. These chemicals not only remove the non-cellulosic impurities from the cotton, but also attack the cellulose leading to heavy strength loss and weight loss in the fabric.

15

Furthermore, using these hazardous chemicals result in high COD (chemical oxygen demand), BOD (biological oxygen demand) and TDS, in the waste water Recently a new enzymatic scouring process know as ‘Bio-Scouring' is used in textile wetprocessing with which all non-cellulosic components from native cotton are completely or partially removed. After this Bio-Scouring process, the cotton has an intact cellulose structure, with lower weight loss and strength loss. The fabric gives better wetting and penetration properties, making subsequent bleach process easy and resultantly giving much better

Textiles Product Range

Home

16

Application Product SEBcell Super 70

SEBdsize B5XL SEBdsize Conc

Benefits

A cellulase used for the abrasion of denim fabrics, to give a "stone washed" effect

• Increases "stone washed" effect on denim fabrics when used with abrasives • Significantly softens cotton fabric • Removes fuzz and pill balls from garments • Completely inactivated by wash-off and alkali treatment

Amylase used for de-sizing fabrics and garments

• Excellent starch-size removal at medium water temperatures • Effective removal of starch-sizing with a variety of desizing equipment and procedures • Slightly acid to alkaline conditions, will not damage or weaken textile fibers • Compatible with surfactants commonly used in de-sizing • Improves fabric dye up-take and efficiency of finishing chemicals

Rapidenz Heat stable Rapidenz HT bacterial SEBstar-HTL amylase for high temperature desizing of fabrics and garments

• Size removal is quick, efficient and without re-deposition • Operational at neutral pH and a variety of temperature range • Reduces post desizing scouring period • Operationally economical than conventional low cost desizing

Supersize

Mixture of starch digesting enzymes has been developed for desizing application in pit soak or low capital investment processing units

• Effective removal of size • Waste liquor has significantly less BOD, COD and thus, less polluting • Use of enzyme does not affect fabric strength irrespective of treatments time • The enzyme bath water is harmless to operate and noncorrosive to equipment

Starzyme ABS Fadex 500 Super Fader Denifade Denicell

Mixture of various acid cellulases has been developed especially for wash down effect in garments Neutral cellulase enzyme developed for wash-down effect on denim and printed

• Reduction in process time • Low treatment time, thus minimal strength loss • The enzyme bath water is harmless to operators and noncorrosive to equipment • Overall economy in treatment costs per jean

Neutrastone NC

• Reduced or negligible Back staining • Reduction in process time • Low treatment time, thus minimal strength loss • The enzyme bath water is harmless to operators and non17 corrosive to equipment • Overall economy in treatment costs per jean

Uses of enzyme in the leather industry Enzymes for Leather One of the oldest applications of industrial enzymes is processing hides and skins for leather. Hides and skins contain proteins and fat in between collagen fibres and before tanning; these substances should be partially and fully removed. The proteins can be removed by proteases and lipases as well as other chemicals can remove the fat. Today, proteases and lipases are mainly used for soaking, bating and enzyme assisted un-hairing. Using lipases to dissolve and remove fat is a recent development and lipases are now extensively used for leather processing in many parts of the world. Maps is a major supplier of enzyme to the leather industry in India and across the globe. We offer total enzyme solutions for bating, un-haring, degreasing and soaking in the beam-house processes. With the introduction of our new range of products based on Microorganisms, we assure to provide clean and green leather tanneries.

