Chapter 4: Basic Maneuvers

CHAPTER 4: BASIC MANEUVERS SECTION 8: ESTABLISHED SPEED LAWS There are three types of speed limits in California: Maximum, prima facie, and safe speed. MAXIMUM SPEED: On the freeway, you will never see a maximum-posted speed higher than 65 mph, unless the highway is in a remote area, removed from the city, in which case you may encounter a 70 mph speed limit. But keep in mind there are some older freeways with maximumposted speed of 55 mph. PRIMA FACIE SPEED: It's easy to know the speed limit on a road with a posted sign. But some streets do not have signs. It is your responsibility to know the speed limit wherever you drive – even on a street with no posted signs! More on these speed limits in a moment. SAFE SPEED: Speed limits are designed for optimum conditions: clean, dry road, good visibility and no extraordinary traffic situations. But have you noticed that the driving environment is not always "optimum?" The law allows for this; you may never drive at a speed that is unsafe for conditions, regardless of what the speed limit sign says. In other words, drivers must always use their judgment; if the road is wet or visibility is bad, you must reduce speed.

California Vehicle Code: Established Speed Laws Excessive Speed and Designated Lane Use (22348 VC) (a)…no person shall drive a vehicle upon a highway with a speed limit…at a speed greater than that speed limit. Maximum Speed Limit (22349 VC) (a) no person may drive a vehicle upon a highway at a speed greater than 65 miles per hour.

(b) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person may drive a vehicle upon a two-lane, undivided highway at a speed greater than 55 miles per hour unless that highway, or portion thereof, has been posted for a higher speed by the Department of Transportation or appropriate local agency upon the basis of an engineering and traffic survey.Before they invented the drawing board, what did they go back to?

A. Purpose of Basic Speed Laws Posted speed limits (the speed limits you see on signs) are the speed limits for posted areas. They have been set to accommodate speeds for ideal conditions: dry roads and daylight driving. However, driving conditions are not always ideal. When they are not, the Basic Speed Law is the rule of the road. The Basic Speed Law says that you must always drive at a speed that is safe for current conditions. Current conditions include (but are not limited to): • The number and speed of other cars on the road; • The condition of the road surface (smooth, rough, graveled, wet, dry, wide, or Driving too slow can be as dangerous as driving too fast. narrow); Particularly on the freeway, if your vehicle cannot maintain • The presence of bicyclists at least the minimum speed limit, find a secondary road to your or pedestrians in the destination. immediate area; • Weather conditions (rain, fog, snow, ice, wind, or dust, etc.). Basic Speed Law (22350 VC) No person shall drive a vehicle upon a highway at a speed greater than is reasonable or prudent having due regard for weather, visibility, the traffic on, and the surface and width of, the highway, and in no event at a speed which endangers the safety of persons or property.

B. Purpose of Minimum Speed Law As a matter of law, no person is allowed drive on a highway at a speed that blocks or impedes the normal flow of traffic. Sometimes, of course, going below minimum posted speeds becomes temporarily unavoidable. The law recognizes, for instance, that you must sometimes slow for safety reasons (a hazard, or bad weather), or for reasons of difficult terrain or unexpected mechanical problems. In these cases, it is expected that the slowing will be temporary. If a driver wishes to drive slower than the rest of the traffic, it must be done in the right hand lane. Keep in mind that driving too slow could constitute a hazard, in which case the driver would be in violation of the Basic Speed Law. As the Minimum Speed Law states (see below) if your speed impedes the normal traffic flow, you could be in violation.

Minimum Speed Law (22400 VC) (a) No person shall drive upon a highway at such a slow speed as to impede or block the normal and reasonable movement of traffic unless the reduced speed is necessary for safe operation, because of a grade, or in compliance with law. No person shall bring a vehicle to a complete stop upon a highway so as to impede or block the normal and reasonable movement of traffic unless the stop is necessary for safe operation or in compliance with law. (b) Whenever the Department of Transportation determines on the basis of an engineering and traffic survey that slow speeds on any part of a state highway consistently impede the normal and reasonable movement of traffic, the department may determine and declare a minimum speed limit below which no person shall drive a vehicle, except when necessary for safe operation or in compliance with law, when appropriate signs giving notice thereof are erected along the part of the highway for which a minimum speed limit is established.

C. Speed Limits for Designated Areas 1. Freeways / Highways As stated earlier, the maximum speed limit on divided freeways is usually 65 mph, although they can range from a low of 55 mph to a high of 70 mph, depending on location. The speed limit on 2-lane (one in each direction) undivided highways is 55 mph, unless posted otherwise. Freeways and highways through urban areas generally have speed limits lower than for those roads found in more outlying, rural areas. Some freeways and highways have different speeds posted for trucks than cars; some are posted for daytime versus nighttime driving. Some freeway stretches – such as Interstate 5 near the Oregon border – require speeds below the normal freeway speed of 65 mph due to sharp curves and steep downgrades. Once again, the Basic Speed Law must always be obeyed, regardless of the posted speed limit – you may never drive faster than is safe for conditions. 2. Residential Areas The speed limit in all residential areas are 25 mph. Local governments may post higher speed limits in residential areas, usually on wider thru-streets. If you do not see posted speed limits in a residential area, assume the speed limit is 25 mph. 3. Business Districts This sign means that within 500 ft. Each city posts its own speed limits – usually 35 mph in of a school where the playgrounds business districts, although it can be higher on larger streets. are not fenced, you must slow- If no signs are posted, the speed limit is 25 mph. down to 25 mph if children are present. 4. School Zones

