Chapter 9 Developmental Psychology The study of agerelated changes in behavior and mental processes from conception to death. Maturation Development governed by automatic, genetically predetermined signals. Critical Period A period of special sensitivity to specific types of learning that shapes the capacity for future development. Interactionist Perspective Psychologists generally agree that development emerges both from each individual's unique genetic predisposition and from individual's unique genetic predisposition and from individual experiences in the environment. CrossSectional Method Research design that measures individuals of various ages at one point in time and gives information about age difference. Longitudinal Method Research design that measures a single individual or a group of same aged individuals over an extended period and gives information about age changes. Cohort Effects Differences that result from specific histories of the age group studied. Zygote Prenatal development when your mothers egg united with your fathers sperm cell at which you were a single cell barely 1/175 of an inch in diameter. Germinal Period The first stage of prenatal development, which begins with conception and ends with implantation in the uterus (the first 2 weeks). Embryonic Period The second stage of prenatal development, which begins after uterine implantation and lasts through the 8th week. Fetal Period The 3rd and final stage of prenatal development (8 weeks to birth), which is characterized by rapid weight gain in the fetus and the fine detailing of bodily organs and systems. Proximodistal Prenatal growth as well as growth during the first few years after birth, with the head and upper body developing before the lower body. Placenta The vascular organ that unites the fetus to the mothers uterus. Serves as the link for food and excretion of wastes. Teratogens Environmental agents that cause damage during prenatal development. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome(FAS) Alcohol readily crosses the placenta, affects fetal development, and can result in neurotoxic syndrome(FAS). Puberty The period of adolescence when a person becomes capable of reproduction, Adolescence psychological period of development between childhood and adulthood. Growth Spurt rapid increase in height, weight, and skeletal growth, and by significant changes in reproductive structures and sexual characteristics.
Menopause The cessation of the menstrual cycle. Male Climacteric Physical changes such as unexpected weight, decline in sexual responsiveness, loss of muscle strength, and graying or loss of hair may lead some men to feel depressed and to question their life progress. Ageism Prejudice or discrimination based on physical age. Secondary Aging Changes resulting from disease, disuse, or neglect. Primary Aging Gradual, inevitable age related changes in physical and mental processes. Programmed Theory Aging is genetically controlled. Damage Theory Preposes that an accumulation of damage to cells and organs over the years ultimately causes death. Schemas Cognitive structures or patterns consisting of a number of organized ideas that grow and differentiate with experience. Assimilation In Piaget's theory, the process of absorbing new information into existing schemas. Accommodation In Piaget's theory, the process of adjusting old schemas or developing new ones to better fit with new information. Sensorimotor Stage Piaget's first stage(birth to approximately age 2), in which schemas are developed through sensory and motor activities. Preoperational Stage Piaget's second stage (roughly ages 2 to 7 years), which is characterized by the ability to employ significant language and to think symbolically, though the child lacks operations (reversible mental processes), and thinking is egocentric and animistic. Operations reversible mental process. Egocentrism Refers to the preoperational child's limited ability to distinguish between his or her own perspective and someone else's. Animism Refers to the belief that all things are living. Concrete operational stage Piaget's third stage(roughly ages 7 to 11) in which the child can perform mental operations on concrete objects and understand reversibility and conservation, though abstract thinking is not yet present. Conservation Recognize that certain physical attributes (such as volume) remain unchanged when the outward appearance of an object is altered. Formal Operational Stage Piaget's fourth stage (around age 11 and beyond), which is characterized by abstract and hypothetical thinking. Personal Fable an intense investment in an adolescent's own thoughts and feelings and a belief that these thoughts are unique.
Imaginary Audience In early adolescence, people tend to believe that they are the center of others thoughts and attentions.