Chapter 6 New

Chapter 6 Breathing Emergencies

Introduction The body requires a constant supply of oxygen for survival When you breathe air into your lungs, the oxygen in the air is transferred to the blood Without oxygen, brain cells can begin to die in 4 to 6 minutes If someone is having trouble breathing or has stopped breathing, you should follow the emergency action steps: CHECK — CALL — CARE AMERICAN RED CROSS FIRST AID–RESPONDING TO EMERGENCIES FOURTH EDITION Copyright © 2005, revised edition 2007, by The

Breathing Emergencies There are two types of breathing emergencies:  Respiratory distress  Respiratory arrest

Both conditions are life threatening AMERICAN RED CROSS FIRST AID–RESPONDING TO EMERGENCIES FOURTH EDITION Copyright © 2005, revised edition 2007, by The

Respiratory Distress Respiratory distress is a condition in which breathing becomes difficult Partially obstructed airway Illness (Bronchitis) Emphysema or asthma Electrocution Heart Attack Injury Allergic Reactions Emotional distress AMERICAN RED CROSS FIRST AID–RESPONDING TO EMERGENCIES FOURTH EDITION Copyright © 2005, revised edition 2007, by The

Asthma • Asthma is a condition that narrows the air passages and makes breathing more difficult • The characteristic sign of asthma is wheezing when exhaling

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Emphysema Emphysema is a disease in which the lungs lose their ability to exchange carbon dioxide & oxygen effectively Signals include:  Shortness of breath  Restlessness  Confusion AMERICAN RED CROSS  Weakness FIRST AID–RESPONDING TO EMERGENCIES FOURTH EDITION Copyright © 2005, revised edition 2007, by The

Bronchitis • Bronchitis is a condition resulting in inflammation of the lining of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles • The inflammation causes a build-up of mucus that obstructs air passages

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Bronchitis (continued)

Signals include:  Persistent cough  Tightness in the chest  Trouble breathing

As with emphysema, the victim may also feel restless, confused and weak AMERICAN RED CROSS FIRST AID–RESPONDING TO EMERGENCIES FOURTH EDITION Copyright © 2005, revised edition 2007, by The

Anaphylactic Shock (Anaphylaxis) Anaphylactic shock, also known as anaphylaxis, is a severe allergic reaction Signals include: Skin rash Tightness in the chest and throat Swelling of the face, neck and tongue Dizziness or confusion AMERICAN RED CROSS FIRST AID–RESPONDING TO EMERGENCIES FOURTH EDITION Copyright © 2005, revised edition 2007, by The

Hyperventilation Hyperventilation is a condition that occurs when someone breathes faster than normal Signals include: Deep, rapid breathing Fear, apprehension, confusion or dizziness Fingers, toes or lips feel numb or tingly AMERICAN RED CROSS FIRST AID–RESPONDING TO EMERGENCIES FOURTH EDITION Copyright © 2005, revised edition 2007, by The

Respiratory Arrest Respiratory arrest occurs when breathing stops Signals: Absence of Breathing Skin Color (ashen or cyanotic)

By recognizing respiratory distress and taking immediate action, you may prevent respiratory arrest

Care for Respiratory Distress CHECK the scene CHECK the victim CALL 9-1-1 or the local emergency number CARE for conditions you find:

 Loosen any tight clothing  Provide fresh air  Make sure someone has called 9-1-1 or the local emergency number  Check for other life-threatening conditions and monitor ABCs  Interview the victim and any bystanders

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Children & Respiratory Distress Infections of the respiratory system are more common in children and infants than adults Signals of respiratory distress in children include:

       AMERICAN RED CROSS FIRST AID–RESPONDING  TO EMERGENCIES FOURTH EDITION Copyright © 2005, revised edition 2007, by The

Agitation Unusually fast or slow breathing Drowsiness Noisy breathing Pale, ashen, flushed or bluish skin color Increased breathing trouble Altered level of consciousness Increased heart rate

Children & Respiratory Distress

(continued)

Common childhood illnesses that cause respiratory distress include croup and epiglottitis Croup is a viral infection that causes swelling of the tissues around the vocal cords, resulting in a cough that sounds like the bark of a seal Epiglottitis is a bacterial infection that causes severe inflammation of the epiglottis, which can swell and completely block the airway Signals of epiglottitis include:  Rapid onset of a high fever  Sore throat and drooling from the mouth of the epiglottis that prevents the child from AMERICAN  REDSwelling CROSS swallowing. FIRST AID–RESPONDING TO EMERGENCIES FOURTH EDITION Copyright © 2005, revised edition 2007, by The