You can be sure that if you are driving near a school, there will be children nearby. Always drive carefully when in a school zone, which is usually within 500 feet of a school. Signs posted within a school zone usually indicate a speed of 25 mph (although they may be as low as 20mph or 15mph, depending on municipality) A reduced speed is required whenever children are present, usually defined as morning arrival, afternoon departure, lunch hour and any time scheduled school activities bring children to the premises. Additionally, always anticipate the presence of children on bikes, skateboards and scooters when driving in a school zone. Warning: fines are doubled for any moving violation committed while passing through a school zone. 5. Senior Centers When driving by a retirement home or any other facility used primarily by senior citizens, reduce your speed to 25 mph. This speed limit only applies on surface streets (business or residential.) This "senior citizen zone" speed limit will not apply if you are driving on a state highway adjacent to such a senior center. 6. Uncontrolled / Blind Intersections When within 100 feet of an intersection that is not protected by stop signs, yield signs or traffic control signals, and your view of the cross street or highway is obstructed for a distance of 100 feet in either direction, you must reduce speed to 15 mph, proceed with extreme caution and be prepared to yield or stop. 7. Alleys and Blind Railroad Crossings Alleys are rarely marked with speed limit signs, but the prima facie alley speed limit is 15 mph. Additionally, when approaching within 100 feet of a railroad crossing that is not protected with mechanical or electrical gates or devices and your view of the tracks in both directions is not clear for 400 feet, you must reduce speed to 15 mph, proceed with extreme caution and be prepared to stop. Prima Facie Speed Limits (22352 VC) (a) The prima facie limits are as follows…: (1) Fifteen miles per hour: (A) When traversing a railway grade crossing, if during the last 100 feet of the approach to the crossing the driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the crossing and of any traffic on the railway for a distance of 400 feet in both directions along the railway. This subdivision does not apply in the case of any railway grade crossing where a human flagman is on duty or a clearly visible electrical or mechanical railway crossing signal device is installed but does not then indicate the immediate approach of a railway train or car. (B) When traversing any intersection of highways if during the

last 100 feet of the driver's approach to the intersection the driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the intersection and of any traffic upon all of the highways entering the intersection for a distance of 100 feet along all those highways, except at an intersection protected by stop signs or yield right-of-way signs or controlled by official traffic control signals. (C) On any alley. (2) Twenty-five miles per hour: (A) On any highway other than a state highway, in any business or residence district unless a different speed is determined by local authority under procedures set forth in this code. (B) When approaching or passing a school building or the grounds thereof, contiguous to a highway and posted with a standard "SCHOOL" warning sign, while children are going to or leaving the school either during school hours or during the noon recess period. The prima facie limit shall also apply when approaching or passing any school grounds which are not separated from the highway by a fence, gate, or other physical barrier while the grounds are in use by children and the highway is posted with a standard "SCHOOL" warning sign. For purposes of this subparagraph, standard "SCHOOL" warning signs may be placed at any distance up to 500 feet away from school grounds. (C) When passing a senior center or other facility primarily used by senior citizens, contiguous to a street other than a state highway and posted with a standard "SENIOR" warning sign…

D. Speed Limits for Designated Vehicles The following vehicles may not travel in 55 mph: • A motor-truck or truck tractor having three or more axles • A passenger vehicle or bus towing another vehicle • A school bus transporting students • A vehicle transporting explosives • A farm vehicle carrying laborers • A trailer bus Maximum Speed for Designated Vehicles (22406 VC) No person may drive any of the following vehicles on a highway at a speed in excess of 55 miles per hour: (a) A motor-truck or truck tractor having three or more axles or any motor-truck or truck tractor drawing any other vehicle. (b) A passenger vehicle or bus drawing any other vehicle. (c) A school bus transporting any school pupil. d) A farm labor vehicle when transporting passengers.

(e) A vehicle transporting explosives. (f) A trailer bus

E. Speed and Stopping Distance The faster a vehicle is traveling, the longer it takes to stop the vehicle. Below are the factors used in calculating just how long it takes to stop your vehicle. 1. Perception Time and Distance 'Perception time' is defined as that period between seeing an object and recognizing what it is. While usually only a split-second (although it may be much longer, depending on your vision and mental awareness, local conditions, and the nature of the object), it adds car-lengths to stopping distance.

2. Reaction Time and Distance Once you recognize a hazard, you must react to it. This is called 'reaction time.' If all the world is a stage, where is the audience sitting?It takes a (statistically) normal driver 3/4 of a second to react to an event after perceiving it as a hazard. 3. Braking Distance 'Braking distance' is the distance a vehicle travels from the instant the driver applies the brakes until the vehicle stops moving. This distance is highly variable, depending on the condition of the vehicle's tire and brakes, road condition, and weather conditions such as rain and snow. 4. Stopping Distance The sum of the above factors – perception, reaction, and braking distances - is called the 'stopping distance.' Stopping distance, of course, goes up exponentially as speed increases. A vehicle moving at 30 mph can usually stop within 70 feet on dry pavement; a vehicle moving at 60 mph will take almost four times longer (250 feet) to stop. If the #2 pencil is the most popular, why is it still #2?