18

Bating To make leather pliable, the hides and skins require an enzymatic treatment before tanning know as bating. During bating, scud is loosened and other unwanted proteins are removed. Bating de-swells swollen pelts and prepares leather for tanning. It makes the grain surface of the finished leather clean, smooth and fine. Bating with enzymes is an indispensable operation of leather processing to obtain best quality of leather and cannot be substituted with a chemical process. Traditional methods for bating employed manure of dog, pigeon or hen. These were very unpleasant, unreliable and slow methods. Bio-technical developments in science have now completely replaced these methods with use of industrial enzymes. Maps offers a range of proteases for bating which work in different pH conditions. Palkobate Palkocid

Protease for bating in alkaline pH conditions Protease for bating in acidic pH conditions

Soaking Soaking is first important operation of leather processing. Hides and skins received into a tannery are in the four conditions, as green or fresh, as wet salted, as dry salted or as dried. It is advisable to carry out soaking for all types of skin and hides to obtain best quality leather. Soaking cleans hides and skins by removing dirt, blood, flesh, grease, dung etc. and most importantly, re-hydrates them to bring skins as far as possible back to state of green hides. Soaking agents fall into three categories, like Chemical Agents, Surface-active agents and Enzymatic agents. Enzymatic agents are biocatalyst. Specific protease and lipase enzymes enhance water uptake by dissolving intrafibrillary proteins that cement fibres together and disperse fats and oils together with dirt and other contaminants present on skin.

19

Maps offers a range of protease and lipase for soaking which work in different pH conditions. Palkosoak Palkosoak ACP

A mixture of protease and lipase for soaking in alkaline pH conditions A mixture of protease and lipase for soaking in acidic pH conditions

Un-hairing The conventional and most wide spread way to remove hair from bovine hides is to use lime and sodium sulphide in a hair-burning process. They dissolve the hair and open up the fibre structure. Most importantly, enzyme-assisted un-hairing results in a cleaner grain surface and improved area yield and softness. The use of a specific protease also offers tanneries a number of options. For instance, the sulphide and lime requirements can be reduced by as much as 40% while maintaining the same liming time. Alternatively tanners can shorten the liming time by at least half without any loss of quality. Another possibility is to avoid the use of amines, which can be converted into carcinogenic compounds. The hair-burning process is the most widespread but a better alternative to this, is the hair-saving process, which is environment friendly, where the hair is not dissolved but can be filtered out from the liming float. It is possible to reduce the COD up to 50% and BOD up to 30% in waste discharges. Maps offers a specific protease for un-hairing which can be used either alone or in combination lime and sodium sulphide Palkodehair

Protease for un-hairing in high alkaline pH conditions

Degreasing Lipases are a type of enzyme that specifically degrades fat and so cannot damage the leather itself. Lipases hydrolyse not just the fat on the outside of the hides and skins, but also the fat inside the skin structure. Once most of the natural fat has been removed, subsequent chemical treatments such as tanning, re-tanning and dyeing have a better effect. The main advantages of using lipases are a more uniform colour and a cleaner appearance. Lipases also improve the production of hydrophobic (waterproof) leather; makers of leather for car upholstery have commented that 'fogging' is reduced. This is the term for the build-up of a film of chemicals on the inside of car windscreens Lipases represent a more environmentally sound method of removing fat. For bovine hides, lipases allow tensides to be replaced completely. For sheepskins, which contain up

20

to 40% fat, the use of solvents is very common and these can also be replaced with lipases and surfactants. Solvents tend to dry out the skin and give it a pale colour If surfactants are used for sheepskins, they are usually not as effective and may be harmful to the environment. Stronger surfactants such as nonyl phenol ethoxylate have a better effect but they are more detrimental to the environment. When using lipases, the original surfactant dosage can be reduced by at least 50% in the case of both sheepskins and pigskins. In addition, nonyl phenol ethoxylate can be substituted with more biodegradable surfactants. Maps offers a range of lipases for degreasing which work in different pH conditions Palkodegrease Lipase for degreasing in neutral to alkaline pH conditions Palkodegrease AL Lipase for degreasing in acidic pH conditions