Children & Respiratory Distress (continued)

Care for a child in respiratory distress includes:  Allowing him or her to remain in the most comfortable position for breathing  Calling 9-1-1 or the local emergency number if the child’s breathing does not appear to improve or at the first signal that the child’s condition is worsening  Not attempting to place any object in the child’s mouth

A child with a blocked airway has a life-threatening emergency

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Choking

Introduction Airway obstruction is the most common respiratory emergency There are two types of airway obstruction:  Anatomical  Mechanical

An anatomical airway obstruction occurs if the airway is blocked by the tongue or swollen tissues of the mouth or throat A mechanical airway obstruction occurs if the airway is blocked by a foreign object AMERICAN RED CROSS FIRST AID–RESPONDING TO EMERGENCIES FOURTH EDITION Copyright © 2005, revised edition 2007, by The

Causes & Signals of Conscious Choking: Adult or Child Common causes of choking include:  Trying to swallow large pieces of poorly chewed food  Wearing dentures  Eating while talking or laughing, or eating too fast  Walking, playing or running with food or objects in the mouth

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Causes & Signals of Conscious Choking: Infant An infant can easily swallow small objects or small pieces of food which can then block the airway Additional reasons for choking include:  The infant’s airway has not fully developed  Infants are still developing eating skills AMERICAN RED CROSS FIRST AID–RESPONDING TO EMERGENCIES FOURTH EDITION Copyright © 2005, revised edition 2007, by The

Conscious Choking: Adult or Child The universal signal of choking

AMERICAN RED CROSS FIRST AID–RESPONDING TO EMERGENCIES FOURTH EDITION Copyright © 2005, revised edition 2007, by The American National Red Cross

Partial Obstruction If air can still move to & from the lungs: Cough Speak Weezing

Encourage them to keep coughing & stay calm

Complete Obstruction Care for Conscious Choking: Adult or Child If a person cannot cough, speak or breathe, assume the airway is obstructed A combination of 5 back blows followed by 5 abdominal thrusts is an effective way to clear an airway obstruction

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Complete Obstruction: Conscious Choking Infant If an infant cannot cough, cry or breathe, assume the airway is obstructed and perform 5 back blows followed by 5 chest thrusts

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Special Considerations When a conscious choking infant becomes unconscious:  Lower the infant to a table or floor  Call 9-1-1 or the local emergency number  Attempt 2 rescue breaths. If the breaths do not go in, reposition the airway and give breaths again  Continue the sequence of giving 30 chest compressions, removing an object if you see it, then providing 2 rescue breaths, until you are able to get air in or EMS personnel arrive and take over

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Special Considerations If a victim is obviously pregnant or is known to be pregnant or too large for you to give abdominal thrusts, give chest thrusts. If you are alone, you may have to give abdominal thrusts to yourself. This can be done by:  Leaning over a firm object and pressing your abdomen into it  Making a fist and giving yourself quick, upward thrusts  Impaling yourself

Help a conscious choking adult or child who becomes unconscious to the floor. Call 9-1-1 or the local emergency number and give care.

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Rescue Breathing—Child

Introduction Respiratory arrest is a life-threatening condition in which breathing stops It is commonly caused by injury, illness or choking If uncared for, respiratory arrest can lead to cardiac arrest Body systems will progressively fail during respiratory arrest You can keep the child’s respiratory system functioning artificially by giving rescue breathing AMERICAN RED CROSS FIRST AID–RESPONDING TO EMERGENCIES FOURTH EDITION Copyright © 2005, revised edition 2007, by The

Rescue Breathing Rescue breathing is a way of breathing air into a child’s lungs to supply the oxygen he or she needs to survive Rescue breathing is given a child who is not breathing but still has a pulse Each breath should last about 1 second long 1 rescue breath/ 3 seconds AMERICAN RED CROSS FIRST AID–RESPONDING TO EMERGENCIES FOURTH EDITION Copyright © 2005, revised edition 2007, by The

Breathing Barriers A resuscitation mask or face shield (also known as a CPR breathing barrier) may reduce the risk of disease transmission between the responder and the victim