Statistics on Speeding Speeding — exceeding the posted speed limit or driving too fast for conditions — is one of the most prevalent factors contributing to traffic crashes. The economic cost to society of speeding related crashes is estimated by NHTSA to be $27.4 billion per year. Speeding and Fatalities (NHSTA)

Motor vehicle crashes cost society an estimated $4,800 per second. The total economic cost of crashes is estimated at over $150.5 billion. The costs of speeding-related crashes are estimated to be $51,930 per minute or $865 per second. Estimated Annual Economic Costs of Speeding-Related Crashes

In California during 2003, unsafe speed was the Primary Collision Factor in 28.3% of all fatal and injury collisions. In California during 2003, unsafe speed caused 58,173 injury collisions (which injured 89,347 people) and 569 fatal collisions (which killed 653.) In California during 2003, when the motorcycle driver was at fault in a fatal collision, speeding was second only to DUI as the primary collision factor. Of the 5,202 motorcycle at fault injury collisions in California during 2003, 45% were caused by unsafe speed. Of the 250 motorcycle at fault fatal collisions in California during 2003, 38% were caused by unsafe speed.

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SECTION 9: PROPER LANE USE Traffic lanes separate vehicles on the roadway and channel traffic within the complex web of California's roadways. For traffic lanes to work, however, you need to work with them. Choose a lane…don't just drift in-and-out of open spaces. Plan lane changes. Check thoroughly for appropriate space into which to merge; and stay in your lane as long as you are not being impeded, or impeding someone else.

California Vehicle Code: Proper Lane Use Right Side of Roadway (21650 VC) Upon all highways, a vehicle shall be driven upon the right half of the roadway, except as follows: (a) When overtaking and passing another vehicle proceeding in the same direction under the rules governing that movement. (b) When placing a vehicle in a lawful position for, and when the vehicle is lawfully

making, a left turn. (c) When the right half of a roadway is closed to traffic under construction or repair. (d) Upon a roadway restricted to one-way traffic. (e) When the roadway is not of sufficient width. (f) When the vehicle is necessarily traveling so slowly as to impede the normal movement of traffic, that portion of the highway adjacent to the right edge of the roadway may be utilized temporarily when in a condition permitting safe operation. (g) This section does not prohibit the operation of bicycles on any shoulder of a highway, where the operation is not otherwise prohibited by this code or local ordinance.

A. Designated Lanes of Travel 1. Divided Highways 'Divided highways' separate two-way traffic with a barrier such as a guardrail, concrete wall, or a median strip. Divided Highway (21651 VC) (a) Whenever a highway has been divided into two or more roadways by means of intermittent barriers or by means of a dividing section of not less than two feet in width, either unpaved or delineated by curbs, double-parallel lines, or other markings on the roadway, it is unlawful to do either of the following: (1) To drive any vehicle over, upon, or across the dividing section. (2) To make any left, semicircular, or U-turn with the vehicle on the divided highway, except through an opening in the barrier designated and intended by public authorities for the use of vehicles or through a plainly marked opening in the dividing section. (b) It is unlawful to drive any vehicle upon a highway, except to the right of an intermittent barrier or a dividing section which separates two or more opposing lanes of traffic…

2. Laned Roadways Urban and rural roadways with multiple lanes going in the same direction are called 'laned highways.' Lanes are marked-out by painted lines. Additional messages or symbols painted on the roadway may indicate the presence of 'turn' lanes, or other special-use lanes.

Laned Roadways (21658 VC) Whenever any roadway has been divided into two or more clearly marked lanes for traffic in one direction, the following rules apply: (a) A vehicle shall be driven as nearly as practical entirely within a single lane and shall not be moved from the lane until such movement can be made with reasonable safety. (b) Official signs may be erected directing slow-moving traffic to use a designated lane or allocating specified lanes to traffic moving in the same direction, and drivers of vehicles shall obey the directions of the traffic device.

3. Three-laned Highways On a three-laned highway, travel in the middle lane if you are driving a long way. Use the outside lane to pass; and the inside lane to exit. Three-lane Highways (21659 VC) Upon a roadway which is divided into three lanes a vehicle shall not be driven in the extreme left lane at any time, nor in the center lane except when overtaking and passing another vehicle where the roadway ahead is clearly visible and the center lane is clear of traffic within a safe distance, or in preparation for a left turn, or where the center lane is at the time allocated exclusively to traffic moving in the direction the vehicle is proceeding and is signposted to give notice of such allocation. This section does not apply upon a one-way roadway.

B. Position of Vehicle in Lane of Travel 1. Marked Lanes Lanes separated by painted lines are 'marked lanes.' Always drive in the center of the marked lane. 2. Narrow Roadways On a roadway that is too narrow for opposing vehicles to pass one another, the second driver to arrive yields to the first. On a hill, the driver on the downhill slope must yield to vehicles traveling uphill…even if it means backing uphill to do it. Narrow Roadways (21661 VC) Whenever upon any grade the width of the roadway is insufficient to permit the passing of vehicles approaching from opposite directions at the point of meeting, the driver of the vehicle descending the grade shall yield the right-of-way to the vehicle ascending the grade and shall, if necessary, back his vehicle to a place in the highway where it is possible for the vehicles to pass. 3. Mountain Roadways Should you be driving on a narrow, unlined roadway, position yourself as far to the right as possible. Additionally, honk within 200 feet of a blind curve. Mountain Driving (21662 VC) The driver of a motor vehicle traveling through defiles or canyons or upon mountain highways shall hold the motor vehicle under control at all times and shall do the following when applicable: (a) If the roadway has no marked centerline, the driver shall drive as near the righthand edge of the roadway as is reasonably possible. (b) If the roadway has insufficient width to permit a motor vehicle to be driven entirely to the right of the center of the roadway, the driver shall give audible warning with the horn of the motor vehicle upon approaching any curve where the view is obstructed within a distance of 200 feet along the highway.