Uses of enzyme in the pharmaceutical and medical industry Specialty Enzymes and Biochemicals Co. has non-animal derived enzyme blends, as well as pancreatic enzyme blends, that are safe and effective disease prevention and treatment measures. Every activity in the body such as building new tissues, replacing old tissues, converting food to energy, disposing waste materials and even reproduction requires enzymes. Thus, depleting the body’s enzyme capacity is the cause of all the pains, sprains, injuries, inflammation, indigestion, immune deficiency, and degenerative diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease and infection. Unlike common medicinal products that temporarily relieve some problems, enzymes address the dominant underlying causes of many health problems. Specialty Enzymes’ bacterial blend Peptizyme SP is being used as a highly effective alternative to antibiotics in many countries. It treats inflammatory disorders, by not only 21

fighting inflammation, but also relieving pain and swelling, improving recovery time and stimulating the immune system. Peptizyme SP has a "scavenging" effect. It helps chelate the heavy metals through which the body release toxins, and hence modulates the immune system, addresses hormonal imbalances and speeds wound and tissue repair time. The fungal enzyme lipase helps digest fat and reduce deposits of adipose and cholesterol, useful for people with a high fat intake. Specialty Enzymes’ lipase products are also used to treat cardiovascular infection and aid in weight reduction. Another alternative to animal-derived products is papain, which is derived from papaya fruit. Our papain products help prevent tissue damage, reduce pain and aid digestion. Pancreatic enzymes, animal-derived enzymes, are the army of the body’s defense mechanism, analogous in function to white blood cells and antibodies. They have two important functions in the body, digestion of foods and routine cancer eradication. A diet comprised mostly of refined foods and meats may result in an acidic body chemistry that depletes the bodies natural pancreatic enzymes. Taking Specialty Enzymes’ pancreatin supplements orally before bed is a good cancer prevention measure and allows a person to be work the next day without protein consumption. Recurrent back pain can be treated with various doses of chymotrypsin, trypsin and pancreatin. Pancreatic enzyme blends help relieve pain, speed tissue repair and bring nutrients to the damaged area. Our pancreatin and chymotrypsin blends are also used to treat diseases caused by pancreatic deficiency, like cystic fibrosis. Specialty Enzyme’s trypsin products are used to remove coagulated blood, applied as a dressing and also given as an intra-muscular injection. The enzyme lactase, produced in the small intestine, helps digest milk sugar lactose. It is not sufficiently produced in some humans, resulting in a condition that can cause gas, intestinal bloating, cramps, diarrhea and stomach distress. Specialty Enzymes’ lactase supplement is safe and effective in treating these problems.

Pharmaceutical Product Range

22

Home

Product Papain USP

Pancreatin USP

Trypsin USP

Chymotrypsin USP

Lactase FCC

Fungal Lipase FIP Biodiastase JP

Application Plant enzyme used as a digestive aid and as an antiinflammatory agent Enzyme used for treatment of conditions in which the secretion of pancreatic juice is deficient Enzyme used as a digestive aid and as an antiinflammatory agent Enzyme used as a digestive aid and as an antiinflammatory agent

Benefits • Speeds recovery from sports and minor injuries • Prevents tissue damage during inflammation

Non-animal source enzyme used as a digestive aid and to treat lactose intolerance Non-animal source enzyme used as a digestive aid Non-animal source enzyme complex used in various digestive aid preparations

• Aids digestion of lactose • Useful for people with lactose intolerance

• Facilitates digestion and assimilation of food components in the intestinal tract • Reduces the nitrogen and fat content of stool • Speeds recovery from sports and minor injuries • Prevents tissue damage during inflammation • Useful for people with pancreatic insufficiency and autoimmune disease • Speeds recovery from sports and minor injuries • Aids digestion / Reduces flatulence • Prevents tissue damage during inflammation • Useful for people with pancreatic insufficiency and autoimmune disease • Speeds recovery from sports and minor injuries • Aids digestion / Reduces flatulence • Prevents tissue damage during inflammation • Useful for people with pancreatic insufficiency and autoimmune disease

