Chapter11 Locomotion Support

TOCOMOTION AND SUPPORT

and Locomotion e ability of

af

organ

sn lo mole lrom

anorher is ca led o.omorion.

Appendicrlar

Axial skeleton

a

hropDds l,nseds aud

stu.rures nom damace

L2

rhe bodyshape,suppotu

Pectoral Eirdle

sepaEred f rom each other

.

supports humanbodyin

r

enc oses and protects the

i+6@.

::ff::"J:,"","' attactrment for the ribs,

Scapula lshould€r blade) situated nlhe posler or

r

phatanses-{;

Skull

,

prc1ed!r,e 0r rhe

!n i i.€i

G!0 Gro,y and

d

a bonesi ged re

wrst/

. of ihe

Narpus cons srs 013

rrones o,lhe 3

anbior rhom.i. rccion

t22

lrMeG

ohar esiorotherrin@s

r

Frdk:140,

----l

@chhand

I

Problems Faced in Support

'

aGut

Anormarvertebr. rras a ceitrunr an oDen rg .a ed.cura cana ard pfo.csses.

Fcsstdnc€ whei

nr.vfg i

otof.fforr

i:l -

'i:\

i"-'-r,

'-

i:I :r

s requ red ro

cvercom. gralit:t

on.

force

mov ng

"hen arolnrl n a

_" .r,.

r 1,1

!

L* *

-:

i-'(

mo

ffi

.,HM)

:-. 4 ,s.* .{-- +,

Gi{frfir'l

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t!

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C'@

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th. walertrh ch s visc.rs

l

verrebrarteria,cana,

,

U

'ill , rliltu;r

,ii:::"'

Coccyx I

(4 fused)

-4

lumbosacral articular surrace

,^,'! I

sl.ongest vedebrae n

theveilebralcolumn.

\ I

n.rves!nr

brood vessc s

6inr

beondude! b

dr. , !

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e ro

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The processesare

,\'-:ffii:"ffi;x:

holds the bones together touCh sheets of elastic fib.es

€nnot bend wiihoul being

Bones are 1oo tough and

loints areformed bylexible connective tissue to hold the

-

bones together and a low any movementloini isrhe place where two or more bones meetand are

connects boneto bone

allowsthemovemenband prevents the dislocation oi the

ointd!rinamovement

lgaments. Ansvel A typical synovial joint he d together by

t6rv li} :/.-.r'1:tll - ! --' -9i;

' \,' --'-"{ :\ --''-.,/obknof'hehurua

:

'r,,: .;-"--

li1-rt t7

brjoid

' ";, r2:.

h, ['o,v""9Jl 'U^'L:g'% .

an enclosure reinJorced by igamenG ls strengthened with licaments

lO

ciY.

'rr

Knee joints (Hinge ioints)

1.-_.'./

found ln the e bows, and pha anges oi allow the lower

eeb

swine back and

loints

. .

There are manytypes ofjoints.

.

0ifierentkindsoijointsare

Mostjoints connect boneswnh

"---'' -

n

exrmPh

hs 6s

orr Fn or'bois dfioitr'

'rPc

Ball'and_socket jolnG :llow tlie bones to otate

.

a

]

allow the sw nging or arms and legs ina

circular motion

important in dilierent molemenis. between thetumur afd the pelvic gid e, ihe shoulder

joint berween the humerus

allowthe movement of bones

Skeletal muscles made up or bundles or muscle produce vo untary moveff ents

'

fbres oi

inteEct with at east tlvo bones across lhe joints-though the tendons

as evers afd coFlractwhen receivl.gnerve mpulsesfrom bra n produce movements by exening the force to pu lon thetendons that are operate

musc es

mlst work in pans

a.tagonistmusclesare muscleswhich workin opposition, i.e, whe. one muscle conlracts, ihe other muscle relaxes the example ol an aniagon st c pairof muscles ls biceps and lriceps wlilch ls used in strajghtenidg and bend nethe arm 724

Action ol Antagonistic lJluscles Brings about the Movement of the Forearm.

The

Humerus

€)

O

sira ehteiins

Movement

r't\

W W

eend nc tne

Triceps (extensor) contracted

Aic-aps.nd tr ceps are aniagon st cs pair ot

m!s. es { sed nbefdineandsiraghtcnnetir.arr When the blceps conlracts, the tendons re ay the pul ng forces which are produced byihe contracl0n to the iorearm

.

At the sametlrne, the triceps relaxes.

conseqlenty, the e bowjointlexes or bends. the lorearm wil move upwards. Conlcrsc y, the foreann is stra ghtened whe. ihe triceps contracts and the biceps re aies When the

mlscles contracts, tlreygetshorter and

When the musc es are not contracting, tlrey return to their noma slzes.Then, they are re ax ng.

rriceps (exiensor)

re axed

The Muscles lnvolved ln walking

J.r'r\./ J J re/,J-2--/ J J J,...r' 1

calfmuscc contractsand raises I pushes lhe ba olfool acainsrrlre ground by exerrl.ga

3

lramsvngmuscre contGctsto pur thefem!r backand bends the knee.

4

The

the he€|.

2

The

'Ihen,thethigh

s Erracted and the leg

The weight

suppoded

ofihe body is now the eft egs nce the r glrt

Alter the extension ofthe legs, the ioot with the hee iolchingthe gro!nd firsl will regain contadr wrh

lJy

ioot oses contactwith the ground.