4. Other Vehicles Approaching Position yourself as far to the right as possible if a vehicle is oncoming. Approaching Vehicles (21660 VC) Drivers of vehicles proceeding in opposite directions shall pass each other to the right, and, except when a roadway has been divided into traffic lanes, each driver shall give to the other at least onehalf of the main traveled portion of the roadway whenever possible. If work is so terrific, how come they have to pay you for it?

5. Exceptions to Driving on the Right Side of Roadway

• When passing another vehicle • When

preparing to make a left turn • When the right lane is closed for repair or maintenance • When the roadway is not of sufficient width for two vehicles

C. Required Lane Use and Use of Turnouts 'Turnouts' are generally short stretches of paved roadway to the right of the primary lane of travel. They are sometimes marked 'Slow vehicle turnout,' but not always. On narrow roads, a slow-moving vehicle trailed by five or more vehicles must pull to the side of the road or use a turnout to permit the following vehicles to pass. Turning Out of Slow-moving Vehicles (21656 VC) On a two-lane highway where passing is unsafe because of traffic in the opposite direction or other conditions, a slow-moving vehicle, including a passenger vehicle, behind which five or more vehicles are formed in line, shall turn off the roadway at the nearest place designated as a turnout by signs erected by the authority having jurisdiction over the highway, or wherever sufficient area for a safe turnout exists, in order to permit the vehicles following it to proceed. As used in this section a slowmoving vehicle is one which is proceeding at a rate of speed less than the normal flow of traffic at the particular time and place. 1. Slow-moving Vehicles Slow-moving vehicles such as heavily loaded trucks and farm tractors traveling on narrow two-way roads should move as close to the right hand edge of the roadway as possible.

Slow-moving Vehicles (21654 VC) (a) Notwithstanding the prima facie speed limits, any vehicle proceeding upon a highway at a speed less than the normal speed of traffic moving in the same direction at such time shall be driven in the right-hand lane for traffic or as close as practicable to the right-hand edge or curb, except when overtaking and passing another vehicle proceeding in the same direction or when preparing for a left turn at an intersection or into a private road or driveway. (b) If a vehicle is being driven at a speed less than the normal speed of traffic moving in the same direction at such time, and is not being driven in the right-hand lane for traffic or as close as practicable to the right-hand edge or curb, it shall constitute prima facie evidence that the driver is operating the vehicle in violation of subdivision (a) of this section. 2. Special Vehicles You must utilize any special lanes designated by local jurisdictions that apply to your vehicle. Locallyposted designations can include lanes for large trucks, school buses, farm tractors, etc. Additionally, the Vehicle Code stipulates that the following vehicles may never drive at a speed on a highway in excess of 55 mph: • • • • • • •

A passenger vehicle towing another vehicle A bus towing another vehicle A motor truck or truck tractor with 3 or more axles A school bus transporting any school pupil A farm labor vehicle, when transporting passengers Any vehicle transporting explosives A trailer bus

The above vehicles are required to drive in the lanes designated by any signs that may be posted to that effect. In the absence of these signs, these vehicles are required to be driven in the right-hand lane for traffic or as close as practicable to the right edge or curb. If, however, a specific lane or lanes have not been designated on a divided highway having four or more clearly marked lanes for traffic in one direction, any of those vehicles may also be driven in the lane to the immediate left of that right-hand lane, unless otherwise prohibited. When overtaking and passing another vehicle proceeding in the same direction, the driver shall use either the designated lane, the lane to the immediate left of the right-hand lane, or the right-hand lane for traffic as permitted. (This does not apply to a driver who is preparing for a left- or right-hand turn or who is entering into or exiting from a highway or to a driver who must necessarily drive in a lane other than the right-hand lane to continue on his or her intended route.)

Designated Lanes for Certain Vehicles (21655 VC) (a) Whenever the Department of Transportation or local authorities with respect to highways under their respective jurisdictions determines upon the basis of an engineering and traffic investigation that the designation of a specific lane or lanes for the travel of vehicles required to travel at reduced speeds would facilitate the safe and orderly movement of traffic, the department or local authority may designate a specific lane or lanes for the travel of vehicles… (b) Any trailer bus and any vehicle subject to the provisions of Section 22406 shall be driven in the lane or lanes designated pursuant to subdivision (a) whenever signs have been erected giving notice of that designation. Except as otherwise provided in this subdivision, when a specific lane or lanes have not been so designated, any of those vehicles shall be driven in the right-hand lane for traffic or as close as practicable to the right edge or curb. If, however, a specific lane or lanes have not been designated on a divided highway having four or more clearly marked lanes for traffic in one direction, any of those vehicles may also be driven in the lane to the immediate left of that righthand lane, unless otherwise prohibited under this code. When overtaking and passing another vehicle proceeding in the same direction, the driver shall use either the designated lane, the lane to the immediate left of the right-hand lane, or the right-hand lane for traffic as permitted under this code. This subdivision does not apply to a driver who is preparing for a left- or right-hand turn or who is entering into or exiting from a highway or to a driver who must necessarily drive in a lane other than the right-hand lane to continue on his or her intended route.

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SECTION 10: BACKING UP SAFELY You back your vehicle everyday, usually without thinking of it as a risky maneuver. But your driveway is the single area that your vehicle regularly shares with your children and pets, with toys, garbage cans, tools, and other inanimate objects. Backing out of it also puts you in proximity to pedestrians, bicyclists and other unprotected individuals. Additionally, people around a parked vehicle seldom pay attention to it, making them less than alert to potential danger. Finally, backing-up itself is one of the few maneuvers that must be executed with less than a clear field of vision.

