Characterization Of Pedological Environment And Its Productsclimate
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Characterization of pedological environment and its productsclimate N.BALAKRISHNAN V.KASTHURI THILAGAM M.LALITHA MUSTAFA MONSOUR
• Soil Formation—The transformation of rock into soil. • The rock may be gneiss, limestone,shale, sand, loess, peat, etc. • Parent material———————> Soil Soil formation • s = f' ( cl', o', r' p, t )
• Joffe-passive and active. • The passive soil formers are represented by the constituents that serve as the source of the mass and by the conditions that affect the mass. • They comprise the parent material, the topography, and the age of the land. • The active soil formers are the agents that supply the energy that acts upon the mass furnishing reagents for the process of soil formation. • The elements of the biosphere, the atmosphere, and partly the hydrosphere are representative of this class i.e climate and organisms
Climate • The most important are moisture (m) and temperature (T). • s =f (m, T) o, r, p, t, . . . . • • • • •
split into two formulas, Soil properties as functions of moisture s =f (m) T, o, r, p, t, . . . . soil properties as functions of temperature s =f (T) m, o, r, p, t, . . . ..
Moisture • E greater than P: arid regions, • E equal to P: arid-humid boundary, • E smaller than P: humid regions.
Soil formation in relation to rainfall • Excess-humid region – Leaching –lateritic soil – Runoff-(50%) –steep slopes-prevent soil development
• Scanty-arid region – Evapotranspiration –E>P-high soluble salts concentration-calcic/gypcic horizon-no distinct horizonation
Moisture in relation to soil properties • Nitrogen content increases with increasing rainfall.
Moisture in relation to nature of adsorbed ions of surface soils
Moisture-clay content
Effect of moisture on exchangeable H ions
Distribution pattern of exchangeable ions on soil surface
Effect of rainfall on exchangeable ions
Moisture-aggregates
Relative rates of soil formation in the arid-humid transition region.
Temperature • The mean annual air temperatures are highest in equatorial regions and gradually decline toward the poles. • Van't Hoff's Temperature Rule —For every 10°C. rise in temperature the velocity of a chemical reaction increases by a factor of two to three.
• Ramann's Weathering Factor—Ramann emphasizes the connection between dissociation of water and temperature
•
Dissociation Of Water Into H And OH Ions (Ramann)
Temperature in relation to weathering
Depth of Weathering • Humid warm regions the rocks had weathered to much greater depths than in the cold zones • The weathered mantle of subtropical and tropical regions achieves huge thicknesses. • Depths of from 130 to 160 ft. have been frequently observed
Soil Color • In humid regions of the cold and temperate zones, the soils are grayish color, which is often modified toward black or brown, according to the amount and nature of organic matter and iron hydroxide. • In tropical soils, those derived from igneous and metamorphic rocks, are characterized by brilliant yellow and dark-red colors. • If the color of the soil appears to be associated with a given climate rather than with the parent rock or specific local conditions, it is customarily spoken as climatic soil color. • Red strata are commonly assumed to be the result of tropical weathering.
Functional Relationships between Temperature and Soil Properties
Temperature-clay
Effect of temperature on soil aggregation
• Soil Formation—The transformation of rock into soil. • The rock may be gneiss, limestone,shale, sand, loess, peat, etc. • Parent material———————> Soil Soil formation • s = f' ( cl', o', r' p, t )
• Joffe-passive and active. • The passive soil formers are represented by the constituents that serve as the source of the mass and by the conditions that affect the mass. • They comprise the parent material, the topography, and the age of the land. • The active soil formers are the agents that supply the energy that acts upon the mass furnishing reagents for the process of soil formation. • The elements of the biosphere, the atmosphere, and partly the hydrosphere are representative of this class i.e climate and organisms
Climate • The most important are moisture (m) and temperature (T). • s =f (m, T) o, r, p, t, . . . . • • • • •
split into two formulas, Soil properties as functions of moisture s =f (m) T, o, r, p, t, . . . . soil properties as functions of temperature s =f (T) m, o, r, p, t, . . . ..
Moisture • E greater than P: arid regions, • E equal to P: arid-humid boundary, • E smaller than P: humid regions.
Soil formation in relation to rainfall • Excess-humid region – Leaching –lateritic soil – Runoff-(50%) –steep slopes-prevent soil development
• Scanty-arid region – Evapotranspiration –E>P-high soluble salts concentration-calcic/gypcic horizon-no distinct horizonation
Moisture in relation to soil properties • Nitrogen content increases with increasing rainfall.
Moisture in relation to nature of adsorbed ions of surface soils
Moisture-clay content
Effect of moisture on exchangeable H ions
Distribution pattern of exchangeable ions on soil surface
Effect of rainfall on exchangeable ions
Moisture-aggregates
Relative rates of soil formation in the arid-humid transition region.
Temperature • The mean annual air temperatures are highest in equatorial regions and gradually decline toward the poles. • Van't Hoff's Temperature Rule —For every 10°C. rise in temperature the velocity of a chemical reaction increases by a factor of two to three.
• Ramann's Weathering Factor—Ramann emphasizes the connection between dissociation of water and temperature
•
Dissociation Of Water Into H And OH Ions (Ramann)
Temperature in relation to weathering
Depth of Weathering • Humid warm regions the rocks had weathered to much greater depths than in the cold zones • The weathered mantle of subtropical and tropical regions achieves huge thicknesses. • Depths of from 130 to 160 ft. have been frequently observed
Soil Color • In humid regions of the cold and temperate zones, the soils are grayish color, which is often modified toward black or brown, according to the amount and nature of organic matter and iron hydroxide. • In tropical soils, those derived from igneous and metamorphic rocks, are characterized by brilliant yellow and dark-red colors. • If the color of the soil appears to be associated with a given climate rather than with the parent rock or specific local conditions, it is customarily spoken as climatic soil color. • Red strata are commonly assumed to be the result of tropical weathering.
Functional Relationships between Temperature and Soil Properties
Temperature-clay
Effect of temperature on soil aggregation
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