• Promotes better digestion of fats

• Aids digestion 23

Uses of enzyme in manufacturing of detergents Enzymes have been used to improve the cleaning efficiency of detergents for more than 35 years, and are now well accepted as ingredients in powder and liquid detergents, stain removers/laundry pre-spotters, automatic dishwashing detergents and industrial/institutional cleaning products. Detergent enzymes account for about 30% of the total worldwide enzyme production and represent one of the largest and most successful applications of modern industrial biotechnology. Enzymes used in detergents are protein catalysts that consist of long chains of amino acids. They are similar to protein catalysts present in all living cells where they control metabolic processes, convert food nutrients to simple molecules, convert these molecules to energy and to new cell material. As catalysts; enzymes speed up specific chemical reactions, in mild conditions of temperature and pH, without being altered or consumed in the process. Consequently, small quantities of enzyme can repeatedly catalyze the break down of millions of molecules in minutes. Enzymes function optimally in detergents at temperatures of 20 - 60C and within a pH range of pH 7.5 - 10.5. The performance of enzymes in detergents depends on number of factors, including the detergent’s composition, type of stains to be removed, wash temperature, washing procedure and wash-water hardness. To help formulators optimize enzymatic detergent washing efficiency, Specialty Enzymes provides wash laboratory technical services. In our wash laboratory, customer, base detergents are evaluated on standard soils in both a model wash system (Terg-O-Tometer) and in full-scale household washing machines.

24

Household Laundry Detergents and Stain Removers Modern household laundry detergents must effectively clean and remove the most difficult stains at low washing temperatures and short wash times. Addition of detergent enzymes, manufactured by Specialty Enzymes, to laundry detergents and directapplication stain removers improves detergent cleaning performance, renews whiteness, color and appearance of garments. Enzymes designed for use in cleaning applications are compatible with all commonly used detergent components such as nonionic and most anionic surfactants, builders, anti-redeposition agents, optical brighteners and oxygenreleasing bleaching agents. Use of enzymes in household laundry detergents is environment friendly, since all our enzyme products are non-toxic completely biodegradable and help reduce clothes-washing energy consumption. The most widely used Specialty Enzymes detergent enzymes efficiently hydrolyze or make water-soluble, food-protein, carbohydrate and fat stains. Specialty Enzymes products, SEBrite-BP are a range of alkaline proteases that when added to surfactantcontaining liquid and powder laundry detergents or pre-spotters, enhance the removal of protein-containing stains such as milk, egg, soya, blood, grass and body fluids of human origin. Dried protein-containing stains tend to strongly adhere to textile fibers binding other soils including inorganic material, dirt and colored substances. Specialty Enzymes detergent proteases breakdown protein-containing stains into more water-soluble peptides, amino acids that can be rinsed away more easily. The use of Specialty Enzymes detergent alpha-amylases enzymes such as SEBrite-BA and SEBrite-A in liquid and powder laundry detergents solubilizes starch-containing stains such as baby food, spaghetti, mashed potatoes, oatmeal, gravy, chocolate, tomato sauce and other starch thickened foods. Addition of our alpha-amylases to laundry detergents and laundry prespotters, enhances removal of starch-containing stain residues, increases fabric whiteness, and reduces re-deposition of starch-containing stains on co-washed garments and fabrics. To enhance stain removal, brighten the color, and soften cotton and cotton-containing garments, Specialty Enzymes offers a laundry-detergent compatible cellulase enzyme, SEBrite-COLOR. SEBrite-COLOR, effectively removes cotton cellulose microfibrils on wear and wash-damaged cotton garments. Repeated washing of cotton-containing garments with a laundry detergent containing SEBrite-COLOR, improves soil removal, brightens fabric color, softens and restores original garment appearance. The removal of fatty food stains, cosmetics and sebum from garments by laundry detergents formulated for use at lower washing temperatures and more neutral pH’s can be enhanced by addition of our detergent lipase enzyme, SEBrite-L. Problematic stains such as lipstick, salad oil, animal fat and butter are removed from clothes after several washes with liquid and powder laundry detergents containing SEBrite-L. Automatic Dishwashing Detergents Household and institutional automatic dishwashing detergent formulations have traditionally been, high pH, chlorine, phosphate and metasilicate-containing products. However, to improve the low-temperature wash performance and to reduce the environmental impact, automatic dishwashing detergents have been reformulated with reduced alkalinity, and no or reduced concentrations of