A. Check Behind the Vehicle Before Getting In Make a habit of walking around your vehicle to make certain that your backing path is safe. Only then should you get into your vehicle. 1. Children If you see children playing in the area – or even if you think children might be playing in the area – check your vehicle and the driveway from every angle. If another adult is present, station them outside the vehicle while you are backing. A quick honk also signals children and pets that your vehicle is now occupied. When you are sure it is safe to back down the driveway, back very slowly with your foot covering the brake. Keep your window rolled down and listen for the presence of people around you. 2. Small Objects In residential areas, children may leave bikes wagons, skateboards, and other toys on a driveway. Always survey your backing path before you enter your vehicle. B. Visibility and Body Posture

1. Body Posture While Steering Your margin of error is small when you are backing, because whatever happens will happen in close quarters. Do not back-up looking forward and guiding yourself with your mirrors. Mirrors do not give reliable information as to what is directly behind you. When backing to the left, look through the left side windows (front and rear). However, since most street traffic approaches from your right, avoid looking over your left shoulder for a long period of time. Make sure that your last look is to your right. 2. Head Position While Steering Backing in a straight line, turn your head enough so that both eyes are aimed out the back window. Your left-hand should be placed on top of the steering wheel. If you intend to back to the left, turn your head and look through the left rear window and left side window placing your right hand on the top of the steering wheel. You may have to twist your head and body to look over and around the vehicle headrest.

C. Speed Control 1. Release of Brake Pedal After you have checked for traffic and other hazards, release the brake pressure and allow your vehicle to move slowly, with your foot poised over the brake pedal. When the way is clear, accelerate gently. 2. Backing Speed Begin by backing your vehicle at about the same speed that you would walk (three to five mph). This also happens to be near idle speed, give or take. However, if you intend to use idle speed, keep in mind that your vehicle idles faster when it is first started.

D. Steering 1. Sharp Turns When backing out of a spot that requires a sharp turn, such as out of a parking lot space, the front of your vehicle will swing sharply in the opposite direction. Be careful, because you risk striking the vehicle next to you with your front fender.

2. Backing Around a Corner When you are backing and turning around obstacles – such as backing around a blind corner – as much as half of your vehicle will be exposed in the line of traffic before you can see clearly in either direction. A magician was driving down the road...and then he turned into a driveway.... Back very slowly; give a quick honk. Back a short distance, and then pause for unseen traffic and/or pedestrians to clear. Continue this practice until you have a clear field of vision to complete the maneuver.

E. When Movement is Constricted 1. Use Mirrors and Passengers to Help Navigate In areas with lots of traffic such as busy shopping centers, parking lots, ask passengers to assist you. Position them outside your vehicle so that they are visible to you in your mirrors. Remind them that if they look into your mirrors from outside your vehicle and cannot see you, then you cannot see them either. Again, backing with only your mirrors for guidance is a bad idea. The line of sight through your rearview mirror is particularly limited, so don't forget to use your side view mirrors in tandem with your rearview. 2. Whenever Possible, Avoid Backing Particularly for larger vehicles backing is a persistent cause of collisions and mishaps. Drivers of large vehicles are instructed never to back-up unless they are bringing their vehicles in for unloading. You should follow that advice. If you miss a turn, go around the block (in the city) or the next exit (freeway). 3. Find Parking Spaces that Do Not Require Backing In less busy parking areas, you may find enough open spaces so that you can drive through a parking space into an open space directly forward, thus allowing you to pull forward out of the space when you leave. Also, available end spaces allow for forward exit. However, since most lots are configured for one-way traffic down alternate rows, in either of the above cases you will usually be pulling out into the opposite direction of the flow of traffic. This requires you to be alert to vehicles coming from odd directions. Do not pull out until you have a clear path, particularly since you will often have to make a sharp turn – sometimes even a three-cornered turn – to get into the proper direction of traffic flow.

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Intersections are full of activity and potential problems to look out for ...they fracture your attention and require special focus.

SECTION 11: INTERACTING AT INTERSECTIONS

racting at intersections forces you to split your focus in several directions, and to look and listen for a variety of ty cues. It can be very confusing...and when you are confused, that is the time to slow down and clear your hea tever decisions you make, remember to clearly signal your intentions to other drivers. A few other things to kee ind: • Plan your trip ahead of time, particularly if you are on a deadline, and particularly if you are driving in a strange area;

• Consult a map before you set out. Mark

it up if necessary, and even write-out directions. Note one-way and/or two-way streets around your destination, so that you do not get turned around; • Use passengers as navigators whenever possible. Make sure they inform you of your turns well before you arrive at them. • If you find yourself approaching an intersection, and you are three lanes away from the lane you need to be in, don't panic. Drive to the next intersection and back-track. If you must make the turn, do it calmly. Merge deliberately and slowly, and always signal your intentions.