-lhe

eft leg is si lin contactwith rhe ground.The quadrlceps musc e w l

contEc!

pur

sthelemurlorward and

6

Theweiglrtolihe bodyissupported

by

the right eg. Nowthe whole seqlence s repeated with

the efi lea.

extendsthe eg.Then,lhe th glr is oPN

N4milM)sdi 8hd

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Cons sts of bund es of

nusc e f bres.

Has a nerve endingto contro itsactvnies Conta ns a large supplyofnervesand blood vesse s Skeeta mlscecontracls n responseb netue

\tH

Nerve mpulsesl.avel alonglhe Olasma membrane and

inrorhe irerorolthe muscre cel.

Muscle {ibre A longand cy

Thousands

indrcalce lhat

ofmuscefb€sw

form a large

Myotibrils (bundles ol smaller units)

.

Musceconrractof

t\,lake

a so requnes energy nATP

!p

musc

el

bres.

(adenos ne fiiDhosphate) form. The eiergy ofATP s prodlced in m tochondrion.

Muscular dystrophy

Muscle cramps

caused byrh€ progressile deEene6tonand weaken ngofthe

An Noluntary,iorcblvcontEctedmuscewhlchisunableto contraci on of musc es whlch resu G in a sudden, grear pain and an lnabilityto use the atiected musc es. A sudden

Thespinaicordwittstimuatesthemuscletokeepcontraciing. . Ac6mp astsirom a few seconds to twenty

. i

nadequate stretching and musc e fat qle lsually iead to muscle cGmps.

common amongathletes and older people who

pedorm vigorous physica

Arthritis

Osteoporosis Common dlsease amongo derwomen. Bones becomethinner, more porousard more britlle. The bones are easi y subj€cted to rractures. Osteoporosis can be prevented by tak nE enough amo!nls

d4,

. r oi

Arthriris sa conditionwhereihejoints

become swollen, stiffand pa niu. osieoarthrllisiscausedbytliewearandtearoithecart a€e between the bones insidec€ ainjonts.

.

Tlie poduction ofsynovlalnu d ln theloints willdecrease

.

because of ageing process. The cartilage cover ngrhe ends of bones becomesihinnerand . ejiEdme 5 bF o F .ho rp and locF lair 6a<+i. iir.

\

L

Locomotion in an

.

animalwith a hydrostatic skeleton: An Earthworm

Earthworfr has hydrostat c

skeletonto ma nrain its body shaoe and assists locomoton

']ff*:""",# sappiiedto filed

anud

I

E

circutarmlsctes

R

contcct,

lliecoelom. ,r""""

ffi p@duced alongthe

relax, chaetae

retracted.

body

"",:,.

I

chaetae

rtn;;*r Succe$ive perista lic waves

sra atthe

iro.t and frove towardsrhe efd.flric b..rv

locomotion in an animal with an exoskeleton : A Grasshopper Ihe

when thellexor muscles n tlre upperparrof the grasslroppers egs contract the ower part ofthe eEs are pu edrowardsthebo

stages orjumping in a grasshopper

ntcr or surlace ofthe eiosk..loi Flexo6are mlsclesrlrar bend a

.

.

rhehind €es areforded inlhe shaDe ofa Zin lhe

positiof ar rest (nexor musc es conrracl).

-r+

joinlwh

e extensorsstra ghten t.

The l.gs olthe grasshopp€rlerk back$.rds when lh..xtenq.r h!c. F..nt:.ic

Locomotlon in a Bild

;,t

...4

. o qrrd* h @n u' s. d6

0pMrdrcn(M)sdi.Brrd.(5546e0-H)

127

contracts, the lower lee is

pu edtowardsthe body.

e wa kinf, a grassholler usestlrree €gslos!pport ts body offlhe cround wh etrre

Wr

other three lees

w

t.gelh.r.na Pu

nove

or push th€ body

Locomotion in a Frog

'iiilt'll

f,

Locomotion in an animal with an endoskeleton : A Fish

o@

o@

. '

For sleer na and

Prev€nr rolling

ard

p

o GrlB

Preveilyaw ngand Made up

ro

ne

ofthe dorsa !nd

stopsforw:rd movement.

lchi.g

Act as brakes and rudders.

swim

b

adde6 to slpport

lrlovancv in

w.fer

!:

so r cni.ontr. th-".nrounl oiar i th. slv n b add,.rto clrange ts!r.

Ar.wtheiislrtopuslr itstaisagd isltheqater.nd moveforward

w

(a))

slraped

ousc.

segm€nls.

Tlreconrr:cton and reaxaton olthe myolome nusces c:n nrove Lhe vertebrd colu i ofth. nsh s de by slde and ma nta ns ls f exibi Ly. N'!!.t.:ne rtrs. es a fays.ct r !0905 t. s d.] Whe. thc m!s.es contr:clon one side aioLhersde w reax Arerrat nguaves ol conllacl on and re axation wiL startJrom head to

ta of ellhersde oIlhe

t

body Then, the body offie nsh wil swee! iron lvaler backwards andsdeways. Thefsh

sd.

w

to

sde.nd puslrestlre

moveforw:rd.

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