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Mouth to nose Breathing If you can not make adequate seal If jaw is too injured: Maintain head-tilt position Close mouth Seal around nose and breathe Open between breaths to help let air out

Mouth to Stoma Breathing Some people have all of their upper airway surgically removed. They breathe through a stoma instead Stoma is a small opening in front of the neck Can be obscured by clothing

Look listen and feel over Stoma Give breaths at stoma like mouth-to-mouth Remove mouth between breaths to let air out

Special Considerations for Rescue Breathing If dentures are worn only remove them if they block the airway or makes it difficult for you to give your breaths Rescue breathing is a simple skill to perform; however if air gets in the stomach it may require special attention Gastric distention may cause a child to vomit  Keep breaths about − 1 second  Keep the child’s head tilted correctly for his or her age or size  Breathe into the child, only enough to make the chest clearly rise AMERICAN RED CROSS FIRST AID–RESPONDING TO EMERGENCIES FOURTH EDITION Copyright © 2005, revised edition 2007, by The

Rescue Breathing—Infant

Introduction Respiratory arrest is a life-threatening condition in which breathing stops This condition is commonly caused by illness, injury or choking Respiratory arrest, if uncared for, can lead to cardiac arrest Body systems will progressively fail during respiratory arrest You can keep the infant’s respiratory system functioning by giving rescue breathing AMERICAN RED CROSS FIRST AID–RESPONDING TO EMERGENCIES FOURTH EDITION Copyright © 2005, revised edition 2007, by The

Rescue Breathing Rescue breathing is a way of supplying oxygen to a non-breathing infant by breathing air into the lungs Rescue breathing is given to infants who are not breathing but have a pulse Each breath should last about 1 second 1 rescue breath/ 3 seconds

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Breathing Barriers A resuscitation mask or face shield (also known as a CPR breathing barrier) may reduce the risk of disease transmission

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Special Considerations for Rescue Breathing Rescue breathing is a simple skill to perform; however, several situations may require special attention:  Air in the stomach  Vomiting AMERICAN RED CROSS FIRST AID–RESPONDING TO EMERGENCIES FOURTH EDITION Copyright © 2005, revised edition 2007, by The

When to Stop** The scene becomes unsafe Victim begins to breathe Another trained person takes over EMS arrive on the scene and take over You are too exhausted to continue

Vomiting If the victim vomits while giving rescue breaths: Roll them onto their side (recovery position) Avoid twisting the neck & back

Wipe mouth clean Reposition on back Reopen airway Continue rescue breaths

Closing Breathing Emergencies

Breathing emergencies are life-threatening conditions There are two types of breathing emergencies:  Respiratory distress  Respiratory arrest

Specific causes of “breathing emergencies” include asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, hyperventilation and anaphylactic shock By recognizing respiratory distress and taking action, you may prevent respiratory arrest Questions?

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Closing: Choking Adult/Child The primary way to correct an airway obstruction for a conscious adult or child is to use cycles of back blows and abdominal thrusts Correct Count?

Questions?

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Closing: Choking Infant Back blows and chest thrusts, not abdominal thrusts, are used to clear an obstructed airway in a conscious infant You need to support the infant’s head properly throughout your efforts to clear the obstruction

Questions? AMERICAN RED CROSS FIRST AID–RESPONDING TO EMERGENCIES FOURTH EDITION Copyright © 2005, revised edition 2007, by The

Closing: Rescue Breathing Child Rescue breathing is the care you give a child who is not breathing but has a pulse When giving rescue breathing to a child, give 1 rescue breath about every 3 seconds. After, about 2 minutes recheck for signs of life & a pulse for no more than 10 seconds

Questions? AMERICAN RED CROSS FIRST AID–RESPONDING TO EMERGENCIES FOURTH EDITION Copyright © 2005, revised edition 2007, by The

Closing: Rescue Breathing Infant Rescue breathing is the care you give an infant who is not breathing but has a pulse When giving rescue breathing to an infant, give 1 breath every 3 seconds. After about 2 minutes recheck for signs of life and a pulse for no more than 10 seconds

Questions? AMERICAN RED CROSS FIRST AID–RESPONDING TO EMERGENCIES FOURTH EDITION Copyright © 2005, revised edition 2007, by The