Identifying an Intersection

Intersections are where roadways cross one another. By definit these crossings can be primary and secondary roadways, or an combination of primary and secondary roadways. Intersections e up of a minimum of two crossing roadways, although three or more roadways may cross at an intersection. fic may flow at a minimum in two directions (intersecting one-way streets, with no turns allowed) up to 16 ctions (intersecting two-way streets with right and left turns allowed from all directions). Intersections can be roved or unimproved, or a combination; marked or unmarked; controlled or uncontrolled (by traffic signs or ligh k for the following seven clues to upcoming intersections. • Traffic signals • Stop signs • Cross traffic • Vehicles stopped ahead or on cross streets • Vehicles making right and left turns • Pedestrians waiting at intersections • Absences of parked vehicles

ifornia Vehicle Code: Intersections – Proceeding Straight, Turning, and Signaling

rsection Defined (365 VC)

intersection" is the area embraced within the prolongation of the lateral curb lines, or, if none, then the lateral ndary lines of the roadways, of two highways which join one another at approximately right angles or the area in which vehicles traveling upon different highways joining at any other angle may come in conflict.

ulation of Turns at Intersections (22101 VC) (b) When turning movements are required at an intersection notice of such requirement shall be given by erection of a sign, unless an additional clearly marked traffic lane is provided for the approach to the

turning movement, in which event notice as applicable to such additional traffic lane shall be given by any official traffic control device. (c) When right- or left-hand turns are prohibited at an intersection notice of such prohibition shall be given by erection of a sign. (d) When official traffic control devices are placed as required in subdivisions (b) or (c), it shall be unlawful for any driver of a vehicle to disobey the directions of such official traffic control devices.

ontrolled

icularly in cities, most intersections are 'controlled.' Stop signs, yield signs, traffic signals, or any conventional hod (even a traffic officer) qualify as traffic control.

ncontrolled

ome residential areas within the city or on secondary or rural roads, you will find intersections without traffic rol. These 'uncontrolled' intersections are dangerous. Right-of-way decisions are left to approaching drivers. Wh ou call a fish with no eyes? A fsh. Sometimes, the most destructive collisions occur at uncontrolled intersection n negligent drivers enter them without even bothering to slow.

Skills Required for Crossing and Turning

Good judgment, patience, keen observation, and courtesy will increase your margin of safety when crossing and turning at intersections. udging Time to Make a Maneuver

ending on the size of the intersection, you may take five-to-six seconds to cross from mplete stop. A left turn may take four-to-five seconds to complete. To make a right on a red light against traffic, it may take as long as five-to-six seconds to move into flow of traffic.

udging Speed and Distance of Other Vehicles

ing the speed and/or distance of moving vehicles when you are at a stop is a matter xperience. However, there are things you can do to reduce risk. At busy hours, seek streets controlled by traffic signals, rather than risking a left turn onto a busy street m a stop sign. Remember to judge the speed of traffic coming from the left and right n you pull across a two-way street.

hoosing a Gap or Space in Traffic

re is no hard rule for picking a gap in traffic, since vehicles approach at varying eds. Generally, if you are stopped at a stop sign, it will take approximately a five-toen second gap in traffic in both directions to safely clear an intersection. If a vehicle e approaching at 45 mph, you would need a block in each direction to safely cross the rsection.

Left Turns – Protected and Unprotected

rsections with traffic lights that include green, yellow, and red arrows in the light array

This intersection provides a protecte intersection, as indicated by the

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SECTION 12: PASSING The act of passing requires you to exercise good judgment. Good judgment comes from using your senses, and then applying common sense to what you see and hear…and don't second-guess yourself! If the gap ahead seems a little short for passing, it probably is.

California Vehicle Code: Overtaking and Passing Overtake and Pass to the Left (21750 VC) The driver of a vehicle overtaking another vehicle or a bicycle proceeding in the same direction shall pass to the left at a safe distance without interfering with the safe operation of the overtaken vehicle or bicycle, subject to the limitations and exceptions hereinafter stated.

A. Passing and Being Passed 1. Demands of Proper Passing

• Good judgment: Good judgment is the

foundation of rapid decision making (see below). If you cannot trust your own judgment, you will either hesitate making decisions, or hesitate executing them. Practice observing the driving environment closely until you are confident that you are correctly identifying times/distances/objects/and the intentions of other drivers; observe your own responses, learn from your responses, and learn to trust your responses.

• Rapid decision-making: Get used to

making the following decisions in a splitsecond: • Is the road ahead clear of traffic? • Is there any problem such as a hill, curve, or intersection? Use it or lose it. • Is an oncoming vehicle too close or moving too fast or? • Do I have the speed to rapidly pass? The answer to these questions must be: 'Yes, I'd bet my life on it.' Once you pull out and pass, the following decisions must be made in a split-second. • Is the passing lane clear from behind, or are vehicles approaching?

• Is the vehicle I am passing remaining in line? • Is my

vehicle continuing to perform as I expected? (Sometimes a pass is started on a low grade, but finished on a steeper grade, which can affect the vehicle's

performance.) • Are the traffic and road conditions the same as I thought them to be when I decided to pass?

B. When Passing is Authorized Passing is always allowed under the following conditions:

• On multi-lane roadways with traffic moving in the same direction; • When broken or dashed white lines separate traffic moving in the same direction on roads with two or more lanes; • On multi-lane roadways with a solid yellow line adjacent to a broken broken yellow line, when the broken yellow line is on your side of the roadway; 1. Designated Lane Markings

• Freeways: Freeway lanes are delineated by broken white lines. You can change lanes or pass in lanes to the right or left of another vehicle. Diamond lanes can be entered when they are delineated by broken or dashed lines. Drivers can not cross a yellow line into a diamond lane. • Two-lane Roadways: Two-lane roadways have one lane in each direction for converging traffic. Converging traffic are separated by painted lines:

Broken white lines Two solid yellow lines

Conditions are proper for passing Passing is prohibited Passing (with caution) allowed on the Solid yellow line beside a broken yellow side of the road with the broken yellow line line Passing on the Right (21754 VC) The driver of a motor vehicle may overtake and pass to the right of another vehicle only under the following conditions: (a) When the vehicle overtaken is making or about to make a left turn. (b) Upon a highway within a business or residence district with unobstructed pavement of sufficient width for two or more lines of moving vehicles in the direction of travel. (c) Upon any highway outside of a business or residence district with unobstructed pavement of sufficient width and clearly marked for two or more lines of moving traffic in the direction of travel. (d) Upon a one-way street. (e) Upon a highway divided into two roadways where traffic is restricted to one direction upon each of such roadways. Pass on the Right Safely (21755 VC) The driver of a motor vehicle may overtake and pass another vehicle upon the right only under conditions permitting such movement in safety. In no event shall such movement be made by driving off the paved or main-traveled portion of the roadway.