25

phosphates and metasilicates. To maintain and improve the wash performance of these reformulated automatic dishwashing detergents, protease and amylase enzymes, SEBriteBP and <>SEBrite-BA have been added. Testing has shown that reduced-pH automatic dishwashing detergents containing SEBrite-BP and SEBrite-BA<>, remove film and spot-forming protein and starch deposits on glassware, cutlery and plates more effectively than traditional high-pH, alkaline automatic dishwashing detergents. <> Industrial/Institutional Detergents Industrial and institutional laundries have traditionally used strongly alkaline detergents and high temperature washing. However, because of increasing wastewater treatment and energy costs, many industrial and institutional laundries have opted to use enzyme-containing detergents as an effective means of reducing costs and maintaining cleaning performance at lower temperatures and alkalinity. <>Specialty Enzymes' protease and amylase enzymes, SEBalase-BP and SEBrite-BA can be used cost-effectively to improve the wash performance of reduced-pH, low temperature industrial and institutional laundry detergents used to remove blood, body fluids, organic material and food soils from hospital, restaurant and slaughterhouse textiles. When washing at lower pH values and temperatures, Specialty Enzymes' lipase enzyme, SEBrite-L can be effectively used to boost detergent wash performance and remove difficult oil and fat stains. Many industrial and hospital laundries are able to significantly reduce re-washing, and bleach consumption, by pre-spotting or soaking heavily soiled items with an enzyme-containing detergent. To soften and extend the life of white and colored cotton-containing institutional linens such as sheets, tablecloths and napkins, a laundry detergent containing our cellulase enzyme, SEBrite-COLOR is used.<> Cleaning and disinfecting hard surfaces in food manufacturing plants and buildings contaminated by bacteria and fungi, is increasing being done with enzyme-containing detergents. Specialty Enzymes protease SEBalase-BP and cellulase, SEBrite-COLOR, when used in cleaning agents applied to hard surfaces, prevent the accumulation of organic material and helps reduce the growth of microorganisms. SEBrite-L, our lipase enzyme, when used in hard surface cleaners increases the water solubility and speeds the removal of animal and vegetable fats and oils. Medical Instrument Cleaning Detergents Standard practices for cleaning, disinfection and re-use of flexible fiberoptic endoscopes, surgical instruments and other medical devices include manual pre-cleaning, and automated washing/reprocessing with a highly concentrated enzyme-containing detergent, followed by high-level disinfection. Manual pre-cleaning usually includes a one to ten minute pre-soak in a cleaning solution containing an enzyme-containing detergent followed by brushing of irregular surfaces to remove particulate matter. Specialty Enzymes protease and lipase enzymes SEBalase-M and SEBrite-M. < cleaning. automated and manual during oils lubricating fat debris, proteinaceous remove effectively to detergents instrument medical in used>