C. When Passing is Prohibited It is illegal to drive to the left of center on a two lane (one lane in each direction) roadway:

• When approaching the crest of a hill where your view of a vehicle approaching from the opposite direction is obstructed. • When approaching a curve in the highway where your view of a vehicle approaching from the opposite direction is obstructed. (blind curve) • When your view is obstructed upon approaching within 100 feet of any bridge, viaduct, or tunnel. • When approaching within 100 feet or crossing an intersection or railroad

crossing.

The above does not apply to a one-way roadway. When Driving on the Left Prohibited (21752 VC) No vehicle shall be driven to the left side of the roadway under the following conditions: (a) When approaching or upon the crest of a grade or a curve in the highway where the driver's view is obstructed within such distance as to create a hazard in the event another vehicle might approach from the opposite direction. (b) When the view is obstructed upon approaching within 100 feet of any bridge, viaduct, or tunnel. (c) When approaching within 100 feet of or when traversing any railroad grade crossing. (d) When approaching within 100 feet of or when traversing any intersection. This section shall not apply upon a one-way roadway. 1. Designated Lane Use and Markings Double yellow line separating Passing oncoming prohibited. traffic Double yellow lines with the solid Passing line prohibited. nearest the driver Lanes with turning arrows in Passing them prohibited. • Freeways: Most freeways in California have car pool lanes that are strictly for the use of vehicles carrying two or more passengers. Car pool lane markings tend to vary slightly. Some have diamonds painted on the lane. You might see a pair of solid double yellow lines or a pair of double solid yellow lines with a single solid white line directly to the left and inside the lane. Other variations include 2 pairs of solid double yellow lines ("double-double") or a double-double with a solid white line inside. Remember that it is illegal to enter or exit a car pool lane over any of the above lane markings. You may only enter or exit over a broken white line. The only exception would be if an emergency vehicle displaying siren and lights were approaching from the rear. In this situation, after signaling and determining it is safe, a driver must exit the car pool lane over the double lines and allow the emergency vehicle to proceed ahead. Additionally, it is illegal to use the entrance/exit area of a car pool lane for passing. • Two-lane Roadways: You are prohibited from passing over solid yellow lines on twolane roadways.

D. Special Situations Many areas on two-lane roadways are not marked 'no passing,' but common sense dictates that passing can be dangerous.

1. Without Sufficient Clearance Never attempt to pass when you can't identify sufficient clearance, such as on a curvy road. Passing Without Sufficient Clearance (21751 VC) Atheism is a non-prophet organization. On a two-lane highway, no vehicle shall be driven to the left side of the center of the roadway in overtaking and passing another vehicle proceeding in the same direction unless the left side is clearly visible and free of oncoming traffic for a sufficient distance ahead to permit such overtaking and passing to be completely made without interfering with the safe operation of any vehicle approaching from the opposite direction. 2. On a Hill It is illegal to drive on the left side of the road (as in attempting to pass another vehicle) when driving on the crest of a grade where the driver's view of the possible approach of another vehicle from the opposite direction is obstructed. If you are passing a slow-moving vehicle traveling 20 mph miles or less on a grade or hill, you should ideally pass at a speed of at least 10 mph faster than the vehicle you are overtaking – without exceeding the speed limit. In other words, if the grade is so steep that you can not coax another 10 mph out of your vehicle, you should not attempt to pass. Passing on Grades (21758 VC) In the event any vehicle is being operated on any grade outside of a business or residence district at a speed of less than 20 miles per hour, no person operating any other motor vehicle shall attempt to overtake and pass such slow moving vehicle unless the overtaking vehicle is operated at a speed of at least 10 miles per hour in excess of the speed of the overtaken vehicle, nor unless the passing movement is completed within a total distance not greater than one-quarter of a mile. 3. Intersections or Railroad Crossing It is illegal to drive on the left side of the road (as in attempting to pass another vehicle) when approaching within 100 feet or traversing an intersection or railroad crossing. A doctor gave a man six months to live. He couldn't pay his bill, so the doctor gave him another six months.

You cannot enter a diamond lane to pass.

4. School Bus When approaching from either direction a school bus that is stopped for the purpose of loading or unloading children (the bus will be displaying flashing red lights and a stop signal arm) drivers must stop their vehicles before passing the bus and remain stopped until the flashing red lights and stop signal arm have been deactivated. The exception to the above rule would be when driving on a divided or multilaned highway. In this situation, a driver need not stop upon approaching a school bus that is stopped on the other roadway in the opposite lanes. But a driver would still be required to stop if driving on the same roadway as the school bus, approaching the school bus from behind. 5. Bridges or Abutments It is illegal to drive on the left side of the road (as in attempting to pass another vehicle) when your view is obstructed upon approaching within 100 feet of a bridge, viaduct or tunnel.