26

Filter Membrane Cleaning Detergents The use of ultra, nano and reverse osmosis filtration systems, in food processing, for the production of drinking water and for industrial wastewater treatment has grown considerably in the last 10 years. Previous generation industrial filtration systems were expensive and costly to operate because they required frequent downtime for membrane cleaning. Filter membrane technology has recently improved to the point that newer, hollow-fiber, direct and crossflow filtration systems can be operated for long periods without fouling. Ultra- and nano-filters used to filter beverages such as wine, fruit juice, beer and milk are most commonly cleaned and disinfected daily with caustic and chlorine. However, to maximize filter flux rates and extend membrane operating-life, beverage filters can be effectively cleaned using enzyme-containing detergents. Depending on the beverage type, mixtures of Specialty Enzymes protease enzymes SEBProlase P or SEBalase-PB, carbohydrase enzyme, CelluSEB-T, alpha-amylase enzyme SEBamyl-B, Spectinase enzyme, ExtractSEB-R and lipase enzyme, SEBrite-L can be used in situ to effectively clean filter membranes fouled with protein, starches, fats, gums, cellulose and pectin residues. Depending on the feed water source, ultra-filters and reverse osmosis systems used to produce drinking water and purify waste-waters, are frequently backwashed and therefore need cleaning and disinfecting less frequently. The filter membranes in these newer, low-fouling filtration systems, are weakly charged polymers that cannot be cleaned with caustic and chlorine. To clean these pH and chlorine-sensitive filter membranes, low-ionic strength, enzyme-containing detergents have been developed. Detergents containing mixtures of Specialty Enzymes protease enzymes SEB-Prolase P, SEBrite-BP and SEBalase-BP, carbohydrase enzyme such as CelluSEB-T and our lipase enzyme, SEBrite-L can be used in situ to effectively clean filter membranes fouled with microbial cells, slimes and other organic material. Disposal of enzyme-containing filter-cleaning solutions does not add to plant effluent treatment

27

costs because these detergents are used in low concentrations, are non-toxic and completely biodegradable. All our detergent-industry enzyme products are technical-grade, Kosher, and produced by GRAS certified, non-GMO microorganisms.

Enzymes for Detergent For most people, the most popular known application of enzymes is in the manufacture of enzymatic washing agents (detergents). Since last 40 years, the use of enzymes in detergents has been the largest of all enzyme applications. Consumers of detergents are actual users of an enzymatic product. In majority of other applications, enzymes are used as auxiliary agents at some point in the manufacturing process and are not, as a rule, present in the finished product - not at any rate in an active form. Proteases Proteases are the most widely used enzymes in the detergent industry. They remove protein stains such as grass, blood, egg and human sweat. These organic stains have a tendency to adhere strongly to textile fibres. The proteins act as glues, preventing the waterborne detergent systems from removing some of the other components of the soiling, such as pigments and street dirt. The inefficiency of nonenzymatic detergents at removing proteins can result in permanent stains due to oxidation and denaturing caused by bleaching and drying. Blood, for example, will leave a rustcoloured spot unless it is removed before bleaching. Proteases hydrolyse proteins and break them down into more soluble polypeptides or free amino acids. As a result of the combined effect of surfactants and enzymes, stubborn stains can be removed from fibres.

28

Lipases Though enzymes can easily digest protein stains, oily and fatty stains have always been troublesome to remove. The trend towards lower washing temperatures has made the removal of grease spots an even bigger problem. This applies particularly to materials made up of a blend of cotton and polyester. The lipase is capable of removing fatty stains such as fats, butter, salad oil, sauces and the tough stains on collars and cuffs. Amylases Amylases are used to remove residues of starch-based foods like potatoes, spaghetti, custards, gravies and chocolate. This type of enzyme can be used in laundry detergents as well as in dishwashing detergents.

Cellulases The development of detergent enzymes has mainly focused on enzymes capable of removing stains. However, a cellulase enzyme has properties enabling it to modify the structure of cellulose fibre on cotton and cotton blends. When it is added to a detergent, it results into the following effects: Colour brightening-When garments made of cotton or cotton blends have been washed several times, they tend to get a 'fluffy' look and the colours become duller. This effect is due to the formation of microfibrils that become partly detached from the main fibres. The light falling on the garment is reflected back to a greater extent giving the impression that the colour is duller. These fibrils, however, can be degraded by the cellulase enzyme, restoring a smooth surface to the fibre and restoring the garment to its original colour. Softening-The enzyme also has a significant softening effect on the fabric, probably due to the removal of the microfibrils. Soil removal-Some dirt particles are trapped in the network of microfibrils and are released when the microfibrils are removed by the cellulase enzyme. Maps offers a range of protease and lipase for various detergent applications.

29

Palkogent Palkolipase

Alkaline protease for removal of protein stains, which works in alkaline pH conditions Alkaline lipase for removal of fatty and oil stains, which works in alkaline pH conditions

Detergents Product Range

30

Home

Product SEBrite®BPP SEBrite®BPL SEBrite®BPG SEBrite®BP16.0L SEBalase-BPP SEBalase-BPL SEBalase-BPG

Application Alkaline protease used in laundry detergents and cleaning products to remove proteincontaining stains such as grass, blood, mucus, feces, and foods SEBrite®AP Alpha-amylase SEBrite®AL used in laundry SEBrite®AG detergents and cleaning products, to remove starchcontaining stains, such as baby food, spaghetti, potato, gravy, chocolate, and pasta SEBrite®BAL Alpha-amylase used in laundry detergents and cleaning products, to remove starchcontaining stains, such as baby food, spaghetti, potato, gravy, chocolate, and pasta SEBrite®COLOR Cellulase used in L laundry and preSEBrite®COLOR soak detergents to G restore the color and the appearance of cotton and cotton-containing garments

SEBrite®LL

Benefits • Excellent cleaning performance at low water temperatures • Effective removal of organic, protein-containing stains when used in detergent or pre-soak products • Works in mild conditions, will not damage fabrics or corrode metal, plastic or rubber materials • Improves cleaning efficiency of detergents • Excellent cleaning performance at warm water temperatures • Effective removal of organic, protein-containing stains when used in detergent or pre-soak products • Works in mild conditions, will not damage fabrics or corrode metal, plastic or rubber materials • Improves cleaning efficiency of detergents

• Excellent cleaning performance at high water temperatures • Effective removal of organic, protein-containing stains when used in detergent or pre-soak products • Works in mild conditions, will not damage fabrics or corrode metal, plastic or rubber materials • Improves cleaning efficiency of detergents

• Excellent garment color-maintenance, and improved pilling resistance when used in laundry and pre-soak detergents • Effective color brightening and whiteness restoration • Effective dye-transfer control agent • Excellent cotton-softening effect • Improves cleaning efficiency of detergents • Works in mild conditions and will not damage fabrics when used as directed Lipase used in • Excellent cleaning performance at low water laundry detergents temperatures and cleaning • Effective removal of organic, protein-containing products, to remove stains when used in detergent or pre-soak products fat and oil• Works in mild conditions, will not damage fabrics containing stains, or corrode metal, plastic or rubber materials such as salad 31 • Improves cleaning efficiency of detergents dressings, butter, lard, chocolate and lipstick

DISCUSSION

ENZYME AMYLASE PROTEASE

IMFORMATION -Are used to remove residues of starchbased foods like potatoes, spaghetti, custards, gravies and chocolate - Can be used in laundry detergents as well as in dishwashing detergents. -Are the most widely used enzymes in the detergent industry. - remove protein stains such as grass, blood, egg and human sweat. 32

LIPASE CELLULASE

- Hydrolyse proteins and break them down into more soluble polypeptides or free amino acids. -Enzymes can easily digest protein stains, oily and fatty stains such as fats, butter, salad oil, sauces and the tough stains on collars and cuffs have always been troublesome to remove. -Enzyme has properties enabling it to modify the structure of cellulose fibre on cotton and cotton blends -Also has a significant softening effect on the fabric, probably due to the removal of the microfibrils

CONCLUSION ENZYMES ARE VERY IMPORTANT IN OUR DAILY LIFE, FOOD PROCESSING, TEXTILE INDUSTRY, LEATHER INDUSTRY, PHARMATICAL OR MEDICAL INDUSTRY AND MANUFACTURING OF DETERGEN.

33