E. Dangerous Passing Situations 1. Long Line of Cars Ahead Never pass more than one vehicle at a time. Wait your turn, pulling out into the passing lane only after those in front of you have had a chance. If you pull out to pass someone who seems to be a 'reluctant' passer, be very alert that they do not reconsider at the last instant and pull into your vehicle.

You cannot pass within 100 ft of a bridge or a railroad crossing.

2. Intention to Stop or Turn The location of crossroads on two-lane highways can be unpredictable, and the crossroads themselves may be difficult to spot. Furthermore, much of the traffic on two-lane roads is local. Prior to passing, be alert for drivers ahead who are turning left, or drivers pulling out of the side roads into traffic. Signal your own intention to turn early. 3. Oncoming Vehicle Too Close Don't even think about it...you're risking a head-on collision. 4. Car Ahead Is At or Near The Speed Limit It is illegal to exceed that speed limit even briefly while passing. If you are keeping-up with the vehicle in front of you, and you both are at or near the speed limit, you are prohibited from passing by the speed laws.

5.Sight Distance Ahead is Limited When you decide to pass, you need time and distance to pull out, accelerate, and travel well beyond the vehicle you are passing before pulling back into line. The doctor says: "You'll live to be 60!" I said: "I am 60." "See, what did I tell you?" he says. This can be a long or short distance, but if you can't see clear passing ahead for at least that distance, don't pass.

6. Maneuver Cannot be Completed before Reaching a 'No Passing' Zone 'No Passing' zones are sometimes marked with a sign prior to reaching them. Even if they are not, they are always marked with yellow lines. Do not pass if you cannot complete the pass before entering a 'No Passing' zone.

F. Passing Potential Consider the following when assessing the potential for safe passing:

• The distance and speed of the oncoming vehicles • Speed of the vehicle that will be passed • Time it will take to pass • Your speed • Type of road and conditions – hill, curves, grave, wet, and fog

1. Identify Passing Situations

• Passing maneuver times: Ideally you should pass at a minimum of 10 mph faster than the vehicle you are passing, while staying within the legal speed limit. • Identifying a safe distance ahead: Do not consider passing if there are hills, curves, or dips within your intended path. Any oncoming vehicle should be at least one half mile-to-one mile away. (Figure that at approximately eight city blocks to a mile, an oncoming vehicle must be at least four blocks away at normal highway speeds). • Identify an end-of-pass gap to pull back into lane: Identify the gap into which you intend to merge after passing before you pull out to pass. Never assume that a gap will miraculously open for you. • Establish a safe response for hazards: On two-lane roads, you want to have an escape route in mind, should an oncoming vehicle suddenly appear in your lane. Often this will be the shoulder opposite the line of travel. • Checking for road traction: If you must pass in uncertain road conditions, test the road surface by accelerating briefly within your lane.

G. Steps for Successful Passing 1. Scan for Hazards

• Oncoming vehicle: You should be able to complete a pass without sudden acceleration to beat an oncoming vehicle. Give yourself plenty of room. • Vehicles approaching from rear: Often in passing situations, vehicles behind you will pull out to pass before you get the chance. Don't become so intent on passing that you fail to use the rear-view mirror. • Merging vehicles: On a freeway, vehicles often merge into the lanes of traffic from the right – or slower - lanes. Avoid passing vehicles in these slower lanes, especially near an on ramp. 2. Check for Blind Spots Before the attempt to pass is made, check the side-view mirror and glance over your left shoulder to

make sure there is no vehicle in the blind spot. 3. Signal Intent Signal with your turn indicator to communicate that you are starting the passing maneuver. 4. Warn the Driver Ahead Tap on the horn or flashing your lights as safety measures warning the driver ahead of your intention to pass. 5. Obtain a Speed Advantage In your own lane, begin speeding-up toward the vehicle you are passing as soon as you've committed. 6. Re-check Conditions Ahead Before pulling out, check conditions ahead again to ensure that the passing lane is clear. You definitely do not want to be wrong about this. 7. Create Return Space Do not complete your pass too soon…you should be able to see both headlights of the vehicle you have just passed in your rear-view mirror before merging back into the driving lane. 8. Signal Return Signal your intention to return into the driving lane. 9. Check For Blind Spots As a final check, glance over your right shoulder to make sure that the driving lane is clear. 10. Create Space For Vehicle Passed The driver being passed should not be forced to slow down or take evasive action. Leave plenty of space for him or her when returning to the lane.

H. When Being Passed 1. Safety When Being Passed

• Yielding required: If you are being passed, you must do whatever necessary to

assist the passer in completing the maneuver. Your actions can include slowing and moving to the right if the passer has mistimed the pass.

• Maintaining speed: Still, the passing driver generally expects the driver ahead to

maintain consistent speed. An intoxicated person puts a quarter in the parking meter and the dial goes to 60. "Huh!" he says, "I lost 100 lbs.!" When you are being passed, if there is no danger apparent, maintain your speed and lane placement. Definitely do not speed-up. Yielding for

Passing (21753 VC) Except when passing on the right is permitted, the driver of an overtaken vehicle shall safely move to the right-hand side of the highway in favor of the overtaking vehicle after an audible signal or a momentary flash of headlights by the overtaking vehicle, and shall not increase the speed of his or her vehicle until completely passed by the overtaking vehicle. This section does not require the driver of an overtaken vehicle to drive on the shoulder of the highway in order to allow the overtaking vehicle to pass.

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